COM 380 Chapter 5 & 7

cultural tale

An ethnographer will write what instead of a lit review, research paper, etc?

Prescriptive view

View of culture that says what culture should be and that culture is same for all if followed steps; includes strong culture and excellent culture

Anticipatory socialization

PoS: refers to the socialization processes that occur before an individual actually enters an org

It is naive to assume that there is a single cultural 'formula' for achieving organizational success & they treat culture as a 'thing' an organization 'has'

What are the 2 downfalls of prescriptive approaches?

The interview as... a recruiting and screening tool, an info-gathering tool, a tool for socialization

What are the 3 basic functions of an employment interview?

anticipatory socialization, encounter, metamorphosis, exit

What are the 4 phases of socialization?

values, heroes, rites & rituals, cultural network

What are the four key components of strong culture?

Culture as something an organization has and culture as something an organization is

What are the two approaches to thinking about culture in organizations?

bureaucratic structure and values (autonomy and entrepreneurship, simple form, lean staff)

What do the themes of an excellent culture downplay?

the importance of people (close relations to the customer and productivity through people)

What do the themes of an excellent culture emphasize?

Culture

What is shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, symbols, etc.?

To minimize the distance between the researcher and the culture being investigated

What is the goal of an ethnographic researcher?

Espoused values

What is the second level in Schein's model?

espoused values

What level in Schein's model represents a mosaic of beliefs about how things ought to be done in an organization?

Schein's Model of Organizational Culture

What model is 2 decades old and provides a helpful way to understand how culture can be understood in a variety of organizational forms and contexts?

Alternative view

What's another name for descriptive view of culture?

When a child witnesses routine of life

When does anticipatory socialization begin?

artifacts

Which level in Schein's model is labeled 'difficult to decipher'?

encounter

Which phase of socialization has high ambiguity and high uncertainty?

Deal and Kennedy

Who argues that business success can be enhanced through the development of a "strong" culture?

peters and waterman

Who identified themes that characterized cultures as "excellent"?

Kurt Lewin

Who was Edgar Schein taught by? (Most famous sociologist)

It builds an identity to cultivate loyalty

Why is organizational culture important?

exit

PoS: When you receive no more meaning from a job

Basic assumption

Ideas people have about the way the world works, must infer because we can't see them

individualization

the process of trying to change some aspect of the org to better suit ones needs, abilities, or desires; your way of making the org yours

descriptive view

view of culture that sees culture as the emerging and sometimes fragmented values, practices, narratives, and artifacts that make a particular organization 'what it is'

descriptive view

view: communication defines culture

socialization and individuation

2 dimensions of assimilation

Basic Assumptions

3rd Level of culture in Schein's model that can rarely be articulated because they have become such a natural part of 'the way we are' or 'the way we do things around here'

Culture of social groups (according to Schein)

A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems

impressionist tale

CT: a narrative in which info about the culture is slipped into a story that could stand on its own dramatic merits

realist tale

CT: like a documentary, as the ethnographer tries to provide a complete and relatively objective account of what was observed in the org

confessional tale

CT: the researcher talks personally about how he or she experienced the culture under investigation

role-development process

Communication process that occurs from organizational entry and continues through metamorphosis; concerned with how individuals interact to define and develop their organizational roles

metamorphosis

PoS: Occurs when the new employee has made the transition from outsider to insider

complicated, emergent, not unitary, ambiguous

Descriptive/alternative view defines culture in what four ways?

Artifacts, Espoused Values, Basic Assumptions

In order from 1-3, what are the levels of organizational culture according to Schein?

values

In schein's model, what represents preferences or what 'ought' to happen?

role-related info and cultural info

In the content of socialization, what are the two classes of info that must be grasped during the socialization process

role-taking, role-making, role routinization

LMX model divides role development into what three phases?

Qualitative

Many researchers believe that .... methods are the most appropriate for gaining an understanding of complicated, fragmented, and changing nature of cultural groups

Bantz' organizational communication culture method

Method that suggests that the researcher should first gather organizational communication messages and then analyze these messages in terms of their vocabulary, themes, and symbolic forms

encounter

PoS: occurs at the organizational 'point of entry' when a new employee first encounters life on the job

Organizations, individuals

Note about Level Two-- ___ do not have values, but ___ do.

high reliability organizations

Organizations that are engaged in production or services that require extraordinary attention to avoiding major errors because errors could lead to destruction of the org and/or larger public

role-taking

Phase: Do what is asked of you and do it well; the sampling phase wherein the superior attempts to discover the relevant talents and motivations of the member through iterative testing sequences

not unitary

Researchers view org'l culture as ... because it's impossible to characterize an org as have a single culture; it's made up of various subcultures

ambiguous

Researchers view org'l culture as... not always a clear picture of the org's culture or of its various subcultures

emergent

Researchers view organizational culture as ... which is the notion that cultures are socially created through the interaction of organizational members.

complicated

Rites, ceremonies, values, belief systems, metaphors, stories, communication rules, and hallway talk are ways in which researchers view organizational culture as ....

Group Phenomenon, a pattern of basic assumptions, emergent and developmental process, and socializing aspect

Schein defines culture as a... (4 things)

Ethnography

Since culture was borrowed from anthropology, many scholars have turned to using what for the investigation of organizational culture?

values

Strong Culture Component: beliefs and visions that members hold for an org

Anthropology

The cultural metaphor derives from what field? (Also, studies culture objectively)

leader-member exchange theory

Theory that is based on the belief that the supervisor-subordinate dyad is critical in role development; argues that a role is developed by an organizational member through a social exchange process with his or her leader

Espoused Values

This term emphasizes that stated value and behaviors don't always match up

Prescriptive view

View: Culture defines communication

socialization

an organization trying to influence the adaptation of individuals through formal and informal processes; the org's way of making you theirs

differentiation

approach in which inconsistencies among cultural views are expected and often seen as desirable

episodic

cultural performance: are distinct events in org'l life

contextual

cultural performance: are embedded in org'l situations and org'l history

improvisational

cultural performance: are no scripts that guide org'l members

interactional

cultural performance: require the participation of multiple org members

value engineering

effective cultural leaders could create strong cultures, built around their own values

role-related info

encompasses the info, skills, procedures, and rules that an individual must grasp to perform on the job

cultural performances

idea that a study of organizational culture should concentrate on the communication processes through which culture is created; concept created by pacanowsku and o'donnell-trujillo

heroes

strong culture component: the individuals who come to exemplify an org's values

Ethnography

means the 'writing of culture'

Assimilation

ongoing behavioral and cognitive processes by which individuals join, become integrated into, and exit organizations; process of how people find their way into culture/become acculturated

role-making

phase: You have more voice, idea, input, and choice--individuation occurs; member seeks to modify the nature of the role and the manner in which it is enacted

role-routinization

phase: similar to metamorphosis--tasks become monotonous; the point at which the role of the subordinate and expected behaviors of the supervisor are well understood by both parties

rites and rituals

strong culture component: the ceremonies through which an organization celebrates its values

cultural network

strong culture component: the communication system through which cultural values are instituted and reinforced

Artifacts

the most visible level of culture in Schein's model that consists of the physical and social environment that organizational members have created; includes things displayed by an org or the overt behavior of members