COM4470 QUIZ 2 Multimedia Making it Work CHAPTER 2

Fontographer

This website specializes in font editors for both Macintosh and Windows platforms - Can use this software to develop PostScript, TrueType, and OpenType fonts - Designers can also modify existing typefaces, incorporate PostScript artwork, automatically trace scanned images, and create designs from scratch - Features include freehand drawing tool and allows the creation of font designs from two existing typefaces by modifying the weight of an entire typeface

Hypertext tools

Two functions are common to most hypermedia text management systems, and are often provided as separate applications: *building* (or authoring) and *reading* - Builder creates the links, identifies nodes, and generates the index of words - Hypertext systems are commonly used for elements (educational courseware, databases, reference works, etc.) that are used with information organized in a linear fashion, but may be used for multimedia projects with nonlinear hypertext and hypermedia systems

Searching for Words

Typical methods for word searching in hypermedia systems include: - Categories - Word relationships - Adjacency - Alternates - Association - Negation - Truncation - Intermediate words - Frequency

Dynamic HTML (DHTML)

Using ____________________ with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), you have great flexibility and type choices ranging from line height to margin width to font face

d) Hypertext Markup Language

Web pages are coded using: a) Unicode b) ASCII c) File Transfer Protocol d) Hypertext Markup Language e) Encapsulated PostScript

Link anchor

Where you come from to be used for the reference from one document to another document, image, sound, or file using HTML on the Web

e) Unicode

Which of the following is a character encoding system? a) FontTab b) HTML c) CSS d) WYSIWYG e) Unicode

a) Users' eye movements affect their ability to link

Which of the following is a problem that might apply to hypermedia? a) Users' eye movements affect their ability to link b) Users will be turned off by excessive animation c) Hypermedia software might create inappropriate links d) Current hyperlinking technology far exceeds what today's desktop computers can handle e) Search results generally are too granular to be useful

c) tracking

Which of the following is a term that applies to the spacing between characters of text? a) leading b) kerning c) tracking d) points e) dithering

b) adjacency

Which of the following is a typical method for word searching in a hypermedia system? a) best fit b) adjacency c) popularity d) tracking e) localization

b) PostScript

Which of the following provides a system for dramatically displaying a font? a) Apache b) PostScript c) HTTPD d) serif e) WYSIWYG

Portrait vs. Landscape

- *Aspect ratios* need to line up (can't read a traditional hard-copy, or printed docs, in the taller-than-wide orientation with a wider-than-tall aspect ratio) - Taller-than-wide is called *portrait* - Wider-than-tall is called *landscape* - Four possible solutions if you are working with a block of text that is taller than what will fit

Unicode

- A 16-bit architecture for multilingual text and character encoding (65,000 characters to include all known languages and alphabets in the world internationally) - *Scripts* are a unified collection of symbols consisting of shared symbols of each language - HTML allows access to the _____________ characters by numeric reference

Font

- A collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a particular typeface family - In the computer world, this term is commonly used when typeface or face would be more correct Ex: Times 12-point italic

Typeface

- A family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and styles Ex: Helvetica, Times, and Courier

Links

- A hypermedia structure - Connections between the conceptual elements, that is, the *nodes*, which may consist of text, graphics, sounds, or related information in the knowledge base Ex: ________ connect Caesar Augustus with Rome, grapes with wine, and love with hate - Hypermedia design lies in the visualization of these nodes and their ________ so that they make sense and can form the backbone of a knowledge access system - The navigation pathways and menus - *Nodes* are accessible topics, documents, messages, and content elements - Easiest way to access linked information is through buttons as navigational structures, found at the nodes

ASCII Extended Character Set

- ASCII uses only 7 bits to code its 128 characters, with the 8th bit of the byte unused (allows another 128 characters to be encoded before the byte is used up, and computer systems historically used these extra 128 values for an extended character set - This extended set is filled with ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard characters (including international characters or diacritics and symbols such as the infinity sign and cent sign); this fuller set of 255 characters is also known as the *ISO-Latin-1 character set* - Used to program the text of HTML web pages before replaced by Unicode's UTF-8

