Cognitive Psychology Exam 2 Material (ALL)

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) a) "fast." b) "smashed." c) "miles per hour." d) "car crash."

b) "smashed."

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a) just under a fraction of a second. b) 15-20 seconds or less. c) 1-3 minutes or more. d) indefinite.

b) 15-20 seconds or less.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a) one week. b) 24 hours. c) one hour. d) one month.

b) 24 hours.

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) a) 20% : 50 % : 70% correct b) 80% : 40% : 30% correct c) 30 % : 30% : 30% correct d) 70% : 40% : 60% correct

b) 80% : 40% : 30% correct

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a) The phonological similarity effect b) A build-up and release of proactive interference c) The cocktail party phenomenon d) A partial-report procedure

b) A build-up and release of proactive interference

____occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a) Observer perspective b) Pragmatic inference c) Prospective memory d) Automatic narrative

b) Pragmatic inference

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a) The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b) The central executive and long-term memory c) The central executive and the phonological loop d) The phonological loop and long-term memory

b) The central executive and long-term memory

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ____ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories. a) agnosia b) amnesia c) the primacy effect d) the serial effect

b) amnesia

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ____ in forming reliable long-term memories. a) implicit memory during learning b) an organizational context during learning c) deep processing during retrieval d) imagery

b) an organizational context during learning

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an a) auditory code in short-term memory. b) auditory code in long-term memory. c) iconic code in short-term memory. d) iconic code in long-term memory.

b) auditory code in long-term memory.

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a) stimulus presentation. b) delay. c) response. d) encoding.

b) delay.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a) STM and LTM are independent components of memory. b) information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. c) information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. d) STM has a limited capacity.

b) information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a) remember more details about the event. b) make more errors in their recollections. c) report less confidence about their recollections. d) report less vivid recollections of the event.

b) make more errors in their recollections.

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a) do not require attention. b) may differ from one task to another. c) are performed without conscious awareness. d) are difficult to modify.

b) may differ from one task to another.

Neural ____ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking. a) potentiation b) mind reading c) perseveration d) interference

b) mind reading

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND a) saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? b) pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? c) pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? d) saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

b) pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ____ memory. a) an absence of sensory b) poor short-term c) exceptional short-term d) normal short-term

b) poor short-term

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a) nucleus acumbens. b) prefrontal cortex. c) diencephalon. d) cingulate gyrus.

b) prefrontal cortex.

The misinformation effect can be explained by a) proactive interference. b) retroactive interference. c) schematic biases. d) repeated familiarity effects.

b) retroactive interference.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a checkout line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ____. a) misattribution b) script c) narrative d) schema

b) script

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. a) sequential b) simultaneous c) immediate d) precued

b) simultaneous

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ____ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. a) blanket b) sleep c) tired d) drowsy

b) sleep

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a) episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c) semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d) semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

b) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a) the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c) there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d) imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

b) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? a) REAR b) PAIR c) APPLE d) BEAR

c) APPLE

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a) Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. b) Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. c) Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. d) Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.

c) Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a) Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus. b) Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. c) Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d) Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

c) Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a) Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b) Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c) Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d) People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c) Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a) I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b) I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d) I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a) Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. b) Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. c) Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. d) Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.

c) Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

____cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a) Retrograde b) Encoding c) Retrieval d) Processing

c) Retrieval

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a) Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b) Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d) Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

c) Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting a) accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories. b) accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. c) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. d) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories.

c) a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a) before the event. b) during the event. c) after the event. d) all of the above

c) after the event.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a) misinformation effect. b) familiarity effect. c) constructive nature of memory. d) reminiscence bump.

c) constructive nature of memory.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a) causes more rehearsal. b) takes longer to process. c) creates more connections. d) is more interesting.

c) creates more connections.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a) omissions of information that was presented. b) participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c) creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. d) confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

c) creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a) has no effect on the curve. b) increases the primacy effect. c) decreases the recency effect. d) increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

c) decreases the recency effect.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI a) if they believe the postevent information is correct. b) only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. c) even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. d) if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes.

c) even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a) research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b) the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d) pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

c) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b) intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

c) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying a) sensory memory. b) decay. c) preservation d) agnosia.

c) preservation

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is a) source monitoring. b) scripting. c) repeated recall. d) pre-cueing.

