Colons, Semicolons, Comma rules, Writing Terminology, Subject-verb agreement rules, SOAPStone, To Kill A Mockingbird Test Review, Common Core Literature List Vocab

- pays for Atticus' services with nuts instead of money - Scout talks to him about his son which diffuses the situation with the mob at the jail

Mr. Walter Cunningham

- addict who Atticus said was the bravest person he ever knew - Jem and Scout have to go read to her because Jem broke her flower bushes - she has "fits" of withdrawal from morphine

Mrs. Dubose

Use a comma to set off an appositive from the rest of the sentence. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase which tells more information about the noun before it.

Ms.Pratt, the principal, spoke about grades. The smartest student is Jenna, the girl in the first row. We invited Lily, my best friend, to dinner.

- Boo's brother who keeps him in the house and fills up the tree hole where the kids had been getting presents

Nathan Radley

Use a comma to set off Interjections. = introductory words like yes, no, well, ...

No, I have not seen your book. Well, I have not changed my mind. Yes, the buildings are new.

Use a comma before the conjunction that joins two independent clauses (compound sentences). If there is no FANBOYS conjunction, use a semi-colon instead.

Our outing was fun, but we were glad to return. Dad cooked dinner, and I set the table. He went; I stayed.

When a collective noun is talking about individual group members, use _________________verbs.

Plural. Example: His family ARE getting haircuts today.

When a collective noun is referred to by "their," use a ____________verb.

Plural. Example: The committee SIGN their names.

Assonance

Repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds in words that are close together

- preacher at First Purchase who sits with the kids at the trial and locks his congregation in the church until they take up enough money for the Robinson family - the children sit with him during the trial

Reverend Sykes

Jean Louise Finch - tomboy who likes to fight

Scout

Who is the narrator of the story?

Scout

Based on Tom's story about what happened that day, what can we assume about how Mayella feels about him?

She has a crush on him

Who is Miss Gates and how does she confuse Scout?

She is Scout's third grade teacher. She confuses Scout because she talks about how what Hitler is doing to the Jews is terrible, but then she treats AfricanAmericans in her own town terribly.

- Black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell - he is unable to use his left hand which would have made it quite difficult for him to attack Mayella the way she says he did - is shot 17 times and killed by prison guards when he tries to escape

Tom Robinson

Personification

Type of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human

Exposition

Type of writing that explains, gives information, or clarifies an idea

Atticus' brother who is a doctor - spanks Scout for punching Francis and cussing but apologizes later when he finds out why she did it

Uncle Jack

- Scout rubbed his nose in the dirt on the first day of school for getting her in trouble - he comes to their house for dinner and pours syrup all over his food

Walter Cunningham

Rhetoric

a technique an author uses to persuade a reader to consider a topic from a different perspective/the art of speaking or writing effectively

A title of a creative work always acts as a ___________subject.

singular. Example: "Glory Days" DESCRIBES high school experiences.

The names of countries and cities require _____________verbs.

singular. Example: New Orleans HOSTS Mardi Gras every spring.

When a fraction refers to a singular word, use a _______________verb.

singular. Example: One fourth of the cookie dough IS in the bowl.

If a singular subject is linked to another noun in a phrase, the noun is still considered ____________.

singular. Example: Sleet, in addition to snow, IS a driver's nightmare.

Units of measurement usually require __________ verbs.

singular. Example: Ten kilometers WORKS out to one myriameter.

What does Scout hear when she rolls up to the Radley yard in the tire?

someone laughing

Figurative Language

sometimes what you say is not exactly what you mean

textual evidence

specific details from a piece of text that can be used as support in a student's writing. Should be embedded (quote) or closely paraphrased, then the student should provide an explanation for its use as support

commentary

student's own interpretation, explanation or opinion. It is used to provide the reader with an elaboration of the student's ideas

Textual Evidence

support from reading

Tone

the attitude a writer takes toward the reader, a subject, or a character

Connotative meanings

the images, thoughts, emotions that are carried with a word

Falling Action

the part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved

When compound subjects are joined by "or" or "nor," the verb agrees with _____________.

the subject closer to it. Example: My dog or my cat IS responsible for this mess.

When compound subjects are joined by "neither/nor," the verb agrees with _______________.

the subject closer to it. Example: Neither the cows nor the goat EATS bananas.

Who is Miss Stephanie Crawford?

the town gossip

A compound subject is plural UNLESS ______________.

the two nouns are part of the same thing- like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Example: Peanut butter and jelly IS my favorite type of sandwich.

compound subject (two nouns) is considered plural, unless _____________________________.

they are part of the same thing. Example: The lion and the tiger ARE roaring.