Computers and Text

- Apple chose to use a resolution of 72 pixels per inch (standard measurement of printing industry and allows desktop publishers & designers to see what their printed output will look like on a display screen first; aka WYSIWYG) - Screen resolutions for both Macintosh and Windows display pixels at an aspect ratio of 1:1 (square) - With square pixels, there has been an increase in display resolution and screen size

Adobe PostScript

- Apple dominated the desktop publishing revolution with the Macintosh computer in combination with word processing and page layout software products that enabled a high-resolution 300-dpi laser printer using special software to "draw" the shapes of characters as a cluster of square pixels computed from the geometry of the character - This special software was page description and *outline front* language - It is a method of describing an image in terms of mathematical constructs (used not only to describe the individual characters of a font but also to describe entire illustrations and whole pages of text) & each character is a mathematical formula - Before this software, the printing software looked up the character's shape in a *bitmapped font* table which contained a representation of the pixels of every character in every size - Two kinds of fonts in this software: Type 3 and Type 1 (Type 1 fonts contain *hints*, which are special instructions for grid-fitting to help improve resolution)

EBooks

- Books digitized and formatted to be read using an e-reader - Display text, graphics, and multimedia - E Ink screen is a technology for "electronic paper" designed to imitate the appearance of ordinary ink on paper

Symbol

- Concentrated text in the form of stand-alone graphic constructs - Convey meaningful messages - Treat them as text with visual meaning not just graphic art - Can be more easily recalled by users - With multimedia, you have the power to blend text and icons to enhance the *overall impact and value of your message* Ex: Stop sign, no smoking sign, zodiac signs, etc. & on computers = *trash can* conveys throwing away unwanted files; *hourglass* tells you to wait; etc. (properly called *icons* because are symbolic representations of objects and process common to the graphical user interfaces/GUI) Other Examples with Technology: - *Emojis* (Japanese-invented ideograms/pictograhs) - *Emoticons* (made up of text and punctuation characters used on the Internet to express mood)

The Power of Meaning

- Important to be accurate and concise with specific chosen words because words can have multiple different meanings - Can manipulate text in different ways (ex: displayed with multimedia, poets and songwriters, advertisers, etc.) - *Raw sensory messages* are important because of what they mean to you (ex: associations with the word Barbie) --> demonstrates multimedia principle to choose best designs & words that are precise and powerful to express the meaning you way to portray - *Words and symbols* in any form (spoken or written) are the most common system of communication & are delivered and understood to the greatest number of people, so they are *vital elements of multimedia menus, navigation systems, keyword lists, and content*

Character entities

- In HTML, __________________________, based upon the ISO-Latin-1 set, make up an alphabet that is required by the HTML standard to be recognized by all browser software - All usual characters are included, but to use characters from the extended set that includes accents, etc., you must use an escape sequence to represent them

Font mapping, character mapping

- In many cross-platform-savvy applications, you can explicitly define the ______________________ (to ensure that your fonts travel with your application when you are delivering software to run on a hardware platform other than the one you used to create the application) - Ways to fix this conversion is to use a screen capture tool (ex: snapshot or PDF) - _______________________________ allows bullets, accented characters, etc. that are part of the extended character set on one platform to appear correctly when text is moved to the other platform

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

- Installed fonts to be recognized by computer system - Use of __________________________ preferred over the deprecated HTML <font> tag, allows you to be quite precise about font faces, sizes, and other attributes when writing HTML code for the Web, but still not guaranteed that the font is installed int he user's system - In addition to serif and non-serif fonts, the generic fonts available in CSS also include monospace, cursive, and fantasy

Languages in the World of Computers

- Most modern alphabets share one very important attribute: the graphic shapes and method for writing the Arabic numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - Use of Arabic notation has spread across the world (easier than Roman numerals)

