COGS 101B Quiz 7, COGS 101B Quiz 8, COGS 101B Quiz 9, COGS 101B Quiz 10

You are studying for your big midterm and want to take advantage of what you have learned about levels of processing. Which of the following questions would be more likely to result in deeper encoding (and better recall) for a list of study terms?

"is the study term an answer to one of the fill in the blank questions?"

Which of the following are true of the PDP model of memory?

- each new input can change the strength of connections between connected units - it is biologically inspired - links between units can be either inhibitory or excitatory

advantages of parallel distributed processing (PDP) models?

- information represented in a way resilient to damage - both episodic and semantic types of memory are accounted for in a principled way - context is stored with target inputs, allowing for more cues to memories

factors that influence encoding of information into long term memory

- levels of processing - memory for meaning - organization - elaboration

We talked about a number of different themes from the course which seem to be a part of the method of loci.

- using a retrieval plan - focusing attention - elaboration - pair-associate learning - consistent mappings

We have learned that practicing information is a useful way of encoding material for later retrieval. In a comparison of different types of practice, Roediger and Karpicke asked participants to read a passage of text and then either re-read the passage or take a recall test. Participants were then given a recall test after a variable delay. What did they find?

The re-reading group was better than the recall test group at short 5 min. delays. The recall test group was better than the re-reading test group at longer 2 day delays.

During an exam, a TA believes she sees someone cheating. However, before she can get the professor's attention, the student turns in the exam and leaves. Later, the professor provides a set of photographs to the TA to try to identify the suspected cheater. The TA picks out someone who happens to be in her section. The actual suspected cheater was not in the set of photographs. As stated, this is most likely an instance of:

a source monitoring error

The area of the brain most identified as being specifically involved in encoding emotional memories is the _____________.

amygdala

Patient SB was a long-time abuser of alcohol and shows clinical signs of Korsakoff's syndrome. He is able to tell stories from the distant past, but can't seem to remember anything new since his medical treatment began. Based on this description, he is primarily suffering from _____________ amnesia.

anterograde

In lecture, we discussed the phenomenon of recovered memories. These are memories an adult recalls of a (previously forgotten) traumatic or emotional event from childhood. One objection to the validity of these memories is that the individual should not have forgotten the event due to their strong emotional nature. Based on our discussion in lecture, what are some responses to this objection?

at the time of the event, the child may have lacked the schemas to make sense of what was happening [makes the memory easier to repress] the child may have been told the event never happened. this is a kind of misinformation effect that allows substitution of a different version of events

Metamemory accuracy [can/cannot] be influenced by outside forces

can be influenced

what we know of flashbulb memories?

confidence in memory remains high over time because they are emotional and unique; they are similar to other episodic memories in that accuracy for detail will decline over time

In a study by Godden and Baddeley, participants learned a list of words on either land or under water. They were later tested with the same list of words on either land or underwater. The authors found that performance was better when participants were tested in the same conditions as experienced during learning. This result is best described as a ___________________.

context effect

In the mirror tracing task, participants are asked to trace an object by hand while watching their movements in a mirror. This is a difficult task, but people can learn to improve over time. Amnesiacs who can't learn new facts or events may still be able to learn how to do the mirror tracing task. This helps specifically establish a difference between _______________ and _______________ memory.

declarative; procedural

In an experiment by Brewer & Treyens (1981), participants were asked to recall the items in a graduate student office. 30% said they recalled seeing books, even though none were present. This was taken as evidence that schemas may have _________. In this case, it was expecting to see books in a graduate student office.

default values

Many mnemonics we often use depend on an application of _____________________, in which we use interactions with the physical world to provide organization and cues to memories we wish to retrieve.

distributed cognition

People with hyperthymesia [do/do not] make false memory errors when remembering lists of semantically related items.

do; their semantic memory is average

We have discussed many different types of memory. Endel Tulving, the famous memory researcher, once described one type of memory as "mental time travel." Such _______________ memories are temporally organized and associated with a source.

episodic

In a ___________________ paradigm, participants are presented with a series of words and later asked to reproduce as many of the items as possible. This can be used to test various factors affecting encoding and retrieval.

free recall

To specifically reduce post-identification feedback effects in suspect identification during lineups, what is something police officers and investigators could attempt to implement?

have the lineup administered by an officer who does not know the identity of the suspect

In lecture, we saw video of a police interrogation that led to a false confession. What are factors that could lead to a false confession during the lengthy interrogation we saw?

high emotional stress, social pressure due to feedback effects, misinformation effects

Earlier in the quarter, we saw an example of someone being classically conditioned to associate a sound with the arrival of a mint. This kind of learning can most specifically be said to make a change in __________________.

implicit memory

schemas

knowledge structures that provide top down information for understanding complex situations

In an experiment by Snyder et al (2006) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), it was found that temporarily disturbing function in the ________________ could improve the numerosity judgments in neurotypical subjects.