What does Dill dare Jem to do to the Radley house?

touch it

Diction

writer or speaker's choice of words

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere in a work of literature

What is Atticus' dangerous question? And what does that mean?

"Do you really think so?" What Atticus is really saying is that he does not agree with Mr. Deas' views about Tom's trial, and has no intention of abandoning Tom regardless of what threats he (Atticus) must face.

Use comma at the end of most direct quotations. If the person who is making the statement is given first, place a comma after the person's name + the verb that follows it. In a split quotation, place a comma after the first part of the quotation and also after the person + the verb (verb+ person),

"I would like a cupcake," Isabella said. Isabella said, "I would like a cupcake." "I agree," replied May, "that boat is ready."

Set off nouns of direct address (NDAs) with commas.

"We dunked our heads under the pump, Auntie."

Link Deas

- Tom's employer that stood up for him at the trial

What do you know about First Purchase (Cal's church)?

- no hymn books - Cal talks different - Rev. Sykes locks the people in

Mr. Gilmer

- the prosecuting attorney in Tom's case

Harper Lee

- wrote TKAM - grew up in Alabama - father was a lawyer - lives as a recluse - grew up with Truman Capote, who Dill is based on Won the Pulitzer Peace Prize

What is Atticus' advice for Scout to get along with people better?

1. To walk a mile in their shoes 2. To get inside their skin and walk around in it 3. To see things from their points of view

When was TKAM published?

1960

To show ratios.

3:1 ratio

To separate hours from minutes.

7:30pm

How do the kids try to communicate with Boo Radley?

A note at the end of a fishing pole that they put up to the window

Rule 1

A semicolon can replace a period if the writer wishes to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences. Examples: Call me tomorrow; you can give me an answer then. We have paid our dues; we expect all the privileges listed in the contract.

Rule 4

A semicolon may be used between independent clauses joined by a connector, such as and, but, or, nor, etc., when one or more commas appear in the first clause. Example: When I finish here, and I will soon, I'll be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep.

Use a comma after an introductory (dependent) clause, i.e. one at the beginning of a sentence.

After we ate lunch, we went to a movie. If I could be there, I would be delighted.

Purpose

An author's purpose is the reason an author decides to write about a specific topic, usually to inform, persuade, or entertain

Use a comma between a city and state or between a city and country. Use a comma to separate the parts of an address. Think about the lines of an address on an envelope; a comma would go at the end of each of those lines when that address is written in a sentence. There is no comma between the state and zip code. If the city and state or country appear in a sentence, also place a comma after the state or country.

Atlanta, Georgia Tokyo, Japan His address is 70 Greene Street, Jersey City, New Jersey 07302. Have you been to Sacramento,California, in the spring? I moved from 23 Dray Lane, Yuma, Arizona 24571, last fall.

- lawyer defending Tom Robinson - Scout and Jem's single father - tells Scout they'll keep reading at night if she keeps going to school

Atticus

Atticus' sister - comes to live with the Finches to give Scout a female role model - thinks Scout should think and act like a girl - won't let Scout visit Cal's house - think Atticus should let Cal go

Aunt Alexandra

- town drunk who uses his relief checks on alcohol instead of caring for his children - accuses Tom Robinson of raping his daughter - attacks Jem and Scout - killed by Boo Radley

Bob Ewell

- town "phantom" that is rarely seen - his real name is Arthur Radley - puts a blanket around Scout the night of the fire - the kids play a game where they act out his story - supposedly stabbed his father in the leg with scissors - saves Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell by killing him

Boo Radley

Use a comma between two or more descriptive words. Remember to see if you can reverse them and if they sound okay that way, then you should put a comma between the two descriptive words.

Bright, sparkling lights twinkled in Paris.

- has "cooties" (lice) - makes Miss Caroline cry - only goes to school on the first day

Burris Ewell

- the Finches' cook who is also like a second mother to the children - African American woman who takes them to her church

Calpurnia

Speaker

Communicator who produced work. Background;

Metaphor

Comparing two unlike things not using like or as

Narrative

Consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story

Use a comma after the greeting of a friendly letter AND after the closing of any letter

Dear mom, My dearest teacher, Love, Sincerely yours,

- Charles Baker Harris - Scout's "fiance" who is passed around from family member to family member throughout the year - tells all sorts of crazy stories about who his daddy is - wants to be a clown when he grows up - Scout finds him under her bed

Dill

Who is Miss Rachel?

Dill's aunt that he stays with in the summertime

- white man who has mixed children - drinks Coca-Cola out of a paper bag but everyone thinks it's alcohol (gives them an excuse for his "behavior")

Dolphus Raymond

Hyperbole

Figures of speech that use exaggeration to express strong emotion or create comic effect

What point of view is the novel told from?

