Combo
Ethnotheory
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture.
Plastic
Every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span. Change is ongoing, although it is neither random nor easy.
Who are the two theorist of psychosocial development?
Freud and Erikson
Early Childhood Theories: Psychoanalytic
Freud--Phallic stage
Genital Period
Freud. Puberty through adulthood. Re-emergence of sexual urges. However, now these urges can be channeled into adult sexuality.
One of the most important rites of passage in most cultures to mark adulthood is ________.
Getting married
chronic
What are the disorders characterized by a slow onset and long duration?
encoding, storage, and retrieval
What are the three processes required for memory?
fine motor
What skills involve keenly tuned movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?
Marital satisfaction tends to be lowest ________.
When a couple has adolescent children
working memory
a set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information (1-10 items for up to 1 minute)
anorexia nervosa
a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary.
compression of morbidity
a shortening of the time a person is seriously ill before death.
universal grammar
a similar underlying structure shared by all the words languages according to linguist noam chomsky
Chomsky
according to him people are born with an innate capacity to use language which emerges thru maturation
Tertiary prevention
actions such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability
Antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
cued recall
active retrieval with cue (hint)
When does the germinal period end?
after day 14
Reactive aggression
an impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
Episiotomy
an incision to enlarge the vaginal opening
What is Vygotsky's take on social learning in early childhood?
every aspect of children's cognitive development is embedded in the social context
Child directed speech
high pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants
instrumental activities of daily life
higher actions. not just physically but mentally thinking of things to be done. (ex: pay bills, check mail, etc.)
Normative history graded influences
historic events such as wars, depressions, and epidemics
self esteem
A part of the self concept involved in making judgements about one's own worth and the feelings associated with these judgements.
Friendships
Most children choose close friendships over popularity; friendship leads to psychosocial growth and provides a buffer against psychopathology.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
infant avoids connection with caregiver, does not care about caregiver's presence, departure, or return
Emotions for survival
infant emotions are part of the evolutionary mandate
Disorganized attachment
infant is inconsistent in reaction to caregiver's departure and return
Secure attachment
infant obtains both comfort and confidence form presence of caregiver
Evolution
the process by which species gradually change over time
overextension
words used too broadly
underextension
words used too restrictivley
Egocentrism
young children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective
Enuresis
repeated urination in clothing or in bed
Which of these industries suffered the most in the 1980s?
Farming
accommodation
Tim understands that vehicles may be cars, buses, trucks, or vans. This is an example of:
Sensitive period
Time wen a particular development occurs most easily
Synapses
intersection between axon and one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons
Transformation
the process in which one state is changed into another
socialization
the process of developing the habits, skills, values, and motives shared by members of society.
selective attention
the process of intentionally focusing on information that is most relevant to the current goal
What is vicarious learning?
the process of learning by observing the consequences of another's actions and adjusting behavior accordingly.
reversibility
the process of mentally undoing or reversing an action
episodic memory
"I remember my first vacation to Manhattan, New York, in 1949, and staying at the Casablanca Hotel," says Mabel, who is 77 years old. This is an example of:
Personal Fable
"No one has ever felt like this before" "I drive better when I'm drunk"
habituation
"learning to be bored" the process of becoming accustomed to something as a result of repeated exposure. substituting a stimulus after an infant becomes habituated demonstrates that infants have the ability to discriminate between objects
Metacognition
"thinking about thinking"; ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish t, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
Social referencing
'Reading' emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
cost and odds of success of assisted reproductive technology
-1% of US pregnancies -11% of pregnancies involve multiple births. -spending 12 -19 grand for one cycle treatment -under 35yrs 42% -40yrs 25% -over 41 15% -10% have difficulty, 4% seek treatment.
Bayley Scale
-For children ages 1-42 months. - measures include: motor scale, mental scale, and behavioral scale. -developmental milestones
Collectivist Culture
-cooperation and group achievement -group is more important than the individual
how has death changed over the past 100 years:
-death occurs later -dying takes longer -death often occurs in hospitals -main causes of death have changed
beginning stages of Alzheimer's
-forgetfulness -personality changes -memory loss eventual becomes dangerous
final stages of Alzheimer's
-full time care is needed -communication ceases -identity and personality are lost -death comes 10 to 15 years after first signs appear
What ways can AIDS be contracted by the baby?
-if the virus crosses the placental barrier -through exchange of blood between the mother and child as the umbilical chord separates from the placenta -through breastfeeding
crystallized intelligence
-increases with age -knowledge from experiences -general info, vocabulary, etc.
Primary Childcare Arrangements Used by Employed Mothers
51% by non-relatives(21% nonrelatives and 30% organized facilities)
Apgar Scale
0-10, measured at 1 and 5 minutes
Internal processing in Imitation(observational learning) At age ____ yr, imitation is in the _______ and _____. They must imitate _______ as they _______ _______ the action ________ for ____________. But even as old as ________ months, they can imitate an action using part of their body that they cannot see(a signal that the child can ______ represent the action internally). This is called ________ _________. By 18-24 months, __________ imitation(copying a behavior to do in the future) is evident, this is a signal that the child has a _____________ internal representation of the action.
1 here and now immediately cannot store internally for long 9 momentarily invisible imitation deferred(primary process by which they learn language) stable
Identity
Coherent conception of the self. Constructed goals, values and beliefs that the person is committed to.
Leading Cause of Death in Young Adulthood
1. Accidents 2. Homicide 3. Suicide Health is generally good; less than 6% fair to poor health. HIV is the 5th leading cause of death for young adult males in Texas.
Marcia's Four Identity Statuses
1. Achievement 2. Foreclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Diffusion
Schaie Life Span Cognitive Model
1. Acquisition Stage 2. Achieving Stage 3.Responsible Stage 4. Executive Stage 5. Re-organizational Stage 6. Re-integrative Stage 7. Legacy Stage
Parenting outcomes
1. Authoritative- tend to have children who are self-reliant, self-controlled, self-assertive, exploritory, confident, content 2. authoritarian- children are obedient with authority, follow rules well, discontent, withdrawn, distrustful, don't like clear rules 3. permissive- poorly self-controlled, least self-exploratory, don't feel safe, can be withdrawn 4. neglectful- behavioral disorders, feral children, significant problems later in life
Identity's Core Areas
1. Choice of Occupation. 2. Having a set of beliefs and values. 3. Developing a sexual identity.
Costa and McCrae's Five Factor Model "Big Five"
1. Neuroticism 2. Extraversion 3. Openness to Experience 4. Conscientiousness 5. Agreeableness
Development of Personality
1. Erikson's next psychosocial crisis 2. ongoing development of the self 3. establishment of gender identity
7 Basic Steps for Applied Behavior Analysis
1. IDentify target behaviors 2. Write operationalized behavioral objectives 3. Establish a baseline 4. Choose reinforcers (or punishers) 5. Measure changes in behavior 6. Evaluate Progress 7. Reduce frequency of reinforcement
Orlofsky Intimacy Statuses
1. Intimate 2. Pre-intimate 3. Pseudo-intimate 4. Merger 5. Stereotyped 6. Isolate
3 Domains of Developmental Psychology
1. Physical development- growth of body organs, functioning of psychological systems, physical signs of aging, change in motor skills 2. Cognitive Development- Changes in learning, memory, perception, problem solving 3. Psychosocial Development- Changes in personality traits, interpersonal skills, motives, emotions, relationships, and roles played in the family and the larger society.
Jane Loevinger
A developmental psychologist who proposed 10 stages of ego development, which stressed the internalization of social norms and the maturing conscience in personality development.
Styles of attachment
1. Secure Attachment - Parents sensitive and responsive to the infant's needs and emotional signals. 2. Resistant/Anxious Attachment - Parents are inconsistent available in care giving; they react enthusiastically, intrusively or indifferent (May try to connect in ways that inconsistent with the child's emotions or needs) 3. Avoidant Attachment - Parents are emotionally unavailable and insensitive to the child's state of mind. 4. Disorganized Attachment - 80% are abused, neglected, or maltreated. 5. Earned Attachment - Can be earned by therapy or being around other secure attached people.
Sinnot Criteria of Post-Formal Thinking
1. Shifting Gears 2. Problem Definition 3. Process-product Shift 4. Pragmatism 5. Multiple Solutions 6. Awareness of Paradox 7. Self-referential thought
Punnett square
A diagram used to see all possible combinations of genotypes two parents can pass on to their offspring
Dendrite
A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
What does Apgar stand for
1. appearance- color blue/pale=0 pink/blue= 1 all pink= 2 (rare for baby to get a perfect 2(palms and toes usually are blue) 2. pulse/heart rate absent=0 slow= 1 rapid= 2 3. grimace/reflex none=0 weak=1 strong(crying, sneezing, etc)=2 4. activity/muscle tone limp=0 weak= 1 strong= 2 5. respiration/breathing absent=0 irregular= 1 good=2 7-10 good 5-7 needs assistance less than 4 needs life-saving help
Influences of Language Development
1. brain maturation(takes 2 years) 2. social interaction(speaking directly) 3. family characteristics(bilingual) 4. child-directed speech
percent of oldest-old in the U.S.?
10%
Formal operational stage
12 years onward Understands world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning
what is the maximum lifespan age for humans?
122 years
language milestones
1st word=12 months vocab spurts=18 months 1st sentence 24 months
conventional morality
2nd level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which standards of authority figures are internalized, concerned about being good, pleasing others, maintaining social order typically reached after age 10 many people never move beyond it
Stenberg's Theory of Intelligence
3 aspects of intelligence: componential, experiential, contextual
When does binocular vision develop?
3 months
What are models and how can they be used to promote students' learning? (not people)
A Model is a human-made, concrete representation of a complex system that can be used to guide the understanding of the real system that is being modeled. Models are particularly useful when representing phenomena that are invisible to our eyes or hard to visualize.
Head Sparing
A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
Gary, an engineer, feels he will never rise above his current position. He is experiencing ________.
A career plateau
Early Childhood Fast Mapping
A categorical grid/mental map for speedy vocabulary acquisition.
Blastocyst
A cell mass that develops from the zygote in the first few days after conception.
Cognitive Theory
A grand theory that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Focus on internal mental states. Piaget's stages.
Cohort
A group of people who were both at about the same time and thus move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts at about the same age.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors.
Theory of Mind
A person's theory of what others might be thinking.
Behavioral Theory
A perspective that psychology should be concerned with the study of human behavior rather than with the study of the human mind.
Antecedent
A preceding event
potency
A reinforcer's ability to strengthen a behavior is called
Deferred Imitation
A sequence in which an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even a few days later.
metabolism
A series of processes by which food is converted into the energy and products needed to sustain life
Holophrase
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
Threshold Effect
A situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level.
Aggression tends to be __________.
A stable characteristic
Denver Developmental Screening Test
A standardized method of evaluating development in infants and children
Automaticity
A state of rapid performance that requires little cognitive effort.
Moratorium
A time-out or more mature response to identity achievement, examples: military, missionary work, or college, this is a period of pause to explore alternatives.
Sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
Social Learning Theory
An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior
Fixation
An inability to resolve an important conflict, either due to an overgratification or undergratification of a need in any stage.
development
An increase in functionality of the child's physical, mental, and emotional abilities
gene-linked
Conditions, such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia, are produced by ___abnormalities.
Phoneme
An individual sound that is a basic structural element of language. In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
According to Piaget, school age children are most likely in the __________ period of cognitive development.
Concrete operational
Arthur Jensen
Applied the theory that intelligence is genetic to adopted children, expecting them to have IQ scores closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. He believed that 80% of intelligence is inherited and only 20% is environmental.
Information processing approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.
Proximity Seeking
Approaching and following caregivers.
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian psychiatrist who is considered to be the father of psychoanalysis. He stated that personality develops through the interaction of innate drives and also maintained that environment and past experiences play a key role in an individual's current behaviors. Theorized that psyche was comprised of the id (operates on the pleasure principle), ego (operates on the reality principle), and superego (operates on the morality principle).
Wernike's area
An area in the Temporal lobe that is crucial to our ability to interpret both written and spoken language.
The psychological effects of teen romances ________.
Are both negative and positive
Broca's area
An area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
When a five month old infant is scared, she will often move closer to a parent. This is an example of __________.
An emotion regulation strategy
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
Kisha, a teenager, is very self-absorbed. Which term best describes her attitude?
Adolescent egocentrism
Role of peers in Adolescent development
Adolescent peer relating becomes significantly more intimate.. intimacy is based upon self-disclosure Adolescents peer interactions become more supportive, self-revealing, and confidential. This shifts from same-sex peer relating in early adolescence to other-sex relating in adolescence.
SIDS
Although some child experts argue that shared sleeping benefits babies, others recommend against it. Two recent studies link bed sharing with which of the following?
increased by 30 years.
Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth-century life expectancy in the United States has ___.
dementia
Alzheimer disease is a type of:
dynamic systems
According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the ___ theory.
Many women take leave from work to care for dependents. Which group will experience the greatest negative effects in terms of their career?
American women for short leaves and Swedish women for long leaves
Accommodation
Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit the environment.
the early formation of healthy lifestyle patterns can prevent or delay disease and disability in adulthood.
Adolescence is a critical juncture in health because:
Genital stage
Adolescence. Puberty causes a reemergence of sexual impulses. Individuals show interest in sex and emergence of the capability of real love. Potential reemergence of the Oedipus and Electra complexes, but successful development leads to sublimation of parental love and identification with nonparent primary love objects, sexual maturation, marriage, and child rearing.
Problem Definition
Ability to define a problem as being in a class or category of logical problems.
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
Ability to develop, consider and test hypotheses according to Piaget. Basically, the ability to systematically test problems like a scientific inquiry.
Steps of Death: Step 5
Acceptance
an internal search for equalibrium
According to Piaget, what is a childs motivation for change?
ask the student how you can help.
According to Vygotsky, how should a teacher help a student with new learning?
Invincibility Fable
Adolescent's view of "this won't happen to me".
Latency stage
Ages 6 to 11 years. Sexual desires become dormant as the individual focuses on the mastery of social skills, personal awareness, and ego refinement. Children learn how to relieve anxiety through use of defense mechanisms.
Maltreatment
All intentional harm to anyone under 18.
failure to thrive
An infant who is consistently below the predicted height and weight of the growth chart
Stranger Wariness
An infant's expression of concern--a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness--when a stranger appears.
Separation Anxiety
An infants distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
Theory 5: First 2 Years: Sociocultural Theory
Argue that the influence is substantial that the entire social and cultural context has a major impact on infant-caregiver relationships.
When does the theory of mind emerge in children?
Around age 4
Brain Development
As information of synapes, myelination, cell death, and synaptic pruning occur, preschoolers improve in a wide variety of skills -- physical coordination, preception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination.
Assimilation vs, Accommodation
Assimilation: Information that fits into previous knowledge. Accommodation: takes new information and changes previous knowledge to fit new stuff in.
A theory stating that people find partners based on their similarity to each other is defined as ________.
Assortative mating
Baumrind: Parenting Styles
Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, & neglectful/uninvolved.
Which types of parents show moderate control and high warmth?
Authoritative
Cassandra's 2 year old seems to be strong willed about doing things her own way. Cassandra says she in int he terrible twos. You realize, however, that her daughter is trying to show __________.
Autonomy
Secondary Prevention
Averting harm in high-risk situations.
Piaget's Period of Development: Middle Childhood
Concrete operational thought: collection of concepts that enable children to reason; grounded on concrete, real world things.
Presocial stage
Babies self-differentiate from an outer world.
Types of Reflexes
Babinski reflex, stepping reflex, swimming reflex, Palmer grasping reflex, moro reflex.
The face
Baby Jacci is shown four drawings- a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a black and white bull's eye. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at?
Children's descriptions of people go from _________.
Concrete to conceptual
Development is characterized by both growth and decline.
Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?
Steps of Death: Step 3
Bargaining
Embryonic Period
Basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop.
What happens during the embryonic period?
Basic forms of all body structures,including internal organs develop
Personal Fable
Belief that thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique or are more wonderful or awful than others.
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth to 1 or 2 years. The caretaker's responsibility is to create a trusting environment for, and positive relationship with, the infant. Parents are central characters in the infant's life and help nurture trust, predictability, optimism, and comfort. Mistrust occurs when infants are not comforted, encounter unpredictability, or are handled in an uncaring manner.
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth-2 years Understands world through senses and actions
concrete operational
Brenda sorts buttons by shape, size, type, and color. Classification is characteristic of which Piagetian stage?
private speach
Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework. This is an example of:
Adaptation
Building schemes through direct interactions with the environment.
Which eating disorder is characterized primarily by bingeing and purging?
Bulimia nervosa
According to Piaget how does the mind build and modify psychological structures?
By assimilation and accommodation.
How does the body change in early childhood?
Child becomes slimmer and lower body lengthens; center of gravity changes from breastbone to belly button
Primary Prevention
Conditions that reduce the chance.
depression in adolescence
CDC data(as reported by Mike Stobbe AP 10/20/2011) roughly 1 in 25 adolescents(ages 12-17) in the US is taking antidepressants based on screenings of 12,000 teens between 2005 and 2008, there we no SES differences in the rate of use
Fast food diets can lead to a deficiency in __________.
Calcium
Konrad Lorenz
Carried out a famous set of experiments on imprinting, the process by which a duck or gosling attaches to the first moving object it encounters shortly after hatching. This imprinting is irreversible and is an example of his concept known as critical period or sensitive period.
Reading Programs
Challenges kids to read as many books as they can and share them in some way.
Diffusion Status
Characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives.
Irreversibility
Child's thinking that nothing can be undone; a thing cannot be restored to the way t was before a change occurred
Acquisition Stage
Childhood through Adolescence. Acquire basic skills. Learn just for the sake of learning.
What happens as the prefrontal cortex matures?
Children are able to focus their attention and curb impulsiveness
Judy is two months old. Her mother usually feeds her while wearing a yellow smock. One day, her mother notices that Judy coos and becomes alert when she is wearing yellow. Judy's behavior most likely reflects __________.
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
What is the main difference(s) between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical requires reflex; operant involves consequences.
Early Childhood Gross Motor Skills
Climb, swing, throw/kick/catch ball due to brain maturation, motivation, and guided practice.
Ambivalent attachment
Clinging behaviors in which the child refuses to explore the environment and protests separation quite vehemently.
metacognition
Cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing is called:
Zone of Proximal development
Cognition increases through exposure to information that is new enough to be intriguing, but not too difficult; Greater improvement with help = greater increases in zone of proximal development
Empty Love (Pattern of Love)
Commitment is the only component present. Often found in long-term relationships that lost intimacy and passion.
Merger Status
Committed to a relationship high in the above but which has an unequal autonomy (e.g. one partner has more power in the relationship).
Intimate Status
Committed to an enduring relationship high in sharing, caring and investment.
Pseudo-Intimate Status
Committed to an enduring relationship which is lacking intimate or/and pre-intimate criteria.
Dementia
Confusion in thoughts
Theory 1: First 2 Years: Psychoanalytic Theory
Connects biosocial and psychosocial and emphasized the need for responsive maternal care.
Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and left brain.
Integrated
Consolidated identity.
Personal Fable
Conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the same rules as everyone else. May include and Invincibility Fable.
Individual Culture
Cooperation and personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement. Individual freedom.
Broca's Area and Aphasia
Damage to Broca's area, near the motor cortex, is associated with difficulties in language production.
Wernickes's Area and Aphasia
Damage to Wernicke's area, which is near the auditory cortex, is associated with difficulties in language comprehension
Evolution theory
Darwin
Electra Complex
Daughter falls in love with dad and wants to replace mom.
Most care giving for aging parents is provided by ________.
Daughters and daughters-in-law
sensation; perception
David hears a loud signal. The sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create the ___ of sound. David interpreting the sound waves as the school bell is ___.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a chemical substance that determines human characteristics at conception
Steps of Death: Step 4
Depression
What are some consequences of low-self-esteem?
Depression, Eating disorder, Lack of self-confidence, Poor performance, Poor social life
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
Developed the five stages of grief. Shock and denial, anger, bargaining and guilt, hopelessness, and acceptance.
Secondary circular reactions
Developing between 4&8 months of age where infant becomes more object-oriented & moves beyond preoccupation with the self.
Ageism
Discrimination towards the elderly
Little Omar thought he knew all about dogs, but recently, Omar saw a chihuahua and realized he needed to find out more about dogs. Omar is in a state of __________.
Disequilibrium
Creativity involves __________ thinking, whereas intelligence often involves __________ thinking.
Divergent; Convergent
Richard and Janell both divorced their first spouses and think they will have a better marriage this time around. According to statistics, Richard and Jane are likely to ________
Divorce, as second marriages have a higher risk for divorce than first marriages
Malnutrition
Do not consume sufficient food of any kind—illness, severe weight loss, and death.
Passive Euthanasia
Don't give people anything to prolong life
critical thinking
Dr. Cook encourages her students to wonder, probe, analyze, question and reflect rather than learn facts by rote memorization. She values:
Extrinsic motivation
Drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have achievements rewarded
When does divorce affect children most negatively?
During the elementary school years
middle adulthood
During which part of the life span is expertise most likely to appear?
first
During which stage of childbirth does the cervix dilate?
Ecological systems of multicontexual development
Each person is affected by social context and interpersonal interactions
Essential features of the Psychosocial Stages
Each psycho-social stage is defined by a specific life challenge that emanates from our relationships with others. This challenge elicits a bipolar emotional crisis that we must resolve. - getting a drivers license, getting married, retiring, potty training, leaving home
What are token economies?
Economies that use tokens, something that lacks inherent value but can be used in exchange of things that have inherent value.
Studies have shown that the two most important social influences on health are ________.
Education level and socioeconomic status
The ability to respond adaptability and resourcefully to new situations is referred to in the text as __________.
Ego resilience
Gross Motor Skills
Emerge from reflexes At 5 months: use arms and then legs—able to inch themselves forward At 8-10 months: lift midsection; begin to crawl
Greg is a CEO, has superior negotiating skills, and enjoys the power that his job brings him. What personality type best fits Greg?
Enterprising
Erik Erikson
Epigentic theory
Gender Difference
Erickson asserted that women needed to resolve the intimacy crisis before they could resolve the identity crisis. They develop identity through intimacy. Men need to resolve identity before intimacy. There is an argument that Both genders need to deal with interpersonal issues before they can resolve identity crisis.
Identity Vs Identity Confusion (Diffusion)
Erickson. Crisis/task in adolescence is to develop a coherent sense of self. Virtues is that of fidelity. Includes the role that the person in to play in society.
Being a mentor is one way to achieve ________.
Erikson's stage of generativity
Reaction formation
Expressing the opposite motive than was originally intended in order to help prevent wanted attitudes or feelings from being expressed.
At the post conventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on ________.
External Forces
At the preconventional level, moral reasoning is based on __________.
External forces
Characteristics of Asperger's Syndrome
Extreme attention to details and deficit to social understanding High-functioning: intelligent in an area, but speech impaired
Child Neglect
Failure to meet child's physical/emotional needs.
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
False Labor. Walking around will stop the false contractions.
Integrity
Feels like you've done something with your life
Early Childhood Balanced Bilingual
Fluent in two languages, speaking both so well that no audible hint suggests the other language.
