Cold War Big Ugly Test - Ambrose Ch.4 - Ch.9

Three possible courses of action vs. USSR

1. Build up US military sources 2. Send military aid to threatened nations 3. Give economic and technical support to needy people People wanted a combination of the three

Czech Coup

1948 communist party assumed control b. This sent a shock throughout the world and exemplified limitations of US foreign policy - they could not save Czechoslovakia c. Truman needed something to scare Congress into passing the Marshall Plan, this was that

Tom Connally:

A US Senator from Texas, member and vice chairman of UN, chairman of foreign relations committee. In a speech, he mentioned the security of the United States and areas we'd protect, including Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, etc., but did not mention Korea. (Also reiterated by Dean Acheson). Therefore, Stalin gave the North Koreans the green light to invade South Korea because he thought we didn't care about them.

Extending Truman Doctrine to the Pacific

After WW2 the US was occupying Japan so when the economy began to slow in japan after the war it was a precursor to communism. Asia firsters criticised Truman after losing China so Truman went to the UN to get approval to invade after labelling North Korea as an aggressor. Took on a much bigger commitment to protecting Asia from communism.

Truman fires MacArthur

After he compromised peace in Korea; dude is arrogant, egotistical, and brilliant, but doesn't know when to stop. Contradicts and publicly questions Truman. INSUBORDINATION. Truman wants a more peaceful approach. Example of why civilians should control military.

Military industrial complex

An informal alliance between the military and the arms industry which supplies it. First coined by Eisenhower in his Farewell Speech in 1961. By the end of the Korean War, it was a major social and economic force that implied America would not compromise with Russia or China, and that it would build up the military for the sake of promoting freedom.

6/25/50

At the time there was a question as to whether or not the US could stand up to communism. This was the day that the NK INVADED SOUTH KOREA

William Bullitt

Author and diplomat of the Paris Peace Conference b. Outspoken anti-communist c. Believe Russia's final goal was world conquest d. Advocated for a European Federation of Democratic States i. Foreshadowed NATO

Bamboo Curtain

The bamboo curtain was the asian equivalent to the iron curtain. It was the theoretical boundary between the communist states in Asia, such as N. Korea, Indochina, and China, and the "free" Capitalist states in the region. First used around 1949.

US assumptions about Communists in Asia

Believed Asian troops could not match up to western weapons, believed communism in Asia could be stopped with relatively low cost of lives. Thought communism would not be popular among peasants or normal civilians. Forces (in Asia) would not commit troops to fight due to inferior military and therefore there would not be much threat.

Attlee to DC

British Prime Minister Clement Attlee was fearful that Truman would use the atomic bomb against the Asian people for the 3rd time in 5 years after Truman called for worldwide mobilization against communism. In order to prevent this he held a series of meeting with Americans and advised them to stay in the Korean War. He believed that if the Americans pulled out (coitus interruptus) their hypothetical defeat wouldn't trigger an all out war with China, which he believed McArthur had planned and ultimately wanted.

Soviet Reaction to the Iron Curtain Speech

a. Stalin rejected membership in the International Bank and Monetary Fund b. Created a Five-Year Plan c. Became involved in Iran d. De-westernized

Huks

Communist led peasants who started uprisings in Central Luzon, Philippines in order to fight off the Japanese who had taken the island of Bataan. Later on tensions with the Philippines governments and the Huks arose because of issues with surrendering of arms. The US military supplies to the Philippines government to stop them. Eventually died out after Ramon Magsaysay became President and got the public's support.

