Cold War
China Fights Back After US Pushes North Koreans Back
- 300,000 Chinese pour across the Yalu River - U.N. forces get pushed back
Who was on the U.N. Security Council?
- 5 permanent members - USA, Soviet Union, China, France, and England
Public Response to Truman Firing MacArthur
- 70% of Americans disagreed with Truman- New York City gave him a ticker tape parade - Congress allowed him to speak to a joint session (a rare event and a high honor) - Truman eventually convinced the public it was the right decision
Impact of Truman Doctrine
- America is further ripped from isolation
Atlantic Conference
- August 14, 1941 - Roosevelt and Churchill agree that neither side will seek territorial gains from the lands that they will conquer during WW2
China before and after WW2
- Before the war China was in a civil war: Communists (Mao Zedong) vs. Nationalists (Chiang Kai Shek) - During WW2, they set aside fight - After WW2 they picked it up again; US sent aid to nationalists
Why was the Truman Doctrine created?
- Britain could no longer provide aid to Greece and Turkey - US feared the Soviets would take control or gain influence
Bay of Pigs
- CIA started training Cuban exiles to invade Cuba - The goal was that once the troops landed it would trigger an uprising among the people - Nothing went as planned - Castro was ready and 1500 faced 25,000 Cubans - Kennedy makes a major mistake here
Result's of China's Civil War
- Communists gain power, influence, and territory, and win - Chiang had to flee to Taiwan where they set up their own government - U.S. does not recognize Mao as the leader of China, but instead Taiwan and the Nationalists are who is viewed as the legitimate government of China
Causes of Suez Crisis (1956)
- Egpytian government announced they were taking control of the Suez Canal - tensions rose since its supposed to be open international waterway
Yalta Conference
- February 1945 - Big 3 decided that after Germany's unconditional surrender it would be divided into 4 post-war occupation zones (French, American, Soviet, and British zones) and the City of Berlin would also be split into occupation zones
Cuba Goes Communist
- Fidel Castro led a revolution in Cuba that resulted in victory in 1959 - Castro declared himself a communist and took aid from the Soviets - Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba - US just recently took steps to end the embargo on all Cuban goods but then reversed the decision
HUAC
- House Un-American Activities Committee - one of the agencies that investigated possible Communist influence, both inside and outside the U.S. government
Automania
- Interstate Highway Act: Eisenhower signed this to provide 41,000 miles of new roads - Gave Americans the ability to travel to places they previously could not - New industries are created: drive in movies, restaurants, motels, and malls - Sunbelt (Virginia through Florida to Texas, Arizona, and California) population increases - also created for easier escape of Americans if bombed
Effects of Suez Crisis (1956)
- Israel, England, and France invaded -> Eisenhower was not happy with this invasion and threatened to cut off oil if they didn't withdraw - Israel unable to gain freedom to use canal but were able to regain shipping rights in the Straits of Tiran
End of the Korean War
- July 1951 peace talks began - July 1953 a cease fire was agreed upon - Results of the War: Stalemate - 54,000 Americans died - 67 billion dollar cost
Causes of Ike and Iran (1953)
- Mosaddeg was viewed as a threat to both Western strategic and economic interests since he nationalized the British Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. - wanted to secure Iran's oil fields and the Trans-Iranian Railway in order to deliver supplies to the Soviet Union
Effects of Ike and Iran (1953)
- Mosaddeq is overthrown - tense relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union - Maj. General Fazollah Zahedi became the premiership
The Cuban Missile Crisis
- October 1962: Kennedy learns that the Soviets are placing nuclear missiles inside of Cuba from spy photos -Ex-comm-Committee formed to figure out how to deal with the missiles in Cuba -Kennedy orders a "Quarantine" (really a blockade) of Cuba - The Soviets turn their ships around
Start of Korean War
- South Korea was driven to the Southeast - MacArthur landed troops in Inchon - Drove North Koreans close to the China border - China warns the US not to get too close
Effects of U-2 Spy Plane (1960)
- Soviet Union shot down U2 spy plane in Soviet air space and captured pilot - Eisenhower was forced to admit to Soviets that CIA had been flying spy missions over the Soviet Union for several years - further raised the already tense relationship between the US and the Soviet Union
Effects of H-Bomb (1952)
- Soviets pushed to make a H-bomb - leads many Americans to build bomb shelters - students and schools begin practicing nuclear fallout drills - keeps the peace between the Soviet Union during the Cold War -> assured of destruction if war occurred
The Truman Doctrine
- Truman received, $400 million for military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey - "I believe that it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
Truman's Response to MacArthur Asking for Nuclear Weapons and War Extending into China
- Truman rejected MacArthur's plans- MacArthur spoke out publicly criticizing the president- MacArthur was warned to be quiet and follow orders; MacArthur continues to speak out- Truman fires MacArthur
U.N. Response to North Korean Invasion of South Korea
- U.N. Security Council votes to take military action against North Korea - Soviets were boycotting because Taiwan was in China's Security Council seat
US Response to Soviet Union letters
- US ignores the second letter and accept the terms of the first one - US also agreed to remove the missiles in Turkey in 6 months but that was to be kept secret - The Soviets agree and nuclear was is avoided
Causes of U-2 Spy Plane (1960)
- US was alarmed over the rapid technological advancements of the Soviet Union -> created U2 planes to spy - Eisenhower created an open sky plan where planes could openly spy on one another -> turned down by the Soviets
Origins of the Cold War
- With the end of WW2, differences between the US and USSR heightened - the US sought to contain communism
Senator Joseph McCarthy
- a Republican from Wisconsin- had a reputation for being an ineffective legislator- needed a winning issue to win the election of 1952 -> charges that Communists were taking over the government- made attacks on suspected communists which was known as McCarthyism
Causes of Hungarian Uprising (1956)
- a lot of poverty in Hungary and people were unhappy - Hungary was controlled by the Soviet Union
Berlin Airlift
- airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Warsaw Pact
- alliance of Communist nations - response to NATO
NATO
- alliance of European and North American democracies - an attack on one is an attack on all
What did the Veto Power in the United Nations mean?