People who more quickly solve a maze problem are higher in ________, whereas people with a vast knowledge of history are higher in ________ .
Fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
Centration
Focus of one aspect and exclude all others.
Trait Models of Personality Development
Focus on mental, emotional, temperament, and behavioral traits (attributions).
Physiological needs
Food, water, rest
Piaget's Cognitive Development is in Adolescence
Formal operational
Who created psychoanalytic theory?
Freud
From which type of work do people seem to derive meaning?
From just about all work
Gender
Gender identity is sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
Androgyny
Gender neutral concepts (e.g., everyone drives cars, cleans living areas, establishes a career).
Divergent Thinking
Generating many ideas of possibilities without evaluating them immediately
According to Erikson, an increasing concern with helping young people achieve their goals is termed ________.
Generativity
Epigenetic Theory
Genes interact with the environment to allow development
Father of Cognitive Movement and when it took place
George Miller in 1956
sudden infant death syndrome
Gina is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Compared to the baby of a nonsmoker, her baby is MORE likely to suffer from which of the following?
Menarche
Girl's first menstruation, occurs at approximately age 12 to 13, but has been declining an average of about 4 months per decade for past century.
cutting with scissors.
Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills include activities such as:
Boys tend to have an advantage in __________.
Gross motor skills involving stength
Which condition is likely to reduce a teenager's likelihood of smoking?
Having parents who use an authoritative parenting style
sensitivity to high pitches
Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40. What usually declines first?
After 45 years of age, you are likely to die from...
Heart attack, heart disease, cancer
Aerobics
Helps heart and lungs
What determines the structure of attachment?
How much time the infant spends with a caregiver, quality of care, Emotional investment in the child, Social cues, and Temperament.
Multicontextual
Human lives are embedded in many contexts, including historical conditions, economic constraints, and family patterns.
Freuds components of personality
Id- the impulsive, irrational, and selfish part of the personality whose mission is to satisfy the instincts. Seeks immediate satisfaction. Ego- The rational side of the individual that tires to find realistic ways of gratifying the instincts. Superego- in individuals internalized moral standards.
Preoperational Intelligence
Imagination and language, symbolic thought, self-centered.
Deferred Imitation
Imitating something that happened hours even days earlier
Sociodramatic play
Imitation of adult play and facilitates more mature social interactions among children.
Who am "I"
In addition to temperament, development of trust, attachment and dealing with anxiety the birth to 3 year period sees the emergence of a primitive sense of SELF CONCEPT: descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits at a younger age, children have more descriptive than evaluative(this takes a while) As object permanence is achieved by age 2 or so, the child develops a sense of being physically distinct from other people and separate from the rest of the world.
monitoring the encoding and retrieval of information
In general, older adults are as accurate as younger adults in:
highly variable
In general, research indicates that the quality of nursing home care is:
The onset of menstruation __________.
Is called menarchy
contextual
In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is:
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Individual intelligence test for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
2 Types of Reasoning in Adolescence
Inductive and deductive
Justin likes to beat up other children in order to get their lunch money. This is called __________ aggression.
Instrumental
IQ
Intelligent Quotient measured abilities of a person compares the person's performance with norms established by a large group of test-takers who were in the standardized sample measure quantitatively the factors that are thought to make up intelligence(ie. comprehension and reasoning), these results are used to predict future performance
Conscientious
Internalizes rules, morality.
Egocentrism
It continues in the Preoperational child, it continues from the sensorimotor period but appears to be greatest when a child is in UNFAMILIAR situations. By age 7, children have mastered physical perspective and with a theory of the mind and empathy are getting better with abstract perspective. (how many sisters and brothers do you have?- the video clip - child knows he has a brother, but doesn't know that his brother's brother is himself.
elaboration
Jinni finds certain concepts from her human development class easy to remember because she is able to associate the information with many of her own childhood experiences. What memory strategy is she using?
divided
Jon listens to his favorite CD while he studies for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of ___ attention.
Role confusion
Lack of commitment to any goals or values with feelings of apathy and indifference concerning every possible role, unconcerned with future, may sleep too much or watch too much TV.
Noam Chomsky
Language development
Thorndike
Law of effect
symptoms of Parkinson disease
Leonard's blood test shows a major reduction in dopamine. The effect of this may be responsible for:
Children who have only friends of the opposite sex tend to be __________.
Less socially skilled
assimilation
Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of:
Cognitive development
Life Beyond Piaget- POST FORMAL THINKING Mature thinking relies on: 1. subjective experience 2. intuition 3. logic And is useful in situations that present: 1. ambiguity 2. contradiction 3. compromise
conception; death
Life-span development covers the period from ___ to ___.
actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children:
What is the information store that holds a record of all of our personal experiences organized according to when and where they happened called?
Long term memory
Belongingness needs
Loving relationships, sense of belonging
Multicultural
Many cultures--not just between nations but also within them--affect how people develop.
farsighted, unable to see close up as well as they are able to see far away.
Many preschool children are:
episodic
Memory about life's events is labeled:
In the ________ phase of identity status, the individual is actively searching, but has not found a satisfying alternative.
Moratorium
View of Death: Young
More concerned with having fun before death
more shared environmental influences
More similarities are seen among twins than among siblings who are different ages because twins may have:
infantile amnesia
Most adults remember nothing that occurred before the age of three years
exercise
Most effective weight-loss programs include:
Fundamental to adult's __________ theories is the distinction between living and nonliving things.
Naive
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature--genes that are inherited Nurture--environmental influences
Isolate Status
No close relationships.
Fathers who take paternity leave are ________ compared to those who do not take leave.
No more likely to spend more time with children
Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
No physical punishment, don't know/care about kids and their activities.
Period of disenchantment
Novelty of retirement wears off and indviduals may realize their plans were unrealistic.
Multidisciplinary
Numerous academic fields--especially psychology, biology, education, and sociology, but also neuroscience, economics, religion, anthropology, history, medicine, genetics, and many more-- contribute data and insights.
influenced by relative levels of protein, vitamins, minerals, and total calories.
Nutritional status during pregnancy is:
Conformist stage
Obey group rules; strive for acceptance from family.
The idea of "zone proximal development" recognizes that children's development of cognition __________.
Occurs on social settings, only gradually coming under independent control
Gender role conflict
Occurs when an individual feels anxiety and dissonance as previously held gender expectations conflict with changing gender roles.
Identity Development
One's sense of self, trying to find ones sense of self by experimenting, struggles with career choices, Religion choices, Relationship choices; problems with commitment to a choice; can lead to 4 different identity development.
Arthritis (Chronic)
Ongoing, most common condition, middle old age
Which disease is characterized by inflammation, gradual onset of bone damage, and progressively more pain and disability?
Osteoarthritis
Sexual Identity
Our own personal understanding of what it means to be masculine or feminine.
The extended family consists of ________ living together.
Parents, grandparents, and other family relatives
Fatuous Love (Pattern of Love)
Passion and commitment are present without intimacy. Couple moves to fast based on passion. Usually doesn't last despite initial intent to commit.
When does a child begin to develop a personality?
Perhaps at Birth.
Anger
Period of rage.
The phenomenon where children persevere in or stick to one thought or action and are unable to quit.
Perseveration
Power of Atterny
Person appointed by someone who may become sick to be responsible for financial decisions
Foreclosure Status
Person committed to other people's plans for his or her life.
Formal Operations
Piaget. Individual can now engage in logical operations on abstract tasks and concepts. Shows greater flexibility in reasoning than seen before.
The key gland involved in maturation during puberty is the __________.
Pituitary
Projection
Placing feelings, thoughts, or motives on someone else.
Tests: Aptitude
Potential to master skills or learn things.
Alfred is very good at deciding where he needs to be, and then when he gets there, he is very good at making himself happy. Alfred is probably high in ________ intelligence.
Practical
Pragmatics
Practical use of language to communicate with others
What is the most well known and adaptable form of teacher feedback?
Praise! Social - praises, smiles, and positive comments.
What is one reason school aged children show more altruism than preschoolers?
Preschoolers are more egocentric
Id
Present at birth, contains the individual's basic instincts (libido, e.g., sex, aggression, survival, pleasure instincts) and operates on the pleasure principle, meaning that it strives to reduce tension by seeking immediate gratification of needs, usually through unrealistic or irrational means.
Conservation Paradigm
Presents a Problem solving situation to the child in 3 steps: 1. present 2 stimulus arrays and establish equivalents 2. perform an irrelevant transformation on one of the arrays making it appear different 3. test for the conservation of equivalence Video clip of graham crackers
Stages 1 & 2
Primary circular reactions: responses to own body (birth to 4 months)
Geriatrics
Provides direct care to elderly
5 Perspectives on Human Development
Psychoanalytic Theory Behaviorism Cognitive Theory Sociocultural Theory Epigenetic Theory
Frued--Psychosexual
Psychoanalytic Theory Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Erikson--Psychosocial
Psychoanalytic Theory Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion
S. Freud and E. Erikson
Psychoanalytic theorists
Gender identity
Psychosocial awareness of one's maleness or femaleness and thus contains an environmental or cultural component. Generally develops by age 3.
What is Erikson's thoery?
Psychosocial theory
Displacement
Redirecting feelings onto a less threatening person or object.
Emotional regulation
Refers to strategies we use to adjust the intensity or duration of our emotional reactions to a level that allows us to achieve our goals. It is a crucial component in a child's adaptive functioning and psychological functioning.
Language Learning Sequence (Universal Sequence)
Reflexive Meaningful noises New sounds Babbling Comprehension of simple words First spoken word Slow vocab growth Naming explosion/holophrase Two word sentences
According to the textbook, being gifted as a child and being emotionally intelligent as a child both predict greater __________ in later years.
Relationship satisfaction
Anorexia Nervosa
Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation, eventually causing death.
4 Areas of Identity Achievement
Religious, gender, political/ethnic, and vocational.
before
Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste ___ birth.
regular exercise
Research shows that ___can be effective in treating depression in older adults.
Adoption Studies
Research studies that assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents.
Howard Gardner
Researcher with theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence. linguistic, logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, spatial (visual), interpersonal (the ability to understand others), intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself), and naturalist (the ability to recognize fine distinctions and patterns in the natural world).
selective
Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party. This is an example of ___ attention.
Girls tend to view the first sexual experience as ________.
Romantic Experiance
LaWanda's 16 month old child is being tested using Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Little Rodrick cries when LaWanda leaves the room, but wants to be with her and stops crying upon return. What type of attachment relationship does Rodrick seem to have with LaWanda?
Secure
Watching the television show __________ in preschool has been shown to predict the amount of time spent reading in adolescence.
Sesame Street
According to the text, the best way for adolescents to approach obesity is to __________.
Set goals for eating and exercise
Authoritative Parenting
Set limits and enforces rules and listen, demand maturity but are forgiving, parents are guides, but authority or friends.
Janna was held in a Nazi concentration camp and barely escaped as a teenager. Now a U.S. citizen, she believes in strong punishment for people who wear or display a swastika (the Nazi symbol). What type of thinking does this most illustrate?
Situation-specific implicit social beliefs
Zone of Proximal Development
Skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help.
Eight month old Janie is delighted to find the new, shiny ball her father brought home for her. As she approaches the ball, she is happy, but she continually looks at her father to see if it is okay to touch it. Janie is showing __________.
Social Referencing
sustained
Stacy is vigilant in her watch for any change in her baby's breathing. This is an example of ___ attention.
What are the two most utilized intelligence test?
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler
cataracts
Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has:
Describe Piaget's preoperational stage.
Stetches from 2-7, stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, Egocentrism begins strong but weakens, Magical beliefs constructed, not yet thinking operational way, able to do things mentally before doing them physically.
Individualistic
Strive for individuality; awareness of inner conflict.
Autonomous
Strive for self-fulfillment; cope with inner conflict.
Compensation
Substituting a successful experience with one that produced failure.
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden or unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant(under age 1) leading cause of post neo-natal death in the US peaks between 2 and 3 months, most common among African American and American Indianan(Alaskan) boy babies, those born pretern, those whose mohters are young and received late or no prenatal care aka. crib death
Naming explosion
Sudden increase in infant's vocabulary that begins at about 18 months
Longitudinal research shows an increase in which trait(s) in very old people?
Suspiciousness and sensitivity
In _________, spanking a child is against the law.
Sweden
Personality and our World Experience
Temperament= genetic predispositions Personality will be shaped by an interaction between these predispositions and our experiences in the world. How we interact with others will greatly influence who we will become, how we will deal with the world and how we feel about ourselves. If we are healthy, we will have high ego strength.
Scaffolding
Temporary sensitive support to help them traverse the zone of proximal development. Listening, talking, reading pivotal.
Stages 5 & 6
Tertiary circular reactions: actions, then ideas (12-24 months)
Between five and seven years, children begin to show __________.
That situational changes or personal wishes do not change ones gender
What is the "Law of effect"? Whose idea is it?
The "Law of effect" is when a behavior has a positive outcome, it is likely to happen again. Thornidike came up with this idea
Completely abstain from drinking during the entire pregnancy.
The BEST way to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is to:
marijuana
The MOST widely used illicit drug in the United States is:
Age of Viability
The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available.
Conservation
The amount of something remain the same despite changes in its appearance.
adjust old schemes to fit new information.
The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals:
use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals:
Perception
The complex process by which the brain interprets and gives meaning to sensory info
Setting event
The creation of an environment that is conducive to certain target behaviors, where it's the environment rather than verbal or non-verbal behavior that cues the subject to behave in a certain way.
Goodness to fit
The degree to which a child's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment.
time of gestation
The designation preterm is determined by:
anorexia nervosa
The eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation is called:
weight
The heaviness of a person measured in ounces, pounds, or kilograms
Information processing
The human minds activity of taking in, storing, and using information.
120
The maximum life span of human beings is approximately ___ years.
Difference-equals-deficit error
The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard.
Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Intersubjectivity
The mutual understanding that people share during communication; foundation of human cognitive development
Fetal Period
The organs grow to size and mature in functioning.
What is Freud's third stage of the psychoanalytical theory?
The phallic stage
2 to 7
The preoperational stage last from ages:
Prompting
The presentation of an additional cue following the first cue with the goal of shaping or changing behavior, Providing an additional stimulus to elicit a desired response.
Myelination
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
Equilibration
The process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding
Assimilation
The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
Causality
The relationship between cause and effect.
The dominant framework used to study stress that emphasizes the transactions between a person and the environment is referred to as ________.
The stress and coping paradigm
Parent-infant bonding
The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hole, examine, and feed their newborn.
Teratology
The study of birth defects.
Sensorimotor Intelligence
The way infants think--by using their senses and motor skills--during the first period of cognitive development.
Former husbands and wives commonly agree that ________ the divorce.
The wife initiated
Puberty
The years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, eventually producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexual potential.
What are the main ideas that cognitive researchers consider?
This approach focuses on understanding human perception, thought, and memory. Language, problem solving, creativity, and mental representations are also aspects of this approach.
Pre-Operational Period
Thought reflects some SYMBOLIC FUNCTION that is the child can CREATE AND USE MENTAL REPRESENTATION of objects and is not tied to their sensory/motor experience of them. Thought reflects some limitations in that the child cannot mentally manipulate these representations in a LOGICAL WAY. Cognitive advances in this stage: 1. IDENTITY: children will learn that superficial alterations do not change an object's essential nature(ie. teacher dresses us, it's still the teacher), extension of object permanence 2. LEARN ABOUT THE PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS: they tend toward ANIMISM- the belief that inanimate objects have life and awareness, just like they do. This will be gone by 7-8 years of age. 3. UNDERSTANDING CAUSE AND EFFECT: make strides in this area, but tend toward TRANSDUCTIVE REASONING- mentally linking 2 unrelated events together as if one caused the other(child falling down, heard thunder at the same time, child thinks the thunder made him/her fall down) 4. CLASSIFICATION: children begin to group objects together into rule-based classes. (doctoral thesis: children first prefer to use color based rules and will shift to form based rules by 6 years of age as their ability to process increasingly complex form increases(kids who move to form are ready to read) 5. UNDERSTANDING NUMBER and grasp of 5 basic principles of counting by age 7: - the one to one principle(one name per object) - the stable order principle(# names in set order, when counting, one counts in the following order 1, 2, 3...) - order irrelevance principle(start anywhere), one can begin counting from either side of the pile, or any where in the pile - cardinality principle, the last number you state= the total number present - abstraction(can count anything), if one can count, one can count anything, many things can be counted 6. EMPATHY: children have started to IMAGINE HOW OTHERS might feel. They react to other's distress and attempt to COMFORT them. They are developing the THEORY OF MIND and will develop good empathy by age 7. 7. THEORY OF MIND: manifested by more empathy, understanding that people can hold false beliefs, better understanding of FANTASY VS REALITY, but the line is blurred easily. Wishes, literal Santa Claus. By ages 8 or 9, a child knows the difference between fantasy and reality 8. Egocentrism: by age 2.5-3 years, we see much less of this in FAMILIAR SITUATIONS. But will still be confused about perspective taking in UNFAMILIAR circumstances. Remember the differences between a 5 yr old and 6 1/2 yr old- the mountain videos 9. Centration: children focus on ONLY 1 ASPECT of a situation at 1 time... they don't have DUAL REPRESENTATION(IE. child gets confused when a younger child is given a headstart in a race, the younger child wins the race, and the older child doesn't understand why she lost, she thinks that the younger child can run faster) 10. IRREVERSIBILITY: child fails to understand SOME OPERATIONS performed on objects can be undone by doing the reverse, these children focus on static states, and fail to understand the significance of TRANSFORMATIONS between states. Children see the world as A SERIES OF SNAPSHOTS, not as A CONTINUOUS VIDEO. THE LAST 2 LIMITATIONS, IRREVERSIBILITY AND FOCUSING ON STATIC STATES, are best demonstrated by PIAGET'S CONSERVATION PARADIGM.
Tests: Achievement
To measure what a child has mastered, required by NO Child Left Behind Act.
Contact-Maintaining
Touching, snuggling, and holding caregivers.
Teratogen
Toxic agent of any kind that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child
Adolescence
Transition from childhood to adulthood. Marked by fundamental changes in physical, cognitive, interpersonal, and personality development.
Hybrid Theory
Uses all the insights and research on early language learning.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Uses mental scale, motor scale, and infant behavior profile to predict later development. Measures the infants cognitive, language, motor, scocial-emotional, and adaptive behavior skills.
Assimilation
Using current schemes to interpret the external world.
Adolf scolds his son Gephart for talking to himself while preforming a new task, believing it to be a symptom of of poor psychological health. Which theorist would most likely defend Gephart's actions as beneficial?
Vygotsky
an important tool of thought
Vygotsky believed that private speech is:
Dispair
Wasted life;depressed
Satiation
When too much reinforcement of a desirable behavior decreases the occurrence of the desirable behavior.
young adults
Which age group is most likely to be binge drinkers?
temporal
Which brain lobe is responsible for hearing language processing, and memory?
pituitary gland
Which structure controls growth and regulates other glands?
mitochondrial and free radical
Which two theories claim that damage incurred by unstable oxygen molecules precipitates the aging process?
explicit
Which type of memory is more likely to be forgotten?
Avoidant attachment
Withdrawn behaviors in which children explore without regard for the caretaker, ignore separations, and avoid reunions when a caretaker reemerges.
15-30 seconds
Without rehearsal, how long can information remain in short-term memory?
Characteristics of Autism
Woefully inadequate social skills Autistic spectrum disorder: any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication and unusual play Signs: delayed language, impaired social response and unusual play, emotional blindness
joint attention
Words are learned when infants listen to parents repeatedly labeling and pointing at objects
phenotype
You notice that Lou's eyes are a unique shade of green. You have observed his:
Achieving Stage
Young Adulthood. Use skills to pursue goals (e.g. start and build a career)
During which period of life do people have the most friendships?
Young adulthood
Who participates in the greatest range of leisure activities?
Young adults
Oedipus Complex
a boy who loves his mother, fears his father will retaliate by castrating him, and resolves his conflict through identification with his father.
dependency ratio
a calculation of the number of self-sufficient, productive adults compared with the number of dependents in a given population
language
a communication system in which a limited number of signals or sounds or letters can be combined according to agreed- upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages
Elderspeak
a condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than normal speech
generation gap
a divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews.
independent variable
a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine if it causes change in behaviors or conditions.
Dependent variable
a factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the independent variable
Results of taking thalidomide?
a mild tranquilizer that taken early in pregnancy can produce a variety of malformation of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.
bound morpheme
a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word
secular trend
a pattern of change occurring over several generations.
hardiness
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.a
Habituation vs dishabituation
a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces attention to that stimulus familiarity breeds loss of interest vs increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus efficiency of habituation correlates with later signs of cognitive development(preference for complexity, rapid exploration of environment, sophisticated play, quick problem solving, and the ability to match pictures)
acquisitive stage
according to Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main developmental.
Fine motor skills
abilities involving small body movements especially of the hands and fingers such as drawing
processing speed
ability to automatically and fluently perform relatively easy or over-learned cognitive tasks
Selective attention
ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
Emotional regulation
ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
Biosocial Development
all growth and change that occur in a persons body
Population
all inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
sexually transmitted infection
an infection that is spread through sexual contact.
Mental Representation
an internal image of a past event or object
Prefrontal cortex
area of cortex in front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control
axon terminal buttom
area of neuron on the axon end, where the neurotransmitters are released
What correlates with childhood overweight
asthma, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol
sexual activity
brings both social and physiological pressure regarding sexual involvement adolescents represent the fastest growing population for STDs due to COGNITIVE LIMITATIONS adolescents are more likely to NOT practice safe sex
Gender roles
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits considered appropriate for males and females, this is learned in the process of gender typing
Animism
belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive
Sociocultural Theory
believe that many of the processes that produce development are the same in all societies
nativist view
believe we are born with some understanding of how to perceive the world
Sex differences
biological differences
unconditioned stimulus
built in, unlearned stimulus (loud noise)
When does speech perception occur?
by four months old
neurotransmitters
chemical released by the terminal end of an axon, the pre-synaptic neuron into the cleft and attach to the post-synaptic neuron(dendrites)
visual recognition memory
can be measured by showing an infant 2 stimuli side-by-side, one familiar and one new, a longer gaze at the new stimulus indicates that the infant recognizes the other stimulus as something seen before, ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time
Resilience
capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
Solitary play
child plays alone, unaware of other children nearby
Onlooker play
child watches other children play
Informed consent
clear statement of the procedures and risks as well as the of both the participants and researchers.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
cluster of birth defects that occur in the child of a woman who drinks while pregnant
myelination
coating neurons to improve efficiency- this is what happens at a rampant rate in the adolescent brain, it also happens at the cortex develops in the infant, this helps develop the senses of touch, vision and abstract thought
executive function
conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems enables children to plan and carry out goal-directed mental activity emerges around the end of an infant's first year and develops in spurts throughout age
explicit memory
conscious or intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other information that can be stated or declared delayed imitation of complex behaviors is evidence that this type of memory is developing in late infancy and toddlerhood, intentional and conscious memory
Attention
consciously focusing on stimuli or information
Nurture perspective on moral development
culture is crucial to the development of morality
Learning theory
describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
stillbirth
death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation
Punishment
decrease the probability that a behavior will be repeated.