National Security Act of 1947

Congress passed, creating a singularly department of defense b. Created the CIA c. Gave salutatory status to Joint Chiefs of Staff d. Established a National Security Council to advise the President e. Created the Air Force

Long Telegram

a. Intellectual justification for containment b. Soviets were vulnerable because they were in a perpetual state of war with capitalism c. Government structure was not effective since USSR would be against the US d. Russians were inherently expansionist

10. Harry Hopkins

a. Social Worker under FDR b. New Deal policies i. Created jobs c. Messenger for FDR and Truman; "assistant coach"

Air Force Doctrine

Demobilization i. When we demobilize, we can maintain military superiority because of technology and weapons delivered through the air ii. We have atomic bombs and no one else does, can use this against the superior numbers of conventional forces of USSR iii. Bombing had brought Japan and Germany to their knees iv. Use of bombs and threat of atomic bomb as peace of our defense 1. "lesson" from WWIII a. Air superiority allows us to dictate to other countries and if necessary punish them severely 2. Air Force created in 1947

Viet Minh

English League for the Independence of Vietnam, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Although led primarily by Communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions.

Marshall Plan

George Marshall wanted to levy economic pressure on USSR and build alliances with Europe by fortifying their economies b. Aid was given to all suffering European countries and communist block as positive propaganda i. Helped rebuild countries and make them loyal to the US ii. Made them economically viable iii. All communist countries denied US aid except Yugoslavia c. Foreign aid boosted American economy

Truman's Cold War accomplishments

He gave the United States a thermonuclear bomb and rearmed Germany. He passed a peace treaty with Japan that gave the Americans military bases, allowing Japanese rearmament, unlimited industrialization, and a Japanese boom by dismissing others' demands for reparations. He extended American bases around the world, limiting both Russia and China. NATO, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Saving West Berlin and South Korea.

Containment vs. Rollback

June 30, 1950 Truman orders U.S. troops to invade Korea to "restore peace... and the border" of the 38th parallel as the dividing line between communist North Korea and South Korea. Containment rather than rollback (trying to change North Korea). We knock them back to 38th parallel..if only interested in containment: stop there but if we want to rollback communism: keep going past the 38th parallel.

Chinese attack across the Yalu

Prior to China attacking, MacArthur's forces had been battling smaller units of Chinese forces fighting alongside North Korean troops since late October (they believed these small units only consisting of a few volunteers). MacArthur refused to believe that Mao would be so reckless as to take on the might of the world's greatest superpower. However, Mao was eager to prove himself, despite Stalin's support, because he wanted to demonstrate domestic strength. Mao had been moving Chinese forces into position near the Korean border, and privately prepared 300,000 soldiers for intervention. On Nov. 24, MacArthur launched a major offensive, to defeat all North Korean forces and end the war. Though the advance appeared to be strong, American and allied units failed to maintain cohesive lines. The Chinese counter-attack began shortly before midnight on Nov. 25, surprising UN forces mainly because MacArthur believed that they would not enter the war. MacArthur, despite Truman's warning, had not succeeded in ending the battle, and the U.S. was forced to consider all military options.

Pusan

Pusan was a bridgehead where the Americans first entered the war. Together with South Korea, they held it through June and July until the US could truly fight back. The only place the North Koreans hadn't captured.

Arthur Vandenburg

Republican senator that supported the Truman Doctrine b. Advised Truman to scare the American public to get military and economic support for Greece and Turkey

Why USSR didn't veto:

The Soviets were on a boycott of the UN security council because Russia refused to give Chiang a seat on the security council to Mao, so they weren't present at the meeting to vote. They were mad that the "china" on the security council was actually Taiwan with Chiang as the leader, not Mao. It was a huge error. They never made that mistake again.

Why Truman needed a crisis:

There were a lot of isolationists in the United States, who did not want to go to war. There was no justification for going to war against the Koreans. He needed a reason to go to war and that was Korea. Implement the terms of NSC-68, a memorandum that advised a course of action (dramatic increase defense spending). Just like Czech Coup is to Marshall Plan. Motivate Congress to start spending the money that NSC-68 advised that we spend. Invading South Korea by North Koreans provided that.

