combined part 7 and 8
Apply your knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking
*Online presentations*- require the same basic elements of planning and delivery as *Face-to-Face (FtF) Presentations* -select general speech purpose -careful audience analysis -credible materials -natural delivery style -engage audience***
*Proposals*
*__________________* offer ("propose") a product, procedure, or policy to a client or company and typically seek to persuade the audience to accept the speaker's recommendations. Organizations must constantly make decisions such as whether to switch to a new health plan or implement a new employee grievance procedure, and proposals offer a plan on how to proceed. Generally, proposals advocate for a specific solution, with the presenter arguing in favor of one course of action over another. Careful adaptation to the audience is therefore critical to an effective presentation.
productive conflict
*centers conflict around issues not personalities* clarify questions, challenge ideas, present counterexamples, consider worst-case scenarios
Online Presentation Planning Checklist
-be well organized -have reasonable expectations -keep your audience engaged -prepare a contingency plan in case of technology glitches -maintain ethical standards -get plenty of practice time
Core components of Argument
1. Claim: proposition that states the speaker's conclusion about some state affairs. 2. Evidence: supporting material providing grounds for belief. 3. Warrant: provides reason or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim.
Online Presentation Platforms
1. Video Webcam, CanVerce ad Debut *screencast*: captures whatever is displayed on your computer screen (played in real-time, recorded for later, or exported to the internet) EX: QuickTime on Mac 2. Podcasts and Vodcasts *Podcast*: a digital audio recording of a speech/ presentation captured and stored in a form that is accessible via the Web *Vodcast*: podcast containing video clips 3. Webinars *Webinars*: real time seminars, meetings, training sessions, or other presentations that connect presenters and audiences from their computers or mobile devices, regardless of where they are in the world includes interactive functions such as a chat/polling
how to optimize decision making in groups
1. devil's advocacy (arguing for the sake of raising issues or concerns about the idea under the discussion) 2. dialectical inquiry (devil's advocacy that goes a step further by proposing a counter solution to the idea)
explain reflective thinking
1. identify the problem 2. conduct research and analysis 3. establish guidelines and criteria 4. generate solutions 5. select the best solution 6. evaluate solution
Plan for the Delivery Mode
1.*Real-Time Presentations*: connect presenter and audience live (in *synchronous communication*) -interactivity is chief advantage - scheduling around conflicting time zones is chief limitation 2. *Recorded Presentations*: transmission and reception occur at different times (in *asynchronous communication*) -views access it at their convenience - lack of directness with audience ha challenges
3 ways to encourage active participation
1.directly ask members to contribute "Juan, what do you think about this?" 2. set a positive tone stress fairness, politeness, and active listening 3. make use of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry raise potential issues
Understand the Unique Demands of Virtual Delivery
1.review the technology equipment -hardware, recording, video, web-baed present soft. 2. focus on vocal delivery - *vocal variety*: alternations in volume, pitch, speaking rate, pauses, and pronunciation and articulation - Sound Enthusiastic Online w/ help of pics, people, or reflection of yourself in the mirror 3. provide superior visual aids
Team Debate Format
A debate in which a team of two or more people opposes a second team, with each person having a speaking role.
Individual Debate Format
A debate in which one person takes a side against another.
Case Study
A detailed illustration of a real or hypothetical business situation.
Podcast
A digital audio recording of a presentation captured and stored in a form accessible via the Internet.
Agenda
A document identifying the items to be accomplished during a meeting.
Symposium
A formal meeting at which several speakers deliver short speeches on the same topic.
Peripheral Processing
A mode of processing a persuasive message that does not consider the quality of the speaker's message, but is influenced by such non content issues as the speaker's appearance or reputation, certain slogans or one-liners, and obvious attempts to manipulate emotions. Peripheral processing of messages occurs when people lack the motivation or the ability to pay close attention to the issues.
Prototype
A model of a design.
Refutation Pattern Of Arrangement
A pattern of organizing speech points in which each main point addresses and the refutes (disproves) an opposing claim to a speaker's position.
Comparative Advantage Pattern Of Arrangement
A pattern of organizing speech points so that the speaker's viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals.
Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate (1) the nature of the problem, (2) reasons for the problems, and (3) proposed solution(s).
Problem-Solution Pattern Of Arrangement
A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide justification for a proposed solution.
Moderator
A person who presides over a discussion or meeting.
Vodcast
A podcast with video clips. See podcast.
Service Learning Presentation
A presentation based on experience and knowledge gained by students actively participating in addressing a need or problem in a community or organization.
Real-Time Presentations
A presentation broadcast at the time of delivery via the Internet; real-time presentations connect the presenter and the audience live and at the same-time. See also synchronous communication.