Infant mortality
decreased due to better medical care
DNR
do not resuscitate. a written order from a physician that no attempt be made to revive the patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest
non-declaritive memory
doesn't require conscious thought
What are some limitations of preoperational thought?
egocentrism, conservation, hierarchical clissification
oldest-old
elderly adults who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supportive services such as nursing home care and hospital stays.
myelin
fatty substance that serves as insulation for some nerve cells and makes the action potential more efficient, in the adolescent brain, there is an increase in nerve cell myelination- this affects the way the brain works
Antipathy
feelings of dislike or even hatred towards another person
information-processing approach
focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving it aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information
mnemonics
formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered
fictive kin
friends who are considered and behave like family members
dementia
general category of cognitive impairment
Reflex stage
grasping, staring, listening
Cohort
group defined by shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts
Developmental theory
group of ideas,assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illustrate the thousands of observations that have been made about human grown Provides framework for explaining the patterns and problems of development
what is required for language?
human brain human environment
Psychoanalytic theory
human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
Stimulation
important for infants allow for gaining new sense, encourages movement
Brocas Area
in frontal lobe, controls production
Wernicke's Area
in temporal lobe controls speech recognition
When does hearing develop?
in the last trimester of pregnancy
Social development
in this domain for early childhood, we consider 2 topics: play and parenting styles play: fundamental process though which children experiment and learn about their world, express their inner thoughts and feelings, develop problem solving skills and set the stage for later social and intellectual development
Cultural tools
include symbols, skills, values, etc; Alphabetical and numbering schemes, religious systems
Reinforcement
increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
autonomy
independence and a sense of control over one's life.
consolidation
information is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage.
Child maltreatment
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under the age of 18
chunking
is a phenomenon whereby individuals group responses when performing a memory task.
Laughter
is often associated with curiosity in infants over 3-4 months old
Private Speech
is the second phase of Vygotsky's internalization-of-thought process, in which children develop their self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves what to do
classical conditioning
learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens(camera blinking example) it becomes extinct or fades if it is not reinforced by repeated association
Classification
logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some characteristic they have in common
What are the effects of chronic stress/abuse?
long term effects on emotional development higher level of stress hormones causes emotional impairment and later behavioral difficulties
psychosomatic disorders
medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.
episodic memory
memories of specific experiences
procedural memory
memories relating to skill and habits such as riding a bike
What contributes to all emotional reactions?
memory
postconventional morality
morality of autonomous moral principles 3rd level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which people follow internally held moral principles and can decide among conflicting moral standards people recognize conflicts between moral standards and make their own judgments on the basis of principles of right, fairness, and justice people generally don't reach this level of moral reasoning until at least early adolescence or more commonly in young adulthood, if ever
participants in CVD?
more than 5,000 people over age 65 in the U.S. without coronary problems. Six years later, some participants developed heart disease.
NORC
naturally occurring retirement community. a neighborhood or apartment complex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location as younger adults and never left.
implicit memory
occur unintentionally and automatically. Ex: how do i brush me teeth? how do i drive?
Center day care
occurs in place especially designed for the purpose where several paid adults care for many children; center is usually licensed and provides training
Cognitive theory
offers an alternative explanation for the strong gender identity that becomes apparent at about age 5
Accommodation
old ideas are restructured to include or accommodate new experiences
positivity effect
old people perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones.
old-old
older adults who suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits but can still be independent.
Synaptic gap
pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon of the sending neuron to the dendrites of the receiving neuron
hospice
patients must be terminally ill, with death anticipated within six months, but such predictions are difficult to make.
oppositional defiant disorder(ODD)
pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance lasts at least 6 months, and goes beyond normal childhood behavior
Identify three physical changes that take place during puberty.
penis elongation, testes development & growth of facial hair
whole language vs. phonetic approaches to reading
phonetic approach- decoding is supported by research many experts recommend a blend of both approaches
Gross motor skill
physical abilities involving large body movements such as walking
Gross motor skill development
physical skills that involve the large muscles(ie running, jumping)
Aging
positive and negative changes in the mature organism
two types of punishment
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Aptitude
potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
puberty
process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce roughly between the ages of 19 or 20
How do families help children?
provide basic material necessities; encourage learning; help them develop self respect; nurture friendships; foster harmony and stability
social clock
psychological timepiece that records the major milestones in peoples lives
telegraphic speech
putting 2 words together
Apgar scale
quick assessment of newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
teenage pregnancy
rates declined during the 1990s in the US the most recent data posted by the CDC in 2011 also indicates that teen births continue to DECREASE in all states (25% reduction in 2011)
Object permanence
realization that object/person still exist when they no longer can be seen, touched, or heard
Self awareness
realization that one is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of others
Deductive Reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Attachment
reciprocal, enduring, emotional bond between baby and caregiver not just needs maintenance. Seen by some theorists as an essential early interpersonal achievement that will be a foundation of both later relating and self-esteem
recognition
recognize among options (multiple choice test)
sensory memory
refers to sights, sounds, and other sensations that are just entering the cognitive system and are briefly held in raw form until they are identified and moved to working memory, or lost
Lateralization
refers to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominating for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
What are the stages of stages of Piaget's theory?
reflexes first acquired adaptations making interesting sights last new adaptation and anticipation New means through active experimentation new means through mental combinations
Hypothalamus
regulates body functions and hormones
Conduct disorder(CD)
repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others begins at an early age- truancy, setting fires, habitual lying, fighting, bullying, theft, vandalism, assaults, and drug and alcohol use influenced by genetic and environmental factors
Gay and Lesbian
research has failed to show any consistent negative effects or problems in the development of children living in gay/les households, concept of family is fluid, the nature of a family's value system is what is important
Ego virtue of Love
resolution of conflict between intimacy vs isolation mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives, have children and help those children achieve their own healthy development
Making interesting sights last stage
responding to people and objects; playing patty cake
Social referencing
seeking emotional responses or information from other people
stratification theories
segregation by age
Guilt
self blame that is experienced when one does something wrong
Babinski reflex
stoke foot, toes curl back, adults curl in just the opposite direction(plantar)
Fathers and social referencing
synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are apparent, sometimes more than mothers
Token Economics
system for reinforcing appropriate behaviors with secondary reinforcers
Culture
system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist overtime and prescribe social behaviors and assumptions
Development
systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death from "womb to the tomb" Human development has 3 broad domains.
Scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
Overimitation
tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant par t of the behavior to be learned
"Just Right" phenomenon
tendency of children to insist on having things done in a particular way or routine
cultural bias in testing
tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than others critics argue that the tests favor those of European ancestry
Wasting
tendency to for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
Preoperational intelligence
term for cognitvie development between the ages of 2 and 6; includes language and imagination; logical and operational thinking in not yet possible
activities of daily life
terms and tasks that determine how old and fragile an older person is. (ex: bathing, bathroom, dressing, etc.)
cell membrane
the "skin of the nerve cell"
dendrite
the "twiggy" part of the neuron that receives messages from the axons of other cells, it's the receiving end of the neuron
cross modal perception
the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or a pattern of stimuli already familiar through another modality.
molecular genetics
the analysis of particular genes and their effects, including the identification of specific genes that influence particular traits and the comparison of animals or humans who have these specific genes and those who do not
slippery slope
the argument that a given action will start a chain of events that will culminate in an undesirable outcome. being careful on when to say someone should die or if they are ready to die.
Semantic Rule
the aspect of language centering on meanings. "Sherry was green with jealousy." understanding that she isn't literally green.
primary appraisal
the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neural.
Gender
the classification of being male or female
peer pressure
the influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitude.
What is ego strength?
the internal capacity of the individual to function in their world, rebound from difficulties, and deal with environmental and personal opportunities and challenges in a realistic and fruitful manner.
Androgens
the main class of male sex hormones.
maximum lifespan
the oldest possible age to which members of a species can live, under ideal circumstances
menarche
the onset of menstruation and probably the most obvious signal of puberty in girls.
behavioral genetics
the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them in traits such as intelligence and personality
short-term memory
the short duration, limited capacity memory component in which selected input from the memory store is worked on (loss of information typically within 15-25 seconds)
what causes inhibiting
the shrinking or diminishing of the prefrontal cortex
Lateralization
the specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
secondary aging
the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but result from poor health habits, genetic vulnerability, and other influences that vary from person to person.
comprehension
the understanding of speech
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their actions or their bodies
underextension
too narrow (doggie only refers to German Sheppard's)
What sense is acute in infants?
touch
Nature
traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from parents at the moment of conception
Sensation
translation of stimulus energy such as light waves, into a neural impulse by a sense organ
Name the neurochemicals most involved during each of these events or stages: (1) falling madly in love, (2) female orgasms and attachment, (3) tranquility and long-term commitment, and (4) early stages of romantic love.
(1)amphetamines, (2) oxytocin, (3) morphine-like substances, and (4) dopamine
Autonomy vs. doubt and shame
(2-4 years) child realizes he/she can control bodily functions; self-controlled will is integrated into the personality.
Basic trust vs. mistrust
(Birth- 18 months) Infant/baby realizes that survival and comfort needs will be met; hope is integrated into the personality
Sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) unexplained death, usually during sleep before one year. Maybe associated with abnormalities in the brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep.
Industry vs. inferiority
(elementary school age) child gains a sense of security through peers and gains mastery over activities of his/her age group; feeling of competency is integrated into personality.
Integrity vs. despair
(maturity) mature adult reflects on his/her own value, and share with the younger generation the knowledge gained; wisdom is aquired
Generativity vs. self-absorption
(middle adulthood) adult finds security in contribution of his/her chosen personal/professional roles; capacity to care is achieved
Initiative vs. guilt
(preschool age) child gains social skills and a gender role identity; a sense of purpose is integrated into the personality.
Self identity vs. role diffusion
(teenage years) teenager begins to make choices about adult roles; sense of fidelity or membership with society integrated into personality.
Intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation
(young adulthood) Young adult establishes an intimate relationship with partner and family; capacity to love is achieved
Savant Syndrome
-Extraordinary talent in one area - Otherwise mentally challenged -musical, artistic, calculation abilities
intellectually impaired
-IQ below 75 - limited adaptive behavior prevalent before age 18 -below age appropriate expectations -poor self care and social skills
Mastery Motivation
-Infants strive for mastery or competence -This appears to be inborn and universal -Infant's level of mastery motivation affects later achievement behavior -Babies who attempt to master challenges at 6-12 months score higher on mental development tests at age 2 -Parents may help strengthen inborn motive by stimulating their infants appropriately -Early education: not necessary Important for disadvantaged children -Disadvantaged children who attend programs to prepare them for school experience more cognitive growth and achieve and more success than disadvantaged children who do not . -Head Start
Dyslexia
-Reading disability, normal intellectual ability -Difficulties of most dyslexic children involve auditory perception -Deficiencies in phonological awareness
fluid intelligence
-decreases in older adults -declines earlier in life than crystallized intelligence -use mind to solve novel problems -skills: reasoning, seeing relationships, inferences
Goals of Developmental Psychology
-description -prediction -explanation -optimization
developing object permanence
1-4 months: if an object disappears the infant looks away as if the object never existed 4-8 months: an infant will first stare at the spot where an object disappeared as if looking harder makes it come back. Then, the infant will look for the object briefly but will not search thoroughly for it if he/she doesn't find it 8-12 months: the infant will search for a hidden object but will look not where it disappeared but in the place they are accustomed to finding it. The A, not B error(the infant will look where he/she last found it, not where he/she saw us hide it). If a 1 year old can't find an object, he/she is likely to give up looking. 18 months+: child will search thoroughly for an object(it) Once object permanence is achieved, the sensorimotor stage is over, as the child is able to internally represent objects even when they're absent and the child is no longer confused about things appearing and disappearing
Forms of Discipline
1. Behaviorist techniques: very common for most parents, reinforcement and punishment 2. Power assertion: parent is in control, threats, physical intervention, includes corporal punishment, associated with authoritarian style of parenting Corporal punishment- intentionally or unintentionally inflicting pain without inflicting injury - psychologists don't recommend this - gets immediate cessation of all behavior - causes psychological harm - hostile attribute bias - doesn't generalize to low supervision - doesn't teach appropriate behavior -interferes with positive relationships - it models violence 3. Induction: designed to appeal to the child's sense of reason and fairness(authoritative parents use this), setting clear limits, logical consequences for misbehavior, and explanation(working on right) 4. withdrawal of love: authoritarian style of parenting, very damaging, ignoring the child, showing dislike, name-calling
Sensorimotor substages
1. Birth - 1 mo. Infants modify the reflexes with which they are born to make them more adaptive 2. 1-4 mo. Organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors - grasping, mouthing 3. 4-8 mo. Increased interest in world, lack OBJECT PERMANENCE = knowing things exist when you can't see them 4. 8-12 mo. Search for hidden objects, make A-not-B error 5.12-18 mo. Actively explore objects 6. 18-24 mo. Form enduring mental representaitons, use symbols. deferred imitation =repeating other people's behavior long after it occurs
Elkind's immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought
1. Hypercritical; idealize the real world. 2. Argumentativeness; tend to argue. 3. Indecisiveness; sees more choices and don't know what to do. 4. Apparent Hypocrisy; can't always understand or be committed. 5. Overly Self-Conscious; self-absorbed, think is center of universe. 6. Specialness; assume they are unique, special and protected.
David Elkind- Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought
1. Idealism and Criticalness: find fault with authority as cannot reconcile the real world with their newly awakened awareness of what should/could be(adults have screwed up the world) 2. Argumentativeness: trying out what new found abstract reasoning ability 3. Indecisiveness: can simultaneously think of many alternatives but no experience in choice strategies 4. Apparent hypocrisy: cannot connect their own new abstract ideals with their concrete behavior 5. Self-Consciousness: adolescents play to imaginary audience, the assumed observer that exists only within the adolescent's mind 6. Assumption of Invulnerability: adolescents maintain a personal fable, a sense that they are special and unique and normal rules that govern the world do not apply to them They don't assess rules well, don't think well, sexually transmitted diseases arise because of this illogical thought process
Patterns of Loving
1. Non-Love 2. Liking 3. Infatuation 4. Empty Love 5. Romantic Love 6. Companionate Love 7. Fatuous Love 8. Consummate Love
Peer Status Groups
1. Popular Groups: the adolescent is often chosen by peers for relating and are positively by their peers(best adjustment) 2. Rejected group: the adolescent is seldom chosen by peers and garners negative comments from their peers. This class is related to the highest level of maladjustment in adolescence(boys-anti-social, girls- shy, depressed)A 3. Neglected group: the adolescent is not mentioned by peers in a positive or negative light. They are not even thought of. Poor adjustment is associated with low prosocial attitudes and learning problems. These children fly under the radar screen. 4. Controversial: are thought of by peers but receive equal levels of positive and negative description, seen positively by teachers but less so by peers with boys being seen as competent but aggressive and girls as snobbish, adjustment is pretty normal in this group 5. Average Group: some teens do not get an unusual number of vote on way or the other but fall into a large category of "typical" for their age, adjustment is also typical
Stages of Language Development
1. Prelinguistic period -non-nutritive sucking and crying provide motor development of the articulators(lips, tongue, etc) - at 6-8 weeks, cooing: repeating vowel sounds and going from accidental to deliberate imitation 2. Early Vocalization Period - repetition of syllables(consonants, intonation), usually at 6-8 months - reduplicative babbling(bababababab), repeating the same syllable over and over - Variegated babbling(bigodabu), 11-12months, multiple sounds in structured outbursts 3. Language Development Period 12 months: Holophrases(one-word utterances) - ball, water, up -16-24 months: a naming explosion from 50-400 labels 18 months: Telegraphic speech: use of minimal wording to express an idea - 2-word utterances in their simplest form(baby cry, push truck) 4. Language Development- Beyond age 2 (Toddlerhood), 2-3 years of age Morphology: the rules for combining morphemes to change meaning(morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language) "I" "ed" - increasing use of function words, prepositions, prefixes, suffixes(-ing, plural) - 2 significant phenomenon observed 1. underextensions & overextensions of categories 2. overregularizations
Feingold's Screening Criteria of Successive Hurtles (Selecting Partners)
1. Propinquity: Physical proximity. Works with idea "repeated exposure". 2. Attractiveness: Includes idea of "matching hypothesis". 3. Homogamy: Degree of similarities. 4. Reciprocity: Is attraction mutual? 5. Complementarity: Completing the self. 6. Timing: Are you in the right place at the RIGHT TIME?
Six sensory-motor substages
1. Reflex(birth to 1+ month), reflexes are used to respond to the world with little voluntary reaction possible. But during the first 4 months, this begins to change, and action starts to come under voluntary control (ie. grasping reflex gives way to purposeful grasping which becomes more precise. Finger grasp to the claw to the pincer) 2. Primary Circular Reactions(1 plus-4 months), infant voluntarily repeats pleasurable behavior and begins adaptation(assimilation and accommodation), ie. child sucks because the activity feels good and then he/she begins to suck different objects differently Behavior is done repeatedly(circular) because the behavior itself is why it's called circular, it's pleasurable(primary) 3. Secondary Circular Reactions(4-8 months), behavior is repeated(circular) because it creates an interesting result in the environment(secondary) ie. Katrina repeatedly drops peas from her plate and watches them fall to the floor 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions(8-12 months), the infant coordinates previously learned schemas (crawling and grasping) to coordinate them to achieve a goal in the environment(ie. retrieve a toy). The child can now anticipate events and do invisible imitations so they have momentary internal memory of events 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions(12-18months), the infant begins purposeful experimentation with schemas, and will use trial and error to investigate his/her world, ie. Kylie throws peas from her plate with varying amounts of force and in different directions to see what happens 6. Mental combinations((18-24 months), the infant begins symbolic thought; use of mental symbols to internally problem solve the world, don't need trial and error actions, begin language development, can pretend, deferred imitation occurs
Types of attachment- Strange situation paradigm
1. Secure attachment, infant explores using caregiver as a base of safety. Then the infant cries when caregiver leaves and is happy upon her return 2. Avoidant attachment-infant doesn't explore the strange place, seems insecure and fussy and can't be comforted. when the caregiver leaves the child, she makes no protest but remains uncertain and fussy. When the caregiver returns the child avoids any contact with them, ignores their return 3. ambivalent attachment(resistant)- child is content but does not explore the room and is clingy. they become anxious and very upset when the caregiver leaves. when caregiver returns the child approaches them for comfort but then resists any comfort offered(Seeks yet resists) 4. disorganized attachment(disoriented)- mixture of avoidant and ambivalent styles, the child seems unsure at first, starts to explore, then stops. When caregiver leaves the child vacillates between protest and then no protest. Upon their return, the child seems unsure what to do, may approach then stop, cry more and protest more even though the caregiver has returned.
Baumrind's Parenting Styles
1. authoritative- democratic, encourages independence within limits, warm, nurturing, discussions, and communication 2. authoritarian- restrictive, controlling, punitive, emphasize unquestioned obedience,no suggestions accepted 3. permissive- very involved, warm, but very permissive, no demands 4. neglectful- uninvolved, uninterested
How are gender roles acquired
1. biological- genetically wired in differences in reproductive needs(theory of sexual selection) 2. Bern- by development of a gender schema: a mentally organized network of information about being male or female in a particular culture 3. social-cognitive: by specific shaping by the environment via socialization(operant conditioning and observational learning)
3 Categories of Temperment
1. easy- generally happy, rhythmic in activities, and accepting of new experiences(40%) 2. difficult- irritable, hard to please, irregular activities, unwelcoming to change(10%) 3. slow to warm up- mild reactions, will adapt to new situations and people if they can move at their own pace(15%) 35% - not classified
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Adult Intelligence
1. experiential- creative insight 2. contextual- form of practical intelligence 3. componential element- analytical ability, experiential and contextual elements become particularly important during adulthood as post-formal thinking is more heuristic(flexible)
What are the effects of bullying?
1. for bullies- increased risk for delinquency, crime, substance abuse 2. for victims- behavioral, emotional, and mental difficulties that stay with them into adulthood 3. in some cases, suicide, and criminal charges have been filed
Types of Play
1. functional- involves simple repetitive muscular movement 2. constructive- use of objects or materials to make something 3. pretend(dramatic)- involves imaginary people or situations 4. formal- formal games with rules and procedures
Long term benefits of secure attachments
1. more independence 2. more likely to seek help at school 3. more likely to develop close friendships 4. more self-reliance 5. higher self esteem
What factors place a child at risk for becoming the victim of bullying?
1. not fitting in 2. emotional reactivity(reinforce the bully) 3. introverted 4. family of origin that is harsh and punitive(authoritarian)
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
1. passion (motivation to be with) 2. Intimacy (friendship and liking) 3. commitment (cognitive decision to pursue and commit to a person) All must be equally present to create a stable love relationship
What factors place a child at risk of participating in bullying?
1. proactive aggression-behaviorist approach, modeled in real-life, and video games, getting rewarded for aggressive behavior 2. reactive aggression- in response to assumed attacks, hostile attribution bias- tendency of feeling that the world is against you 3. bullied by others 4. emotional disregulation 5. poor problem solving skills, social or interpersonal skills 6. academic struggles
3 Stages of the emerging self
1. stage of physical self-recognition, self awareness, child develops into a subjective entity that seeks to know about itself -18 months, baby recognizes his/herself in a mirror -rouge test(18-24months) knows the reflection is his/her true self video clip with rouge on the child's face 2. stage of self description- the child starts to observe and know about themselves... between 19-30 months, use descriptive (big,little, curly hair) and evaluative(good, pretty, mean) terms to describe self- well into symbolic thought, using labels without emotion 3. stage of self evaluation- the child begins to make judgments about themselves and use evaluative terms in a meaningful way(good, naughty,smart), 3+ years of age 4. self- efficacy- begins to develop in this self-evaluative stage, belief in one's own abilities and capacity to handle any future situations and achieve challenges and goals, develops out of the child's developing mastery of self and the world, derives from Erikson's second stage of psycho-social development- I can do it- self confidence
Roots of Aggression
1. temperament- plays some role, highly emotional children are this way 2. negative early relationship with a rejecting mother is an important factor 3. parents who are antisocial foster aggressiveness ... they tell their children to be aggressive 4. exposure to aggression in real-life situations.. sometimes by unwitting parents (ie video games, tv)
Parten's Categories of Social and Non-Social Play
1. unoccupied behavior, observe 2. onlooker, observe others play, verbal interaction, make comments 3. solitary, independent, play alone(least social) 4. parallel play 5. associative play, interactive, similar, overlap of individual interests(passing the ball in a circle) 6. cooperative play, goal-oriented, different roles, hide and seek, tag, leaders, etc
Divorce
1. wide range of child reactions to divorce 2. generally experience reduction in social capital 3. no clear data to show one custody arrang. is better than another 4. the level of non-hostile high quality interaction between the divorced parents is the best predictor of adequate child adjustment
Five stages of dying:
1.) denial ("I'm not really dying.") 2.) anger ("I blame so and so for my death.") 3.) bargaining ("I will be good from now on if I can live.") 4.) depression ("I don't care about anything anymore.") 5.) acceptance ("I accept my death as part of life.")
likelihood of CVD was strongly related to six risk factors:
1.) diabetes 2.) smoking 3.) abdominal fat 4.) high blood pressure 5.) lack of exercise 6.) high cholesterol
three reasons for traditional pyramidal shape:
1.) far more children were born than the replacement rate. 2.) before modern sanitation & nutrition, about half of all children died before age 5. 3.) middle-aged people rarely survived adult diseases like cancer and heart attacks.
family caregiving can present problems:
1.) if one adult child is the primary caregiver, other siblings tend to feel relief or jealousy. The caregiver wants the other brothers and sisters to do more; they resist being told what to do--understandable but problematic reactions. 2.) care receivers and caregivers often disagree about schedules, menus, dr. visits, etc. resentments on both side disrupt mutual affection and appreciation. 3.) public agencies rarely provide services unless an emergency arises.