"The Bomb at the Waldorf"

Waldorf = hotel in New York city. Dropped on September 12th by Dean Acheson. The bomb was a proposal for a rapid increase in the military to be sent to Europe. Acheson insists on the creation of ten German divisions (rearmament). The m US sends in four divisions to Europe to make this proposal seem more reasonable. France displeased with proposal.

Dien Bien Phu:

a. In the first Indochina war, French forces occupied the Dien Bien Phu valley, but were assaulted by Vietnamese forces and were eventually overran. Prompted the French government to sign the Geneva accords in which they withdrew from Vietnam. French were frustrated that they wouldn't fight a conventional war. Occupy lower ground to draw out the Vietnamese. French were annihilated by cannons on higher ground.

Containment shortcomings

When the United States entered the armed conflict beginning the Korean War, they reversed the previous policy towards Korea balancing Soviet and US influence in the nation. The US activity in Southeast Asia created additional tension, allowing Communist leaders like Mao Zedong in China to gain control. Truman was criticized for 'losing' China and not providing enough support to Chinese nationalists. Containment is permanent tension because the threat never goes away. You never actually solve the problem.. you don't sleep that well, wake up, freak out. "What were the flaws of containment?" "They didn't contain well"

Brussels Treaty

a. 1948, defense treaty between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Great Britain and Netherlands i. Mutual defense against Communist threat b. Expanded the Dunkirk treaty c. Morphs into NATO in 1949

Why 1953 seemed less dangerous

a. Stalin died, however there was still the question of who would replace him. Also, the Korean War was over, so fears of World War III caused by China or McArthur disappeared.

Geneva Accords

a. 1954; arranged a settlement which brought about an end to the First Indochina War. The agreement was reached at the end of the Geneva Conference. A ceasefire was signed and France agreed to withdraw its troops from the region. It divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel and temporarily placed Northern Vietnam in the rule of the Vietmen and Ho Chi Minh; South Vietnam fell to a US organized government of non-communists. Elections were going to be held to unify the country, Ho Chi Minh was going to win so US prevented the election from happening. Ho Chi Minh started to fight to unify the country, so US began fighting against him (ie beginnings of Vietnam War). North was supplied by USSR.

Impact of the A-Bomb on US Foreign Policy

a. Added to the US' sense of power b. Believe they could influence the world c. Didn't feel the USSR was as big of a threat d. A-bomb couldn't be used unless absolutely necessary e. Massive Retaliation (1945-1949)

Lucius Clay:

a. American officer and military commander b. Well known for his administrative role in Germany following WWII c. Orchestrated the Berlin Airlift in 1948 i. In reality, he advocated military force against Soviets in terms of Berlin

Demobilization

a. Army is getting cut down in size, air force is reduced b. Returning people in uniform to civilian life c. GI Bill helped people resettle as they returned to civilian life i. Could get a free education and low cost home loans d. Since men returned to the workforce, women lost their manufacturing/industry jobs

McCarthy's coalition of supporters:

a. Asia-firsters: People who are afraid that Asia would fall first, then it was a matter of time before communism spread (people who had thought we had neglected Asia) b. Americans in Eastern Europe c. Catholics

Pre-WW2 Causes

a. Begin with WW1 dispute over the Baltic States and the interference of US and other countries during Russian civil war b. Cordon Sanitare- Western-planted governments c. US disproves of Russia's early quit of World War d. Russia angry by Civil War involvement and their denial to enter the League of Nations

Benelux

a. Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg

Berlin Blockade

a. Blockade of West Berlin by USSR i. Cuts them off from all resources b. Attempt to force the Western allies to abandon Berlin

Britain retreats from obligations

a. Britain has been supporting the Royalist government in Greece, but economic issues weakened Britain's ability to keep supporting them. In September 1946 the U.S. government had been preparing programs for military aid, as it saw Greece as an important target for the expansion of Communism. An American Ambassador heard a rumor in February about British pulling its support, and they ended up notifying the U.S. that they could no longer provide aid to Greece or Turkey later that month. b. British retreat from India, Africa and Palestine