First person

After the opening or start of a letter or memo.

Ex: Dear Senator Harkin:

Before a list that is introduced by a complete sentence.

Ex: the reporter interviewed the followig people: the department heads, the members of the faculty ect.

To introduce the effect, or logical consequence of an action.

Ex: there was only one way he could win: he had to cheat

Before a quotation.

Ex: this is what Plato had to say about mathematicians: "I have hardly ever known a mathematician who was capable of reasoning."

Use a comma to set off words or phrases in a series. You need at least 3 things, actions, etc., to have items in a series.

Food, toys, clothes, and silverware were sold there. We hiked a mile, ran a mile , and biked two miles. You may go to Japan, Australia, or Africa.

Why does Calpurnia get angry with Scout at the lunch table?

For making fun of Walter when he puts syrup on his food

- the Finches' cousin who Scout gets into a fight with when he calls Atticus names

Francis

Subject

General topic, content, ideas. How subject presented?

Who is Cecil Jacobs?

He is a kid who gives Scout a hard time about her dad defending Tom Robinson. He is also the one who jumps out and scares Jem and Scout on their way to the Halloween pageant.

Based on Mayella's testimony, what can we assume about her relationship with her father?

He is abusive

Why did Dill run away from home?

He says he was bound in the basement because his new father doesn't like him

What reason does Atticus give the kids for defending Tom Robinson?

He says he wouldn't be able to tell them what to do anymore if he didn't

Why does Nathan Radley say he is filling the knot-hole?

He says the tree is dying. We know that it's really because he doesn't want Boo giving the kids presents anymore.

How does Atticus convince Scout to keep going to school?

He tells her they will still read together every night.

- sheriff in Maycomb - testifies that they did NOT call a doctor for Mayella - tells Atticus that "Bob Ewell fell on his knife" because he believes it would be wrong to drag Boo out into the limelight for killing Bob Ewell

Heck Tate

Set off who/which clauses and other non-introductory clauses and phrases with commas if they are nonessential (a.k.a. nonrestrictive). Do not put commas around them if they are essential (a.k.a. restrictive).

How to tell which one: Remove the clause or phrase in question to see if it alters the information in the main clause of the sentence. If the clause or phrase is necessary to the meaning of the main clause or if it specifies which one of something is being discussed, it is essential (restrictive) and should not be enclosed in commas. If it does not alter the meaning of the main clause or if the person or thing is adequately identified, it is nonessential and needs commas, even though it may be adding important information. "Nonessential" should not be taken to mean "unimportant." Trick to distinguish: Put mental parentheses around the clause or phrase. If the sentence still seems to work, the clause or phrase is probably nonessential. Note also: the word that can replace which only in essential clauses.

Use commas after introductory adverb clauses even if they are short.

If any one of the young knights here is truly valiant, let him take up my ax.

- was guarding the jail with a shotgun - wrote an editorial in the newspaper about how Tom Robinson's death was like the "senseless slaughter of songbirds"

Mr. Underwood

Use a comma after an introductory prepositional phrases or after a long prepositional phrase when a subject follows it.

In the middle of the night, Frank boarded a plane for Japan. During the long intermission, everyone chatted about the latest gossip.

What is Cecil Jacob's current events article about toward the end of the story?

It is about Hitler persecuting the Jews.

Semicolons

It's no accident that a semicolon is a period atop a comma. Like commas, semicolons indicate an audible pause—slightly longer than a comma's, but short of a period's full stop. Semicolons have other functions, too. But first, a caveat: avoid the common mistake of using a semicolon to replace a colon (see the "Colons" section). Incorrect: I have one goal; to find her. Correct: I have one goal: to find her.

Why does Scout think the world is ending?

It's snowing!

To separate chapter and verse in scripture.

James 4:10

Why do Jem and Scout fight shortly after Aunt Alexandra moves in?

Jem tries to tell Scout what to do. He tells her to mind Aunt Alexandra.

Use a comma after a month and year or day and year. Use a comma after the day of the week if the appears with the date. If the month and year, or day and year appear in a sentence, also place a comma after the year.

July, 2004 Feb.7,2015 On Saturday, February 7, we went to the zoo. Next Tuesday, July 22, 2004, we will visit them. On June 22, 1898, her grandparents were married.

Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Remember that the person/thing doing that action ( in the "-ing" word) should start the main clause. If the participle is a present participle, it will have an "ing" on it. If the participle is a past participle, it will use the third principle part of the verb ( such as "torn").

Jumping on the bed, the toddler giggled with delight. Torn into shreds, the red handkerchief hung limply from the bush.