Face-To-Face (FtF) Presentations
A presentation delivered in the physical presence of others; an "offline" presentation.
Online Presentations
A presentation delivered over any distance via the Internet; can include both real-time and recorded presentations.
Recorded Presentations
A presentation in which speaker and audience are separated by time and space and the presentation is stored and played back from a digital medium. See also asynchronous communication.
Research Overview Presentation
A presentation that provides background for a research question that will form the basis of an impending experiment or investigation. See also oral scientific presentation.
Staff Report
A report that informs managers and other employees of new developments relating to personnel that affect them and their work.
Progress Report
A report that updates clients or principals on developments in an ongoing project.
Logical Fallacy
A statement that is based on an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning. See also ad hominem argument, appeal to tradition, bandwagoning, begging the question, either-or fallacy, hasty generalization, non sequitur, red herring fallacy, and slippery slope.
Proposal
A type of business or professional presentation in which the speaker provides information needed for decisions related to modifying or adopting a product, procedure, or policy.
Town Hall Meeting
A type of forum in which citizens deliberate on issues of importance to the community.
Oral Scientific Presentation
A type of oral presentation following the model used in scientific investigations, including an introduction, description of methods, results, and conclusion; commonly found in the disciplines of science and mathematics. See also research overview presentation.
Panel Discussion
A type of oral presentation in which a group of persons (at lease three, and generally not more than nine) discusses a topic in the presence of an audience and under the direction of a moderator.
Presentational Speaking
A type of oral presentation in which individuals or groups deliver reports addressing colleagues, clients, or customers within a business or professional environment.
Review Of Academic Articles
A type of oral presentation in which the speaker reports on one or more articles or studies published in an academic journal.
Crisis-Response Presentations
A type of oral presentation in which the speaker seeks to reassure an organization's various audiences ("publics") and restore its credibility in the face of potentially reputation-damaging situations.
Team Presentations
A type of oral presentation prepared and delivered by a group of three or more people.
Sales Presentation (Also Called A Sales Pitch)
A type of oral presentation that attempts to lead a potential buyer to purchase a service or product described by the presenter.
Field Study Presentation
A type of oral presentation typically delivered in the context of science-related disciplines in which the speaker provides (1) an overview of the field research, (2) the methods used in the research, (3) an analysis of the results of the research, and (4) a time line indicating how the research results will be used going forward.
Claim Of Value
An argument that addresses issues of judgement.
Mixed Audience
An audience composed of a combination of persons-some with expert knowledge of the field and topic and others with no specialized knowledge.
Lay Audience
An audience of persons lacking specialized knowledge of the general field related to the speaker's topic and of the topic itself.
Colleagues Within The Field
An audience of persons who share the speaker's knowledge of the general field under question but who may not be familiar with the specific topic under discussion.
Expert Or Insider Audience
An audience of persons with an intimate knowledge of the topic, issue, product, or idea being discussed.
Screencast
An online presentation that relies on software that captures whatever is displayed on a computer, from text to slides to streaming video.
Methods/Procedure Presentation
An oral presentation describing and sometimes demonstrating an experimental or mathematical process, including the conditions under which it can be applied; frequently delivered in scientific and mathematics related fields.
Research Presentation
An oral presentation describing original research undertaken by the speaker, either alone or as part of a team; it is frequently delivered in the fields of science and social science.
Engineering Design Review
An oral presentation that provides information on the results of an engineering design project.
Motivated Sequence Pattern Of Arrangement
An organizational pattern for a persuasive speech based on a five-step process developed by Alan Monroe that begins with arousing attention and ends with calling for action.
How to do an inspirational speech
Appeal to audience member's emotions. Use real-life stories. Be dynamic. Make your goal clear. Close with a dramatic ending.
How to do persuasive speaking
Appeal to human psychology. Use classical persuasive appeals such as ethos, pathos, and logos. Use contemporary persuasive appeals such as meeds and motivations.
4 ways to use ethos, pathos, and logos
Appeal to reason. Appeal to emotion. Base emotional appeals on sound reasoning. Stress credibility.
4 ways to use needs and motivations
Appeal to what motivates audience. Appeal to audience members' needs. Encourage mental engagement. Consider cultural orientation.
*Online presentations*
Apply Your Knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking: *___________________________* require the same basic elements of planning and delivery as in-person presentations. As in traditional public speaking, an online speaker will select among the 3 general speech purposes of informing, persuading, or marking a special occasion. Both kinds of speaking call for careful audience analysis, credible supporting materials, a clear organizational structure, and a natural style of delivery. And whether presenting electronically or in person, as a speaker you must continually engage the audience; when separated physically, this focus becomes all the more critical.