Hypermedia

- Multimedia becomes interactive when you give the user some control over what info is viewed and when - Interactive media becomes ____________________ when its designer provides a structure of linked elements through which a user can navigate and interact - When interaction and cross-linking is then added to multimedia, and navigation system is nonlinear, multimedia becomes ________________

Text in Multimedia

- Text is used to guide a reader when designing a project (makes content more complex but easier to follow) - More clean and immediate - Used for titles and headlines, menus, navigation, and content - In design, your choice of font size and the number of headlines you place on a screen must be related both to the complexity of your message and its venue (Ex: informative websites need a lot of text but with good balance vs. presentation slides that only need key words) - Choosing different fonts/techniques for different purposes (Ex: for small type, use most legible; don't use too many fonts; include proper spacing so easy to read, vary sizing with importance of message; different colors; *anti-aliasing* blends the colors along the edges of the letters called *dithering* to create a soft transition between the letter and its background; drop caps, use plenty of **white space*; include most important information at the top, etc.)

Pixels

- The computer must know how to represent the letter "A" using tiny square __________, or picture elements that resemble dots - It does this according to the hardware available and your specification, from a choice of available typefaces and fonts - High resolution is available from more fine little squares, or *dots per inch (dpi)*

Link end

- The destination node linked to the anchor - Some hypertext systems provide unidirectional navigation (one destination), and offer no return pathway, and others are bidirectional

Character metrics

- The general measurements applied to individual characters - Can be adjusted (ex: can adjust the body width of each character from regular to *condensed* to *expanded*)

Font substitution

- The greatest cross-platform concern, because they must be mapped to the other machine (ex: differences from Windows to a Macintosh platform) - A substitute can be provided if one specified font doesn't exist on the target machine viewing it

Buttons for Interaction

- The objects, such as blocks of text, a pretty blue triangle, or a photograph, that make things happen when they are clicked or tapped - Invented for the sole purpose of being pushed or prodded with cursor, mouse, key, or finger, and to manifest properties such as highlighting or other visual or sound effects to indicate that you are over or have hit the target - Rules for proper use just like texts and fonts - Many applications that use icon buttons also provide *tooltips* that display information about the icon when the mouse pointer/cursor hovers - Can replace bitmaps to show activity from pushing the button (graphic image *rollovers*)

Jaggies

- The rough edges of text - Avoided by anti-aliasing the edges of the text characters, making them seem smoother to the eye - On the other hand, Sometimes pasting an image that was anti-aliased against a light background onto a darker one by using transparency can make the blending look like a halo and need to be edited pixel by pixel

Kerning

- The spacing between character pairs - Can be adjusted (ex: can adjust the body width of each character from regular to *condensed* to *expanded*)

HTML Documents

- The standard document format used for displaying text pages on the Web is called Hypertext Markup Language - You can specify typefaces, sizes, colors, and other properties by marking up the text in the doc with *tags* (ex: <b> for bold and <h1> for header) - Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and HTML work together to provide fine turning and control of text and layout - Evolving into multimedia documents, not text documents - HTML5 is a redesign that stretches the Web into a multimedia delivery vehicle - HTML doesn't allow for flexibility to make pretty text elements

Localization

- Translating or designing multimedia (or any computer-based material) into a language other than the one in which it was originally written is called ___________________ - Ex: This process deals with the month/day/year order for expressing dates & providing special alphabetical characters on keyboards and printers

Size

- Type _______(s) are usually expressed in points Ex: One *point* is 0.0138 inch (1/72 of an inch) - The font's _______ is the distance from the top of the capital letters to the bottom of the descenders in letters such has g and y - Does not exactly describe the height or width of its characters because the *x-height* (the height of the lowercase x) of two fonts may vary, while the height of the capital letters of those fonts may be the same - Computer fonts automatically add space below the descender (and sometimes above) to provide appropriate line spacing, or *leading*, which can be adjusted in most programs