c) repeated recall.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and a) retroactive interference. b) consequentiality. c) source misattribution. d) confabulation.

c) source misattribution.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a) the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b) due to its differing wavelengths, the light from the sparkler continues to radiate for about a second after it goes out. c) the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second. d) Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

c) the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a) the person has seen before. b) of familiar places. c) they took themselves. d) the person has never seen before.

c) they took themselves.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a) it always leads to episodic memory for events. b) it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c) we are not conscious we are using it. d) people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c) we are not conscious we are using it.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a) highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b) it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c) when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d) despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

c) when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a) short-term memory consists of a number of components. b) short-term memory has unlimited capacity. c) working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. d) working memory has unlimited capacity.

c) working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. a) 12 b) 36 c) 65 d) 82

d) 82

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? a) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. b) A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. c) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. d) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

d) A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

_______transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a) Amnesia b) Encoding specificity c) Cued-recall d) Consolidation

d) Consolidation

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a) The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. b) Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c) Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d) LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

d) LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a) Knowing how it feels to be scared b) Recalling a childhood memory c) Knowing how an automobile engine works d) Reading a sentence in a book

d) Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a) Classical conditioning b) Repetition priming c) Procedural memory d) Semantic memory

d) Semantic memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? a) Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. b) Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c) Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a) MPI b) Recovered memory c) Schema confusion d) Source monitoring

d) Source monitoring

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with a) changes at the synapse. b) long-term potentiation. c) changes in specialized areas of the brain. d) both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

d) both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a) by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b) by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c) using visual images. d) by the person whose memory will be tested.

d) by the person whose memory will be tested.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a) is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. b) is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. c) helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. d) can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

d) can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ____ process. a) life-narrative b) narrative-rehearsal c) consequentiality based d) constructive

d) constructive

The primary effect of chunking is to a) maximize the recency effect. b) increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c) develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d) increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

d) increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified? a) their daily schedule b) learning material for exams c) remembering names and phone numbers d) labeling familiar objects

d) labeling familiar objects

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the a) hippocampus. b) amygdala. c) occipital cortex. d) prefrontal cortex.

d) prefrontal cortex.

8) Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called a) anterograde amnesia. b) episodic buffering. c) chunking. d) proactive interference.

d) proactive interference.

One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a) sensory memory b) the phonological loop c) articulatory suppression d) the central executive

d) the central executive

The word-length effect reveals that a) STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. b) longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. c) working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. d) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

d) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a) the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. b) the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. c) the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. d) the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

d) the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a) the STM recency effect b) delayed response coding c) the phonological loop d) the visuospatial sketch pad

d) the visuospatial sketch pad

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a) trauma-based experiences b) family-centered challenges c) the freshman year d) transition points

d) transition points

Why wasn't the idea of short-term memory good enough (why did we need to revise into the idea of working memory) and what does this have to do with air-conditioning?

(Baddeley and Hitch) If you are driving, you have an engine that drives the AC and the wheel. It wasn't good enough because the WM engine that drives both STM (memory) and Executive Processing (processing) How do you know this? Visuospatial and Verbal STMs overlap Executive Processing If you load up STM (heavy load: stuff that is difficult thing to remember) it hurts executive processing and makes it slower. Response time for executive processing is longer for a difficult memory task, which is unexpected

What are demand characteristics? What is meant by 'incidental learning'?

- Demand characteristics: when the subject knowns what the experimenter is looking for and can either play along or not - Incidental learning: when you learn one thing, and you end up learning a second thing without trying. Ex: Golfing and you incidentally get abs from your golf swing

What is an implanted memory? ...existence proof? (42:15)

- Implanted memory: a suggestion of a memory in which you take the seed (false memory) and plant it in the person's brain and the memory grows into a coherent story. Lotus: If its reasonable that someone might have a coherent memory that they didn't experience (people gave her more details than details she gave them) then it is - Existence proof: It only has to happen once. If it happens once, it is feasible for you to doubt their testimony (she found it 30% of the time)

What does LOP predict will occur with a shallow test and deep/shallow study in the TAP experiment? What does occur in TAP experiments?

- LOP predicts that if the study and test are BOTH deep, the information will be well remembered during the test (if shallow, information is not remembered) - For TAP, information is best remembered if the study and test match (shallow/shallow or deep/deep)

What is 'maintenance' rehearsal? ...'elaborative' rehearsal?

