COM Ch 12

______ was Plato's student, and disagreed about the relationship between rhetoric and absolute truth.

-Aristotle -Speakers need to learn skills to defend truth and justice -Between Plato and Sophists on relativism scale.

Roman Empire declines, Catholic Church replaces secular education and _________________ becomes a prominent thinker

-Augustine of Hippo (St. Augustine) -Truth exists in an absolute way (similar to Plato) -Rhetoric can be used to impart the divine truth -Choices are always good or evil

Romans conquered Greeks and ______ became known as the greatest Roman orator.

-Cicero -lawyer and advocate -Speakers should use rhetoric for the public good -Identified three purposes for public speaking -to instruct (inform) -to please (entertain) -to win over (persuade)

the three artistic proofs

-Ethos- construction of character -considered the most important -good sense, morality, goodwill -speaker creates a persona or identity through his communication efforts -Pathos-the rhetorical use of emotions to affect audience decision making -fear -pride -Logos-involves rational appeals, the use of rhetoric to help the audience see the rationale for a particular conclusion -argumentation -evidence

_____ oppsed the Sophists' relativistic approach.

-Plato -Rhetoric should be used to search for universal truth -Oral dialogue helps us find truth

4 Functions of Rhetoric

-Reaffirming Cultural Values-A rhetorical event refers to any event that generates a signigicant amount of public discourse. Epideictic rhetoric is the type of rhetoric that reaffirms cultural values through praising and blaming -Increasing Democratic Participation-Deliberative rhetoric is the type of rhetoic used to argue what a society should do in the future. Public sphere is the arena in which deliberative decision making occurs. -Bringing about Justice- Forensic rhetoric addresses events that happened in the past with the goal of setting things right after an injustice has occured -Prompting Social Change-Social movement is a large, organized body of people who are attempting to create social change

What factors determine who speaks and who is worth listening to?

-Social Position- one's place in social hierarchy, which comes from the way society is structured. -

The first group to teach persuasion in Greece were known as

-Sophists -practical approach, the point is to persuade -adjust your notions of right/wrong depending on the content -ends justifies the means

Advantages of studying rhetoric

-allows us to understand the range of viewpoints on social issues. -helps people better understand culture -helps people critically evaluate messages designed to influence them. -helps us to become better public communicators or to understand what makes specific public communicators effective or ineffetive.

Research process

1-Craft a thesis-topic and position 2-Find supporting materials -electronic, print, personal 3-Consider how to effectively incorporate visual aids 4-Organize your message -chronological pattern-follows timeline -spatial-arranges points by location, can be used to describe something small -topical-no innate pattern except the one you impose on them -problem-solution- speaker describes various aspect of a problem and then proposes solutions -cause-effect- used to create understanding and agreement, and sometimes to argue for a specefic action 5-Outline Speech- Intro, Body, Conclusion - signposts- transitions in a speech that help an audience understand the speaker's organization, making it easier for them to follow

Steps in understanding the communication event

1-Identify you general purpose -To inform, persuade, or entertain (evocative speech) 2-Understand your audience -conduct an audience analysis -what does your audience know -who are they, charactaristic info 3-select your topic -what is the point -what are your personal interests 4-ID a specefic purpose. -what do you want them to take away -clear and achievable

Which individual maintained the existence of three artistic proofs?

Aristotle

What can be counted as a rhetor

Church, President, Voters

____ rhetori is used to argue what a society should do in the future

Deliberative

Who suggested that throughout history people have had different ideas of what rhetoric is and the purposes it serves?

Douglas Ehninger

During his election campaign, President Bush emphasized the need to restore integrity to the White House. Which artistic appeal was he using?

Ethos

An audience gets their first impression of the contents of a speech during the ______

Introduction

A ___ does not necessarily have to deliever the message

Rhetor

A ______ is a person the addresses the public

Rhetor

The first group of people to teach persuasive speaking skills in the Greek-city states were known as?