Serif vs. Sans Serif

- Type can be described and characterized in many different ways (ex: feminine, masculine, formal, comic, happy, newsy, etc.) - This is the simplest way to categorize a typeface (the type either has a serif or it doesn't) - Serif = the little decoration at the end of a letter stroke Ex of serif: Times, New Century Schoolbook, jBookman, and Palatino Ex of sans serif: Helvetica, Verdana, Arial, Optima, and Avant Garde When to use: - Serifs are traditionally used in body text because it helps guide the reader's eye along the line - Sans serifs are used for headlines and bold statements - Can vary per delivery system (print vs. on screen), because sometimes with a large paragraph of text, serif can look too busy on computers) --> *WYSIWYG* (What You See Is What You Get) is more of a goal than an absolute fact when you're printing out what you create on a display screen

Cases

- Type for a single font was originally stored in two trays, or _______ (upper tray with capital letters, and lower tray with small letters; hence the names *uppercase* and *lowercase*) - A computer can be *case sensitive* (the text's upper and lowercase letters must match exactly to be recognized), or can be *case insensitive*, meaning it recognizes them to be the same - *Intercap* or *CamelCase* is a trend where you place an uppercase letter in the middle of a word (ex: companies such as FedEx)

Foundry

- Typefaces are created in a _______________, which is a term that has carried over from times when lead was poured into molds to make letter faces - Collections of fonts are available through retail channels or directly from their manufacturers - Special Interest Groups (SIGs) where people design fonts and share them for people to download

Style

- Typical font _________(s) are *boldface* and *italic* - Your computer software may add other _________ *attributes*, such as underlining and outlining of characters

History of Text

- Using _______ and symbols for communication is a recent human development that began in the Mediterranean Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Sumeria, and Babylonia) when the first meaningful marks were scraped onto mud tablets and left to harden in the sun - Ruling classes and priesthood could read and write pictographic signs and cuneiforms (written messages popular among the elite) - Earliest messages = management of people, politics, and taxes - Text today: power and knowledge (necessary skill), but still can be an offense to read private government documents

Hypertext system

- When a hypermedia project includes large amounts of text or symbolic content, this content can be indexed and its elements then linked together to afford rapid electronic retrieval of the associated information - When words are keyed or indexed into words, you have a ________________________ - The "text" part of this term represents the project's content and meaning, rather than the graphical presentation of text - This is what the WWW is all about - Using this system, you can electronically search through all the text of a computer-resident book, locate references to a certain word, etc.

Hypertext

- When text is stored in a computer instead of on printed pages, the computer's powerful processing capabilities can be applied to make the text more accessible and meaningful - The words, sections, and thoughts are linked (the user can navigate through text in a nonlinear way) - The organized cross-linking of words not only to other words but also to associated images, video clips, sounds, etc. - User interaction is a critical part of the design - Software robots or "bots" visit millions of web pages and index entire web sites in searchable database engines on the Web (________________ databases rely upon proprietary indexing systems that scan the entire body of text and create fast cross-referencing indexes that point to specific locations of words, documents, and images)

English

- ____________ is the official/join official language of more than 75 countries (80% of world's info is stored on computers in English) - Has to worst spelling of any language using the Latin alphabet - SMS (text technology limits) have changed __________ spelling through word shortcuts in order to get most meaning in few characters (ex: Twitter forces you to do that with its character limit; and text language includes "chat-speak" and "text-speak", such as XOXO and U instead of you) - MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) allows for 350,000-byte transmissions, so perhaps these shortcuts will fade away

a) typeface

A family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and styles is called a: a) typeface b) font c) point d) link e) node

b) portrait

A printed page might be presented in which of these orientations? a) newsscape b) portrait c) flat-file d) x-height e) node

Rasterizing

A process when it converts the letter "A" from a mathematical representation to a recognizable symbol displayed on the screen or in printed output

OpenType

After TrueType invention by Apple and Microsoft, they then developed a new and improved font management system incorporating the best features of both PostScript and TrueType and it was a free, publicly available international standard by 2007 (*the font wars were over*)