- Maintenance: repeating it to yourself - Elaborative: truly elaborate on it and connect it to LTM (aka to existing memories)

Why couldn't subjects recall any letters when a circle probe was used? What does this tell us about sensory memory?

- Masking effect: because it masks/wipes out whatever was before it - New incoming information tends to wipe out previous information which is retroactive interference (opposite of proactive interference)

What two problems did Craik and Tulving identify in the depth of processing notion of memory retention? Meaning / Response time

- Not clear what depth means - Response time is a confounding variable: reason they remember it better is because they rehearsed it for a longer time and therefore, you are trying to manipulate depth but also end up manipulating RT (you can't pick the confound apart)

What are typical results in the DRM paradigm (observational level), and what does it tell us about memory (theoretical level)?

- Observational: old is better recalled than new ... then old, new, and lure (associated with old, but are new: but you remember lure almost the same as old - Theoretical: you have lure connected to study words: sour, cake, pie are all related to sweet. What is the source of the intrusion (theoretical)? spreading activation

What are the primacy and recency effects, and why does each occur?

- Primacy: the ability to recall first items on a list (attributable to LTM) - Recency: the ability to recall the last 5-7 items on a list (attributable to STM) If you occupy STM, it leaves primacy effect intact, but you lose recency effect

What were Brooks' tasks? (Study / Test)

- Study: imagine (visually) a block letter "F" and you are walking around - Study: the cat climbed up the tree (verbal) - Test tasks: verbal response (Yes, No, etc) which was easy and visuo-spatial task (point to particular location) which was hard

What is memory consolidation and what does it have to do with retrograde amnesia? (29:45 min)

- When you take STM and you form new tissue to retain STM. You make it "solid" (consolidation = into brain tissue = 2 hrs) Retrograde amnesia interrupts consolidation - takes about 2 hours HM has mainly dense anterograde amnesia (lost completely) Most people have 2 hours loss of diffuse retrograde (graceful loss)

What advantage does the partial-report have over the full-report technique, and what conclusions did Sperling draw? (capacity/ duration)

- advantage: the icon and iconic memory fades during a full report but has no time to fade away during the partial report conclusions: capacity is infinite and duration is brief...you can't change either of themCapacity: infinite so the icon holds entire visual field - Duration: very short, probably less than a second Both: unchangeable - Can improve capacity of STM by using chunking - Can improve duration of STM by using rehearsal

What were the results from the G-word experiment, and what does it tell us about memory retention?

2 hypothetical outcomes? (G-words: Maintanence rehearsal) LOP = Depth of processing (not clear what Depth means); includes S/A/M - Hypo. 1 (helps retain): You are okay if you have 1 rehearsal, you get better with 2 rehearsals, and so forth (would occur IF rehearsal helps you retain) - Hypo. 2 (doesn't help retain): Which one is the data consistent with? Does NOT get better - repeating something to yourself doesn't help you retain it

What is the relationship between memories of CSA / being abducted by aliens and performance on the DRM?

Control / Constant / Recovered (also abductees)... % yes to lures (on DRM) Tend to have more memory intrusions based on the group that you are in - Those in the recovered group tend to remember more In both experiments, those who recovered memories that didn't happen had the highest percentage of yes responses to lure words (words that were not in experiment) Therefore, these people had the highest tendency to remember things that didn't actually happen

From what we already know (e.g., encoding specificity, consolidation) how might we explain the typical incongruity between accuracy of flashbulb memories and confidence?

Encoding specificity and consolidation: Store context at retrieval Because context corrupts memory which makes it inaccurate, but confident because you rehearsed it so many times

What are the results form the classic paper on the misinformation effect?

Event you witnessed - post-event information Everyone sees the same event Then she asked post event info (PEI) Asked how fast were they going when they collided/smashed/hit You saw something there that wasn't meant to be seen (glass on the ground that wasn't there)

What is the shape of Ebbinghaus' classic forgetting curve, and what do the two main components tell us about memory?