Mao Victorious in China:

a. Chinese Communist party drove nationalists off of the mainland to Taiwan b. American support was limited due to focus on Europe c. Americans saw lack of Chinese support as a mistake they made, rather than a situation that they had little power over

Iron Curtain Speech

a. Churchill b. At Fullton College in Missouri. Truman had invited him to Missouri c. Impact of what the USSR had done in Eastern Europe; outlined what the Cold War was about d. Iron Curtain divides the free world from the enslaved communist world

McCarthy at Wheeling, West Virginia:

a. Claimed that there were 57 individuals in the state department that were communist and that was why our foreign policy was failing b. Conducted investigations in the Senate c. Created huge hysteria

Cost of Liberation

a. Costs: communist countries obviously wouldn't let communism go and those "enslaved" by communism in those countries were too tightly controlled to stage their own revolution so those who wanted to see liberation of communism would have to actively fight to free the "enslaved." This shows a cost of lives and military resources. Additionally liberation would lead to the destruction of much of the world and most of the people "enslaved" by communism themselves would die in the process. Also there were economic restraints. The Republicans in power stressed the importance of balancing the budget and cutting taxes, so the Defense Department budget was cut therefore severely limiting the actions and effectiveness of liberation.

Limits of Massive Retaliation

a. Destroy the country that the US would be retaliating against b. Would be the start of WWIII c. US does not have any other options - what constitutes the use of an atomic bomb? d. Loss of credibility

George Kennan

a. Diplomat to Russia b. Sent the Long Telegram - described aggressive nature of Stalin's foreign policy that consisted of expansion i. Turned into a military doctrine ii. How 9 US presidents would fight the Cold War c. Advocate for US containment

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

a. Each country pledged themselves to fight against aggression b. Many in US believed NATO was unnecessary c. Marked end of containment in Europe

Eisenhower campaign and Liberation

a. Eisenhower told the public that as president he would soothe the tension generated between America and USSR during the time of the Korean War and stood at a neutral standpoint regarding the situation. Believed that it was fair that the countries under the influence of either power should be free to choose a preferred government style, without hindrance of the opinions of the US or USSR, thus prompting the proposal of the liberation policy, which he believed was the country's only hope of ever living peacefully alongside communism. Eisenhower promises to fix the Korean War and make the U.S. leave from Korea. (I shall go to Korea; K1C2 - Korea, Communism, and Corruption)

Klaus Fuchs:

a. German theoretical physicist that gave USSR atomic bomb information

Hardliners vs. Do-Nothings: Nazis vs. Communists

a. Hardliners adhere to plan of organization i. Stand up to the USSR b. Do-nothings only intervened when absolutely necessary i. Let them have what they have

Ike's Opinion on the Bomb

a. Ike = Eisenhower b. Felt hat in order to keep world safe from atomic warfare, US had to control atomic energy c. Keep beefing up atomic supply just in case i. Don't give up monopoly on nukes

CIA in Italy

a. Italian election of 1948 - communist threatened to take over b. CIA intervened to support the Christian Democratic Party in Italy i. First covert operation ii. Catholic Church went against communist party 1. Pope convinced to excommunicate communists iii. Secret operatives funded anticommunists party c. If communists would win legitimately, it would be a tragedy i. If Italy became communist, they would not receive Marshall Plan aid

Grand Alliance

a. Joined US, USSR and Great Britain b. Formed to defeat Nazi Germany c. Broken up when Truman and Stalin disagreed

B-29s to England:

a. July 15, 1948 b. B-29s drop atomic bombs c. National Security Council sent B-29s to England i. Show that the government was taking the Berlin situation seriously 1. Publicly moves B-29s to England to threaten USSR ii. Made England comfortable with B-29s/Air Force in their country

Marshal Tito

a. Leader of communist Yugoslavia b. Truman had extended aid to USSR satellites c. Socialist leader to defy Stalin d. Accepted US aid

