Cognitive Psychology Exam 3 Chapters 10-13
"At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____ inference.
Anaphoric
Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation
Backfire effect
technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is
Method of loci
description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of
expected emotion
following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?
similarity
scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
Mental images
assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ____ seconds.
2
when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify
50% of the words spoken by their own voices
"If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing
A and 13
an interior design student before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using what
A depictive representation
following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night
paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
Boat______ - car_______
conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
Cake Mug
key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
Content
Which term best describes the process of brainstorming
Divergent
Terrell volunteers for Goodman, watches a debate, Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be
Goodman answered the question on job creation very well
s created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. Trinh is using ____ to organize her memories
Method of loci
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
Imagery and perception interact
What occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else
Incubation
tries to sing them silently to herself, used ___ in playing the game?
Inner audition
Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is
Invalid
analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between
Laboratory and real world settings
spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?
Layout
Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?
Meaning Dominance
Kosslyn's island experiment used the ____ procedure
Mental Scanning
Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving
Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because participants need prompting
Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the
Novel Objects before a function was described
pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
Order
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen.
People were influenced by projected images when forming their mental images even when they were unaware
According to the concept of top mapping which stimuli on a beach trip activate farthest forward visual cortex
Pink Beachball on your towel
Which correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?
Problem solving: planning
the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
Proposition
"3x + 9 = 16" is a ____ representation
Propositional
representation types is associated with abstract concepts?
Propositional
analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem
Russian marriage problem
following statements is NOT accurate?
Semantics and Lexicons are equal in scope
"Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. Concept of?
Situation models
A mental rotation task is focused on the ____ aspect of imagery.
Spacial
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations
Spacial
front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of
Speech Segmentation
Perception is to ____ as imagery is to ____ .
Stone; smoke
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
That imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?
Topographical map
Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____ because of the ____ effect
Trial 1; word frequency
"Go with your gut" would emphasize ____ , while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on
Type 1; System 2
Which provides the best example of functional fixedness?
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
Visual images are invisible to everyone else
set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?
Words pizza, history and non words pibble, girk
From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ____ until the sentence is completed
ambiguity
Imagery neurons respond to
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example
expected emotion
text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems
analogies
radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving
analogy
What is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?
analysis
Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
anaphoric interference
you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
at the far side of the front yard away from the house
people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of
availability heuristic
"Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him."
because he always jogs a mile
tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the
belief bias
purpose of subgoals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side
which activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?
choosing an entree from a menu
written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?
comma
given-new contract is a method for creating
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ____ syllogism
conditional
motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. Cop's judgment skewed how
confirmation bias
term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story
dynamics
process of analogical encoding is focused on
finding similarity
expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that ____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking
flexibility; experience
the best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is, creat a list, rate merits/deficits, pick best one to pitch
group brainstorming
which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?
has one correct answer
Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,
he should use his coin in the small machine
Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____ property of language.
hierarchal
Noam Chomsky proposed that
humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.
reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is
ignore the falsification principle
Tuan refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example
illusory correlation
people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on
illusory correlation
unilateral neglect. imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
neglect always occured on the left side of the image, with left being determined by the direction imagined facing
researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of
in vivo problem solving
Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using
inductive reasoning
Tower of Hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty
initial
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Purpose?
insight vs non insight problems
Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of
irrational; accepting only high offers
If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?
it cuts the taffy into pieces
Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's (studying Japaneses)class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying
language acquisition
Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they
made the objects themselves
concept of language can best be thought of as a
manipulation of words and images
Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?
means end analysis
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ____ experiment.
mental walk
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object
Utility refers to
outcomes that achieve a person's goals
When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers
performance is better for the concrete task
application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.
permission schema
conjunction rule states that
probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone
Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation, he studied priming effects of categorically related words in a conference to present to peers. Presentations are grouped based on topic in psych under consideration. Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on?
psycholinguistics
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
reinforcement
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
reorganization or restructuring
circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate
representation and restructuring
radiation problem can be solved using
representation and restructuring.
Coherence refers to the
representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning
representativeness heuristic
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
representativeness heuristic
Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.
rise suddenly just; gradually rise
context of language, another term for "heuristics" is
rules
Syntax is the
rules for combining words into sentences
constraint-based approach to parsing states that
semantics is activated as a sentence is being read
the right visual cortex is involved in the
size of the field of view
word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
slowly to low frequency words than high freq
people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ____ bias.
status quo
if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
syntactic priming
Experts ____ than novices
take a more effective approach to organizing the solution
In analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution
target; source
Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?
temporal lobe
evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's
tendency to detect when others are cheating
Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow
the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations
syllogism is valid if
the conclusion follows logically from the two premises
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on
the meaning of domincance of each definition of the word
determine America's favorite day of the week. 10,000 americans across all 50 states were collected. Staff member called CEA at her lunch meeting to tell her American's chose Monday. Observations in this poll are not representative because?
the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the US pop
when participants were ____ , some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____
using visual images; deactivated