Sophists

Aristotle argued that there are three _____ _____, or artistic skills of a rhetor that influences effectiveness.

artistic proofs

_____ are artistic skills of a rhetor that influence effectiveness

artistic proofs

What are the important functions of rhetoric in society

assisting in the pursuit of justice, promoting a vital democracy, assisting people in clarifying their beliefs and actions. NOT manipulating an uninformed public

Why does rhetorician Richard Weaver advocate the careful use of god terms and devil terms?

because they can serve as propaganda than rhetoric

If you want your speech to create understanding and agreement about your topic you should use a _____ organizational pattern

cause-effect

Ruth organizes her speech on factory farmed meat by following the existence of a cow and a chicken raised for human consumption from birth to slaughter to preparation in the kitchen. She is using _____ organizational pattern.

chronological

In a persuasive speech, you will challenge your audience to act during the ______

conclusion

Rhetorics practice is contingent on what?

culture, political arrangements, social contexts and conventions

When legislators argue about raising taxes to pay for a new road, they are engaged in _____ rhetoric

deliberative

The Senator argued that taxes would have to be increased in order to pay for the new roads. This is an example of....

deliberative rhetoric

Douglas Ehninger suggests that throughout history people have had ____ ideas of what rhetoric is and the purpose it serves.

different

Purposes of rhetoric

essential to a democracy, helps people seek justice, helps people clarify their own beliefs and actions

Which of these is NOT one of the forces that Ehninger's thinking sparked an interest in connecting rhetoric to?

ethnic. It is historical, social, and culture

The form of rhetoric that is used in courts and addresses events that happened in the past is called ____ rhetoric

forensic

In an attempt to clear his client's name, the lawyer asked hi to state where he was on the night his wife was killed. This type of question is an example of _____

forensic rhetoric

A rhetorical event is one that ____

generates a significant amount of public discourse

Rhetorician Richard Weaver describes two types of terms that should be avoided because of the potential to easily lead (or mislead) people without critical reflection.

god terms and devil terms

According to Aristotle, rhetors gain credibility from all of the following sources

good sense, moral character, and goodwill. NOT religious conviction

Rhetorical Critic

informed consumers of rhetorical discourse who are prepared to analyze rhetorical texts. Anyone who pursues a sustained and detailed analysis

Laura is preparing a speech about why she doesn't believe gay marriage should be legal. It is important that she is aware of the ____ used in her speech, especially potential pejorative terms.

language

If you were attempting to persuade someone to stop smoking by esplaining the health risks associated with smoking, you would be using which type of artistic proof.

logos

When a speaker uses eye contact, he or she should ______

look directly into the eyes of the audience

Cicero, a prominent advocate and politician is often considered to be the greatest Roman ____?

orator

During the trial of Susan Smith, a woman accused of drowning her children, the prosecutor played an audio recording of a car going underwater while narrating what must have been going through the Smith children's minds as the car was sinking. This was an appeal to what artistic proof?

pathos

A speaker's public _____ may be quite different from his or her private one

persona

Rhetoric is known as the art of ____

persuasion

The ____ sphere is the arena through which deliberative decision making occurs as the result of the exchange of ideas and arguements

public

The arena in which deliberative decision making occurs through the exchange of ideas and arguements is called the ______

public sphere

Logos is also known as

reasoning

Social position

refers to more than the prestige of one's family. Comes from the way society is structured.

A ____ is a person or institution that addresses the public

rhetor

Communication that is used to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others; the art of persuasion

rhetoric

When a candidate for president of the United States wants to persuade a group of people to vote for him, the candidate will focus on U.S. citizens that are registered voters. This pool of people is known as a _____ audience.

rhetorical

Anyone who pursues sustained and detailed analyses of rhetorical discourse is a ____?

rhetorical critic

In the aftermath of Katrina, many discussions arose to attempt to explain why the disaster has occurred. These discussions are an example of a ____

rhetorical event

It was Plato's belief that rhetoric should be used to ?

search for universal principle of truth

Ruth has decided that she wants to persuade her audience of college students to avoid eating factory farmed meat. She has reached which stage of the speech planning process?

selection of her specific purpose

Effective relaxation techniques

smiling and talking with audience, yawning, breathing deeply

Chip is studying political science at school. He decides to speak out about U.S. immigration policies, but is ultimately less influential than he had hoped. This is most likely a result of his _______ position.

social

The ___ position of the rhetor often determines his or her right to speak or to access civic speaking places

social

What creates outlets for people to try and align others to their worldviews without filters and presents new challenges to the need to think through how we attempt to persuade others to view the wold as we do?

social media

A _____ is a large, organized body of people who are attempting to create social change

social movement

Occupy Wall Street and other "occupy" gatherings that have taken plae in order to promote a certain view of justice are examples of ______

social movements

Derek is writing an informative speech about funny phrases and slogans throughout the US. He decides to look at phrases from the Midwest, the South, and New England. He is using the _____ organizational pattern.

spatial

Rhetorical audience

those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message

A ____ pattern of organization has no innate organization except what is imposed by the speaker.

topical

According to the text, the use of outright deception to persuade someone is____

unacceptable

The first task of a public speaker is to ID

what his general purpose is