COM 1000 WMU Final

what is a demonstrative informative presentation

-shows the audience how to do something and sometimes give the audience members a chance to try what they have learned.

fishers narrative theory

-stories or narratives are how we build communities and relationships and create our lives. he defines narrative as "a theory of symbolic action- words and/or deeds- that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, and interpret them. Two basic ways to judge the quality of the narrative 1. narrative coherence- which the story hangs together and makes sense 2. narrative fidelity- which the story matched our own lived experiences -these two criteria for narrative quality should serve as the organizing foundations of your presentation.

culture confidence

-the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self. -sensitive to the differences among people and strive to learn more -usually good at perception checking- the practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding

SHORT ANSWER: Internal preview, internal summary, signposts, transitions,

-transition- sentences or phrases that connect what you were just speaking about with what you will be speaking about next. -section transitions- indicate the speaker is moving from one main point to another -nonverbal transitions- utilize physical movement to indicate to the audience that you are switching points in the presentation. (walking a few steps) -internal preview- lets the audience know the specific information that you will discuss next -internal summary- they remind the audience members of what they just heard or learned. used to recap important or complication information.

SHORT ANSWER: Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention- you capture the audience's interest- this step serves as the introduction. 2. Need- in this first body point, you establish a problem and the fact that it is significant 3. Satisfaction- in the second main body point, you will set up a plan of action to solve the need. 4. Visualization- in the last main body point, you will provide the advantages of your plan to the audience as well as the disadvantages if its not implemented. 5. action- this step also serves as the conclusion. here you tell the audience members the immediate actions they can take to implement your plan and solve the problem.

workplace culture and the three levels that comprise it:

1. artifacts- visible or tangible characteristics 2. values-strategies, goals, philosophies that guide work behavior 3. assumptions- ways you're expected to behave/act

SHORT ANSWER: List and describe 5 conflict styles

1. avoiding- you have a low concern for meeting the needs of both yourself and your group members. you may appear uninterested in or apathetic toward the conflict. people use this style because they view conflict as hopeless, useless, or punching, or as trivial. 2. dominating- you are more interested in satisfying your own needs than satisfying the needs of your group members. you may embrace a "win-lose" mentality in which you focus on winning as your ultimate goal. 3. compromising- you strive to find a middle ground between seeing your own needs and meeting the needs of your group members. individuals tend to alternate between their own needs and the needs of their group members. 4. obliging- you are highly concerned with meeting the needs of your group member while ignoring your own needs. you might use this style because you value the relationships you have developed or because you have a strong desire to be accepted. at the same time, you may not want to be confrontational because you don't want to hurt their feelings. integrating- you are concerned with meeting the needs of both yourself and all your group members. you refuse to avoid sacrificing either your needs or the needs of your group members for the good of the group. you communicate in a way that stresses openness and the candid exchange of logic and emotion. ** this is the preferred conflict-handling style* because it produces higher quality outcomes.

ways to organize an informational speech

1. chronological pattern- order of steps is important. generally, you would present the order from first to last, with the stops leading to the final result. this is frequently used to share information about a historical occasion or preparing food. 2. topical pattern- information prepared according to subject matter. 3. spatial pattern- provide information to an audience in terms of space. providing information by location or physical relationship. this can be used to describe a building, object, a city, etc. 4. cause-and-effect- addresses a topic in terms of a cause and its effects on another entity. 5. problem-cause-solution- solving a dilemma. explain the problem, discuss the causes, offer a solution 6. Monroe's Motivated Sequence

types of informative presentations

1. demonstrative- show the audience how to do something (be specific, avoid being too technical, organizational pattern= chronological) 2. explanatory- explains a concept, idea, phenomenon, connect the audience to the topic by relating to it 3. descriptive- describe interesting people, places or events. you want to paint a picture with your words so the audience can get a feel for the experience of the event. multimedia is used here 4. exploratory- when you invite the audience to learn/discover information about a topic "wow" factor.