Adolescence
11-18 years of age once thought to be a time riddled with conflict, fejection of parental control and to be feared by parents and society at large Adolescence is now regarded as a time when it is normal to TEST BOUNDARIES and ESTABLISH INDEPENDENCE but not necessarily total rebellion developmental period, this is a modern era idea, still not found in some cultures(childhood to adult status happens in a "rite of passage")
Carol Gilligan
1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles.
6 Stages of Sensorimotor Intelligence
1: Reflexes 2:Acquired Adaptations 3: Awareness of New Things 4: New Adaptations 5: Active Experimentation 6: Mental Combinations
Pre-Operational Stage
2-7 years Understands world through language and mental images
Average length of baby
20 inches 95% of babies are between 18 and 22 inches
Average Length and Weight of Newborn
20 inches; 7.5 lbs
percent of old-old in the U.S.?
20%
Piaget's Pre-Operational Stage
3-7 years of age This stage is characterized by INCREASING USE OF SYMBOLIC THOUGHT without an understanding of MENTAL OPERATIONS that require LOGICAL THOUGHT.
Childcare
4 Critical Considerations 1. childcare must provide a safe, healthy, and supportive environment 2. it must be available and accessible when needed 3. it must be affordable 4. can not be a substitute for parental nurturing and care
Formal Operational Stage of Development
4th and final stage of Piagetian cognitive thought, ability to understand abstract concepts.
Middle Childhood Psychosocial Development
7-11 years of age 1. self concept is based upon representational systems, these include various attributes that are both positive and negative, and are interrelated in that they are themes... athleticism, appearance, school performance, etc.. 2. Erikson's INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY - learning the skills of the culture and feeling competent - industry: being able to accomplish things valued by one's culture - inferiority: failing at most valued tasks This is based upon making a social comparison, evaluating/comparing abilities to others who are similar in age or other characteristics(especially in school) so it is a SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT. In this crisis, the child experiences both successes and appropriate failures. If it works out, they will develop : COMPETENCE: A REALISTIC SELF CONCEPT IDEA OF THEIR POTENTIAL FOR SUCCESS.
Concrete operational stage
7-12 years Understands world through logical thinking and categories
Average weight of baby
7.5 pounds 95 % of babies are between 5.5 and 10 pounds
percent of young-old in the U.S.?
70%
Scores of less than __________ on a standardized IQ test and problems adapting to environments define __________.
70; Intellectual disability
What percent of body weight is the brain by age 2?
75%
Howard Gardner- Multiple Intelligence
8 distinct intelligences not measured with IQ tests 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Musical 4. Spatial 5. Body-Kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalist
Immediately after retirement
A "honeymoon" with one's newfound autonomy.
English Language Learners
A child who is learning English as a second language.
birth order
A child's ordinal position in the family, such as firstborn, middle child, baby
What i the biggest influence on childhood obesity?
A combination of genes and the environment
Depression
A common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities. Prevalence increases during adolescence. Occurs in 9% ages 12-17, only 40% treated. Girls more susceptible than boys.
Case Study
A compilation of detailed info
Synchrony
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A documented condition that occurs in infants whose mothers drink alcohol during pregnancy; the alcohol is passed directly to the fetus and causes growth delays, decreased muscle tone, poor coordination, and significant functional impairments after birth
Bargaining and guilt
A feeling that one must have done something to deserve the loss, and bargaining to change what has happened.
Axon
A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites and other neurons.
Kangaroo Care
A form of child care in which the mother of a low-birthweight infants spends at least an hour a day holding the baby between her breasts.
Ageism
A form of prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.
As men age, their testosterone levels show ________.
A gradual decline
Allow the children to learn by doing things themselves and ask open-ended questions to stimulate thinking.
A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach when interacting with his students during learning center time. He recommends the volunteers:
Anoxia
A lack of oxygen that can cause brain damage or death to the baby if prolonged during birth.
hierarchy of needs
A list of human needs from the most basic needs of survival to the highest level of self-actualization necessary for development into a fully functioning adult
growth
A measurable increase in the physical size of an infant or child
What is contingency contracting?
A method that consists of making a written or verbal contract between the teacher and a student, where the student agrees to behave in a mutually acceptable way and the teacher agrees to provide a corresponding, mutually acceptable incentive.
Concrete Operational Thought
A mode of thinking, lasting roughly from 7-12 years of age, when children begin to think more logically and flexibly about concrete materials. During this time, they have difficulty visualizing abstract thoughts and possibilities that do not physically exist.
Postpartum Depression
A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth.
Indulgent Parenting
A parenting style in which parents are involved with their children but place few limits on them.
Authoritarian Parenting
A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver. Infant seems not to care about the caregiver;s presence, departure, or return.
Sensitive Period
A period of time when certain forms of development are easiest to be learned, but development can still occur later on.
Critical Period
A period of time when specific forms of development MUST occur if they are ever going to occur.
Social Scaffolding
A process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own
Secure Attachment
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
Naming Explosion
A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.
Which is the best analogy for the way Vygotsky described cognitive development?
A supervisor showing a new worker harder tasks, only after the worker understands simpler tasks.
Guided Participation
A technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct, shared involvement in the activity.
Strange Situation
A technique where researchers have been able to observe reactions of infants through a series of introductions, separations, & reunions with caregiver & adult strangers.
Disorganized Attachment
A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.
Dynamic-systems approach
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being.
Jarren's immune system is no longer able to function. What disease would most likely account for this condition?
AIDS
Shifting Gears
Ability to move between abstract and real world problems.
Process-Product Shift
Ability to see that a problem can be either solved through a process or through a product.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to understand and regulate emotions (one's own feelings and understand other's feelings)
When is the first words spoken?
About 1 year old
In math, the best American students score __________ in comparison to Asian students.
About average
Before 44 years of age, you are likely to die from...
Accidents,suicide, homicide
slowing growth with an increase in maintenance and regulation.
According to Baltes, childhood and adolescence are marked by continuing growth, maintenance, and regulation, while adulthood and old age are characterized by___.
reflective and relativistic
According to William Perry, adult thinking is:
brain
According to the cephalocaudal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show fast growth first?
Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perception to fine-tune their movements.
According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?
gross motor skills
According to the proximodistal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show growth earlier?
Working memory
Active maintenance of information in short-term storage
gross motor skills
Activities that use large muscles develop:
animism
Adam cries that the tree root tripped him. This is an example of:
Ego Resiliency
Adaptability under potential sources of stress.
Jean Piaget--Cognitive
Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation, Object Permanence, Deferred Imitation
reflexes
Adaptive, built in reactions to stimuli are called:
Perception
Adding meaning to information
Parent/Child Relationships in Adolescence
Adolescent rebellion is more myth than reality. Most adolescents experience some conflict and limit testing but hardly a true rebellion against authority. Co-regulation increases in adolescence and conflicts will therefore increase with parents. Topics of conflict shift to issues of pace toward independence in day to day matters(curfew, cleaning room, and school work). Frequency of conflict is greatest in early adolescence while intensity is greatest in mid-adolescence. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles typically fall apart during adolescence. Authoritative parents seek internalization of rules, standards and values but are willing to listen, explain and "Bend" to the teenagers point of view. This provides the BEST adolescent adjustment.
Piaget
Adolescent was in formal operational stage of cognition where thought is more abstract & adolescents are no longer limited to actual, concrete experiences as anchors for thought They can now conjure up make-believe situations & events that are hypothetical possibilities & then try to reason logically about them. In this stage: adolescent has ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses to solve problems as in algebraic equation. They systematically deduce, or conclude best path to follow in solving equation
Juvenile delinquency
Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal. FBI statistics estimate that at least 2% of all youth are involved in juvenile court cases. Heredity, identity problems, community influences & family experiences have been proposed as causes of delinquency. Some characteristics of lower-class culture may promote delinquency. Norms of many lower-class peer groups & gangs are antisocial, or counterproductive of the goals of society at large.
Piaget Stage 4 Formal Operations
Adolescents are capable of abstract reasoning - thinking of what might be, not just what is - using symbols for symbols(algebra), advanced abstract thinking -engage in hypothetical deductive reasoning(form a hypothesis and reason whether it is true); imagining possibilities and testing hypothesis -abstract thought has emotional significance, earlier a child could love a parent or hate a classmate but now they can love or hate ideals(freedom, oppression, exploitation) frontal cortex- myelination- more effective
prefrontal cortex
Adolescents are often characterized as impulsive and emotional. This behavior may be due to immature development in which area of the brain?
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescents recognize and integrate a sense of uniqueness, personal identity (i.e. "Who am I?"), and future direction (i.e. Where do I fit in society?"). Peer group interactions become very important. Individuals choose goals and values to establish a personal identity. Adolescents who do not choose goals experience confusion and question their purpose and direction.
5
Adolscence who eat dinner with their parents ___ or more days a week have lower rates of smoking, getting into fights, and initiating sexual activity.
Role Reversal
Adults act like parents to their parents
Early risk factors for violent behavior ________.
Affect the likelihood of later risk factors
Which dimension of friendship is most important to women?
Affective
Impulsive stage
Affirms separate identity; demanding.
lateralization
Affluence of the parents= more speech to children
Tertiary Prevention
After injury, limits damage caused.
What age group is the highest for accidental death?
Age 2-6
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Ages 1 or 2 to 3 years. Toddlers use their developing motor and cognitive skills to decide for themselves. A battle of wills may ensue, and Erikson believed positive interactions with caretakers would lead the toddler to develop a sense of autonomy, rather than forcing the child to comply, resulting in feelings of shame or doubt over one's ability to operate on the social environment.
Anal stage
Ages 1 to 3 years. Primary source of gratification is the anus and buttocks area. Pleasure is attained through retention and expulsion of feces and urine; how parents handle toileting will influence future personality development. Fixation produces retentiveness (e.g., stinginess, obsessive thinking, compulsive behavior, cleanliness, orderliness) or repulsiveness (e.g, messiness, destructiveness, cruelty).
Initiative vs. guilt
Ages 3 to 5 years. Children display a sense of ambition and responsibility, and parents can help foster these characteristics by helping children set goals and carry out their plans without being too controlling, which could lead to feelings of guilt and inhibition. Family relationships (e.g., parents, siblings, extended) are key social interactions, and children must recognize and respect the rights of others.
Phallic stage
Ages 3 to 5 years. Primary source of gratification in the genitals; pleasure derived through manipulation of genitals, fondling, and masturbation prevalent. Oedipus complex (i.e., a desire by a male child to eliminate the father to take the central position in the mother's life). Fixation can involve sexual exploitation of others. Superego develops and is integrated into the personality structure.
Industry vs. inferiority
Ages 6 to 11 years. Productivity in work and play is emphasized, and children of all cultures strive for competence. Children must master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate, or else they develop a sense of inferiority, incompetence, and failure. School and neighborhood social interactions become essential.
Infancy
Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is quietly developing many cognitive processes. What period of development is he most likely in?
genotype / phenotype
All a person's genetic material makes up the ___, whereas the ___ consists of only observable characteristics.
Visual Cliff
An experiment apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another.
Fading
An operant conditioning method that moves from reinforcing every desirable behavior to reinforcing desirable behaviors every now and then, continuing until the lowest rate of reinforcement that maintains the desirable behavior is found.
Shaping
An operant conditioning method that teachers new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations towards the target behavior.
Affordance
An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.
Steps of Death: Step 2
Anger
The text suggests that gender roles __________.
Are softening, yet retain some traditional elements
20/240
As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborns vision is estimated to be:
Activity theory
As people age they prefer to remain socially active in order to resist self-preoccupation and maintain closer social relationships.
Women of which ethnicity are at greatest risk for developing osteoporosis?
Asia-American and European-American
Which culture, in general, tends to favor more emotional restraint?
Asian
Physical Characteristics from Birth to 2 years
At 2 years, they weigh 30 lbs and measure about 3 feet tall.
cognitive
At age 3, Jillian is beginning to participate in imaginary play. Identify the process of Jillian's life-span development.
88 years
At what age do more people claim to be happiest?
85 years
At what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group?
Insecure-Resistance/Ambivalent Attachment
Attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident as an infant becomes upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.
What is Bandura's ARRM model?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Erickson's 2nd stage of psychosocial development
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt As the child matures and become more physically capable, he/she learns self control through potty training and many other personal skills. There is a beginning shift from external control to self control on the part of the child. Expectations change ... the child is supposed to "Do it yourself," be more autonomous development of language allows the child to express desires for autonomy and he/she learns the power of NO. The child becomes negativistic, and really challenges limits. This is a natural part of development. We want to nurture this to a point. Balance is important. Balance is key.. autonomy is good, but too much is bad. Doubt- allows the child to recognize they can't do everything but we want them to believe they can do some things Shame- we want the child to learn adherence to reasonable rules but not be unable to do for themselves too. Doing what you're supposed to! Balance is achieved when the child can be more independent but learns they cannot just do whatever they want. The child can be an autonomous person operating within societal standards and boundaries. The child can achieve the ego virtue of WILL! WILL- DEALING WITH THE WORLD WHERE I KNOW I CAN HAVE THINGS MY WAY TO A POINT. There are practical and societal boundaries.
What term best reflects a situation in which a woman believes she cannot leave an abusive relationship and may end up killing her abuser?
Battered women's syndrome
A research study (DePaulo, 2014) found that young adults characterized married people as ________ compared to single people.
Be more caring, kind, and giving
Sensorimotor view of the world
Because of the sensory/motor nature of the child's view of the world, this first stage of cognitive development is marked by the _________ ___ __________ _____________ in understanding the world. The ____________ of __________ ________________ and ____________________. Two major limitations Absence of object permanence Egocentricism
The less frequently one engages in leisure activities, the more likely one is to ________.
Become depressed
social
Becoming a grandmother is an example of ___ age.
Blake, a senior in high school, is going to a party with some friends. Which drug(s) are Blake and his friends most likely to use?
Beer, wine, and hard liquor
overt behavior
Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior.
J. Watson, I. Pavlov, and B.F.Skinner
Behavioral theorists
What is selective attention?
Being able to sort out relative distractions while focusing on relevant sensory stimuli in the environment. Essential otherwise we'd be bombarded and overwhelmed with competing input. Attentional filter lets in some info and blocks other.
Imaginary audience
Belief that an adolescent has that they themselves are at center stage and others are intensely interested in their looks, ideas, and behavior.
False beliefs
Between the ages of 3 to 5 children come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately. This type of memory is not ture.
Identify the stress pattern we would likely see among the following people: Bill, who has recently been laid off; Mike, who is concerned that he might be laid off; or Theresa who believes her job is secure.
Bill and Mike will be about equally stressed.
Sexual identity
Biological features as determined by chromosomal information.
normative age-graded influences
Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are:
3 domains of Human Development
Biosocial, Cognitive, & Psychosocial
Congenital Anomalies (prevalence)
Birth defects. Abnormalities that result from genetic and chromosomal problems as well as toxins, disease, and other factors during the prenatal period.
Oral stage
Birth to 1 year old. Primary source of pleasure is through the mouth--sucking or mouthing; a fixation through overgratification or undergratification will result in oral needs continuing to influence personality (e.g., dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm). and habits (e.g., smoking, gum chewing, thumb sucking, overeating).
Factors affecting timing of puberty
Body fat, stress, nutrition, etc.
Nina was adopted as a young child. Her IQ is most likely to be most similar to __________.
Both biological parent's averaged IQ's
Which capability achieves adult like levels during adolescence?
Both cognitive processing capacity and processing speed
What 3 ways does the brain grow?
Bottom, up Inside, out Back to front
gender differences in language
Boys- more firm clear and direct responses Girls- more diminutives, warm phrases, diversionary repsonses
Most Children diagnosed with ADD are __________ and they show symptoms of hyper activity along with either __________ or __________.
Boys; inattention; impulsive
Hpothalamus
Brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones hat activate other parts of the brain and body
Breast Feeding
Breast is best! Less likely to get sick; decreases risk of asthma, obesity, and heart disease
Cyberbullying
Bullying that occurs when 1 person spreads insults or rumors about someone by email, text, or anonymous phone calls or posts embarrassing videos.
Sandy used to enjoy her job, but is increasingly feeling exploited, has lost the idealism toward the job she once had, and is less motivated to perform well. Sandy is probably experiencing occupational ________.
Burnout
What are some consequences of abstract thought that occur during adolescence?
Can argue more effectively, Become more self-conscious and self-focused, Become more idealistic and critical, Become better at everyday planning and decision making.
Pragmatism
Can choose the "best" of multiple solutions based on different criteria (e.g. best "fastest" solution or best "cheapest" solution).
Proximal Parenting
Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.
Distal Parenting
Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
Multidirectional
Change occurs in every direction, not always in a straight line. Gains and Losses, predictable growth, and unexpected transformations are evident.
Achievement Status
Characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives.
Post-Formal Thought in Young Adulthood
Characterized by flexibility, adaptability, and individuality. Post-formal thinkers use experience and intuition in addition to logic.
Germinal Period
Characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.
Birthing and Newborn Evaluation--Apgar Scale
Checks color, heartbeat, reflex irritability, muscle tone, respiratory effort in the first and fifth minute after the infant is born.
Early Childhood Preschool Programs
Child-Centered: stress children's development and growth, encouraging artistic expression. Montessori Schools: emphasize pride and accomplishments, presenting literacy-related tasks. Reggio Emilia: emphasize the arts, with big windows, plants, big mirrors, spacious rooms and parent involvement expected.
What is clear about gender at age 2?
Children are able to know if they are boy or girl and apply gender labels consistently
What is clear about gender at age 4?
Children are convinced that certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other
Early Childhood Sensitive Period
Children are language sponges at this age.
Early Childhood Logical Extension
Children learn a word, use it to describe other objects in same category (how it's presented increases the likelihood of learning).
Balance in this crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Children need to be encouraged to be true to their own desires but within the own confines(boundaries) of approved behavior. This is the basic process of SOCIALIZATION.
Parallel play
Children play near each other, sometimes doing the same activity, but not with each other.
Cooperative play
Children play with each other in order to attain a common goal.
Disorganized attachment
Children show little emotion at separation and mostly confusion at reunion.
Research has shown that __________.
Children use private speech on more difficult tasks and after mistakes.
Language Acquisition Device
Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways Caused by genetics, too much hygiene, concentrated allergens Primary prevention: change society—school ventilation, lower pollution, more outdoors, no cockroaches Secondary: reduce high-risk—breast feed, clean house Tertiary: inhalers and injections
What 3 ideas are part of cognitive load theory and ways to extend working memory?
Chunking - combining little pieces of info into more meaningful chunks Automaticity - when you have done something often enough that it becomes automatic Dual Encoding - visual and verbal
What is chunking?
Chunking is grouping strings of information together in some way to make them easier to remember.
Jean Piaget
Cognitive development/cognitive constructivism
What is cognitive modeling?
Cognitive modeling involves modeled demonstrations, together with verbal descriptions of the model's thoughts and actions.
George Miller and Noam Chomsky
Cognitive theorists
J. Piaget and L. Vygotsky
Cognitive theorists
Many more Americans attend college today than in the 1900s, which best exemplifies ________.
Cohort Effects
Identity achievement
Committing to goals and taking a course of action to achieve those goals.
Sucicide
Common age of someone who commits suicide is 67, the older a person is, the more likely they are going to commit suicide
neurotransmitters
Communication in the synapses occurs through the release of chemical substances known as:
attention
Compared to younger adults, older adults show greater activity in the frontal and parietal regions while they are engaging in tasks that require cognitive control processes such as:
Information Processing Theory
Compares human thinking to a computer (receiving and storing info).
Early Childhood Theories: Sociocultural
Components point out that many traditional cultures enforce gender distinctions with dramatic stories, taboos, and terminology.
Josie can identify all the words in a sentence but has trouble deciphering its meaning. Josie has trouble with __________.
Comprehension
Selective Attention
Concentrate on one part, or use knowledge base to connect new info.
John Watson--Behavior
Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Reinforcement
Researcher Michael males believes that the correlation between age and risky behavior is ________ once ________ is (are) taken into account.
Considerably reduced; sociodemographic conditions
Normative identity
Consistent with the values and expectations of society or culture (e.g., becoming a doctor, teacher, mother).
Early Childhood Theories: Epigenetic
Contends that traits and behaviors are the result of interaction between genes and early experience.
Identity moratorium
Continuing to take in and analyze information without agreeing on goals or a course of action.
Artificial Estrogen
Contributes to heart disease
Limbic System
Controls emotions and expression of emotions.
According to personality-type theory, ________ individuals have verbal and quantitative skills when tasks are well-defined.
Conventional
When a particular themes organizes children's play, it is defined as __________.
Cooperative
What are some ways to foster self-esteem in children?
Create a safe, loving home environment, Be a positive role model, Identify and redirect inaccurate beliefs, Be spontaneous and affectionate, Give positive, accurate feedback.
George Miller
Credited with the official start of the cognitive movement and "The Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus 2."
George Miller
Credited with the official start of the cognitive movement with the publication of his paper "The Magic Number 7 Plus or Minus 2" in 1956
Margaret Meade and Carol Gilligan
Cross cultural theorists
Bethany is part of a large group of children who play sports. Within this group are several other smaller groups of friends, who tend to be very close. The large group is called a __________.
Crowd
Thirteen-year-old Elliott is very social, and believes he should work in a field in which he has direct contact with people. Which process will Elliott use to choose his career?
Crystallization
Social Clock
Cultural norms or expectations for times in life when certain important events should occur.
older adults preference to stay out of nursing homes
Currently, there is an increased demand for home care workers because of which of the following?
bulimia nervosa
Deb gorges on large amounts of food. After a binge, she "compensates" by exercising for as long as two hours and sometimes makes herself vomit. Deb appears to be suffering from:
Cognitive Theory
Defines learning as a relatively enduring change in mental structures that occurs as a result of the interaction of an individual with the environment.
Child Abuse
Deliberate action for harm to emotions, physical, or sexual well being.
Steps of Death: Step 1
Denial
Inductive Reasoning
Deriving general principles from particular facts or instances ("Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals").
Timing of Events Model of Personality Development
Describe adult psycho-social development as a response to expected or unexpected occurrences of important life events.
Normative Stage Model of Personality Development
Describe psycho-social development in terms of a definite sequence of age related changes.
Harry Harlow
Described classic experiments with infant rhesus monkeys that were placed into cages with wire surrogate mothers, one with a bottle to provide food (oral gratification and sustenance) and another with a terrycloth covering (comfort and warmth).