Preparing Outline Presentations
Apply your knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking Understand the Unique Demands of Virtual Delivery Plan for the Delivery Mode Online presentation platforms Online Presentation Planning Checklist
Devil's Advocacy
Arguing for the sake of raising issues or concerns about the idea under discussion.
*report*
Become Familiar with Reports and Proposals: The majority of business and professional presentations (both oral and written) take the form of reports or proposals. Corporations and nonprofit, educational, and government organizations alike depend on reports and proposals, both formal and informal, to supply information and shape decisions. A *______________* is a systematic and objective description of facts and observations related to business or professional interests; it may or may not contain recommendations. Reports without recommendations are strictly informative; those that offer analysis and recommendations combine both informative and persuasive intent. Reports address literally thousands of different topics, audiences, and objectives; some require extensive research and offer lengthy analyses while others may simply summarize weekly changes in personnel or projects. Formats for reports vary accordingly, but many reports include the following: 1. Preview/summary of reasons for the report; including its scope, methods, and limitations; and main conclusions and recommendations 2. Discussion of the findings/presentation of evidence 3. Key conclusions drawn from evidence 4. Recommendations based on the evidence
Informative speeches
Bring new issues to light. Offer fresh insights on familiar objects. Provide novel ways of thinking about a topic.
inductive reasoning
Builds from specific cases to a general case or claim supported by them. Speaker offers evidence that points to a conclusion that appears to be true but is not necessarily true.
*presentational speaking*
Business and Professional Presentations: In many business and professional positions, delivering presentations is part of the job. Whether pitching a service to customers or informing managers of a project's progress, the skilled speaker will get noticed and, often, promoted. Rather than being formal public speeches, business and professional presentations are forms of *______________________________* — oral presentations delivered by individuals or teams addressing people in the classroom, workplace, or other group settings. Presentational speaking has much in common with formal public speaking, yet important differences exist: "Degree of formality." Presentational speaking is less formal than public speaking; on a continuum, it would lie midway between public speaking at one end and conversational speaking at the other. " Audience factors". Public-speaking audiences tend to be self-selected or voluntary participants, and they regard the speech as a onetime event. Attendees of oral presentations are more likely to be part of a "captive" audience, as in the workplace or classroom, and may be required to attend frequent presentations. Due to the ongoing relationship among the participants, attendees also share more information with one another than those who attend a public speech and thus can be considered to have a common knowledge base. "Speaker expertise". Listeners generally assume that a public speaker has more expertise or firsthand knowledge than they do on a topic. Presentational speakers, by contrast, are more properly thought of as " first among equals." Apart from these differences, the public speaking guidelines described throughout this Pocket Guide apply equally to oral presentations and public speeches.
types of informative speeches
Can be a process or people. May be about people, events, people, concepts, issues, objects, or phenomena.
*productive conflict*
Center Disagreements Around Issues: Whenever people come together to consider an important issue, conflict is inevitable. But conflict doesn't have to be destructive. In fact, the best decisions are usually those that emerge from productive conflict. In *_____________________*, group members clarify questions, challenge ideas, present counterexamples, consider worst-case scenarios, and reformulate proposals. Productive conflict centers disagreements around issues rather than personalities. Rather than wasting time arguing with one another over personal motives or perceived shortcomings, productive conflict encourages members to rigorously test and debate ideas and potential solutions.
*small groups*
Communicating in Groups: Most of us will spend a substantial portion of our educational and professional lives participating in *____________________* or teams (usually between 3 and 20 people); and many of the experiences we have as speakers — in the classroom, workforce, and in "virtual groups" online — occur in a group setting.
Asynchronous Communication
Communication in which interaction between speaker and receiver does not occur simultaneously. See also recorded presentation.
Synchronous Communication
Communication in which people exchange messages simultaneously, in real time. See also real-time presentations.
*Group presentations*
Delivering Group Presentations: *_____________________________* are oral presentations prepared and delivered by a group of 3 or more individuals. Regularly assigned in the classroom and frequently delivered in the workplace, successful group presentations require close cooperation and planning.
Dialectical Inquiry
Devil's advocacy that goes a step further by proposing a countersolution to an idea.
Anti-Group Roles
Disruptive roles such as "floor hogger" and "blocker" that detract from a group's roles and so should be avoided.
*vocal variety*
Focus on Vocal Variety: In an online presentation, the audience cannot interact with your physical presence, making your voice an even more critical conduit of communication. In place of body movement, *_____________________* — alterations in volume, pitch, speaking rate, pauses, and pronunciation and articulation — must hold audience interest. Especially important to eliminate are vocal fillers such as "umm" and " aww." In place of these, use strategic pauses to help audience members process information.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
From the bottom starts physiological needs, then safety needs, then self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
Maintenance Roles
In a small group, roles that help facilitate effective group interaction, such as the "harmonizer" and the "gatekeeper." See task roles.