SHORT ANSWER: Types of gestures

1. emblems- meanings in specific communication and cultural contexts that substitute for words (flipping someone off with a specific hand gesture) and have universally understood meanings 2. illustrators- gestures that complement, enhance, or substitute for the verbal message (describing the biggest fish you ever caught) 3. affect displays- nonverbal gestures, postures, and facial expressions that communicate emotions (showing happiness through facial expressions or excitedness through bodily expressions) 4. regulators- gestures used to control the turn-taking in conversations (want to answer a question in class so you make eye contact, raise your eyebrows, open your mouth, lean forward) 5. adapters- gesture we use to release tension (playing with our hands, poking, pinching, scratching, fidgeting)

SHORT ANSWER: New Media Theory-characteristics

1. interactive- sending and receiving digital messages in almost real time- phenomenon of communication at a distance through new media 2. personalized- managing the appearance of new media to fit our identity 3. creative- fun and entertaining self-expression 4. flexible- constantly adapting to new or changing requirement -many speaking to many -two-way communication -democratizing (accessible to everyone) -retaining individuality

different types of speeches

1. manuscript- speeches that are read from a script word for word. often used in a formal setting when exact wording and precision are important 2. memorized- a speech given from memory without the use of notes 3. impromptu- the speaker has little or no preparation time. often occurs during meetings and discussions. 4. extemporaneous- a speech in which the speaker carefully prepares notes and an outline and has thoroughly practiced. *considered most effective* 5. mediated- speeches that use either manuscript, memorized, impromptu, or extemporaneous delivery but are viewed using some technological component (ie. youtube) 6. group presentation- consist of one speech with several people doing various parts

Logical Fallacies

1. non sequitur argument- does not follow a logical conclusion/makes no sense. (i.e. I know I will be a good parent because I have blonde hair) 2. Ad Hominem- attacking the person instead of the information of the presentation or the article. 3. Red Herring- when we try to derail someone from an argument by distracting this person with other nonrelevent information 4. Either/Or Arguments- oversimplify issues by offering only two solutions even though other options exist. Ignores the complexity of issues and polarizes the discussion 5. Slippery Slope- represents the notion that when a single step is made, a host of other consequences will follow (i.e. if I do poorly on this exam I will fail this class, fail out of college, be a loser) 6. Hasty Generalization- when we accept information that is not supported with evidence 7. Bandwagon- expecting your audience to make decisions based on popularity and popular opinion (i.e. like a beauty product because Taylor Swift likes it)

types of interviews

1. selection- when you are being evaluated for promotion or selected for an academic award/scholarship 2. information-gathering- occurs whenever you are seeking facts or opinions and are similar to survey interviews 3. performance- usually conducted on an annual basis in variety of industries to review employee performance 4. problem-solving- to describe a problem and work toward a solution 5. exit- conducted with the hopes that the employer will provider candid feedback about their workplace experience 6. helping- conducted by experts in a particular area in which the experts give informed advice to help address a given problem 7. mediated- conference calls and telephone interviews are used during the early screening phases of the interview process-

how do relationships break up

Coming Apart 1. differentiating- asserting separateness of partners 2. circumscribing- restricting communication between partners 3. stagnating- relationship becomes still, quality declines 4. avoiding- physically steering clear of one another 5. terminating- end stage of coming apart, reversal of bonding stage

how do relationships form

Coming Together 1. initiating- first communication 2. experimenting- finding common grounds 3. intensifying- developing greater intimacy, more affection 4. integrating- solidifying partners as a couple 5. public and formal declaration that two are one

Joseph Walther Theory- Social Information Processing Theory ****

Computer-mediated communication- explains that relationships develop only to the extend that people first gain information about one another and then use that information to form impressions or mental images of one another. (instant messaging, texting, and other nonverbal communication)

SHORT ANSWER: ethos, pathos, logos - define and know who founded them

Greek philosopher- Aristotle ethos- the credibility and ethical appeal of your presentation- tell the audience why you are the appropriate person to discuss the topic. (i.e. first hand experience or particular interest) pathos- involves passion or emotion- can show this in your presentation by varying the volume of your voice, making eye contact, changing the tone of your voice, gesturing, or providing visual aids. logos- refers to the logic, structure, evidence and support for your argument. you must provide rational, systematic, and coherent reasons why your argument is believable. this allows the audience to view your facts as truthful, sound and supportive. (two basic types of reasoning: 1. deductive- using general conclusions to reach a specific conclusions 2. inductive- when you use specifics to reach a general conclusion

Models of Listening- what is this

Hearing Understanding Remembering Interpreting Evaluating Responding

SHORT ANSWER: Hurrier- know and define each one ch.5

Hearing - processing-make sure you can properly hear the other person (get closer, eliminate distractions, focus your attention) Understanding - attaching meaning to the words. understanding a message requires that we can first hear the message, but it includes being about to comprehend the speaker's use of language and the basic context of the info (be mindful, do your homework) Remembering - knowing the message for later interpretation and response. store the message for later use (use memory aids, avoid verbatim recordings) Interpreting- making sense of the message. assign meaning to the information received (ask questions, be holistic, consider the medium) Evaluating- thinking about the messages to make an assessment (avoid bias, be generous) Responding- deciding how to reply, either verbally or nonverbally.

what is the difference between hearing and listening

Hearing is the biological process of the ears and brain receiving sound waves. Listening is a much more active process that involves assigning meaning and responding to messages.