Mary Ainsworth
Described four patterns of infant attachment: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.
John Bowlby
Described infants as being born with an innate potential for attachment. Infants have the ability to form a natural bond with a caregiver, thus enabling the infant to explore the environment without fear of abandonment.
Early Childhood Vocabulary Explosion
Development is quick and language potential is great.
proximodistal
Development that begins in the midline of the body and extends outward, allowing the body to develop large muscle movements before fine motor control can be mastered
Tyler is a seven year old boy who struggles with reading individual words. What should his parents be most concerned about?
Developmental Dyslexia
Erik Erikson
Developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his psychosocial theory of human development.
assimilation
Devon plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with the water in his bathtub. This is an example of:
Symbiotic stage
Differentiation of self from others.
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
Difficulty paying attention and impulse to be continually active.
Attention Deficit Disorder
Difficulty paying attention.
Isaiah is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity. Which identity status best describes Isaiah?
Diffusion
Shock and denial
Disbelief or denial that an event has occurred.
biological
Doctors measure and chart baby's height, weight and head growth at each medical check-up. What processes are being checked?
Irreversibility
Doesn't know reversing a process sometimes restores what existed before.
embryonic
During which prenatal development period do the following changes take place? Eyes appear, four chambers of the heart take shape, spinal cord begins to form, and the intestinal tract develops.
second
During which stage of childbirth is the fetus expelled from the womb?
Early Language Discrimination
Early on infants can distinguish very subtle differences in speech sounds(phonemes). At first, they can distinguish all phonemes used in all languages, but his ability will disappear as the child is exposed to his/her native language there are 100 sounds that humans can make with their vocal apparatus, the english language has 40 phoenemes, we speak b/4 we use vocal vibration
Discuss how early maturation affects boys and girls.
Early-maturing boys perceived themselves more positively & had more successful peer relationships. Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction with their figures than do late-maturing girls.
Achieved identity
Earned through effort and ability (e.g., counselor, teacher, mother)
Describe three types of temperament.
Easy Child, Difficult Child, Slow-to-Warm-Up Child
Type B Personality
Easy going, relaxed no time pressure, lives longer than type a personality people
Convergent Thinking
Eliminating possibilities and focusing on one solution
Ego
Emerges during the first year of life. Operates on the reality principle. The purpose is to make a socially acceptable, reality-based resolution to the urges of the id and demands of the superego. Failure to resolve issues may lead to use of defense mechanisms to lower anxiety.
By 18 months, children talk, gesture, and have begun to learn new words rapidly, all of which reflect their __________.
Emerging understanding of symbols and use of symbols
Which kind of coping strategy leads to more stress?
Emotion-focused
Emotional Regulation
Emotional regulation: the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
Emotional Development
Emotions are important in early relationships. -Basic emotions are anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear, and disgust. Happiness (smile: from birth)(social smile: 6-10 weeks)(laugh: 3-4 months), Anger (general distress: from birth)(anger: 4-6 months), Fear (first fears: 2nd half of first year)(stranger anxiety: 8-12 months) -Secondary emotions (learned feelings or meda-feelings) embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, pride. Increase cognitive skills drives these changes. Gains in symbolic representation, language, self-concept support emotional development. Social expectations.
Self conscious emotions
Emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride.
Ethological theories
Emphasize the role of instinct (biological bases) in human development and use naturalistic observation--that is, people are born with innate capacities resulting from evolution that affects learning experiences.
Theory 2: First 2 Years: Behaviorism
Emphasizes the role of parents.
According to the text, girls' interactions with others are generally __________.
Enabling
Legacy Stage
End of Life. Leave instructions for wills and possessions. Pass on life stories. Preserve one's legacy to upcoming generations.
To enhance moral reasoning, research suggests that parents should ________.
Engage in discussions about moral issues with their children
As men get older, their prostate glands are most likely to become ________.
Enlarged
Becoming Parents
Epidemiological data suggest that couples are not having children(by choice and increases in infertility), and are having fewer children than past generations. US birth rates are at an all-time low of 13.9 per 1000 women ages 15-44(2012 statistic) In addition, couples are having children later in life and in the marriage Recent data show that there are marked ethnic differences in US birthing trends: 1. white non-hispanic couples are most prominently delaying or foregoing parenthood and have fewest children 2. white hispanic couples are having more children and starting families at a earlier age and are becoming the largest contributor to overall population growth rates According to the census bureau, May 2011 1. about 20.6% white women about 17.2% black women about 15.9% Asian women about 12.4% Hispanic women were childless after age 44(age CB considers the end of a woman's childbearing years) According to same census bureau, college-educated women are experiencing a "delayer boom," meaning that they are having fewer children and having them at later ages than other women, they are not forming relationships investing, instead, in their education and careers Dual earner households are the norm(66%) which changes family interaction patterns. Dads are more involved at home which is positive but both parents report more stress in life which is negative, and this introduces childcare issues which itself has positive and negative aspects
Intimacy Vs Isolation
Erickson. Task is to be able to make a commitment to others or face isolation. This is the capacity to commit to an enduring relationship that is characterized by emotional sharing, mutual caring, and an investment to its future. Virtue is love.
intimacy vs isolation
Erikson's 6th stage of psychosocial development in which young adults either make commitments to others or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption result is development of an ethical sense which he calls the mark of the adult resolution of this stage is the virtue of LOVE- mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives, have children and help those children achieve their own healthy development
Initative vs. guilt
Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.
Estradiol
Estrogen plays important role in female pubertal development.
American men of ________ descent are more likely to die as young adults than men of ________ descent.
European; Asian and Pacific Islander
What is language pivotal to?
Every kind of cognition in early childhood
Social Cognitive Theory
Examines the processes involved as people learn from observing others and gradually acquire control over their own behavior.
One of the four common meanings people derive from work is ________.
Experiencing union with others
adolescent trends
FEWER THAN 1/2 of all 9th-12th grade students report having had sexual intercourse, reflecting a DECLINE in during the last decade from 53% in 1993 to 47% in 2003. males are more likely than females to report having had sexual intercourse(in reality the statistic may be = or differ than what is reported) the CDC has reported a spike in the number of teens and young adults reporting having engaged in oral sex for females age 15-19, 48% report having had oral sexual contact(47% having had vaginal sex) for males the numbers are comparable with 49% reporting oral sex and 44% vaginal intercourse the barrier for oral sex isn't happening overall contraception use has increased since prior to 1985 -prior to 1985, under 60% - 2005 to 2008, over 80%
What term refers to the idea that the well-being of family takes precedence over concerns of individual family members?
Familism
G. Stanley Hall
Father of the scientific study of adolescence. Ideas first published in 1904 in a two-volume set titled Adolescence. All development is controlled by genetically determined physiological factors. Environment plays minimal role in development, especially during infancy and childhood. Storm and stress view is Hall's concept that adolescence is turbulent time - changed with conflict and mood swings.
Which statement is true about father infant relationships?
Fathers and mothers play different types of games with their infants
Symptoms of Child Abuse
Fearful, startled by noise, defensive, quick to attack, confused between fantasy and reality, repeated injuries, excuses that don't fit injury, unusual knowledge, slow physical growth, complains, no close friends, hyper vigilant, absence.
Which group of people is more likely to take part in weekly binge drinking?
Female college students
Consistent Differences in Gender Development
Females have better verbal skills(reading comp, vocab, and use) at an early age, but these differences tend to disappear by adolescence Males have better visual/spatial skills(mental manipulation of an object, locations), the difference is small, but persists Males are more physically and verbally aggressive, as early as age 2, likely do to testosterone and socialization
zygote
Fertilization results in the formation of a:
FAS/Symptoms
Fetal alcohol syndrom. 1:1,000 births. leading cause of intellectual disability in U.S. Symptoms: small size, low birth weight, certain facial characteristics and mental retardation.
Age of Viability
Fetus has a 50% chance of surviving outside the womb; 24 week
Longitudinal research shows which results in comparisons of the following types of couples? (1) married without cohabiting (2) cohabited and then married (3) simply cohabited
Few behavioral differences have been reported among partners in (1), (2), and (3).
Permissive Parenting
Few demands, hide impatience, low maturity expectations, nurturing and accepting, no responsibility for shaping kids.
Hospice (Palliative Care)
Few weeks to live, provided in the home, hospital or hospice facilities
presbyopia
Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain images on his retina. This condition is known as:
Spermarche
First ejaculation of seminal fluid (boys only.)
Menarche
First menstrual period (girl only).
Theory of Psychosocial Development
Focused on an individual's learned social interactions within the environment as a key influence on ego development. Personality continues to develop throughout one's life and that developmental problems are reversible.
Vygotsky: Social Context
Focused on education and condemned meaningless memorization.
Fagan's Test
Focuses on infant's ability to process information. Estimates a baby's intelligence by comparing amount of time spent looking at an object with amount of time spent looking at familiar object.
Sex and Middle Age
For women the best sex is after 40
Senile
Forgetful
George Miller
Found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items
James Marcia
Four stages that can be seen during Erikson's identity vs identity confusion stage; identity moratorium (searching/no commitment), identity foreclosure (not searching/commitment), identity diffusion (not searching/no commitment), identity achievement (searched/commitment).
Two new parents are interested in increasing the likelihood that their daughter behaves altruistically in the future. What would you recommend?
Frequently demonstrate helping behavior in front of their daughter
Casey, a six year old girl, came home with a sign up sheet to play soccer. The first question she asked her father was, "Do girls play soccer?" When he father answered yes, she wanted to know all about soccer and when she could get a uniform and cleats. Casey's behavior is most directly related to __________.
Gender schema theory
Gale is rational, active, independent, and competitive. Gale closely fit the male __________.
Gender stereotype
Influences upon Identity
Gender: males and females seem to be very similar in identity content except that females include the effective formation of relationships as a central part of identity more than males do. Ethnic membership can be central to an adolescent's identity and thus having minority status in society can adversely affect self-image and self-esteem.
Timeline and Stages of Prenatal Development
Germinal Period--First 2 weeks of development after conception Embryonic Period--3rd - 8th weeks after conception Fetal Period--9th week - birth
Prenatal stages
Germinal period- first stage of prenatal development, lasting about 2 weeks from conception until the developing organism becomes attached to the wall of the utuerus Embryonic Period- second phase of prenatal development, lasting from the third through the eighth prenatal week, during which the major organs and anatomical structures begin to develop Fetal Period- third phase, lasting from the ninth week until birth, during this period the major organ systems begin to function effectively and the fetus grows rapidly
Timing of Maturation
Girls start puberty on average about 2 years earlier than boys. 8 to 10 for girls and 9 to 16 for boys. There is about a 7 year range of when puberty begins; roughly 8 to 16 years of age. Once puberty starts, it takes about 4 years for the process to complete.
Gender school
Girls tend to do better in school → self-discipline.
Timing of Puberty (Early vs Late Bloomers)
Girls who mature earlier than other girls are less happy and adjusted than girls who mature on average or later. Boys who mature earlier tend to be more confident and popular than boys who mature later. Early maturing girls and late maturing boys seem to be least happy and well adjusted.
Ascribed identity
Given by others or is the result of another's efforts and achievements (e.g., "You're just like your father," spouse of an elected official).
Active Euthanasia
Gives drugs to speed up death
beneficial
Giving nursing home patients more control over their daily schedule is:
What term refers to the fact that women often rise only so high in a company?
Glass Ceiling
cognitive advantages of bilingualism
Greater cognitive flexibility and control Higher self-esteem Greater abilities in selective attention Greater meta-linguistic awareness Potential improved IQ scores
Attributing success to one's ability relative to one's efforts yields ________ in ________ .
Greater satisfaction; older adults
Cliques
Groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment.
Which body part matures first?
Hands and feet of both sexes
Retired
Happy when its planned, done voluntarily and in good health
glaucoma
Harley's opthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eyedrops to treat a buildup of fluid that can damage his optic nerve or destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has:
Relational
Harm social connection between the two through insults, destroys self-esteem.
How do children develop self-esteem?
Harter study: 1. the child' perception of their popularity 2. the child's perception of their physical attractiveness Remember, children are still in the Concrete operation phase!!
Stereo-typed Status
Has a number of relationships or partners that are casual and relatively superficial.
How does one enter the "sandwich generation"?
Having a parent move in while raising a child
A preschoolers memory can best be described as __________.
Having good memory, but are more suggestible than adults.
Daniel Goleman/emotional intelligence
He believes that we have something called "emotional intelligence" which is the knowledge and ability to manage our emotions, respond appropriately to situations and the ability to make sound emotional decisions. He argues that this kind of intelligence is more important in life than the traditional math/verbal kind of intelligence that schools seem to glorify to the detriment of developing kids with good emotional skills needed to make sound decisions.
Kohlberg
He proposed our moral reasoning helps guide our judgement and behavior. He argued that as we develop intellectually we pass through as many as 6 stages of moral thinking, moving from the simplistic and concrete toward the more abstract and principled. He clustered these 6 stages into 3 basic levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. His claim was that these levels form a moral ladder.
Your friend who is an adolescent threatens suicide, shows a change in sleeping habits, and is no longer interested in activities that were once important. What should you do?
Help the friend seek professional help (e.g through a hotline)
Prosocial Behavior
Helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit for oneself.
social
Henrey's family and friends believe that he is too old to take up skydiving and urge him to "act more is age." These expectations are based on his ___ age.
List the six (seven) stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
Heteronomous morality, Individualism and instrumental purpose, Interpersonal conformity, Law and order, Social contract, morality of universal ethical principles, morality of cosmic orientation.
When solving a problem, children often rely upon __________, which are rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but are useful solving a range of problems.
Heuristics
Rahul's parents firmly set rules, though they will sometimes change them for a good reason. Rahul's self-esteem is most likely to be ________.
High
Theory 4: First 2 Years: Epigenetic Theory
Holds that every human characteristic is strongly influenced by each person's unique genotype.
Theory 3: First 2 Years: Cognitive Theory
Holds that thoughts and values determine a person's perspective.
poverty and language (Hart and Risley, 1995)
Home language has profound implications for future cognitive success
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic theorist. Developed the hierarchy of needs to demonstrate that humans have an innate need for self-actualization, which can only be attained when lower order needs are met. Also coined the term self-actualization, which refers to recognizing and moving toward one's full potential.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Humanistic theorists
Instrumental
Hurt intended to get/keep something another has/doesn't have.
changes in the circulatory system
Hypertension and stroke are signs of which of the following in older adults?
The formal operational stage is most marked by __________.
Hypothetical thinking
Self recognition
Identification of the self as a physically unique being.
According to Erickson, adolescents face a crisis between ________ as they develop.
Identify and role confusion
Topological Models of Personality Development
Identify broad personality types or styles.
Erikson's Stage 5
Identity vs Identity Confusion Adolescents strive to know who they really are and then to remain true to their identity Adolescents typically "try on" identities which they discard in part or whole across time. At first this is a confusing process and teens often feel confused about who they are and what they believe. Cliquiness and Defensiveness are defenses against confusion Once again we seek BALANCE. The adolescent should become certain about a lot of their identity BUT not be "LOCKED IN" at this point. They need to be confused enough to be open to exploration of self and the world. In the adolescent can balance the issues of "Who am I" they develop the ego Virtue of FIDELITY. The capacity to sustain loyalty to ideas, a life path, and others. This is the basis of stability in intimate relating, career and educational goals and faithful allegiance to social institutions. Remaining in Identity Confusion can severely disrupt transition to adulthood. Research based on Erikson's theory by Marcia focuses on the "progression" to role identity as reflecting in a career choice.
Erickson stages continued
Identity vs. Role- Adolescents ask who they are and must establish social and vocational identities; otherwise they will remain confused about roles they should play as adults (12-20 years) Intimacy vs isolation- young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person, but may fear intimacy and experience loneliness and isolation (20-40 years) Generativity vs stagnation- middled aged adults must feel that they are producing something that will outlive them, either as a parent or as workers; otherwise, they will become stagnant and self- centered. Integrity vs Despair- Older adults must come to view their lives as meaningful to face death without worries and regrets (65 years and older)
Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion: young people struggle to reconcile their understanding of themselves as unique with their connection to their heritage.
Essential features of the Psycho-social stages
If we resolve this crisis well we develop a new skill that we can use to function in the world. These skills Erikson called EGO VIRTUES.
Amanda has entered the workforce. She is most likely in which stage of career development?
Implementation
What is the proper order of Super's stages?
Implementation, establishment, maintenance, deceleration, retirement
When people reason about moral issues with others whose reasoning is at a higher level, the usual result is that individuals reasoning at lower levels ________.
Improve
Reactive
Impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional/accidental action, verbal/physical.
Formal Operational Thought
In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas. A capacity for abstract thought. A more flexible way to manipulate information. Usually develops around age 11. Also has emotional implications "I hate exploitation".
Sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
What is ISS?
In School Suspension. A method where students are placed in a quiet room inside the school building for one or more days to work on the same activities that non-suspended students are working at, under the supervision of an adult.
strength training
In addition to aerobic activity and stretching, gerontologists recommend ___ for older adults.
Egocentrism
In addition to limited object permanence, the sensorimotor stage is marked by an inability to consider any point of view other than one's own. Since all schema are the child's own sensory and motor impressions, everything is viewed from his/her own perspective. This diminishes during the sensorimotor stage but will persist beyond it and into the next stage. The end of the sensorimotor stage sees the accomplishment of allocentrism.
Between the ages of 2 and 6, where are neurological increases seen?
In the areas of the cortex where planning, thinking, social awareness, and language occur
development is best explained by the interaction of nature and nurture.
In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that:
environment
In the nature / nurture debate, one's biology is related to "nature" while one's ___ is related to "nurture."
Temperament
Inborn characteristic way that infants interact with the world around them; stable and characteristic aspect of a person's base response to life. 3 style; easy, difficult, and slow to warm up
Temperament
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. Temperament is epigenetic, originating in genes but affected by child-rearing practices. (Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm, and Hard to Classify)
immunizations.
Incidences of diseases such as bacterial meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, and chicken pox have been nearly eradicated, due to:
Describe the concept theory of mind and discuss how a child theory of mind changes as they develop through early childhood?
Includes awareness that the mind exists and it has connection to the physical world. It can represent objects & events accurately or inaccuratelly, it can actively interpret reality & emotions. In Preschool they use: rehearsal, organization, elaboration and in Preschool they use: scripts, greater elaboration with age.
Culture of Children
Includes the particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from slightly older children without adult approval.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Individuals in middle adulthood consider family relations, partners, and intimate friendships to be of greatest importance, and people seek to enhance future generations through child rearing and nurturing others. Work productivity is also essential as people seek a peak in their personal abilities to generate performance. Negative outcomes reflect feelings of meaninglessness in one's accomplishments.
Integrity vs. despair
Individuals in old age come to terms with their own mortality and limitations in order to reflect on their life with a sense of pride, achievement, satisfaction, and integrity and to face death with dignity. Others may reflect on life with regret and despair. All of humankind if now the social focus.
What is the fourth stage of Erikson's psychosocial crisis?
Industry versus inferiority
Erikson's Crisis
Industry vs. inferiority - children busily try to master whatever abilities their culture values.
immature brain development in the prefrontal lobes
Infantile amnesia may be due to:
What is the classic developmental view on infant memory?
Infants have no memory of their first year
The most common reason(s) couples report for deciding to divorce is ________ .
Infidelity
What are the three models of memory we discussed in class?
Information processing, levels of processing, and Baddeley's.
Tacit Knowledge
Information that is not formally taught or openly but is needed to get ahead. Sternberg.
What is Erikson's third psychosocial crisis?
Initiative versus guilt
Erikson's Stage 3 Crisis
Initiative vs. Guilt Initiative represents the child's growing urge to follow their own plans and to achieve their own goals(set their own agenda). Guilt represents the child's increasing moral reservations and need for approval of others that serve to restrict obtaining their own goals. If a balance between these conditions is reaches, the ego virtue of: PURPOSE develops. Purpose: the ability to envision and pursue new and appropriate goals without being overly inhibited by guilt.
Erikson's Early Childhood Stage
Initiative vs. Guilt: self-esteem emerges in skills and competencies.
Holland categorizes occupations along which dimension?
Interpersonal setting and associated lifestyle
Companionate Love (Pattern of Love)
Intimacy and commitment are present. Long-term committed freindship or marriage where physical attraction died, but they are close and decide to stay together.
Romantic Love (Pattern of Love)
Intimacy and passion are present, however they are not committed to each other.
Liking (Pattern of Love)
Intimacy is the only component present. There is closeness, understanding, affection, etc. without passion or commitment.
Erik Erikson's Stage 6 of psychosocial development
Intimacy vs Isolation 1. not sexual but emotional connectedness 2. intimacy involves entering into a close, warm, communicative, loving relationship with others so that you can make a deep, personal commitment to another person that takes sacrifice and compromise(intimacy=friendship) 3. isolation refers to becoming overly centered on pursuit of your own goals, plans and desires with little compromise or willingness to take care of others instead of yourself If a balance between focus on others and focus on self is achieved the new ego virtue= LOVE Love= The ability to love others but yet preserve one's own identity, needs and goals.
According to Erikson, the conflict of young adulthood is ________.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
According to personality-type theory, ________ individuals are task-oriented and like thinking about abstract relations.
Investigative
The link between viewing television and short attention spans in children __________.
Is unsupported by research
For the development of of gross motor skills such as running and catching, experience __________.
Is very important
How can temperament affect a person's development?
It can keep kids from adapting to new experiences. A easy child is positive and adopts easily where a slow-to-learn- child is negative and very slow to adapt.
A big change in the role of grandparents today is serving as custodial parents or primary caregivers for their grandchildren. What do most custodial grandparents say with regard to this situation?
It is a better situation for the grandchildren than any other alternative.
do crossword puzzles
Jake is only 25 years old but wants to reduce his chance of losing cognitive impairment when he is older. What can he do now to prepare?
Post Formal Thinking
Jan Sinnott lists 4 criteria of post-formal thinking: 1. shifting gears between abstract reasoning and practical real-world application 2. multiple causes/multiple situations exist to any problem 3. pragmatism leading to making choices based upon reasonable criteria 4. awareness of paradox between what is lost and gained in any situation
Rooting
Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robbie. He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth. This is an example of:
implicit
Josh sorts and washes his laundry without having to read the instructions. What type of memory is he using?
Superego
Judgmental part of personality that internalizes moral standards of parents.
gross motor skills
Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment can help young children develop:
puberty; menopause
Just as ___ has been coming earlier, ___ has been coming later.
Rationalization
Justifying one's behavior with logical-sounding reasons, thus concealing the real reason for a behavior.
Discuss changes in self-esteem and identity during adolescence.
Kids who have a higher view of themselves and have interactions with others will usually have a higher self esteem compared to those who don't have a high view of themselves and tend to be by themselves.
When Teddy writes stories in his third grade English class, his writing often reads as poorly connected facts. Teddy is writing using a(n) __________ strategy.
Knowledge telling
If a writer thinks about what she wants to write and the purpose of her writing, organizes it, and then starts to write, she is using a __________ strategy.