Forum
In ancient Rome, a public space in which people gathered to deliberate about the issues of the day. See also agora and public forum.
How to do a special occasion speech
Know the functions of special occasion. Know types of special occasion speeches.
Causal Reasoning
Offering a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of a claim.
*panel discussion* *moderator*
Panel Discussions: In a *______________________*, a group of people (at least 3, and generally not more than 9) discusses a topic in the presence of an audience. Panel discussions do not feature formally prepared speeches. Instead, they require the presence of a skilled chairperson or *___________________* to direct the discussion, who begins by describing the purpose of the panel and introducing panel members. The moderator then launches the discussion by directing a question to one or more of the participants. At the conclusion of the panel, the moderator summarizes the discussion and directs questions from the audience. Prior to the presentation, a good moderator will circulate an agenda and list of ground rules to the participants. When preparing remarks for a panel discussion, or when preparing to serve as a moderator, consider the following: -Who is your audience, and what do they know about the topic? What ideas can be emphasized to encourage greater understanding? -What aspects of the topic will the other participants address? What are their areas of expertise? -How much time is allotted for the question-and-answer session? You will need to plan accordingly. -Which key points should be reviewed in conclusion?
*Task roles* *Social roles*
Plan on Assuming Dual Roles: In a work group, you will generally assume a task role and a social role, and sometimes both. *________________* are the hands on roles that directly relate to the group's accomplishment of its objectives. Examples include "recording secretary" (takes notes) and "moderator" (facilitates discussion). Members also adopt various social roles reflecting individual members' personality traits. *________________* function to help facilitate effective group interaction, such as the "harmonizer" (smoothes over tension by settling differences) and "gatekeeper" (keeps the discussion moving and gets everyone's input).
*podcast* *vodcast*
Podcasts & Vodcasts: A *________________* is a digital audio recording of a speech or presentation captured and stored in a form that is accessible via the Web. A *_______________* (also called vidcast and video podcasting) is a podcast containing video clips. Recording, storing, and delivering a speech via podcast requires a microphone attached to a computer; simple, cost-free digital audio recording software (e.g., Audacity); and a website to host the podcast and provide your audience with access to it. Using PowerPoint, you can use the "Record Narration" feature in the slide creation function to produce a podcast-like presentation file; the file can be used and distributed as you would any PowerPoint file, even via e-mail.
*forum* *town hall meeting*
Public Forums: A *______________* is an assembly for the discussion of issues of public interest. Public forums often are convened to help policymakers and voters alike deliberate about key policy issues. These forums can take place in a physical space, such as a town hall, on television, or online. Forums may feature a panel or a symposium, followed by an extensive question-and-answer period with the audience. One well-known forum is the *___________________________*, in which citizens deliberate on issues of importance to the community. City and state governments sponsor town hall meetings to gather citizen input about issues that affect them, using this input to formulate policy. When participating in public forums as a member of the audience, consider the following: -Organize your thoughts as much as possible in advance by jotting down your question or comment on a piece of paper. -Do not duplicate someone else's questions or comments unless it adds to the discussion. -Use no more time than necessary to make your points. -If appropriate, include a call to action at the conclusion of your comments.
*Real-time presentations*; *synchronous communication*
Real-Time Presentations: *______________________________* connect presenter and audience live, in *_________________________________________*. Interactivity is a chief advantage of this type of presentation: Speaker and audience can respond to one another in real time even though they are not in the same location. As in traditional speaking situations, audience feedback allows you to adapt topic coverage according to audience input and questions, for example, or adjust technical issues as they occur.
Webinars
Real-time presentations, including training sessions, seminars, and other presentations that connect presenters and listeners through their computers or mobile devices, regardless of where they are in the world.
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from a general condition to a specific instance. See inductive reasoning.
*recorded presentation*; *asynchronous communication*
Recorded Presentations: In a *________________________________*, transmission and reception occur at different times, in *___________________________________*. Viewers can access the presentation at their convenience, such as listening to a podcast at night. Lack of direct interaction with the audience poses challenges, however. Without immediate feedback from the audience to enliven the presentation, you must work harder to produce something polished and engaging, especially by providing compelling content, delivery style, and presentation aids.
*groupthink*
Resist Groupthink: For groups to be truly effective, its members need to form a ncohesive unit with a common goal. At the same time, they must avoid *________________________*, the tendency to minimize conflict by refusing to examine ideas critically or test solutions. Groups prone to groupthink typically exhibit these behaviors: Participants reach a consensus and avoid conflict in order not to hurt others' feelings, but without genuinely agreeing. Members who do not agree with the majority feel pressured to conform. Disagreement, tough questions, and counterproposals are discouraged. More effort is spent justifying the decision than testing it.