- any no vote on any resolution by a security member resulted in a failed resolution
Causes of H-Bomb (1952)
- arms race that is developing between the Soviets and Americans - Soviet denotation of A-bomb in 1949 that was successful convinced the US to move on with their development of the H-bomb
Causes of Sputnik (1957)
- competition between the Soviet Union and the United States - race to show who was the superior civilization
Why was the Marshall Plan created?
- containment - to make Communism less appealing to European countries
Policy of Containment
- created by George Kennan - keeps Communism where it is but prevents it from spreading further
The Marshall Plan
- created by George Marshall - policy that the US would spend billions of dollars over the next several years to improve European economic recovery
The "Iron Curtain"
- created by Winston Churchill in his speech in 1946 - fictional line that divided Communist Europe from non-communist Europe
Effects of Policy of Boldness
- cut military spending by building a fleet of bombs - emphasized strategic nuclear weapons - put less emphasis on large standing military forces
Korea
- divided after WW2 - North: Communists - South: Free- Divided at 38th parallel - June 1950: North Korea invades South Korea
Who was George Kennan?
- foreign ambassador to the Soviet Union - author of the "Long Telegram" - father of Containment - helped to end US policy of isolation
Nikita Khrushchev
- leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis
What does Blacklist mean?
- list of people who were condemned for having a Communist background-people on this had careers ruined because they could no longer work (approximately 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors)- created as a response to the hearings (Hollywood Ten)
Effects of Sputnik (1957)
- made Americans more fearful since the Soviets were ahead - Americans felt like they were behind - fear of dropping bomb from space from Soviets - made Americans doubt their education system and students began getting more homework - initiated the space race: constant race between US and the Soviets - race to get to the moon -> US gets there first -> no one has been further
Who was George Marshall?
- secretary of State under Truman
United Nations
- set up as an international peace keeping body - U.N. Security Council formed - Veto Power
Effects of Hungarian Uprising (1956)
- spontaneous national uprising occurred - crushed by Soviet Union tanks and troops - America does nothing (Eisenhower lets this happen) -> did not violate containment policy since communism already existed in Hungary
Causes of Policy of Boldness
- the want to roll back the influence communism had on the world - wanted to create a major deterrent for the Soviet Union - too much spending on military forces so wanted to spend less on that and more on nuclear
Cold Warrior
- tripled US nuclear capabilities - increased spending on conventional military forces - Flexible Response: give the US capabilities to counter large non-nuclear threats
Limited War
- when a country goes to war but fights under certain conditions and does not use any means necessary for victory - MacArthur: recommended to Truman that the war be extended into China and he asked for the use of nuclear weapons
How the Cuban Missile Crisis Ended
-The Soviets offered to remove the missiles if we removed ones that we had in Turkey - US receives a message that the Soviets will remove the missiles if we pledge never to invade Cuba -A second letter arrives saying the same as above but that the US also needs to remove the missiles in Turkey
Kennedy's Options Regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis
1) Bomb the missile sites in Cuba 2) Bomb the missile sites and follow that with a full invasion of Cuba to ensure the missiles are gone 3) Blockade of Cuba 4) Do nothing and pretend we do not know the missiles are there 5) Offer to trade the missiles we have in Turkey pointed at the USSR in exchange for a removal of the missiles in Cuba (Diplomacy)
What was Alger Hiss accused of?
He was accused of spying for the Soviet Union.
How was Alger Hiss affected by the accusations?
He was convicted of perjury and put in jail because he lied about the passing of these documents.
Why did McCarthyism fall out of favor?
It fell out of favor when McCarthy made accusations against the U.S. Army in 1954. This led to a nationally televised Senate investigation in which McCarthy's bullying of witnesses cost him public support. He was condemned for improper conduct.
Potsdam Conference
July 1945 - American officials convinced the Soviet Stalin to accept German reparations only from the Soviet zone, or far eastern part of Germany - agreement paved way for the division of Germany into East and West.
Why did McCarthyism succeed at first?
McCarthy fed on the public's fears of communism and because of this gained a lot of support that allowed for him to continue.
Do the accusations on the Hollywood Ten seem to have been fair?
No because it wasn't illegal to be a Communist.
What motivated McCarthyism?
Senator McCarthy wanted to win the election of 1952 and needed a winning issue for this.
What did the HUAC begin to do in 1942 and why?
They begin to investigate Communist influence in thew movie industry. They believed that Communists were speaking propaganda into films. During WW2, Pro-Soviet films were made when the Soviet Union was a US alley. 43 witnesses were found from the Hollywood film industry
What were the Hollywood Ten accused of?
They were accused of being Communists because they refused to answer questions on Communist infiltration in the movie industry.
What were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg accused of?
They were accused of giving information to the Soviets that helped them to build an atomic bomb.
How were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg affected by the accusations?
They were executed.
How were the Hollywood Ten affected by the accusations?
They were sent to prison and blacklisted.
Do the accusations on Alger Hiss seem to have been fair?
Yes because it came to light that he was actually spying for the Soviet Union.
Do the accusations on Ethel and Julius Rosenberg seem to have been fair?
Yes because there were actual witnesses who have evidence of them giving information to the Soviets.
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are both forms of...
containment