Knowledge transforming
Stages of Labor (Lecture 1)
Labor usually begins 266 days from conception(preceded by a 2 wk period of parturition) Stage 1: Contraction Stage: start shorter and farther apart contractions, become longer and more frequent, usually lasts 12 hours(shorter with subsequent pregnancies) Stage 2: Pushing: begins when the baby starts to move through the birth canal, ends when the baby is completely out, usually lasts 1.5 hours Stage 3: Delivery of Umbilical Cord and Placenta(expelled), usually lasts 5-30 mins Stage 4: Recovery Time Vaginal Delivery is stressful for the baby, the stress is good because it jumps starts systems of the body, ie. the hepatic system
linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language shapes and may even determine the way people of a certain culture perceive and understand the world (Worf,1958)
Re-integrative Stage
Late Adulthood. As health declines may have to be more selective about what tasks we continue to pursue (or begin to pursue).
Middle Childhood Language Development
Learn up to 20 words/day Apply new grammar rules Metaphors, jokes and puns understandable by this age, but not funny to teens and no meaning to early childhood
Due to rapidly changing technology and information, educators now emphasize promoting ________.
Learning to learn rather than learning specific information
Although both are developmental psychologists, Dr, Connelly adopts the __________ view, which involves studying the natural mechanisms that control children's ability to learn grammar, whereas Dr. Sanari adopts the __________ view in her studies of children's ability ti detect grammatical regularities.
Linguistic; Cognitive
Inadequate iron intake often leads to __________.
Listlessness
Watson
Little Albert/instrumental conditioning
While making a decision, ________ is to ________ as ________ is to ________.
Logic; formal operational thought; situational constraints; post formal thought
Hopelessness
Loneliness and depressed feelings, a stage that becomes so uncomfortable that one becomes motivated to move on.
When you woke up this morning, how did you know that you were you?
Long term memory
When experiencing career plateau, an important option is to ________.
Look for retraining
Factors Affecting Growth
Low SES: over nutrition (overweight) due to eating habits
Adolescent friends once described Janene as having been critical, irritable, and rude. Now in middle age, Janene's friends perceive her to be lazy, never on time, and lacking energy. As an adolescent, Janene appeared to be ________, but in middle age, she seems to be ________.
Low in agreeableness; low in conscientiousness
Higher overall intelligence in young adult military men predicted ________ when they reached middle age.
Lower suicide rates and deaths due to accidents
What is rote learning?
Maintenance rehearsal- saying something over and over again until it's memorized.
Benefits of breastfeeding
Major infant nutrition. Proper blend of nutrients, is sterile, and provides better immunity. Lowers the risk of chronic conditions later in life.
Preretirement
Making plans for retirement.
Bullying: Male and Female Characteristics
Male: often big and target smaller, weaker boys. Female: often sharp-tongued; harass shyer, more soft-spoken girls.
One of the strongest gender differences, one that begins early in life and is seen in almost all cultures, is that __________.
Males show more physical aggression
What disease can result from malnutrition
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
Identity Statuses (as described by Marcia)
Marcia described 4 identity statuses with differing combinations of crisis and commitment that is confusion or clarity about identity. IDENTITY STATUSES: is a specific level of ego development forming identity that depends upon the mixture of crisis over career choice and commitment to career choice being experienced by the adolescent. IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT: this is the ultimate resolution of the crisis. These adolescents have considered alternatives and experience the crisis of trying to decide. This crisis has been resolved and they are committed to their final career choice. FORECLOSURE: these adolescents never considered options but chose someone else's plan for their life. They had no crisis but are committed to this choice for now. Crisis may come when they are not under the influence of others to whom they defer. MORATORIUM: these adolescents are in crisis, they're weighing many ideas and options with no real commitment to any one plan. They have high crisis with no commitment. DIFFUSION: these adolescents have no plan, are not weighing any option and have no real crisis or commitment(Not engaging in a process for their future).
Marcia's Identity Statuses
Marcia's term for states of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment.
Late Adulthood
Maria feels less pressure to achieve, has more time for leisure activities, and is highly adaptable to change. She is MOST likely in what period of development?
Componential Research
Measures of basic working-memory capacity do not correlate well with mental test scores. Cultural and educational experiences contribute significantly to IQ. Individuals whose nervous systems function efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills. Flexible attention and memory are not as important as efficient thinking in predicting IQ.
fatal; nonfatal
Men have a higher incidence of ___ chronic conditions, whereas women have a higher incidence of ___ chronic conditions.
Which group of men tends to separate love and sex and have more short-term relationships?
Men of any orientation
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory applies more to __________ than __________.
Men; Women
Which term refers to the mental and natural structures that are built in and allow the mind to operate?
Mental hardware
Diagnosing problems with remembering and effectiveness of strategies for remembering are two features of __________.
Meta-memory
What are metacognition, meta-memory, meta-attention? What are the two parts of metacognition?
Metacognition is an individual's cognition about his/her cognitive or "knowing about knowing." The two parts of metacognition are knowledge of cognition and control of cognition. Meta-memory is remembering about remembering. Meta-attention is paying attention to paying attention.
Executive Stage
Middle Adulthood. Some middle adults will be responsible for larger groups (e.g. companies or governments). They use the skills to maintain these responsibilities.
Responsible Stage
Middle Adulthood. Use skills to solve practical problems. Use to maintain things achieved in previous stage. (e.g. career and family)
Integrating emotion into thinking is best done by ________ and results in people ________.
Middle-aged adults; tolerating contradiction and ambiguity in their decisions
Constructive educational philosophy
Montessori Schools
Intellectual Aptitude
Most important in schools (Measured by IQ tests)
Ages 45-54
Most obsessed with death
How do most people remember visual information? Like an image or a photograph? What are the particular terms for visual memory and auditory memory?
Most people remember visual information as images, not as photographs. Echoic memory is memory for auditory items. Iconic memory is memory for visual items.
Multiple Soulutions
Most problems have more than one cause and more than one solution.
emerging adulthood
Most traditional college students are considered to be in what developmental period?
Fine Motor Skills
Move tongue, jaw, lips, and toes 3 months: can touch but not grab 4 months: grab stuff but timing is off 6 months: grab objects
Acceptance
Moving on and readjusting to a new life situation.
psychological
Mrs. B is a 66-year-old widow in remarkably good health. She is financially comfortable and will retire soon. However, she dreads retirement, saying that she has no hobbies and no idea about how she will structure her new abundance of time. She is experiencing difficulty with ___ age.
Vygotsky
Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does this method fit.
Psychological Moratorium
Much of adolescence is spent in this period. This is a "time out" period where one can search for commitments that one can be faithful to.
5 Characteristics of Human Development
Multidirectional, Multidisciplinary, Multicontextual, Multicultural, & Plastic
What is the name for the fact that during adulthood, some aspects of intelligence improve and others decline?
Multidirectionality
Bob is showing a decline in memory as he ages, but an increase in crystallized intelligence, whereas Elysée is showing the opposite as she ages. Together, they demonstrate Baltes' concepts of ________.
Multidirectionality and interindividual variability
Middle Childhood Growth Rates
Muscles become stronger Growth rate lowers Gross & fine motor skills mastered with practice Generally very healthy Malnutrition rare because "just right" fades
Results of Gottman and Levenson's divorce study showed that ________ predicts early divorce and that ________ predicts later divorce.
Negative emotions expressed during conflict; lack of positive emotions
In a situation of _________, children are not receiving adequate food, clothing, or medical care.
Neglect
adult cognitive development
Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say about:
Is the cerebral cortex hard wired for a specific function at birth?
No
Will an adolescent provide the same level of reasoning when judging information that supports her beliefs and information that contradicts them?
No, adolescents selectively apply stronger standards to contradictory information so that it does not threaten their beliefs
Is the transition from adolescence to adulthood (ages 18-25) a smooth one?
No, and the term "quarterlife crisis" has been suggested as a way to convey the struggles of this transition.
Todd is an expert in fixing computers. One of his new employees asks how he knew where the problem was. Todd was surprised that he couldn't explain it, that he "just knew." Should Todd be concerned about his decreasing mental abilities?
No, because it is not uncommon for experts to have trouble explaining their process to others.
When Guy was 25 years old, he liked to listen to and play Bob Dylan songs on his guitar. Now that Guy is 48 years old, he still likes to listen to and play Bob Dylan. Based on research cited in the text, should you be surprised at this?
No, because leisure activities tend to be stable across time.
Secure attachment
Normal and secure relationships in which children explore the environment and protest separation.
Timing of Events
Normative Life Events; expected life experiences that occur at customary times (e.g. marriage, parenthood).
Four Ways of Looking at Personality Development in Young Adulthood
Normative-Stage Models Timing of Events Models Trait Models TopologicalModels
Standards of behavior that apply to all group members are called __________.
Norms
View of Death: Old
Not afraid of dying, afraid of being a burden
Classification of Aggressive Acts- 2 types
OVERT AGGRESSION: is aggression openly directed at its target(often physical). It is relational and aimed at hurting another's reputation or interfering with another's friendships
mentally represent objects.
Object permanence is important because it means that infants are able to:
Types of Research
Observation Experiment Survey Case Study Cross-Sectional Research Longitudinal Research Cross-Sequential Research
Imaginary Audience
Observer who exists in an adolescent's mind that is as concerned with the adolescents thoughts and behavior to the same degree as the adolescent.
What is perhaps the most common reason for why people are forced to change occupations?
Obsolete Skills
Stranger anxiety
Occurs around 6 months of age when infants become fearful in the presence of strangers (even noncaretakers the infant had seen weeks earlier, such as grandparents). This phenomenon is probably due to enhanced visual acuity, onset of object permanence, and increasing cognitive awareness.
Social smiling
Occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically in response to a face. Present 4 to 6 weeks after birth.
Identity foreclosure
Occurs when others (e.g., parents, friends) have determined the goals and the teen pursues the goals without question.
Identity diffusion
Occurs when teens procrastinate or become so confused that they are unable or unwilling to even take in and analyze identity related information that could lead to goal setting.
Pathology in psychosexual theory
Occurs when the ego is unable to reconcile the id's urges with the superego's moralized response leading to anxiety and pathology, possibly in the form of common defense mechanisms.
Early Childhood Theories: Cognitive
Offers an alternative explanation for the strong gender identity that becomes apparent at age 5. (Gender schema: Understanding of sex differences.)
both vision and hearing loss
Older adults with ___ experience the most declines in health and functioning.
Neuron
One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain.
Pre-Intimate Status
One or more close friendship high in above but not committed to one romantic relationship.
Types of Attachment
One way to assess levels and quality of attachment in young children is to observe a child's responses in the strange situation paradigm 1. child and caregiver alone in play room with the child free to explore 2. child in a playroom with a stranger after the caregiver leaves(make observations) 3. child response when the caregiver returns(make observations)
Self-concept
One's beliefs and feelings about oneself: defines who an individual is.
Big 5 Study: OCEAN
Openness: imaginative, curious, welcomes new experiences Conscientiousness: organized, deliberate, conforming Extroversion: outgoing, assertive, active Agreeable: kind, helpful, easygoing Neuroticism: anxious, moody, self-critical
A child smiles and gains attention from a caretaker, so the child begins to smile more often. This is an example of __________.
Operant Conditioning
Skinner
Operant conditioning
classical vs operant conditioning
Operant: where the consequence of a behavior (e.g., punishment or reward) influences the probability that the behavior will occur again. Classical: Paired an air puff to the eye (used to induce blinking) with an auditory tone. Neurological source. Brain imaging found to be most active in the cerebellum ***the elicited behavior is unconscious and involuntary (reflexive behaviors)
Superego
Operates on the morality principle. Emerges at about 5 years of age and displays the moral values and standards internalized through social interactions and from societal rules and morals. Counterbalances the id by substituting morals-based responses for the id's impulsive urges.
symptoms of Alzheimer disease
Ora's blood test shows a major reduction in acetylcholine. The effect of this may be responsible for:
Primary Sex Characteristics
Organs related directly to reproduction. They enlarge and mature during puberty.
Sequence of Adolescence: Girls
Ovaries increase production of estrogen and progesterone Uterus and vagina begin to grow Breast "bud" stage Pubic hair begins to appear; weight spurt begins Peak height spurt Peak muscle and organ growth (hips become noticeably wider) Menarche First ovulation Voice lowers Final pubic-hair pattern Full breast growth
Learning Morphology Rules
Overregularizations- words are first learned by direct imitation so a 28 month old says, I fell down and hurt myself As they learn rules for forming past tense(add ed to a verb) they over apply the rule and say, I fallded down and hurted myself." Extract rules- very important: heuristic, productive process
At his first birthday party, Eli and his friends sat on the floor in relatively close proximity to each other, each playing with their blocks, looking through their picture books, and looking or smiling at each other. The children's interactions are known as __________ play.
Parallel
Authoritarian Parenting
Parent's word is law; strict, physical punishment, clear rules, high standards, parent's don't listen to children's emotions or opinions.
Sibling Rivalry
Parents often pay less attention to first born child when the second child is born.
How can the family/environment affect IQ development?
Parents should make sure kids have appropriate play materials, have appropriate discipline and boundaries, and have opportunities for a variety in daily stimulation.
Infatuation (Pattern of Love)
Passion is the only component present. Strong physical attraction without intimacy or commitment.
early adulthood
Paulo is struggling to juggle school, work, and relationships while he is beginning to become more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in?
Which profession might be most suitable for someone who is high on the openness to experience dimension of personality?
Peace Corps Representative
20's
Peak physical performance usually occurs during:
Psychosexual theory
People must resolve various conflicts resulting from the psychic or libidinal energy focused within different parts of the body as one matures. Personality develops through interaction of personal needs (drives) and the environment, and past experiences play an essential part in present behaviors.
In perception and sensation, what follows what?
Perception follows sensation
Piaget's Third Stage of Cognitive Development
Period of Concrete Operations: CHILD CAN THINK LOGICALLY BUT NOT IN ABSTRACT SITUATIONS... ONLY THOSE INVOLVING CONCRETE PROBLEMS 1. spatial relationships: much more understanding, use of maps and models to locate objects in the real world(treasure map) 2. transductive reasoning: reasoning decreases and children develop a true understanding of cause and effect relationships, events must have predication 3. categorization: the concrete operational child cannot only develop elaborate category systems, they demonstrate three sophisticated categorization abilities: - seriation: ordering items along a dimension, objects can be categorized in many different ways - class inclusion: understanding the relationship between the whole and the part - transitive inference: understanding the relationship between 2 objects based upon their individual relation- ship with some 3rd object(John is taller than Mary, Mary is taller than... Who is taller) 4. reasoning- inductive reasoning: going from the particular to the general principle, contrary to Piaget's observation, we do see some ability to deductively reason(general to particular) but this is limited 5. Conservation Reversibility and Transformation- the child can generally solve the conservation problem, they can do so mentally by the use of these 3 abilities - identity: its still the same object - reversibility: what was done can be undone in my mind - decentering: i can consider more than 1 dimension simult. the child has dual representation ability The child can conserve using may characteristics of objects: number, weight, mass, area, etc. Volume still eludes them until adolescence Piaget called this gradual expansion of conservation across object characteristics: Horizontal decalage(certain aspects are still abstract, especially with regards to volume)
Moratorium Status
Person is currently considering alternatives and seems headed for commitment.
Self-Referential Thought
Person's awareness that he/she must be judge of which logic to use.
In contrast to younger learners, adult learners are more likely motivated to learn by the possibility of ________.
Personal satisfaction
Preoperational Thought
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, occuring from ages 2 through 7, as the child learns language, symbolic play, and symbolic drawing, but does not grasp abstract concepts.
Egocentrism
Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
Schemes
Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.
Sensorimotor Intelligence
Piaget's theory of infant cognition
Handedness
Preference for using a specific hand.
Last Part of Brain to Develop
Prefrontal Cortex
A negative view of other people based on group membership is called _________.
Prejudice
Foreclosure
Premature identity formation that occurs when adolescent adopts parents' or society's' roles and values wholesale, without questioning, premature identity, never explore alternatives.
What is the second stage to Piaget's cognitive development?
Preoperational thought
Types of Prevention
Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary
Awareness of Paradox
Problems and solutions often have underlying conflicts (may solve problem and still have dissatisfaction).
Puberty
Process of gaining reproductive maturity.
What is Freud's theory?
Psychoanalytic theory
Jerome Kagan
Psychologist who conducted longitudinal studies on temperament, and believed personality was linked to the autonomic nervous system.
obesity
Pulmonary problems, hypertension, and diabetes are common consequences of childhood:
Sam received poor grades in school. His parents forbid him to watch television as a result. Sam's parents are administering __________.
Punishment
Repression
Pushing undesirable thoughts and feelings through consciousness.
Reorientation
Putting together a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle.
Survey
Questionnaire administered to a large group
Types of Sleep
REM Sleep: rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behinds closed lids, dreaming, and brain waves. Co-Sleeping: a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same bed.
Divorce
Rates going down in the past 30 years, 60-70% if marriages with college degree will stay married for 15 years or more, takes two years to get over divorce
Object permanence
Realization of infants beginning at about 8 months that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight
Denial
Refusing to believe that something has occurred or exists.
Amygdala
Registers positive and negative emotions. Increased activity: nightmares. Fear overwhelms frontal cortex and inhibit reasoning.
Sam, a very popular student in high school, has just witnessed a bunch of his friends cheating on an exam. According to Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning, what is he likely to do?
Remain quiet because it is important to Sam to maintain his reputation as a good friend.
Apgar Scale test.
Renee's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, and muscle tone. Renee's baby is being given an:
Libido
Represents a basic, instinctual life force. Personality develop involves transforming these basic instincts into socially acceptable, rational behavior.
lifelong
Researchers increasingly study the experiences and psychological orientations of adults at different points in their development. This implies that development is___.
Hippocampus
Responds to anxieties and produces memories, protective.
Contiguity learning
Response learning
Failure-To-Thrive Syndrom
Result from malnutrition or unresponsive caregiving in which infants are small for their age. Unable to digest food properly.
Re-organizational Stage
Retirement. Learn to shift from work to things one does after retirement.
Regression
Return to an earlier, more comfortable (childlike) period in life.
Divorce
Risk factors for divorce: 1. being teenagers at the time of marriage 2. co-habitation without commitment 3. having divorced parents 4. becoming pregnant before marriage- these couples choose marriage as a result of the pregnancy, having children strains the marriage 5. infertility 6. having step children at home(blended families) 7. having already been divorced What is the rate of divorce in America? It is not 50% as is often reported. This was a projection made by the Census Bureau of what the rate would be in 10 years if trends current in 2001 continued which they HAVE NOT! Even the census bureau now estimates divorce rates to be 38% Divorce rates have decreased since 1991(47%)
The answer is D. All of these A. best friend smokes. B. parents offer little. C. apathetic. D.All of these
Ross is at risk of becoming a regular smoker if:
prenatal care
Routine care received by a pregnant woman from a healthcare professional to ensure a healthy pregnancy and outcome
Vygotsky
Russian Developmental psychologists who viewed cognitive development as the product of social interactions
aerobic
Santiago runs 25 miles a week. What type of exercise is this?
Living Will
Says what kind of medical treatment you want or don't want
Jena is teaching little Casey to tie his shoes. She first focuses Casey's attention on doing the first cross over, after which she directs his attention on how to loop and hold the strings, but then Jena finishes the knots herself. Jena understands the concept of __________.
Scaffolding
List four attachment styles.
Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized
Science of Human Development
Seeks to understand how and why people--all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age--change over time.
SIDS
Seemingly healthy infant dies in sleep; Babies that sleep on their back are less likely to die of SIDS.
The Developing Self
Self concept: what the child believes to be true about himself or herself is founded on earlier self-recognition and then develops in 3 stages: 1. Stage 1: Single representations stage: a string of unconnected descriptors and inflated representations as all good, real self = ideal self, very tied to what the child can do! (sensory and motor activity, always says positive things about self) 2. Stage 2: Representational Mappings: self concept is based upon characteristics that are now logically related but are still overly positive(tied to physical appearance- "i'm a pretty girl") 3. Stage 3: Representational Systems: self-concept is based upon logically related traits that are both good and bad and reflect self-evaluation emotions. This will include: SELF ESTEEM(more developed in middle childhood)
Expressions of Toddlers
Self-Awareness Mirror Recognition
Toddler Emotions
Self-Awareness: Between 15-24 months Mirror Recognition: 18 months
What is the foundation of Super's theory of occupational development?
Self-concept
Self-protective stage
Self-control; rule-governed behavior.
Initiative vs. Guilt Characteristics
Self-esteem: belief in one's abilities, estimate of success and worthiness (connected to parental confirmation Self-concept: understanding of self (gender and size)
the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors such as:
Self-actualization
Sense of purpose
Language Development of Early Childhood
Sensitive period, vocabulary explosion, fast mapping, logical extension, overregularization, balanced bilingual.
Prosocial behavior
Sensitivity to the needs of others and, although it occurs in early childhood, is not consistently displayed until later childhood.
Piaget's 4 thinking stages
Sensorimotor: birth-2 years Preoperational: 2-7 years Concrete operations: 7-11 years Formal Operations: 12+ years
What is the information store that holds an exact replica of information from 2-4 seconds?
Sensory memory
What are the 3 information stores?
Sensory memory, working memory, and metacognition
Sex Glands
Sex glands - adrenal glands - pituitary produces hormones that stimulate adrenal glands, located above the kidneys at either side of the lower back.
Adolescents Sexual Behaviors
Sexually active teens have higher rate of STD's. 22% of HS students had 4 or more sexual partners by senior year. 1 in 4 sexually active teens has contracted an STD.
Adolescent Growth Sprut
Sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity.
Safety needs
Shelter, warmth, physical security, emotional security
infant directed speech
Short, simple sentences Higher pitch, increased range, varied intonation Repetition of words and restricted topics
Lateralization
Sidedness: right- or left-handed, feet, eyes, ears, and brain
Grand Theorists & Emergent Theorists
Sigmund Frued Erik Erikson John Watson Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky
Early Childhood Growth
Slim down, body lengthens as baby fat turns to muscle (adult like proportions) Gain 4½ lbs, and 3 in. annually
effective schools
Small Classes Academic Forum Grouping by Ability Levels. Teachers are involved with students Students are motivated to learn Serious teaching takes place Task-oriented but comfortable atmosphere Discipline under control
Expressions of Infant
Smiling and Laughing Anger and Sadness Fear
Infant Emotions
Smiling and Laughing: 3-4 months (social smile between 2-4 months) Anger and Sadness: Anger is evident at 6 months. Sadness appears in first months. Fear: Emerges at about 9 months.
Why is smoking during adolescence even worse than smoking in older adults?
Smoking can interfere with the development of the lungs in adolescence
Jamaria expects to graduate from college, get married in medical school, and have three children by the time she is 36 years old. According to the text, Jamaria is creating a(n) ________ .
Social Clock
Sociocultural Context
Social and cultural influences that shapes a persons development and changes across lifespan
a personal fable
Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors because they believe they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example of:
Type A Personality
Someone who likes to e busy, time conscience
Oedipus Complex
Son falls in love with mom and wants to replace dad. aughter falls in love with dad and wants to replace mom
Child(Infant) Directed Speech(Motherese)
Speech pattern exhibited by adults when addressing young children. Characterized by: 1. higher pitch of voice 2. simple words 3. simple sentence construction 4. slower and more defined pronunciation 5. exaggerate vowel sounds 6. repetition Adults tend to interact with children at an appropriate level of conversation which encourages reciprocation and interest by the child
Hearing
Starts going at age 20
Vision, Heart and Lungs
Starts going at age 40
Self-awareness/self-conscious stage
Strive for stability and maturity.