*Anti-group roles*
Sometimes, group members focus on individual needs irrelevant to the task at hand. *____________________* such as "floor hogger" (not allowing others to speak), "blocker" (being overly negative about group ideas; raising issues that have been settled), and "recognition seeker" (calling attention to oneself rather than to group tasks) do not further the group's goals and should be avoided.
*symposium*
Symposia and Colloquium: A *________________* is a meeting or conference at which several speakers deliver prepared remarks on different aspects of the same topic. Symposia provide audiences with in-depth and varied perspectives on a topic. Sometimes the symposium concludes with a question-and-answer period; at other times, it is followed by a panel discussion among symposium participants. Following symposia, the presentations may be published. When preparing a presentation for a symposium, consider the following: -Who is your audience? -What aspects of the topic will the other participants address? -In what order will the speakers address the audience? -What are your time constraints for your prepared remarks? -Will you engage in questions and answers with the other speakers, or just with the audience?
Pathos
The Greek rhetorician Aristotle used this term for appeals to emotion. Such appeals can get the audience's attention and stimulate a desire to act but must be used ethically.
Logos
The Greek rhetorician Aristotle used this term to refer to persuasive appeals to reason and logic.
Ethos
The Greek word for "character." According to the ancient Greek rhetorician Aristotle, audiences listen to and trust speakers if they exhibit competence (as demonstrated by the speaker's grasp of the subject matter) and good moral character.
*progress report*
The Progress Report: A progress report is similar to a staff report, with the exception that the audience can include people outside the organization as well as within it. A *__________________* updates clients or principals on developments in an ongoing project. On long-term projects, progress reports may be given at designated intervals or at the time of specific task completions. On short-term projects, reports can occur daily. Progress reports have become increasingly important to managers as a means to determine the value of employees and uncover hidden costs of doing business. AUDIENCE: The audience for a progress report might be supervisers, clients, or customers; developers and investors; company officers; media representatives; or same-level co-workers. Progress reports are commonplace in staff and committee meetings in which subcommittees report on their designated tasks. ORGANIZATION: Different audiences may want different kinds of reports, so establish expectations with your intended audience, then modify the following accordingly: 1. Briefly review progress made up to the time of the previous report. 2. Describe new developments since the previous report. 3. Describe the personnel involved and their activities. 4. Detail the time spent on tasks. 5. Explain supplies used and costs incurred. 6. Explain any problems and recommendations for their resolution. 7. Provide an estimate of tasks to be completed for the next reporting period.
*sales proposal* *motivated sequence*
The Sales Proposal: A *__________________* or *sales pitch* is a presentation that attempts to lead a potential buyer to purchase a service or a product. Successful sales pitches, which are persuasive by nature, clearly show how the product or service meets the needs of the potential buyer and demonstrate how it surpasses other options available. AUDIENCE: The target audience for a sales presentation depends on who has the authority to make the purchase under consideration. Some sales presentations are invited by the potential buyer; others are "cold sales" in which the presenter/ seller approaches a first-time potential buyer with a product or a service. In some cases the audience might be an intermediary — a firm's office manager, for example, who then makes a recommendation to the company's director. ORGANIZATION: Plan on organizing a sales presentation as you would a persuasive speech, selecting among the motivated sequence, problem-solution/problem-cause-solution, or comparative advantages patterns. The "comparative advantage pattern" works well when the buyer must choose between competing products and seeks reassurance that the product being presented is indeed superior. The "problem-solution" or "problem-cause-solution" pattern is especially effective when selling to a buyer who needs a product to solve a problem. Sometimes called the "basic sales technique", the *______________________*, with its focus on audience needs, offers an excellent means of appealing to buyer psychology. To use it to organize a sales presentation, do the following: 1. Draw the potential buyer's attention to the product. 2. Isolate and clarify the buyer's need for the product. 3. Describe how the product will satisfy the buyer's need. 4. Invite the buyer to purchase the product.
*staff report*
The Staff Report: A *__________________* informs managers and other employees of new developments that affect them and their work, or reports on the completion of a project or task. AUDIENCE: The audience for a staff report is usually a group, but it can be an individual. The recipients of a staff report then use the information to implement new policy, to coordinate other plans, or to make other reports to other groups. ORGANIZATION: Formal staff reports are typically organized as follows: 1. State the problem or question under consideration (sometimes called a "charge" to a committee or a subcommittee). 2. Provide a description of procedures and facts used to address the issue. 3. Discuss and analyze the facts that are most pertinent to the issue. 4. Provide a concluding statement. 5. Offer recommendations.