Who is the woman at First Purchase who is rude to Scout and Jem and says they should go back to their own church?

Lula

What is the setting of TKAM?

Maycomb, Alabama, 1930s

- accuses Tom Robinson of raping her - lives in a dump but has pretty red geraniums - thinks Atticus is making fun of her when he calls her ma'am

Mayella Ewell

Scout's first grade teacher who doesn't want her to read with Atticus anymore - swatted Scout with a ruler for telling her she was "shaming" Walter Cunningham

Miss Caroline

- nice Baptist neighbor who makes the kids 3 little cakes and takes good care of her flowers - her house catches fire - talks to the children like adults - teaches them many lessons, like that Atticus does the town's dirty work for them and is the same in his house as he is in public

Miss Maudie

Why does Calpurnia say she acts and talks differently when she is around African-Americans than when she is around white people?

She says it would be "out of place" for her to talk like white people at church. She doesn't want to seem like she's "puttin' on airs"

When "every" precedes a subject, the subject is _________.

Singular. Example: Every chair, bench, and table WAS taken.

When a COLLECTIVE noun is talking about a group as a whole, use ______________ verbs.

Singular. Example: His family IS from Italy.

When the phrase "many a" precedes a subject, the subject is ________________.

Singular. Example: Many a student LIVES in this dorm.

When a collective noun is referred to by "its," use a ____________verb.

Singular. Example: The committee SUBMITS its report.

When "dollars" is talking about a single amount of money, it acts like a __________ subject.

Singular. Example: Three dollars IS not too much.

Tone

Speakers attitude. By use of fiction, syntax, details and imagery

Use a comma to set off interrupters . Parenthetical expressions are words such as: however, to be sure, nevertheless, etc.

The answer, I think, is twenty-one.

What happens to Jem's pants?

The children have to run when Nathan Radley comes out of his house shooting. When they run under the fence, Jem loses his pants.

Plot line

The course or main features of a narrative

Complex Character

The type of character that is more than one dimensional. He or she changes attitudes and behaviors to suit situations.

Why is it a sin to kill mockingbirds?

They "don't do anything but make music for us to enjoy"

What is different about Jem's pants when he goes back to get them later that night?

They are sewn up and folded across the fence (Boo did it)

- rabid dog that Atticus shoots

Tim Johnson

Occasion

Time, place, context, situation

Rule 2

Use a semicolon before such words and terms as namely, however, therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., for instance, etc., when they introduce a complete sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after these words and terms. Example: Bring any two items; however, sleeping bags and tents are in short supply.

Rule 3

Use a semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas. Incorrect: The conference has people who have come from Moscow, Idaho, Springfield, California, Alamo, Tennessee, and other places as well. Note that with only commas, that sentence is hopeless. Correct: The conference has people who have come from Moscow, Idaho; Springfield, California; Alamo, Tennessee; and other places as well.

onomatopoeia

Use of a word whose sound imitates or suggests its meaning in sound

Resolution

When the conflict is fixed

Audience

Who the reader is directed too

Purpose

Why the work was created: meant to persuade, explain, inform?

- Calpurnia's son who leads the singing at First Purchase

Zeebo

Theme

a central idea or lesson the author is revealing

Inference

a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence

Climax

a decisive moment that is of maximum intensity or is a major turning point in a plot

Rising Action

a related series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the point of greatest interest

Summary

a shortened version of the text that states key points

counterclaim

acknowledgement of alternate or opposing view

introduction

an opening paragraph to a piece of writing that introduces the writer's topic, thesis and intention of the text

topic sentence

assertion of defining statement of a paragraph. They are generally located near the top of each paragraph

simile

comparing two unlike things using like or as

thesis

controlling idea of the paper. It is the writer's main point (explanatory) or claim (argument)

Denotative meanings

dictionary definition

At first, Jem is disappointed in Atticus because he won't play ___________, but then he finds out he's the best ________ in Maycomb County.

football; shot

What kinds of things do the kids find in the tree?

gum, pennies, spelling medal, ball of string, old watch

What is Maycomb's usual disease?

how people "go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up"

Point of View

how the author feels about the situation/topic of a text

Cumulative

increasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions

Central Idea

main point in a piece of writing

Literal Language

means exactly what it says

What does Atticus say every mob is made up of?

people you know

The simple subject is never in a prepositional _________.

phrase. Example: The foliage on the trees PROVIDES shade.

When "dollars" is talking about individual dollars, it acts as a ___________ subject.

plural. Example: Three dollars ARE on the table.

claim

position on the topic. Students should learn to include this in their thesis statement. It must be debatable and require defense through evidence

Alliteration

repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together