ASCII Character Set

American Standard Code for Information Interchange - Characters sets and alphabets started with this system - Invented for analog teletype communication before the digital age began, but was put in place when computers needed a system to display or print characters - This system assigns binary value to 128 characters (7 bits), including lowercase & uppercase, punctuation marks, Arabic numbers, and math symbols (also includes control characters like enter) - Code numbers represent a letter or symbol within the English alphabet (ex: #65 represents an uppercase A)

Menus for Navigation

An interactive multimedia project or web site typically consists of a body of information, or content, through which a user navigates by pressing a key, clicking a mouse, or pressing a touch screen - The more locations included in the menu list, the more options available for navigation - Ex: Text list of topics (Main Menu) or linear looking list like "Store > Home & Garden > Patio & Grill" (called *breadcrumbs* because it represents a map of the virtual forest and often the "trail" that users have to take)

TrueType

Apple and Microsoft announced a joint effort to develop a better and faster quadratic curves outline font methodology called ______________ after Adobe PostScript - It would be able to draw characters to a low-resolution display and Apple and Microsoft wouldn't need to license the PostScript technology from Adobe for their operating systems - Because this was based on Apple technology, it was licensed to Microsoft

a) Cascading Style Sheets

Dynamic HTML uses_____to define choices ranging from line height to margin width to font face. a) Cascading Style Sheets b) font mapping c) font substitution d) software robots e) Encapsulated PostScript

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language - The native language of the Web with the Internet - Designed to display text documents on computer screens with occasional graphic images for illustrations - Reading resources are made available with this web-based text on the Internet with any web browser - Includes clickable hypertext - Created social impact on the way people access information (the Web offers billions of ______ docs through social media immediate contact) - Search engines can tell you how many pages from a domain are indexed - As bandwidth improves and more info is embedded in docs and delivered on devices, content developers face more challenges on how to target to specific audiences

e) try to substitute the font with a similar looking font

If a DHTML document includes a font face that is not installed on the user's computer, a browser will: a) automatically download the correct font b) refuse to load the page c) leave a blank space where that text is d) crash e) try to substitute the font with a similar looking font

d) the document path: "info/people/biotay/biotay1.html"

In the URL http://www.timestream.com/info/people/biotay/biotay1.html, which part is case sensitive? a) the record type: "http://" b) the domain name: "timestream.com" c) the subdomain: "www" d) the document path: "info/people/biotay/biotay1.html" e) all are case sensitive

Font stack

In the font-family property of HTML or CSS, you can build a __________________, which can include the exact names of both Windows and Macintosh fonts - Using this list, a browser will look on the computer for the first font specified in the list, and continue down the list until it finds a match - At the end of the list, it is best to place a *generic font* to cover an instance in which all are unavailable

c) it includes a structure of linked elements through which a user can navigate and interact

Interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia when: a) the information is available on the Web - either the Internet or a local area network b) quizzes and tests with evaluations and scoring are included c) it includes a structure of linked elements through which a user can navigate and interact d) the user can change such attributes as volume and type size e) the content formatting complies with the American Standard Code for Information Interchange

c) they found they could see the words used for variables and commands better

Intercapping, the practice of placing a capital in the middle of a word, is a trend that emerged from the computer programming community because: a) it looks cool b) they wanted to copy marketing practices in the electronics industry c) they found they could see the words used for variables and commands better d) one of the first computer programmers had a faulty shift key on his keyboard e) it increases security in case-sensitive passwords

a) the user has some control over what information is viewed and when it is viewed

Multimedia becomes interactive multimedia when: a) the user has some control over what information is viewed and when it is viewed b) the information is displayed by a computer with a touchscreen or other input device c) the information is available on the Web - either the Internet or a local area network d) quizzes and tests with evaluations and scoring are included e) the user can change such attributes as volume and type size

b) anchor

The reference from one document to another document, image, sound, or file on the Web is a(n): a) sweetspot b) anchor c) node d) tag e) button

Tracking

The spacing between *all characters*