Warrant
The link between a claim and evidence. See also reasoning.
Groupthink
The tendency of a group to accept information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis.
Task Roles
Types of roles that directly relate to the accomplishment of the objectives and missions of a group. Examples include "recording secretary" and "moderator."
3 ways to reduce confusion
Use analogies to build on prior knowledge. Counter faulty assumptions. Appeal to different learning styles.
*case study*
Use the Case Study to Demonstrate Critical Thinking: An exciting and effective learning tool, a *________________* documents a real (or realistic) situation, relating to business, law, medicine, science, or other discipline, which poses difficult dilemmas or problems requiring solutions. Students read a detailed account and then apply what they have studied to analyze and resolve the problems. Instructors typically ask students to report orally on the case study, either alone or in teams. Students are expected to consider the case carefully and then report on the following items: 1. Description/overview of the major issues involved in the case 2. Statement of the major problems and issues involved 3. Identification of any relevant alternatives to the case 4. Presentation of the best solutions to the case, with a brief explanation of the logic behind them 5. Recommendations for implementing the solutions, along with acknowledgment of any impediments
*video capture software* *screencast*
Video: Many people get their message out by presenting it visually via video: from individuals using a smartphone camera or Webcam, to professional companies sending out messages using high definition digital video cameras. With *____________________________*, such as Camtasia or Adobe Audition, you can seamlessly incorporate video clips into an online presentation. You can also use video capture software or dedicated screen casting software to create screencasts. A *_________________* captures whatever is displayed on your computer screen, from text to slides to streaming video. Screencasts can be streamed in real time, recorded for playback, or exported to a hosting website. The screencast format is especially useful for training purposes. For example, a presentation relying on screen captures can be used to demonstrate how to create a screencast using QuickTime Player on the Mac.
*Webinars*
Webinars: *________________* are real-time seminars, meetings, training sessions, or other presentations that connect presenters and audiences from their computers or mobile devices. Webinars typically include video capture and screencasting, as well as interactive functions such as chat and polling. As in any speech or presentation, planning a Webinar starts with considering the audience's needs and wants. Many Webinars are "team presentations." 1. Start with a title that indicates what the Webinar will do for the audience (e.g., "How the Affordable Care Act Will Affect You"). 2. Time each aspect of the Webinar and distribute the following information to each presenter: -Introduction of speaker(s) and purpose -Length and order of each speaker's remarks -Length of question-and-answer session, if separate 3. Rehearse the Webinar (remotely if necessary). 4. Check meeting room for noise and visual distractions; check equipment. 5. Create a backup plan in case of technical problems.
call to action
a challenge to audience members to act in response to a speech; placed at the conclusion of a persuasive speech.
symposium
a formal meeting at which various speakers deliver short speeches on different aspects of the same topic
panel discussions
a group of people (3-9) discusses a topic in the presence of an audience
townhall meeting
a meeting where citizens deliberate on issues of importance to the community
moderator
a person who directs discussion (by describing the purpose of the panel and introducing members, directs questions at members, summarizes the discussion and directs questions from the audience)
canned speech
a speech that the speaker uses again and again in different settings
dual roles
a task role and a maintenance role
groupthink
a tendency to accept information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis
speculative claim
address issues for which two or more competing answers exist, or those for which an answer does or does not exist
issues-based conflict
allows members to test and debate ideas and potential solutions
forum
an assembly for the discussion of issues of public interest usually for policy makers
working in teams
analyze the audience and set goals assign roles and tasks establish transitions btwn speakers consider presenter's strengths coordinate presentation aids rehearse several times
sales presentation (sales pitch)
attempts to lead a potential buyer to purchase a service or a product
Don't overwhelm_______
audience
4 types of leadership styles
autocratic: leaders make decisions and announce them consultative: leaders make decisions after discussing with the group Delegative: leaders ask the group to make the decision participative: leaders make decisions with the group
case study
detailed analysis of a real business situation
communicating in groups
focus on goals plan on assuming dual roles center disagreements around issues resist groupthink adopt an effective leadership style
emotion
gets attention and stimulates a desire to act
small groups
groups between 3-20 people
task roles
hands-on roles that directly relate to the group's accomplishment of its objectives ex: recording secretary, moderator
maintenance
help facilitate effective group interaction ex: "the harmonizer" *(smoothes out tension)*, "the gatekeeper" *(keeps the discussion moving and gets everyone's input)*, "master" *(screens members comments)*, "the elder" *(long stand respected group member)*
etymology
illustrates root meaning
informative speaking
increase audience's knowledge and deepen understanding of a certain phenomena
persuasive speech
influences attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors by appealing to some combination of their needs,desires, interests, and even fears.