Models of Listening was developed by who

Hurier was produced by Brownell

where does the US fall? high-context or low-context?

Low-context

what are two persuasive presentation patterns

Monroe's Motivated Sequence; problem-cause-solution

Hoffsten's cultural values. ch.5

Power Distance- the perceived quality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural/social contexts Uncertainty Avoidance- the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social/cultural contexts Masculinity vs. Femininity- caring/compassionate toward others. ^ described by traits connected to being assertive, competitive and even aggressive long-term vs. short-term- all about efficiency, production, fast results. long- emphasizes processes for accomplishing tasks

New Media Theory- basics

a technological interface that allows users to communicate, interact, personalize, and own media

situational distraction. ch.5

all the presences in your environment ex. phone, gum popping solution- limit your exposure to distractions

listening- define

an active process of receiving and understanding messages through words or by reading text.

SHORT ANSWER: Parts of the intro

attention getter- you quickly gain the awareness of the audience, (can be a statistic, example, story, rhetorical question, etc.) thesis statement- this step introduces your topic and provides the general purpose of your presentation. demonstrate importance- of the topic- why should the audience care? preview- you tell the audience the specific things you will discuss in the presentation

parts of introduction of speech

attention getter- you quickly gain the awareness of the audience, (can be a statistic, example, story, rhetorical question, etc.) thesis statement- this step introduces your topic and provides the general purpose of your presentation. demonstrate importance- of the topic- why should the audience care? preview- you tell the audience the specific things you will discuss in the presentation

in what stage of coming together does a couple make first contact

coming together

SHORT ANSWER: hyper personal theory

communication refers to situations in which affection, emotion, intimacy developed in computer-mediated contexts equals or surpassed that developed in face-to-face contexts (aka you are more likely to self-disclose faster online)

work place socialization- stages

define- the process by which one learns the values, norms, and required behaviors of the workplace 1. anticipatory- explore job possibilities 2. assimilation- integrated into the culture 3. exit- leaving the workplace (voluntary or involuntary)

you would use an ___________ informative presentation to describe the interesting city of Boston

descriptive

first stage of Model of Interaction stages "coming apart"

differentiating

difference between discrimination and prejudice.

discrimination- refers to the verbal and nonverbal communication behavior that foster prejudiced attitudes, including the act of excluding or denying people of products, rights, and services based on their race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, or disability prejudice- the dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group.

leadership types: , participatory, shared, lassie faire

emergent leader approach counter active influence approach

types of presentations

epideictic- introductions, celebrations, eulogies, commemorations, special events informative- conveys new information and increases the audiences understanding persuasive- change, alter, or modify audiences attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook.

in what stage of coming together does a couple attempt to find common ground

experimenting

the __________ informative presentation is meant to leave the audience with a sense of awe or wonderment after being invited to discover information on a topic

exploratory

groups come together- what are the stages of this

forming storming norming performing adjourning

SHORT ANSWER: small groups and how they come together. ch. 8

forming-begins when are you first introduced to your group, learn about the task, and become aquatinted with one another storming-contributing to discussions, and engaging in low levels of self-disclosure, you and your group members also begin to struggle with the assigned task and procedures that need to be utilized to accomplish the task norming- you and your group resolve the initial conflicts and have begun to work together on the task. communication is more open and task-oriented. clarifying group roles, develop norms and determine the appropriate courses of action to take performing-the group begins to focus on task completion. considered to be the stage at which group members produce the most work. focus on task accomplishment and goal achievement adjourning-the group reaches the end of its involvement.

class/group roles- organize, build, maintenance, etc.

group member role- an established and repetitive pattern of communicative behaviors that members expect from one another initiator-contributor- assumes the role of the group task leader. "take charge" type of attitude, demonstrate excellent communication skills, technical skills, problem-solving abilities information giver- demonstrates the ability to provide and synthesis ideas and alternatives to and for group members. also expected to be proficient in using technology and seeking relevant info on the internet orienter role- responsible for challenging group members ideas in a constructive manner (helps avoid group think), recorder role- takes the minutes of meetings and records any other group actions that need to be stores as permanent records. encourager-you recognize the contributions made by your group members and communicate with them in a supportive manner. harmonizer- you mediate disagreements as they arise among your group members, and attempt to ease group tension.