Results of Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study demonstrated ________ and ________.
Strong cohort effects; strong interindividual variability
Aphasia
Studies of individuals with brain damage resulting in aphasia provide evidence of specialization for language within the left hemisphere
Gerontology
Study of aging process
Piaget
Swiss psychologist who argued that infants acquire knowledge as a product of direct motor behavior; assumed that all children pass through a series of four universal stages (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal operational)
Sequence of Adolescence: Boys
Testes increase production of testosterone Testes and scrotum grow larger Pubic hair begins to appear Penis grows in length Spermarche; weight spurt begins Peak height spurt Peak muscle and organ growth (shoulders become noticeably broader) Voice lowers; visible facial hair Final pubic-hair pattern
Fourteen-year-old Mia often feels that she is being constantly watched and studied by peers. What term best explains the phenomenon that Mia is experiencing?
The Imaginary Audience
sound; touch
The Moro reflex is a response to ___, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to ___.
umbilical cord
The ___ connects the baby to the placenta.
explicit memory
The ability to consciously remember the past is known as:
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, to use information, to understand things.
Deductive reasoning is __________.
The ability to make appropriate conclusions from facts
Discrimination
The ability to respond to certain stimuli but not to other, similar stimuli.
Prefrontal Cortex
The area of the cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
Prefrontal cortex
The area of the frontal lobe that lies in front of the motor cortex and that is involved in higher mental functions, including thinking, planning, impulse control, and weighing the consequences of behavior
Identity Achievement
The attainment of identity or point when someone understands who he or she is as an individual.
A very important factor in whether a friendship ultimately ends is ________.
The availability of alternative relationships
Maturation
The biological unfolding of the individual genetic plan
Sex
The biologically based categories of male and female
Affect of Stress on Brain Development
The brain produces an overabundance of stress hormones when a person is stressed and later in life it can cause that person to be 'emotionally flat'.
genetics
The branch of biology that deals with heredity and genetic variations, including eye color, hair color, and height
approximately 75-80 times before they die.
The cellular clock theory holds that our cells divide:
How can the social environment affect the onset of formal operational thought?
The child become more aware of their expectations from different roles and the pressures and stress from being apart of a peer group or by having a role in society.
Infancy Piaget's 1st Stage: Sensorimotor stage
The child constructs their understanding of the outside world by coordinating sensory experiences and physical actions during their exploration(ACTIVE) of their environment. Their internal representation of the world is all about how things sound, look, taste, smell, feel and what the child can do(act) to them. This stage lasts about TWO years.
prenatal
The developmental period during which changes are rapid and primarily biological is___.
Self Concept/Self-esteem
The difference between self concept and self esteem is self concept is who one is, and self esteem is how one feels about that.
Repeat "offenders" of Divorce
The divorce rate in America for the first marriage is 38%(2010). The divorce rate in America for the 2nd marriage is 67%. The divorce rate in America for the 3rd marriage is 73%. Reasons for increases in rates of Divorce 1. women's greater financial independence 2. reluctance to expose children to marital conflict 3. greater exportability of divorce(it is easier to get a divorce), we have a culture of divorce
What would be a potent reinforcement for you to complete this study guide?
The extra points are great, but knowing what's on the test is what is exactly on the study guide increases my chances of studying.
False
The extreme hypothesis of a parent-infant bonding (insistence that the newborn MUST have close contact with the mother) is very true.
Neonatal period
The first 4 weeks of life: Sensory Capacitites 1. touch: is fully development, fully mature, can experience pain, cold, and pressure 2. smell: can distinguish types of smells and the direction from which the odor is coming, prefers sweet smells 3. Taste: prefers sweet tastes over sour ones(breast milk is both sweet smelling and tasting) 4. hearing: within a month, can distinguish human voices from other sounds(aids in language development) and can tell the direction from where the sound is coming 5. sight: very bad at birth, very near-sighted with a fixed focal distance of 19cm and can't control light sensitivity with the clear iris(baby's lens can't thin and thicken, which reduces their visual accuracy, and they are sensitive to light because their iris are clear(they haven't been exposed to light)
primary circular reactions
The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor inteligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimulus and tries to understand them
Big 5 Study
The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life.
biological
The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate ___ age.
dementia
The global term for a neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning is:
Extinction
The gradual disappearance of a learned response.
Transient Exuberance
The great increase in the number of dendrites that occur in an infants brain during the first two years of life.
Language development/Socioeconomic status
The greater the affluence of the parents, the more they spoke to children. Linked to maturation of the brain. Also influenced by environmental experiences.
Tabula Rasa
The idea that the mind of an infant is a "blank slate" and that al knowledge, abilities, behaviors, and motives are acquired through experience.
Infantile amnesia
The inability to remember events that occurred before the age of three.
Detachment
The infant begins to accept attention from others and seems less unhappy. Interestingly, when the caretaker reemerges, the infant often appears disinterested. Almost seeming to "get even" for the perceived abandonment.
Protest
The infant refuses to accept separation and cries.
Despair
The infant seems to give up all hope of summoning the caretaker and becomes quiet, inactive, and withdrawn.
how people manipulate, monitor, and manage information.
The information-processing approach to cognitive development is concerned mainly with:
Synapse
The interaction between the axon of one neutron and the dendrites of the other.
________ is a common cause of verbal abuse, and poor self-esteem is a common cause of ________ abuse.
The need for control; severe physical
Cortex
The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex.
nutrition
The process of absorbing nutrients from food processing them within the body in order to keep healthy or to grow
Reinforcement
The process of applying reinforcers with the goal of increasing that behavior.
Object Permanence
The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
Object Permanence
The realization that people and objects exist even when they can not be seen 8-12 months
Kohlberg was mainly interested in __________.
The reasoning behind choices made about moral dilemmas
memory
The retention of information over time is referred to as:
Syntax
The rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences
What is one manifestation of the life-span construct, which consists of expectations about the future?
The scenario
When children move from elementary school to middle school, what tends to occur with their self-esteem?
The self esteem of both boys and girls temporarily drop
substance abuse among older adults
The substance abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has identified ___ as an "invisible epidemic.
Generalization
The tendency for a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to produce a similar response.
tertiary circular reactions
The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. The infant explores a range of new activities varying his or her responses as a way of learning about the world.
heredity
The transfer of genetically controlled characteristics, such as hair or eye color, from one generation to the next
122
The upper boundary of the human lifespan is approximately ___ years.
Ecological-systems approach
The view that in the study of human development. the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.
What are the three components of Baddeley's working memory model?
The visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP), the phonological loop (PL), also known as the articulatory loop, and the central executive (CE).
Research suggests that how stressed people feel depends most on ________.
Their appraisal of the event
Preschool children begin using grammatical morphemes in their speech, which is tribunal to __________.
Their growing knowledge of grammatical rules instead of just memory of words.
Theories of Language Development
Theory 1: Infants need to be taught Theory 2: Infants teach themselves Theory 3: Social impulses foster infant language learning
Myths about the elderly
They are victims of crimes, live in nursing home and they're poor
How do the mechanics of intelligence change in adulthood and why?
They decline due to gradual declines in brain efficiency.
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking (evaluate a cognitive task and how best to accomplish it).
Law of Effect
Thorndike; used in an experiment with cats and a puzzle box; principle of reinforcement; behavior consistently rewarded will be 'stamped in' as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be 'stamped out'; satisfying effect (reinforcement) is likely to be performed again, whereas behavior that brings about negative effect (punishment) is likely to be suppressed
Stenger's Triangular Theory of Love
Three Aspects of Love 1. Intimacy is the emotional aspect. 2. Passion is the physical and motivational aspect. 3. Commitment is the cognitive element.
Nonsocial activity
Throughout the preschool years, children play by themselves, wander around, and observe others but do not play with another child in the same activity.
Which individuals were the first to theorize about a general factor plus specific abilities that contribute to intelligence?
Thurstone and Thurstone
exercise several times a week
Troy wants to reduce his risk of a heart attack. His doctor recommends that he:
One year old Annie is exploring her new daycare and frequently looks toward her mother as she does so. Annie's behavior exemplifies __________.
True attachment
Importance of feeding practices/consistency
Trust is conveyed through caregiver response to needs particularly when feeding and comforting.
Erikson's First Stage(Birth - 18 months)
Trust vs Mistrust The psycho-social challenge is "will the world meet my basic needs?" "Will the world care for me?" Can I trust the world to take care of me We are totally dependent on others and must learn whether we will get all we want, some of what we want, or little of what we want TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST There must be a balance in parenting. Overindulgence by parents leads to a weak ego that can't deal with disappointment. The child gets upset and emotionally folds when things don't go his/her way. Underindulgence leads to anger, frustration and suspiciousness. Mistrust dominates and the child expects most things to go badly. These children will give up easily and be hostile. If a child's basic needs are met in a balanced way they will emerge from this stage with the ego virtue of HOPE! When things go well, they will not take it for granted and when things go poorly, they will not crumble, they will be able to hope for better outcomes in the future(optimism) One aspect of developing trust appears to be in the process of infant bonding and attachment(beginnings of interpersonal relating)
Erickson Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust- infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs. Responsive parenting is critical Autonomy vs shame and doubt- Children must learn to assert their wills and do things for themselves- or they will doubt their abilities (1-3 years) Initiative vs Guilt- preschoolers initiative by carrying out bold plans, but they must learn not to impinge on the rights of others (3-6 years) Industry vs Inferiority- children must master important social and academic skills and keep up with their peers, otherwise they will feel inferior (6-12 years)
Sherri wants to successfully transition from her divorce, so she should ________.
Try to avoid being preoccupied with thoughts about her ex and forgive him
Some researchers believe that some infants show imitation as young as __________.
Two to three weeks
cultural effects on type of first words
US infants might use more nouns versus Chinese infants using verbs more
Category Use
Underextension- the child fails to apply a label to items to which it should apply(the family dog is a bow wow, but no other dog is) Overextension- the child applies a label to items to which it does not apply(ie. any new non-human animal is seen as a birdie)
Identity
Understanding of oneself as a separate, distinct individual and springs from a synthesis of successive identifications with other people into a consistent, coherent, and unique whole.
Empathy
Understanding other's feelings and concerns (sorry with them), develops as egocentrism decreases.
Female professionals leave their jobs in part because they perceive the organization as ________.
Undervaluing collaboration and interdependence
Children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings, but they often confuse the two in the __________ stage of perspective taking.
Undifferentiated
Which type of parents show little warmth or control?
Uninvolved
What is the Premack principle?
Using a preferred or high frequency behavior to motivate a person or animal to perform a desired behavior.
Early Childhood Theories: Behaviorism
Virtually all roles are learned and therefore result from nurture, not nature.
Which model proposes that as a couple's ability to adapt to stressful situations gets better over time, the quality of the marriage will likely improve?
Vulnerability-stress-adaptation model
other people
Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of ___ for cognitive development.
Compare Piaget's and Vygoysky's theories of education.
Vygotsky emphasis on importance of inner speech, Piaget views such speech as immature. Vygotsky's theory is social constructivist approach which emphasizes social contexts of learning-fact that knowledge is mutually built & constructed.
Apprentice in thinking
Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society
Zone of proximal Development
Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's term for the skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise with assistance.
Erik Erikson
Was first to recognize identity as a major personality achievement of adolescence. Identity is establishing self definition and self awareness - the ego becomes articulated within the personality. To complete this process the ego must confront some basic task: commit to a role and ideology The resolution of this crisis provides a sense of self esteem that provides a coherent basis for dealing with the demands of society.
show preferences for sounds presented repeatedly before birth.
We know that fetuses can hear before birth because newborns:
Tests: IQ
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC): A test designed for school age children. Test Assesses potential in many areas.
allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because:
Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?
Heredity and environment interact to produce development.
What do MOST developmentalists believe about the contribution of heredity and the environment on development?
a combination of diet, exercise, and behavior modification.
What do childhood obesity experts recommend for overweight children?
weight and volume decrease
What happens to the brain's weight and volume as it ages?
melatonin
What hormone prepares the body for sleep?
A cesarean section can be preformed
What is the best way to keep the effects of maternal genital herpes from harming a fetus/infant?
Accidents
What is the leading cause of death in children in the United States?
Habits do not require an eliciting stimulus.
What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?
encoding
What is the process by which information gets into memory?
reflexes
What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior?
50%
What percentage of infant sleep is spent in REM sleep.
Swimming Reflex
When an infant is laid horizontally on their stomachs, they stretch out their arms and legs.
Babinski Reflex
When an infants feet are stroked, their toes fan upward.
Stepping Reflex
When infants are held upright with their feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk.
Scaffolding
When parental behavior supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they were to rely only on their own abilities.
Moro Reflex
When someone startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them back together on their chests while crying with their eyes wide open.
Palmer Grasping Reflex
When something touches and infants palms, they grip it tightly.
parietal
Which brain lobe is responsible for registering spatial location, attention, and motor control?
occipital
Which brain lobe is responsible for vision.
frontal
Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.
adolescents
Which group is most likely to have the greatest sleep debt?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter has been associated with increased reward-seeking and risk-taking in adolescence?
Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first.
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception?
Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.
Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?
Parkinson disease
Which of the following diseases is characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis?
all of these
Which of the following factors affects puberty's timing and makeup?
speech and grammar
Which of the following functions occur primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain?
humor and the use of metaphors
Which of the following functions occur primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain?
the answer is D. All of these. A.presence of peers. B.emotionaly aroused. C.lack of life experience. D.All of these
Which of the following impacts an adolescent's decision to engage in risk-taking behaviors?
items on that day's grocery list
Which of the following is 70-year-old Leo most likely to forget?
Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought.
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
DNA
Which of the following is a double-helix-shaped molecule that contains genetic information?
Parents in the United States are more likely to rear their children to be independent than do parents in Japan.
Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual.
place infants on their backs to sleep
Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive development stages?
germinal
Which of the following is the prenatal development period that takes place during the first two weeks after conception, includes creation of a zygote, and ends with attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall?
exercise
Which of the following may help older adults compensate for declines in processing speed?
maternal blood screening
Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would detect spina bifida?
chorionic villi sampling
Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would involve removing a small sample of the placenta?
all of these
Which of the following prescription and nonprescription drugs can have harmful effects on an embryo or fetus?
The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socio- emotional development?
Health and exercise can slow the decline in processing speed.
Which of the following statements regarding the decline of reaction time is correct?
They are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following would be a benefit to mothers who breast-feed?
neurons
Which of the following would handle information processing at the cellular level?
high-pitched, conversational tone
Which sound is an infant most likely to hear?
Right is Right, and Wrong is Wrong
Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level of a typical adolescent
Associative play
While engaged in separate activities, children talk and comment on each other's activities.
How does the developmental pattern of personal control change from childhood through to old age?
With age, secondary control increases while primary control declines
Disengagement theory
Withdrawal from the social system is a normal process precipitated by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness with others.
Jonathon recites four numbers to Stephan and asks him to repeat the numbers back to him, only backwards. Stephan uses his __________ memory to retain the numbers and transform them prior to repeating them back to Jonathon.
Working
What is the information store called that is like the "work bench" of memory? How many bits of data can this information store hold at any one time?
Working memory
Early Childhood Fine Motor Skills
Writing, drawing, cutting food, and zippers. Inhibited imagination due to immature prefrontal cortex.
Early Childhood Overregularization
Wrong application of grammar rules such as plurals and past -ed.
Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adults' main task is to establish intimate bonds of love and friendship, rather than isolation and self-absorption. Peer relationships continue to be central social supports. Individuals must learn to trust another and trade some independence for intimacy and love.
Empty Nest
Youngest child leaves home, parents are alone, difficult for parents, can contribute to divorce
personality
Your attitude, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that endure over long periods
Lev Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development, constructivism, social interactionist constructivism and Human Growth and Development
Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome
___ are both genetic disorders that are both caused by the presence of an extra chromosome.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
___ is a genetic disorder that can be controlled by diet.
Mitosis
___ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.
Respite care
___ provides temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illness, or the elderly.
population pyramid
a graphic representation of population as a sense of stacked bars in which age cohort is represented by one bar, with the youngest at the bottom and the oldest at the top.
Blastocyst
a hollow sphere of about 100 to 150 cells that the zygote forms by rapid cell division as it moves through the fallopian tube.
Corpus callosum
a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them
Temperament
a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Guided Participation
a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to engage in them at a higher level than they could manage on their own
Joint Attention
a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment 9-15 months
What can help this problem
a review of risk factors makes it clear that INVOLVED PARENTS who are approachable and caring is critical to preventing teen pregnancy AUTHORITATIVE parenting using INDUCTIVE discipline works best it is difficult for some parents to have these conversations with their children
Theory
a set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain some aspect of experience
passive euthanasia
a situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention.
active euthanasia
a situation in which someone takes action to bring about a person's death, with the intention of ending that person's suffering.
coma
a state of deep unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused. some people awaken spontaneously, others enter a vegetative state. the person is not dead.
vegetative state.
a state of deep unconsciousness in which all cognitive functions are absent, although eyes may open, sounds may be emitted, and breathing may continue. the person is not yet dead.
passionate or romantic love
a state of powerful absorption in someone.
adolescent egocentrism
a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself.
terminal button
a structure at the end of the axon that, when stimulated, releases chemicals into the space between neurons
hypothesis
a theory based prediction about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon
Adolescence- Psychosocial development
a time to establish identity Coherent concept of self including beliefs, goals, and values to which one is committed
Lack of Conservation
a young child thinks that there is more liquid in the taller glass, example of boy with quarters Pre-Operational Children cannot CONSERVE EQUIVALENCE because they cannot mentally reverse the transformation(IRREVERSIBILITY) and focus only on the beginning and end states of the arrays(FOCUS ON STATIC STATES). These are somewhat tied to the concrete observable features of objects even though they have some mental representation of them. They cannot understand LOGICAL OPERATIONS.
What improves with the growth of the corpus callosum?
ability to coordinate the two sides of the brain or body
Binocular vision
ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
recognition memory
ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus ie. to pick out a missing mitten from the lost and found
What about language is a sensitive time period in early childhood?
ability to master vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
Concrete operational thought
ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
recall
ability to reproduce material from memory preschoolers do better on recognition than recall
The neonate's understanding of the world is predicated upon them being ____ to ____ on the world.
able .... act
What are the effects of chronic malnutrition?
abnormal brain development decrease of disease protection
current dependency ratio in most industrialized nations?
about 2:1
Sternberg's types of intelligence
academic, creative, and practical
First acquired adaptations stage
accommodation and coordination of reflexes; difference in sucking pacifier and nipple
intimacy-versus-isolation stage
according to Erikson, the period from postadolescence into the early 30's that focuses of developing close relationships.
Prosocial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them
Secondary prevention
actions that avert harm in a high risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian or installing traffic lights at dangerous intersections
Primary prevention
actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse
physician assisted suicide
active euthanasia in which a doctor provides the means for someone to end his or her life.
involved grandparents
active in day to day lives of their grandchildren. they live near them, see them daily, and provide substantial care.
recall
active retrieval without cue (essay question)
socialized delinquents
adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychology.
Balanced bilingual happens when what occurs?
adults talk frequently, listen carefully, and value both languages
What must be significant to be resilient?
adversity
hypothalamus
affects your memory ability and performance. shrinks when you become older.
if one lives to 65, likelihood to live up to what age?
age 80
if one lives up to 80, likelihood to live up to what age?
age 90
Age of viability
age at which a fetus may survive outside the womb; about 22 weeks
age range of most young-old?
aged 60-75
age range of most old-old?
aged 75-85
age range of most oldest-old?
aged over 85
Behavioral teratogen
agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning
Middle childhood
ages 6-11
Hygiene hypothesis
all of the hygiene norms keep children from developing some types of immunity; speculated but not proven
Nurture
all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived
Cognitive Development
all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge
Breastfed babies are less likely to develop what?
allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease
Sociodramatic play
allows children to act out various roles and themes in stories they create
encoding
allows the perceived item of interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain
What are the regions of the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
Deferred imitation
an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act (children pretending to feed dolls, drive a car)
imaginary audience
an adolescents belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of other's attentions and concerns.
experimental method
an investigator manipulates or alters some aspects of the environment to see how this affects the behavior of the sample of individuals studied.
Development quotient
an overall score that combines subscores in motor language adaptive and personal social domains in the gessell assessment of infants
metamemory
an understanding about the processes that underlie memory which emerges and improves during middle childhood
What happens to emotions as one enters toddlerhood
anger and fear are more focused laughter and crying are more discriminating temper tantrums
Cognition and Language Development
another qualitative difference between infants and toddlers(beyond age 2 years) is the emergence of language
Vernix Caseosa
anti-bacterial coating on the baby when it is born, protects the baby
obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)
anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses often leading to compulsive ritualistic behaviors
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety not focussed on any single target worry about just about everything, tend to be self-conscious, self-doubting, and excessively concerned with meeting the expectations of others
Teratogen
any agent or condition including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development resulting in birth defects or complications
Teratogen
any drug, disease, or environmental agent that can harm the developing fetus. It can result in deformities, blindness, brain damage, etc.
Prefrontal cortex
area of the cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control
Adoption
as a rule there are few demonstrable differences in the adjustment of adopted vs non-adopted children, the quality of the family is very important
Identification
attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
What do children attempt to accomplish according to Erikson?
attempt to master culturally valued skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
unconditioned response
automatic unlearned response (fear)
Innate reflexes
automatic(uncontrolled) response to external stimuli 1. blinking *** 2. coughing *** 3. sneezing *** 4. jerk *** 5. rooting 6. grasping 7. swimming 8. walking *** these are the reflexes we keep
Norm
average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population
metacognition
awareness of a person's own mental(thinking) processes helps children monitor their understanding of what they read and enables them to develop strategies to clear up any problems(ie reading slower, rereading, visualizing info, thinking of examples)
why could the dependency ratio flip?
baby boomers could live to 100 and the emerging adults are not self-sufficient until age 25
The maturation of the corpus callosum allows what in middle childhood?
balance and improved handedness
Neurons
basic building blocks of our nervous system
intelligence according to Piaget
basic life function that helps an organism ADAPT to it's environment.
phonology
basic sounds of language
New adaptation and anticipation stage
becoming more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects
Head sparing
biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth; brain is the last part of body to be damaged
Small for gestational age
birth weight lower than expected for age implies problems
Preterm
born before 35 weeks
Hippocampus
brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
palliative care
care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to their family
Proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching
Distal parenting
cargiving practice that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching
Kwashiorkor
caused by chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza
Marasmus
caused by severe protein calorie malnutrition in infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies
Conditioned stimulus
causes learned response (white rat)
Overfeeding
causing epidemic of diseases associated with obesity such as diabetes and heart disease
Habituation
ceasing to attend or respond to repetitive stimulation
Major Parts of a neuron
cell body dendrites axon terminal buttons
differentiation
cells acquire a specific function over time, those that aren't used atrophy
What are the obstacles to logic described by Piaget?
centration, static reasoning focus on appearance, irreversibility
threshold effect
certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level
Chromosomes
chain of genes visible under a microscope: 46 chromes
Learning
changes that are dependent on a persons interactions with the environment
Focus on appearance
characteristic of peroperational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
Centration
characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others
primary sex characteristics
characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction.