Types of speeches
informative, persuasive, and special occasion
staff report
informs managers and other employees of new developments that affect them and their work, or reports on the completion of a project
speech of presentation
is twofold: to communicate meaning of the award and explain why the recipient is receiving it
person-based conflict
members argue with one another rather than resolving the issue
two-sided message
mentions opposing point of view and sometimes refutes them
anti-group roles
not allowing members to speak being overly negative calling attention to oneself rather than the group's task
team presentations
oral presentations prepared and delivered by a group of 3+ individuals; require close cooperation and planning
comparative advantage pattern
pattern of organizing points so that the speaker's viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals
refutation pattern
pattern of organizing speech points in which each point addresses and then refutes an opposing claim to a speaker's position
reason
provides justification for action
crisis-response presentations "crisis communication"
reassure an organization's various audiences and restore its credibility in the face of an array of threats (layoffs, chemical spills, or bankruptcy)
presentational speaking
reports delivered by individuals or teams addressing people in the workplace differs from public speaking by: less formal more likely captive audience speaker expertise
agenda
schedule to help participants stay on track by identifying items to be accomplished during a meeting; often it will specify time limits for each item
progress reports
similar to staff report, but includes people outside and inside the organization *updates clients on developments in an ongoing project*
what is a troll
someone who intentionally inserts irrelevant and inflammatory comments into online discussions in order to stir up controversy
argument
stated position with evidence and reasoning in support of it
proposal
strictly informative- bringing up for a course of action, but semi-persuasive by nature
central processing
thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speaker's arguments
Persuade
to advocate, to ask others to accept your views.
inform
to communicate knowledge
known forum
town-hall meeting
3 ways to use convincing evidence
Offer secondary sources. Consider speaker expertise as evidence. Offer evidence that appeals to audience needs and motivations.
5 ways to use definition
Operation: defining what something does. Negation: defining what something is not. Example: defining something by providing several concrete examples. Synonym: defining something by comparison. Etymology or Origin: defining something by illustrating its root meaning.
6 arrangements
People: t, n, or c. Objects: s or t. Events: c.e, n, or c. Processes: c or n. Concepts: t or c.e. Issues: c, c.e., or t.
How to do a speech of acceptance
Prepare in advance. Express what award means to you. Express gratitude to all who helped you get the award and to those who gave you the award.
5 ways to increase audience's understanding
Prepare organized intro., clearly review thesis and main points, and use conclusion that summarizes them. Use transition words and phrases, and use internal previews and internal summaries. Use rhetoric devices. Choose organizational pattern. Use presentation aids.
How to do a roast or toast
Prepare. Highlight remarkable traits of the person being honored. Be positive and be brief.
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from specific instances to a general condition. See deductive reasoning.
How to do an after-dinner speech
Recognize the occasion. Balance seriousness with light-heartedness. Avoid stand-up comedy.
problem-solution pattern
define the problem/need, and then provide a solution
problem-cause-solution pattern
define the problem/need, reason for the problem, and then provide a proposed solution
Claim
The declaration of a state of affairs in which a speaker attempts to prove something by providing evidence and reasoning.
problem-cause-solution-feasibility pattern
define the problem/need, reason for the problem, solution to the problem, then evidence of solution's feasibility
speech of inspiration
deliberately seeks to uplift members of the audience and to help them see them things in a positive light
2 ways to gain and sustain involvement
Use audience analysis, meaning gauge on what listeners already know. Present new and interesting information.
4 ways to organize
Use problem-solution pattern. Use Monroe's motivated sequence. Use comparative advantage pattern. Use refutation pattern.
two types of substantive warrants
Warrant by cause: speaker justifies the link between claim and evidence by providing a cause-effect relationship as proof of the claim. Warrant by analogy: speaker justifies the link between claim and evidence by comparing two similar cases and implying that what is true for one case is true for the other.
eulogy
derives from greek word meaning "to praise" and celebrates or commemorates the life (not death) of someone while consoling those who have been left behind
motivated sequence pattern
developed by Alan Monroe and is a 5 step sequence starting with attention and ends with action
peripheral processing
does not consider the quality of the speaker's message, but is influenced by non-conent issues such as appearance, reputation, slogans or one-liners, or obvious attempt to manipulate emotions
one-sided message
does not mention opposing claims
after-dinner speech
occurs before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it follows a formal dinner
multimedia learners
people who combine two or more learning styles
Monroe's 5 step sequence
1. Attention. 2. Need. 3. Satisfaction. 4. Visualization. 5. Action.
3 types of warrants (reasoning)
1. Motivational: offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions- pathos. Agreeing to something just because it makes you feel guilty. 2. Authoritative: appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of the evidence- ethos. Agreeing to something just because Einstein said it. 3. Substantive: the speaker's factual evidence as justification for the argument- logos. Agreeing to something just because it sounds logical without any data to support it.