SHORT ANSWER: culture: high/low context, time orientation for cultures, masculine vs. feminine. pg. 42

high context culture- -culture where emphasis is placed on nonverbal communication or the environment (subtle cues are more well received). -spoke words are less important than the rest of the context. a person's status in society in extremely important. (ex- Iraq, Japan, Korea) -everything is connected to the background context of relationships and other personal contexts of status, influence, and knowledge of the other person -*how much context do you need to make sense of the message? a lot low context culture-people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation. culture where what is said is more important, center on the need for information to be provided in very specific formats (ex- Switzerland, Germany, USA) *how much context do you need to make sense of the message? little to none

in __________, spoken words are less important than the rest of the context

high-context cultures

___________ communication refers to situations in which affection, emotion, intimacy developed in computer-mediated contexts equals or surpassed that developed in face-to-face contexts

hyperpersonal

Culture: individual vs. collective ch.6

individualistic cultures- place more emphasis on individuals rather than on groups collectivistic cultures- place more emphasis on the group rather than on the individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty

informative presentation vs. persuasive presentation. ch.11

informative- presentation that convey new information and increase you audiences understanding about this topic. similarities -credible information -timely information -effective presentation differences -speakers intent (their goal) -to change someone's opinion or create a call to action persuasive Trying to alter/modify an individuals attitudes or beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic

a group member who uses a __________ conflict-handling style is concerned with meeting the needs of both herself and her group members

integrating

in what stage of coming together does a couple solidify their status as a couple

integrating

relational dialectic theory

is an analysis of interpersonal relationships that attributes the communication patterns between partners to the existence of dialectic tensions. autonomy vs. connectedness- autonomy (independence) is the basic human need, but connection with others is also necessary novelty/predictability- people simultaneously desire new, exciting things and familiar, comfortable things (ex novelty- bringing flowers unannounced, predictability- know what they like when shopping for them) openness/closedness- simultaneously needs to share personal information and to have privacy (ex. TA will talk about family and friends, but not about a death in the family)

workplace culture defined:

is considered to be the ways in which employees think, act, and behave that emerge as a result of their interactions with one another at work.

communication apprehension -define

is defined as "an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons." aka performance anxiety.

kinesics- gestures posture- definition and function. ch. 4

kinesics- the study of body movement, including both posture and gestures . gestures- movements you make with your hands and arms. (ex. talking with your hands) posture- your posture says a lot about you as a person, and a lot about dominance and status. in many cultures, an upright but relaxed body posture is associated with many attractive attributes (i.e. confidence, positivity, and high self-esteem) "individuals with high status and power may engage in a dominance display.

in ___________, people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation

low-context cultures

to avoid groupthink, one group member should be assigned the role of ________

orienter

____________ is altering or modifying of people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic

persuasion

ethnocentrism

placing your own cultural beliefs in a superior position, leading to a negative judgement of other cultures. people who view their culture as dominant are unwilling to learn and are not open to the ideas of other cultures

kinesics- study of

postures and gestures

define informational (informative) speech

presentations that convey new information and increase you audience's understanding about a topic

social penetration: breadth and depth

relationships progress toward intimacy as a result of self-disclosure from both partners breadth- the number of topics discussed depth- the amount of info revealed

SHORT ANSWER: communication competence

the ability to communicate in a personally effective yet social appropriate manner.

social penetration- the ____ metaphor and each layer

the onion metaphor outer layers- superficial info middle layers- more personal (social attitudes, political view) inner layers- deepest fears, greatest hopes, spiritual values core personality- center of the onion, most basic self

bias in media- define group think and how it related to the challenger and how it involves itself

the tendency to favor unanimity over careful reasoning. the challenger- people who were involved all agreed that it was someone's fault rather than the actual reason that it was just a simple mistake

SHORT ANSWER: Parts of the conclusion

two parts to the conclusion: 1. a review of the main points, you restate your thesis and summarize the main points. remind the audience what you just told them and highlight the importance of your message 2. concluding device- the method you use to end your presentation- similar to the attention getter- you can use statistics, quotes, examples, or refer back to the attention getter. make sure your ending is memorable!

hearing -define

when sound waves are received by the ear and brain when you hear a message, you have not necessarily listened to the message

SHORT ANSWER: Culture in the workplace

workplace culture is communicatively created by its members, and involved how knowledge, beliefs, values, behaviors, and practices influence group behaviors.