Lend Lease Terminated

a. Lend Lease Act - US gave military aid from 1941-1945 b. Truman terminated it i. Upset USSR and GB c. Set up loan relief fund i. US denied USSR request for a loan

Acheson-Lilienthal Proposal

a. March 16, 1946 b. Created a plan for national control of atomic weapons c. Did not satisfy the USSR since US regained control of their atomic bombs but the USSR could not develop nuclear weapons

Vandenburg Resolution

a. Marked change in how US conducted foreign policy b. Promotes collective security c. Paved the way for US to join NATO

ACC- Allied Council Control

a. Military occupation governing body of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany and Berlin b. Rule of unanimity c. Included the Four Powers: USSR, US, United Kingdom and France d. Convened to determine plans for post-war Europe, including reuniting Germany and transferring populations in Eastern Europe and Germany.

Berlin Airlift:

a. Military operation that brought food and needed goods to West Berlin after USSR cut off routes to West Berlin b. 1948-1949 c. Air corridors for non-military planes to fly over USSR controlled areas were established by previous treaty d. Way of practicing the Truman Doctrine through containment

Zionism

a. Movement for the reestablishment and the protection of a Jewish nations b. November 29, 1947 Zionist forces used military might to remove Palestinians from their homeland. c. Balfour Declaration, change from Ottoman rule to British rule of Palestine propels the movement

NSC-68:

a. National Security Council Policy 68 Paper b. First comprehensive statement of national strategy c. Advocated for immediate and large scale buildup of our military and general strength d. Represented the practical extension of the Truman doctrine

Creation of Israel:

a. On May 14, 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. On the same day, President Truman recognized it b. Truman had established a special cabinet committee under Henry F. Grady, which negotiated with a British committee to discuss the future of Palestine c. On 1947, the UN adopted Resolution 181 that would divide Great Britain's former Palestine mandate into Jewish and Arab states i. Area of religious significance surrounding Jerusalem would remain under international control administered by the UN

Lublin Poles

a. Poland needed a new government, Stalin wanted a friendly government b. Lundin Poles - catholic; did not agree with communists c. Lublin Poles - favorable to communists; collaborators with Stalin

Truman Doctrine and Containment

a. Policy 1947 after Britain said that they could no longer provide aid b. US would supply support to any country that was threatened by Soviet insurgency c. Attempt to contain communism d. Foreign policy during the Cold War

Reparations

a. Post-WW2 Germany had to pay money reparations b. USSR had land reparation claims i. 10% of Germany's land should be transferred to the USSR in order to boost USSR economy/industry c. Made Truman and advisors as uneasy, seen as aggressive expansionism

Potsdam: Bad Tempered Conference

a. Potsdam Conference 1945 i. Third Conference among big three leaders 1. Truman's first meeting b. Established council control of Germany, agreed on war punishments c. Centered on Post-War Europe d. Demanded Unconditional Surrender of Japan

Arrogance of Power in the Early Cold War

a. Put forth by Senator William Folbright b. Assumption that with good policies and goodwill, US could police/help any area of the world i. America can control everything c. If US failed, there must have been some small mistake not that US could not assist one area

WW2 Results as a Cause:

a. Red army occupies Eastern Europe i. Mixed motives between allied powers b. Dispute on pre-elections i. Weak treaties that Russia did not follow c. Russia angered by creation of US atomic bomb and Manhattan Project

1946 election

a. Republicans won control of congress, emphasized a modified version of Warren Harding's return to normalcy (includes demobilization, business as usual, cutback in the role and spending of the government), and restricted the Truman administration to carry on the Cold War, peacetime economy (away from government spending), Truman needs money to fight the Cold War

Truman's Attitude Regarding USSR

a. Saw things in "black and white" - Manichean outlook b. Disagreed with ideals of communism, saw USSR as unjust c. Multiple acts of containment and harsh legislation