Hierarchy Of Needs
A classic model of human action developed by Abraham Maslow built on the principle that people are motivated to act on the basis of their needs.
Central Processing
A mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speaker's arguments.
Argument
A stated position, with support, for or against an idea or issue; contains the core elements of claims, evidence, and warrants.
Claim Of Facts
An argument that focuses on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen.
Claim Of Policy
An argument that recommends that a specific course of actions be taken, or approved, by an audience.
How to do a eulogy or other tribute
Balance delivery and emotions. Refer to the family of the deceased. Be positive and realistic.
2 forms of inductive reasoning
Causal reasoning: speaker offers a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim, arguing that one event, circumstance or idea- the cause- is the reason- effect- for another. Reasoning by analogy: speaker compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in one case is true in another.
3 ways to identify the nature of your claim
Claims of fact: focuses on whether something is false or true, or whether something will or will not happen. Claims of value: address issues of judgement. Is it right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Claims of policy: recommended that a specific course of action be taken or approved.
Reasoning By Analogy
Comparing two similar cases to imply that what is true in one case is true in the other.
How to do a presentation speech
Convey the meaning of the award. Explain why the recipient is receiving this award.
2 types of reasoning
Deductive reasoning: general to specific. Inductive reasoning: specific to general.
4 ways to communicate your information
Definition. Description. Demonstration. Explanation.
How to do a speech introduction
Describe the speaker's background and qualifications. Briefly preview speaker's topic. Ask audience to welcome the speaker. Be brief.
Reasoning
Establishing a logical explanation of a claim by linking it to evidence. See also warrant.
How to to do informative speaking
Gain and sustain involvement. Look for ways to increase understanding. Subject matter of informative speeches. Decide how to communicate your information. Take steps to reduce confusion. Arrange points in a pattern.
How to construct the persuasive speech
Identify the nature of your claims. Use convincing evidence. Select warrants. Use effective lines of reasoning. Include a call to action. Adress other side of argument. Avoid fallacies in reasoning. Strengthen case with organization.
One-Sided Message
In persuasive speaking, a message that does not mention opposing claims. See two-sided message.
Two-Sided Message
In persuasive speaking, a message that mentions opposing points of view and refutes them. See one-sided message.
What is Aristotle's Three Persuasive Appeals
Logos: appeals to reason and logic. Pathos: appealing to emotion. Ethos: speaker's credibility or moral character.
5 ways to use human psychology
Set modest goals. Establish credibility and build bond with audience. Make message personally relevant. Demonstrate how change will benefit the audience. Target issues audience feel strongly about.
Persuasive Speaking
Speech whose goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values or acts of others.
types of special occasion speeches
Speeches of introduction. Speeches of acceptance. Speeches of presentation. Roasts and toasts. Eulogies and other tributes. After-dinner speeches. Speeches of inspiration.
Evidence
Supporting material that provides grounds for belief.
Speaker Credibility
The quality that reveals that a speaker has a good grasp of the subject, displays, sound reasoning skills, is honest and non manipulative, and is genuinely interested in the welfare of audience members; a modern version of ethos.
syllogism
a set of propositions to be proved, that leads to a conclusion; three-part argument that consists of general case, a specific case, and a conclusion. Conclusions can be invalid or valid and true or false. They can be valid and not necessarily true if and only if the conclusion follows the premises.
Enlighten rather than________
advocate
speaker credibility
audience members' perceptions of your honesty. trustworthiness, personal and moral standards, expertise, commonality, and high regard for occasion
deductive reasoning
begins with a general case- major premise- supported by one or more specific examples of the case- minor premise- which leads to the conclusion.
Toast
brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated
feasibility
capable of being done, effected, or accomplished
analogy
concept relating to something already known
Roast
humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him or her
logical fallacy
is either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning
hasty generalization
logical fallacy that n isolated case is true fro all individuals or conditions concerned
speech of acceptance
made in response to receiving an award to express gratitude for the honor bestowed upon speaker
learning styles
preferred ways of processing information such as, visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetics
special occasion speech
prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion and is meant to function as entertainment at dinners, celebration at events, commemoratation to honor someone, inspiration, and set social agendas at organizations or campaigns
reasoning
process of drawing conclusions from evidence
speech introduction
short speech with two goals: to prepare to warm up the audience for the speaker and motivate audience members to listen to what the speaker has to say.