Exponential Decay: Curve that can be decomposed to linear components: - Forgetting is adaptive because it makes for EFFICIENT RETRIEVAL - (Efficient re-learning) Retaining a trace of the memory is also adaptive because it helps you re-learn better Better at learning it the 2nd time than learning the 1st time

What are flashbulb memories? Detail / Confidence / Accuracy

Flashbulb memories are vivid and concrete memories that are created in the brain when a person experiences or learns of emotional, shocking events They have plenty of details and confidence, but not accurate

What are the memory intrusions for flashbulb memories / gist memories / schematic memories?

Flashbulb- corrupt by context at recall Gist- corrupt by similar meanings Schematic - corrupt by schema details

What has H.M. lost / what remains intact (STM / LTM; storage / retrieval; implicit / explicit; episodic / semantic; declarative / procedural)?

HM lost: Storage of explicit (cannot learn new facts/experiences) Still intact: STM SM Explicit Retrieval Implicit Storage and Retrieval (can learn new associations; remembers parents)

Why were Bartlett's results so shocking at the time?

He was the first to find memory intrusions! They remembered things that didn't happen How can you remember something that never happened? The people would fill in lost details with personal experiences they had in schemas They remembered things in the story that hadn't been there. This were shocking because no other person had gathered the same evidence and couldn't understand how you could have intrusions to your memory. - Context at retrieval? Schemas? Imagination?

Why would we be persuaded that STM for words is separate from STM for pictures, and what does this have to do with bathrooms?

If you have the same bathroom, you will step on each other as brushing teeth but if you separate, you can do it efficiently the two behaviors of STM use different machinery

What is meant by depth of processing?

Intended to address problem with maintenance rehearsal (repeating things) - If depth is increased you are more likely to remember the information (Superficial: SM Auditory: WM Meaningful:LTM) because you can connect it to other LTM structures that are already existing

If flashbulb memories are so inaccurate, why are they called flashbulb memories?

It seems as if you have a picture in your head and you are remembering BECAUSE OF SO MUCH DETAIL

Why did we learn previously that Lashley's work with rats showed that memories degrade gracefully, but now we see H.M.'s catastrophic loss of memory?

Lashley: showed that memories degrade gracefully H.M.'s memories were intact, but lost ability to store new memories catastrophically which is modular to the hippocampus Old memories are smeared across the brain (which HM still has) Memory content is still intact in HM's brain (his parents, words, etc.) Memory processes has been lost (Specifically STORAGE!!)

How do complexity, self-reference and coherence affect retention, and what does this tell us?

More complex, more self-referential (helps connects to things you already know about yourself) and helps you recall it more coherent (already know something and you are told more you will likely remember) something is. Better retained in LTM because it's related to stuff that is already in the memory

What are context effects on memory retrieval (observation level) and what does that tell us about the way memories are encoded (theoretical level)?

Observational level: Under water & beach test: - if you have a beach test and beach study you are good - if you have under water test and under water study you are good - as long as study and test conditions match, recall is better, if they do not match, recall is not as good Theoretical level: Study conditions are bound together with study context. Study context is bound together with the stuff you are studying (to be remembered stuff) ****if you study in a different room as where the test is given, it can be harder to recall the to be remembered information****

How does transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) compare with levels of processing (LOP) at study?

Partial and full-report are identical at study , as well as TAP and LOP at study

How are Loftus' implanted memories examples of source misattribution? (42:50)

Perception is NEVER an intrusion Suggestion, imagination, etc. are things that misattribute memory that we did not actually see They became implanted because they grabbed onto other memories - context & imagination (some source other than perception) which led these to alter your memories

Why do kids 'move their lips' when they're learning to read?

Reading uses the verbal working memory, which is auditory, and kids are accustomed to reading out loud

What is the relationship between STM and WM?

STM is inside/part of WM

How do STM and iconic memory differ from one another in terms of Retention / Capacity?

STM: brief retention and 5-7 ITEM capacity, but can be changed VIA CHUNKING Iconic: short retention, set in stone and you can't change the INFINITE capacity, but exposure allows you to change 3 chunks into 1 chunk (O M G is now OMG)

What is a schema, and what is its role in memory recall?

Schema: LTM structure of how we organize and interpret LTM info/where we hold stories how we react to certain things **We can use them to fill in gaps.

What does chunking tell us about the interaction between STM and LTM?