John Foster Dulles

a. Secretary of State during Eisenhower's presidency. Was very close friends with Eisenhower. Advocated for an aggressive stance against communism all over the world. Advocated for international security agreements to stop spread of communism. Brother: Allen Dulles (operator of CIA) so close connection and working relationship with Secretary of Defense and CIA that lasted for a long time. Rejected containment bc it was a treadmill policy

Averill Harriman

a. Served as Secretary of Commerce under FDR and Truman i. FDR - ambassador b. Wise Men - foreign policy group c. Distrusted Stalin and advised Truman to deal sternly with Stalin

Stalin's Blockade justification:

a. Stalin thought Germany was going to be reunified and Berlin would be the capital, however Western powers wanted to retain control b. Trying to make the point that if Berlin and Germany were divided, then it didn't make sense to have Berlin, which was entirely in the Russian zone, to be divided

Problems in Greece

a. The Domino Theory - communism will spread if one country goes communist b. Great Britain was supporting Greece but GB's economy was suddenly weakened and people thought GB couldn't support Greece anymore. c. Fear of Greece going communist due to a communist insurgency i. If Greece goes communist, there is a threat that surrounding areas would go communist and pose as a threat to the US

Status quo antebellum in Korea:

a. The Korean War ended the same way it started - nobody won. Armistice was signed (Chinese, U.S., Koreans) but the war technically never ended. Eisenhower used a veiled threat that he might use nuclear weapons if the armistice wasn't signed.

Soviet/US support for Israel

a. The US State Department was concerned about the possibility of an increasing Soviet role in the Arab world and a possible restriction by Arab oil-producing nations of oil to the US i. They advised against the recognition of Israel b. Israel played a key role in preventing spread of communism to the East so it was supported by the US i. Truman wanted support of Jewish voters ii. Prevent Soviet expansion/influence iii. Holocaust guilt c. Soviets were originally supportive of Israel but by the 1950s they saw the Zionist state as useless and transferred their support to the Arab site

Brinkmanship

a. The policy where a country appears to be approaching war in order to make the opposition back down. Walking the line between peace and war.

Reality of Ike's liberation promise

a. The reality is that it was a lot harder than he thought and it would be more difficult and cost worthy than initially expected. If liberation occurred, there was a risk that WWIII would occur.

The New Look:

a. The reality is that it was a lot harder than he thought and it would be more difficult and cost worthy than initially expected. If liberation occurred, there was a risk that WWIII would occur.

Objections to US joining the Brussels powers

a. Three main reasons i. Cost ii. Abandoning isolationism iii. Rearming the Germans

Occupation of Japan

a. Truman didn't want USSR involvement b. General McArthur was given complete control after their victory c. Not divided like Berlin/Germany d. What do we do with the emperor? i. Decision made to maintain the emperor to maintain Japanese culture and tradition, emperor had to announce that he was not a God and he would serve as a monarch 1. Led to Japan's development as an economic powerhouse

Ho Chi Minh

a. Truman gave 60 million dollars in support for France against Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, he was considered a communist agent of Peking and Moscow, characterizing the war in Vietnam as another example of Communist aggression, Vietnamese communist leader, fought against the French and the Japanese, fighting against French (Indochina). Ho Chi Minh had drafted a constitution similar to our own. When we found out that the French wanted to go back to Indochina, US needed French support elsewhere so we provided support to French instead of Ho Chi Minh.

Ngo Dinh Diem

a. US chosen president of south Vietnam. Autocrat, sort of like Syngman Rhee. A Catholic who committed atrocities against Buddhists. South Vietnamese ppl didn't like him so they asked the US's permission to be rid of him and we agreed.