left anterior temporal lobe

You are a participant in a psychology experiment. You are asked to watch a computer screen as pairs of words or non-words are presented. Your task is to determine if the second item presented is a word or non-word. You realize that the experiment is using a

lexical decision task

_____________ is your awareness of how likely you are to remember something and how strong that memory will be

metamemory

In an experiment by Nash & Wade (2009), participants played a gambling game on the computer. When they won a round and saw a green check, they collected money from the bank next to the computer. If they lost a round and saw a red cross, they returned money to the bank. After the experiment, some participants were presented with doctored video evidence that they cheated (see below). Based on this alone, the most specific reason for the false confession was due to the experimenter's use of _________________.

misinformation

In one of our ZAPS experiments, you were presented with a number of positive sentences and then given a list of words to remember. Following a distractor task, you were asked to recall the list. It was found that people tended to recall (and recognize) more words that were positive in nature. This result is known as the _______________________ effect.

mood congruency

semantic memory

organized by content, allows us to generalize beyond single episode, allows us to make inferences based on associations

According to Talmi and colleagues, activation of the _______________ seems most specifically involved in working memory and may be primarily responsible for the recency effect.

perihinal cortex

. In an experiment by Stein and Bransford, participants were given sentences that could be elaborated on in four distinct ways. Which of the forms of elaboration was found to provide the best performance in a subsequent cued recall task?

precise elaboration

If someone is asked what word goes with "BLUE", they are much more likely to respond "sky" rather than "pretty". In an experiment, suppose you initially present the word pair "pretty-BLUE". You later present a word pair and ask if the word in CAPITAL letters was presented earlier. Using the above example, "BLUE" is more likely to be recognized later in which of the following word pairs and why?

pretty-blue: the specificity of the original encoding with the cue will make retrieval of BLUE more likely

According to the Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT) model, a _______________ is the main representational unit used and is the smallest unit of meaning that can be true or false.

proposition

When trying to remember words in a free recall paradigm, Murdoch (1962) found that people had the best memory for items at the end of list and the beginning of the list. These effects are called the _________effect and ________effect.

recency; primacy

Anderson & Pichert (1978) had participants read a story from the perspective of a burglar or a home buyer. They remembered more details that were consistent with the original perspective. However, when participants changed perspective, they remembered additional details from the story consistent with the changed perspective. This change and increase in remembered items demonstrates the _________________ nature of memory during recall. Top-down information helps cue and organize items in working memory.

reconstructive

Following a case of encephalitis, a patient appears unable to recognize life-long friends or tell stories from his youth. He is likely suffering from ________________ amnesia.

retrograde

It was suggested that people with induced savant-like abilities are less able to use top-down information, so rely much less on _____________ when trying to understand complex situations.

schemas

difference between schemas and scripts

scrips are more likely to follow causal order of events

_________________ occurs when we can't remember how our factual information was gained (i.e. you retain the semantic memory, but lose the episodic memory).

source amnesia

We reviewed some possible explanations for the misinformation effect. When both the original memory and the misinformation are present in long-term memory and compete for retrieval, this is known as _______________.

source confusion

Pat is seeing a therapist for depression. The therapist believes that Pat's depression may be due to some unresolved issues beginning in childhood. During a therapy session, Pat suddenly remembers being lost at a carnival as a child and being terrified that he would never see his family again. The therapist has been in contact with Pat's family and determines that this could not have happened as they never visited the carnival when Pat was a child. However, this did happen to Pat's boyhood friend, Bob. Based only on the above information, what is the most specific and accurate cause of Pat's memory?

source monitoring error

Schemas for people, otherwise known as __________________, can be useful because they reduce the cognitive complexity of a situation. However, they are often problematic and can lead to erroneous source attributions when current values don't match expectations.

stereotypes

Cahill et al (1995) explored the effect of emotion on memory. They asked participants to read a story accompanied by pictures. The story was the same at the beginning and end, but participants read either emotional content (boy in an accident) or neutral content (boy visits hospital) in the middle of the story. What did Cahill and colleagues find?

the emotional content cause emotional details to be remembered more accurately but had little effect on neutral details at the beginning and end

If a person reads you a list of words slowly (as opposed to quickly), this generally increases your ability to recall words from which part of list?

the first few words

if you give people a list of words to remember and then ask them to do a high-load working memory task, this will reduce recall for which items in the list most?

the last few words

We discussed a number of possible problems with Collins & Quillan's hierarchical model of longterm memory. For example, when making judgments about category membership, people are faster to verify "A dog is an animal" and slower to verify "An otter is an animal." This finding is called ________________________.

typicality effect

8. According to numerous studies, retrieving information is much more successful when it was organized during encoding. Based on one study by Bransford & Johnson (1972) which measured recall for a story both with and without a picture, which of the following is the best use of a diagram or outline as a study aid?

view diagrams before or while reading the material to be learned

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, greater arousal should lead to [better/worse] memory of emotional events

worse