The way we can chunk is by practicing through reading and writing letters/words, and then having things stored in LTM This in turn helps us organize and group things in STM More chunking = more in LTM = STM capacity changed via chunking and duration changed via rehearsal Example: OMG (1 chunk)

How does transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) differ with levels of processing (LOP) at test?

They differ at tests: - TAP: the type of questions asked: deep/shallow - LOP: recall: tell me what you saw

What would fluorescent lights and movies look like without iconic memory?

They would flicker and we would not be able to hold onto it (up, down, up, down / on, off, on, off) and that's how it would look without iconic memory

What are the main aspects of the repressed / recovered memory model?

Traumatic experience (is it too much for you to process) so it goes to subconscious where it is gone, but not forgotten Trauma - repression - subconscious - passage of time - POPS BACK UP - conscious mind and now you remember it

What procedure do experimenters use to vary the depth of processing used by their subjects?

Use different questions: think of the way it sounds, the way it looks, what does it mean

Why is it easier to see iconic 'trails' at night than during the day?

We can see them during the day, but there is more stuff in the day that comes in to wipe out the icon (therefore, at night, there is LESS stuff to flush out the icon, making it easier to see the iconic trails at night)

Why is it easier to remember the letters 'helicopter' than the letters 'cpohtrleie'?

We have been exposed enough times to where it is now organized in LTM (no longer 10 letters, but a single chunk) and we've never seen the other - Helicopter: 1 chunks - cpohtrleie: 10 chunks

What three familiar aspects of exams were borrowed in creating the partial-report technique?

While looking at study and test items: - # of Study items is more/greater than # of test items - Random + sub-set of the study questions - You don't know what the questions are until the study phase is over If get 90/100 ... then if we give you a 1000 questions, you will get 90% correct

When you read a page of text, how are words stored in iconic memory, WM, and LTM?

Words are stored in... -Sensory (iconic) memory: by the way they appear (appearance) -WM: by what they sound like -LTM: by what they mean (meaning)

What are the main aspects of the memory intrusion / source misattribution model?

World - perception - memory (one source of memory) but there is also other sources: schemas, imagination, gist This is one route to memory and if you attribute it to just* perception, that could be a misattribution

What does complexity, self-reference and coherence affecting retention have to do with rock-climbing?

You take off one point at a time - Things that have more points of contact with pre-existing memories are stickier, and stick in your brain better

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a) Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory b) Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c) Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d) Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a) Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a) a failure of memory consolidation. b) disrupted long-term potentiation. c) temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d) Korsakoff's syndrome.

a) a failure of memory consolidation.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a) articulatory suppression. b) the visuospatial sketch pad. c) echoic memory. d) the central executive.

a) articulately suppression.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a) cognitive hypothesis. b) self-image hypothesis. c) narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d) autobiographical hypothesis.

a) cognitive hypothesis.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) ____ process in STM. a) control b) automatic c) coding d) iconic

a) control

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ____ memory. a) episodic b) implicit c) semantic d) procedural

a) episodic

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. b) inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. c) source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. d) increased confidence due to postevent questioning.

a) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) a) meaningful units. b) letters. c) words. d) sentences.

a) meaningful units.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a) narrative rehearsal hypothesis. b) cognitive hypothesis. c) life-narrative hypothesis. d) reminiscence hypothesis.

a) narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a) one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b) both are handled by the sketch pad. c) both are handled by the phonological loop. d) the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period

a) one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the ____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a) prefrontal cortex b) amygdala c) hippocampus d) occipital lobe

a) prefrontal cortex

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to a) proactive interference. b) your overloading the phonological loop. c) a release from proactive interference. d) a recency effect.

a) proactive interference.

The primacy effect is attributed to a) recall of information stored in LTM. b) a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c) recall of information still active in STM. d) forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a) recall of information stored in LTM.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a) repeating it over and over. b) linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c) using it in a sentence. d) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a) repeating it over and over.

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of a) repetition priming. b) distributed practice. c) reconsolidation. d) mental time travel.

a) repetition priming.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of a) retroactive interference. b) a life-narrative confusion. c) memory-trace replacement. d) a simultaneous presentation effect.

a) retroactive interference.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because a) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. b) saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. c) talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d) elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.

a) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of ____ on memory. a) schemas b) scripts c) confabulation d) bias

a) schemas

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the ____ of the stimulus. a) sound b) appearance c) meaning d) modality

a) sound