Why not abandon Berlin?

a. US did not abandon Berlin because they had recently lost Czechoslovakia to the Soviets b. Berlin and then all of Germany and then all of Europe would fall to communists c. Be firm on Berlin or accept failure for the rest of Europe

Bernard Baruch

a. US political figure b. Coined the term "Cold War" c. Advisor to Wilson, FDR and Truman d. Delegate to the US Atomic Energy Commission

Limits of American Power

a. US power was not usable and could not be translated into diplomatic victory b. Can't dictate c. Ex: Vietnam i. US is going to bomb Vietnam but US could not win

Molotov Plan

a. USSR didn't agree with the Marshall Plan because it would impart American influence to Eastern Europe and Germany b. Soviet Response, meant to provide economic aid to soviet satellite countries and reduce American influence in these countries

Vyacheslav Molotav

a. USSR foreign minister - Stalin's right hand man b. Interacted with Truman and Kershall c. Wanted USSR to share control of Black Sea with Turkey d. Announced formation of Kominform, Communist group e. Initially opposed the Marshall Plan but advocated individual recovery plans

Soviet A-bomb:

a. USSR now has strength of Red Army and atomic bomb b. Left US feeling vulnerable i. Leads to arms race

Stalin's View of Poland vs. That of the West:

a. Wanted eastern territory that had been occupied between USSR and Germany b. Wanted Poland to extend its borders to control Germans c. Installed puppet government in Poland d. USSR granted territory by US in order to secure their support

Reasons for Ike's victory in 1952:

a. Was running against a weaker opponent, Adelaide. Eisenhower was very popular. The Democratic Party was weakening because of the claims Republicans made against them as being soft on communism, and because they had been in the presidency for many years already. Corruption in the Truman administration and the McCarthy charges of Communist infiltration helped. Ike's promise to go to Korea and the rejection of containment was a major factor (going further was their plan!).

SEATO

a. Was supposed to be the NATO for Southeast asia. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Problem was that (if you looked at members of SEATO), New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan, Britain, France, Philippines, US, Thailand; consisted of many countries not actually in Southeast Asia. Organized as a way to fight communism not so much to create peace in Southeast Asia, also didn't have India, Indonesia or Burma so many people saw it as a "fraud."

Shortcomings of massive retaliation:

a. We threatened to use nukes to make *whomever* we are threatening do what we want. Its limits are that if they say no, then there is nothing we can do. There is no lesser attack capable. If only option is massive retaliation, then lesser crimes cannot be punished. Also, if you keep backing down, then it makes other countries less scared of your nukes.

The Sources of Soviet Conduct

a. Written by George Kennan in 1947 b. "Long Telegram" or "Article X" c. Outlines USSR did not see possibility of containment d. Contained Kennan's opinions and political views

Questions about Poland

a. Yalta conference gave Poland to USSR i. USSR gets bigger and Germany gets smaller ii. Poland expanded westward b. Great Britain and France wanted to support c. USSR influence extends

FDR and Yalta

a. Yalta in February 1945, Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe; took place 6 weeks before FDR dies b. Only thing that could save communist influence from Eastern Europe was WW3

Domino Theory:

a. official definition-"the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominos to fall." metaphor used by Eisenhower on April 7, that all Southeast Asian countries were like a row of dominoes, and sought allies to stop Communist advancement to ensure that "dominoes" stand. Included: Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, etc

Inchon

city by the 38th parallel; South Korea only had Pusan, and and the South Koreans tried a sea route invasion to attempt to break up North Korea. The strategy worked; South Koreans captured Inchon, and they combined with forces in Pusan to defeat the North Koreans. MacArthur decided to continued North to liberate Pyongyang, which proved to be a bad decision.

Syngman Rhee

the president of the Republic of South Korea after May 1948 elections held under UN supervision. USSR had a puppet government in North Korea both U. S. and USSR withdrew troops after the election but kept giving military aid although the Russians have more; Rhee was a rigid right wing leader and embarrassment to the U.S. because he couldn't control his government and was forced to hold an election in 1950. He was losing control of the government and American support. Acted like a dictator, committed atrocities but it was ok since he wasn't a commie.