Industry versus inferiority
characterized by the tension between productivity and incompetence
Static reasoning
child thinks that nothing changes; whatever is now has always been and always will be
Gender schema
child's concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences
Affects of authoritative parents
children are successful, articulate, happy with selves, and generous; well liked by peers
Affects of permissive parents
children are unhappy and lack self control; suffer from inadequate emotion regulation; immature and lack friendships; dependent on parents in early adulthood
Affects of authoritarian parents
children become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy; feel guilty or depressed when things do not go well; rebel as adolescents
Associative play
children interact, observing each other and sharing material, but their play in not yet mutual
Social learning theory
children notice the way men and woman behave and internalize the standards they observe
Cooperative play
children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity or taking turns
Parallel play
children play with similar toys in similar ways but not together
Humanism; hierarchy of needs
children strive for admiration from a group of peers they belong to even more than for the love of their parents
filial responsibility
children taking care of their parents
Initiative versus guilt
children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
Logical extension
children using words to describe other objects in the same category
controversial adolescents
children who are like by some peers and disliked by others.
rejected adolescents
children who are liked by some peers and disliked and whose peers may react to them in a obviously negative manner.
neglected adolescents
children who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions
Denver Developmental Screening Test
chin, chest up: 0-2 months rolls over: 2-5 months sits with support: 3-6 months sits w/o support: 5-7 months stands holding on: 7-10 months pulls self to stand: 8-12 months stands well alone: 10-14 months walks well alone: 11-15 months
STDs and adolescents
chlamydia: overall more frequent for women, highest % in 20-24 year old range gonorrhea: more of a balance between males and females 20-24 year olds have the highest % 15-19 year olds have the 2nd highest % syphillis: not as common in 15-19 year olds, most common in 20-24 year olds clearly the adolescent population has presented as a primary risk group for the primary STDs, this reflects a tendency to engage in unprotected sexual activities including oral/genital sex and coitus inconsistent use of barrier protection is common
Classification of Aggressive ACTS
classified by their nature and intent INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION: is aggression used as a means to AN END OR TO ACHIEVE A GOAL. This is typical at younger ages and not pathological.
What are the strategies and experiences needed for listening, talking, and reading?
code focused teaching; book reading; parent education; language enhancement; preschool programs
Jean Piaget
cognitive theory
Hybrid theory
combines various aspects of different theories to explain how language, or any other developmental phenomenon, occurs
Working memory
component of information processing system in which current, conscious mental activity occurs
Sensory memory
component of information processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processes
Long-term memory
component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
Symbolic thought
concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretend or something not seen. Once possible, language becomes much more useful
What is the stage of Piaget's cognition theory?
concrete operational thought
Protein calorie malnutrition
condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind
separation anxiety disorder
condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached
Ivan Pavlov
conditioning
What improves memory?
connection of dendrites and axons
executive function(2nd definition)
conscious control of thoughts, emotions , and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems ability to regulate and sustain attention, process and retain information, and plan and monitor their behavior
New means through mental combinations
considering before doing
Nuclear family
consists of a father, mother, and biological children
Pester power
constant pestering by child until the parent gives in
pragmatics
context appropriate use (learning to say what to whom)
planning
contributes to successful problem solving child begins to form simple plans by their first birthday
Caesarian Section births
controversial in the US the baby is surgically excavated from the uterus via an abdominal incision these are WAY ON THE RISE!!! Overdone!!
Synchrony
coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and an infant
defensive coping
coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation.
What part of the brain is social smile and laughter related to?
cortex maturation
For example, In Observational Learning(imitation), children watch and do what others do. This requires that the child be able to _____ and _______ the ______ ________ need some internal representation of the action.
create remember action internally and
Sternberg
created the triarchic theory which emphasized 3 components that jointly contribute to intelligent behavior. 1. Practical component: street smart 2. Creative component: creativity insight 3. Analytic component: book smart
Personality is.... Is personality Learned? A product of social context and more nuture? or Genetic? A result of traits and nervous system responses that are mostly inherited and more nature? Temperament Common aspects of temperament
defined as a relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique. This is the study of TEMPERAMENT predisposition to react to situations in a specific way level of activity regularity of behavior reaction to novelty adaptability to change sensitivity to stimulation
precocious puberty
defined as onset of puberty in girls before age 7-8 and in boys under 9 years this can be emotionally very challenging, TENDS TO STUNT height growth, causes include brain anomaly, hormonal anomaly or simply genetic predisposition high BMI will also be a contributing factor
Child abuse
deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well being
explicit memory
deliberate, effortful recollection of events. An exam, eyewitness testimony
Cesarean delivery
delivery of a baby my surgical removal from the uterus through an incision in the mother's abdomen
Historical context of multicontextual development
demographic characteristics cohort political issues
What is attachment theory?
developed by john bowlby infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base children are biologically predisposed to develope attachment with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of survivial children develop internal working model of attachments: mental representations of: self, attachment figure, relationships in general
cerebellum is responsible for ...
development and maintenance of gross motor action it is mostly present at birth , but not fully developed, nor is it completely interconnected to other areas of the brain, as this occurs better voluntary motor movement emerges development takes place over the first year and 1/2
Maturation
developmental changes that are linked closely to biological process, unfolding "blue print".
Consequences of low birth weight
developmental delays, more behavioral problems
Symbolic Capacity
develops at the end of sensorimotor stage. Allowing children to use images, words, or gestures to represent objects and experiences, and resulting in increased ability to solve problems
implicit memory
develops early in infancy, pertains to habits and skills that occur without effort, such as knowing how to throw a ball or an infant's kicking on seeing a familiar mobile, unconscious recall(generally of habits and skills) aka. procedural memory
mnemonic strategies
devices or techniques to aid memory examples of these include: external memory aids, rehearsal, organization, and elaboration
Gender differences
differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females
Hidden curriculum
different values shown in courses offered, teachers, schedules, tracking of grades, etc.
Psychological control
disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
Aggressive rejected children
disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior
Withdrawn rejected children
disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior
Cerebral palsy
disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers causes difficulty with muscle control, speech and body control is impaired
Emotional development of 7-11 year olds
display mixed feelings and adult-like emotional responses they master cultural display of rules: -rules about what emotions can be displayed to whom and under what circumstances, much of this is subject to gendertyping(very different for males and females)
Genetic diversity
distinguishes each person
Intrinsic motivation
drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person
addictive drugs
drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them.
lateralization
each of the brain's hemispheres develop distinctly different abilities, this is even true at birth but continues as development proceeds left side of brain: verbal reasoning and language right side of brain: non-verbal reasoning
Telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by self-starvation .3 to .5 percent of the female population distorted body image afraid of losing control
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which a person eats large quantities of food and then, purges the food from the body via laxatives, vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise 1-2 % of international populations
What is Vygotsky's thoughts on middle childhood cognition?
education occurs everywhere and knowledge is acquired from social context; instruction is essential
activity theory
elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres. become withdrawn only unwillingly, as a result of ageism.
Fear
emerges at 9 months in response to people, things, or situations
What is a possible effect of prolong stress
emotional and cognitive impairment
Self esteem
emotional appraisal of one's worth,it is a base feeling of self-acceptance and self-love Before age 5, self-esteem is unrealistic and reflects what the child is told about himself or herself by adults During age 5-7, there is a shift and self-esteem becomes more realistic and is based upon the child's point of view.
Latency
emotional drives are quiet and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged according to Freud
What are the two parts of the evolution theory?
emotions for survival allocare
Montessori schools
emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacy related task
Bandura's model
emphasizes that cognitive processes have important links with the environment and behavior; people cognitively represent the behavior of others and then sometimes adopt this behavior themselves
Social learning theory
emphasizes that other people influence each person's behavior
Reggio Emilia approach
encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting
Child centered early education programs
encourages self paced exploration and artistic expression
fast mapping
enormous leaps in number of words one new word every 2 hours 24 hours a day
Shared environment
environment that is the same for all children such as home and parents
Nonshared environment
environment that varies in each child such as friends and school
Conditions for the baby inside the uterus
environment: Amniotic fluid Temperature: relatively constant stimulation: minimal nutrition: mother's blood system oxygen: mother's blood system waste elimination: mother's blood system
Conditions for the baby outside the uterus
environment: air temperature: fluctuates stimulation: bombarded nutrition: external Oxygen: lungs waste elimination: kidneys, etc..
social-contextual approach
examines the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers focuses on environmental influences particularly parents and other caregivers
cognitive neuroscience approach
examines the hardware of the CNS, it seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition links brain processes with cognitive ones)
Alzheimers
example of dementia. also called senile dementia of the alzheimer type (SDAT)
What factors influence knowledge base?
experience, opportunity, personal motivation
Assimilation
experiences are interpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas
the wug study
experiment were preschoolers show they knew the rules of forming plural nouns
What are the conditions that must be met for infants to remember?
experimental conditions similar to real life motivation is high special measures aid memory retrieval
New means through active experimentation
experimentation and creativity in the actions of the "little scientist"
Externalizing problems
expressing powerful feeling through uncontrolled physical or verbal outburst; lashing out or breaking things
Stranger wariness
expression of concern when there is an unfamiliar face
Dendrite
extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
Axon
extends from a neuron and transmits elctrochemical impulses from the neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
Stunting
failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
Child neglect
failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
What triggers labor?
fetal brain signals release hormones to trigger uterine muscles
What happens during the fetal period?
fetus grows in size and matures in functioning
continuity theory
finding a common thread that connects younger life to older life.
grasping reflex
fingers grasp object
Attachment
first attachment occurs between mother and child. Ongoing and interactive process between mother/caregiver.
supermache
first ejaculation, at an average age of 13, nocturnal emission
Anger
first expressed about 6 months, healthy response to frustration
preconventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which control is external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid punishment or out of self-interest typical of children ages 4 to 10
menarche
first menstuation 10-161/2
Germinal period
first two week of prenatal development after conception
Allocare
flexibility of allocare is necessary, since someone has to do it, and infants and mothers need to adapt to the specifics of their situation
gender schema
from a piagetian perspective, children must develop an internal representation of masculine males and feminine females. They will learn from society what this means. Females have EXPRESSIVE role: kind, nurturing, sensitive behavior. Males have INSTRUMENTAL role: dominant, independent, competitive behavior. By age 3, children are fairly familiar with gender roles and also gender stereotyping(overgeneralizations of male and female behavior). This stereotyping is maladaptive and harmful.
genome
full set of genes that are instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
Zone of Proximal development
gap between what learner can accomplish independently and what can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skilled partner (doing puzzle with father)
script
general remembered outline of a familiar repeated event used to guide behavior ie. riding the bus to school, going to grandma's house
scripts
general representations in memory of a sequence or series of events
semantic memory
general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives
Correlational method
generally involves determining whether two or more variables are related in a systemic way.
Wilhelm Wundt
german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany
Race
group of people regarded as distinct from other groups on the basis of appearance, typically for skin color
cliques
groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another.
reference groups
groups of people with whom compares oneself.
Childhood overweight
having a BMI above the 85th percentile
Childhood obesity
having a BMI above the 95th percentile
young-old
healthy, vigorous, financially secure older adults
Which sense is the most advanced in newborns?
hearing
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs
Authoritarian parenting
high behavioral standards, strict punishments, and little communication
Early emotions
high emotional responsiveness pain and pleasure
Permissive parenting
high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control
Instrumental aggression
hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it
Language acquisition device
hypothesized mental structure that enables learning language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
Theory-theory
idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear
Social construction
idea that is based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality.
Differential sensitivity
idea that some people are more vulnerable than others are to certain experiences, usually because of genetic differences
Kubler-Ross
identified emotions experienced by dying people, which she divided into a sequence of five stages
What can protein calorie malnutrition cause?
illness, severe weight loss, death
Temperament
inborn differences between one persons and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation; measured by response
metalinguistic awareness
increasing understanding of a childs own language; age 5-6 understands language is governed by rules age 7-8 Realize that miscommunication can be due to factors attributable not only to themselves, but to person communicating with them
systems of action
increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment
Non-normative Influences
individual factors, such as divorce, unemployment, illness, career changes.
Trust vs mistrust
infant learns trust is the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met
Insecure-resistant/ ambivalent attachment
infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when infant becomes very upset at separation and both resist and seeks contact at reunion
Separation anxiety
infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; 9-14 months
What is Skinner's view on learning language?
infants need to be taught through reinforcement and parents teaching
What is the current view of Piaget's theory?
infants reach sensorimotor intelligence earlier than he predicted
how does the nerve impulse work
info is received through the dendrites, progresses through the cell body, and is sent out through the axon of the cell, cells in the brain don't touch
sensory memory
initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory info temporary holding tank for incoming sensory info shows little change from infancy, but without processing(encoding) sensory memories fade quickly
psychometric approach
intelligence is a TRAIT or a set of TRAITS that characterizes some people to a greater extent than others. the goal is to identify these traits precisely and to measure them so that differences among individuals can be described
Developing Emotions(lecture 3) Innate Emotions hard-wired, reflexive Primary Emotions Self Conscious emotions Self-evaluative emotions empathy
interest, distress(in response to pain), contentment develop by 6 months probably biologically programmed anger, surprise, joy, fear, sadness, disgust(universal) 15-24 months empathy, jealousy, embarrassment(requires self-awareness, ie. I am separate from others around me) 30-36 months, shame, guilt, pride(requires awareness and knowledge of society's expectations) higher order emotion, the ability to put oneself in another's place and feel what they feel, first emerges at the end of the 2nd year of life and increases with age. By ages 3, 4, a child can feel sad with cookie monster The ability depends upon the development of a special thinking ability called social cognition, awareness that others have thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Children don't understand other people's thoughts until about age four, think of the video about the box of crayons, what does the 3 year old think, the 4 year old? 3 year old- crayons 4 year old- candles, normally crayons Social development and cognitive development are reciprocally related, this is called THE THEORY OF THE MIND.
PIRLS
international test looking at literacy scores
TIMSS
international test looking at trends in math and science
perception
interperation of information
why is a C section controversial
it inserts surgical risk into the birth process, risk with anesthesia and infection - notable rise in C-sections - WHO says an optimal % of C-sections is 15% - US rate is over 33%
Object Permanence
it is the fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly experienced. Everything has a life of its own and continues to be even if it is out of sensory and motor range
Superego
judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents
Strange situation
laboratory procedure to measure attachment
What is an early sign of psychopathology?
lack of emotional regulation
Death in Adolescence
leading causes of death among 15-24 year olds in the US is MOTOR VEHICLE accidents(1/3 of all deaths) 2nd is homicide especially via handgun deaths and is the #1 killer for African-American teens(16%) 3rd leading cause of death is suicide: 12% The death rate is nearly 3 times _________ for 15 to 24 year old males as for females. 120,000 suicides per year world-wide 3rd leading cause of death in 15-19 age group(12%, 4,693 in 1995) and rising 2nd leading cause of death among college students(approx 1000/year) according to the CDC in 2010, there were 38,364 suicides reported, making suicide the 10th leading cause of death for Americans. Someone in the country died by suicide every 13.7 minutes, more teenagers and young adults die from suicide than from cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, stroke, pneumonia, influenza, and chronic lung disease, COMBINED according to the CDC, each day in our nation there are an average of over 5,400 attempts by young people grades 7-12(about 1 every 16 seconds)
Motor skills
learned abilities to move some part of the body
conditioned response
learned response (fear)
Vicarious Reinforcement
learners become less likely to perform a behavior based on whether consequences experienced by the model they observe are reinforcing or punishing
operant conditioning
learning based on reinforcement or punishment the learner acts or operates on the environment, the infant learns to make a certain response to an environmental stimulus in order to produce a particular effect. researchers use this to study memory
Enactive learning
learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions
Classical conditioning
learning process in which a meaningful stimulus gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before the learning process began
Operant conditioning
learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted
How is language acquired?
left temporal and posterior frontal and anterior left parietal lobes are genetically pre-wired to develop language. Noam Chomsky's LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE(LAD) But this interacts in complex and significant ways with the language environment of the child(ie. child directed speech)
Very low birth weight
less than 3 pounds 5 ounces
Low birth weight
less than 5.5 pounds
Active sleep
light sleep by newborns
Gardner's types of intelligence
linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential
episodic memory
long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and space young children remember events more clearly that are newer to them they are temporary, they last only for a few weeks or months and then fade, unless they are transferred to generic memory
In all 3 approaches, we ___ for ____ _______ that give us ________ as to what the child is _______ and ___________ ____________.
look external behavior clues storing processing internally
Piagetian approach
looks at changes or stages in the quality of cognitive functioning , it is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning
Piagetian approach(from powerpoint)
looks at stages of change in the quality of cognitive functioning. This approach is concerned with how we understand the world to be... not how we must know.
What can be negative effects of sports in middle childhood?
loss of self-esteem, injuries, reinforcement of prejudice, increased stress
Aphasia
loss of speech due to injury or illness
self theories
maintaining a sense of identity and integrity
What are the reflexes of a newborn?
maintaining oxygen maintaining constant body temperature managing feeding
Limbic system
major brain region crucial to the development of emotional expression and regulation
Marital Lifestyles
marriage is universal(in whatever form) meets basic economic, emotional, sexual, social, and child-raising needs men and women benefit equally from marriage frequency of sexual relations in marriage declines with and and loss of novelty(satisfaction doesn't)
What does the prefronal cortex coordinates in middle childhood?
massive interconnections between the brain parts that deal with sound, vision, and comprehension
Name explosion
mastering of verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and nouns
Psycho-metric approach(from powerpoint)
measures individual differences in quantity of intelligence by using intelligence tests(information-processing model) ie. encoding, memory
psychometric approach
measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict those abilities(measure intelligence quantitatively)
control processes
mechanisms such as emotional regulation and selective attention, that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information processing system
declarative memory
memory for factual information such as names and dates
autobiographical memory
memory of specific events in one's life, type of episodic memory that creates one's life history, not everything in episodic memory becomes this, only those that have a special, personal meaning
generic memory
memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior begins at about age 2 ie. riding a bus to school, going to grandma's house
what is the average life expectancy at birth for men and women?
men- 75 years women- 81 years
Perception
mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
Naturalistic Observation
method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being unobtrusive as possible
Natural childbirth
method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery
prepared childbirth
method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain
Kangaroo care
methold of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth
cell body
middle part of the nerve cell that contains the cell nucleus which regulates the cells functioning
Rough and tumble play
mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intent to harm; common among boys; advances children's social understanding
Difference equals deficit error
mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics tat meet the standard
plasticity
much of the brain tissue is not yet dedicated at birth
beanpole family
multiple generations but only a few members in each one.
What are the underlying elements of motor skills?
muscle strength brain maturation Practice
Styles of childbirth
natural childbirth- general term with several approaches, all seek to eliminate pain medication in the process of giving birth(minimal medical intervention)
Neuron
nerve cell is the central nervous system, especially in the brain
Newborn vision
newborns can perceive light and dark, focus on nearby objects, see simple patterns, but their vision is blurry
Fetal period
ninth week until birth
Relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
inhibiting
not knowing when to stop talking
Neglected children
not rejected but ignored; don't enjoy school but psychologically unharmed
Phenotype
observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits
Partial schedule of reinforcement
occur when some behaviors are reinforced. Produces much stronger habits than continuous reinforcement. Behavior can be difficult to change
age in place
older people want to stay in the same dwelling where they lived as younger adults, adjusting but not leaving when health fades.
Chi Chess Study
on the results of memory for sequences of digits, the children recalled fewer than the adults did. On a test of memory for the locations of chess pieces, the children beat the adults. Because they were experts, the children were able to form more and larger mental chunks of chess pieces which allowed them to remember more.
Polygamous family
one man, several wives, and their biological children
holophrastic speech
one word speech
What is the first two stages of the psychoanalytic theory?
oral and anal
What can be caused from conflicts in the psychoanalytic theory?
oral fixation or anal personality
genotype
organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential
Internal processing in the Piagetian Approach Remember that Piaget sees the child as developing an _____________ of ______________ that ADAPT via _______________ and _________________. In Piaget's world, cognitive development will be evidenced by qualitative behavioral changes that represent underlying internal changes in how the child understands the world.
organization of schema assimilation and accommodation (assimilation- making sense of the world based upon schema, what they know) (accommodation- changing)
primary sex characteristics
organs necessary for reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence females- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, clitoris, and vagina male- testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Cortex
outer layers of the brain in humans that is involved in thinking, feeling, and sensing
Behavior that can be observed and measured is called ____ behavior
overt
Co-regulation
parent and child are sharing power(the parent oversees, with child making immediate moment to moment decisions, cooperative process) This requires increasing use of inductive techniques in order to succeed. Lots of communication, logical consequences, follow through on parents part
Authoritative Parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
Neglectful parenting
parents are indifferent towards children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives
Authoritative parenting
parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children
gender development
part of self-esteem is gender identification Sex= biology, physical aspects Gender= psychology, social aspects of being a certain sex in a culture child is forming gender identity(awareness of one's gender and all it implies) in what way way am i masculine or feminine by society's definition At first children do not have gender constancy, the knowledge that one's gender is a permanent condition. They know that their sex assignment is permanent but not sure what that implies in society They need to learn from their world about gender roles and gender stereotypes.
good death
peaceful, quick, painless, occurs after a long life, in the company of family and friends, and in a familiar setting.
Ethnic group
people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
Shame
people's feeling that other blame them, disapprove of them, or are disappointed in them
Critical Period
period of development during which the effect of a teratogen occurs
In order for learning to happen, relatively ______ change must occur
permanent
centenarian
person who has lived 100 years or more
Self-esteem
person's evaluation of their own worth, either in specifics or in general
Socioeconomic status
person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence
Theory of mind
person's theory of what other people may be thinking
Self-concept
person's understanding of who they are, incorporating self-esteem, physical appearance, personality, and personal traits
alcoholics
persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking.
Information processing theory
perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output
Fine motor skill development
physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination
secondary sex characteristics
physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex organs females- breasts males- broad shoulders both--- changes in voice and skin texture, muscular development, growth in pubic, facial, axillary, and body hair
What is the most productive and enjoyable activity for children?
play
Pragmatics
practical use of language that includes the ability to use words and devices to switch between formal and informal depending on the audience
Injury control/harm reduction
practices successfully aimed anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities
preterm
premature infants, born before completing the 37th week of gestation
Examples of natural childbirth methods
prepared childbirth lamaze water birthing
Protective optimism
preschoolers think they can achieve more than possible and it motivates them
Comorbidity
presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time can occur in the same person
Cortisol
primary stress hormone that effects emotion
Drug use
problem of substance abuse often begins in middle school marijuana, alcohol, and nicotine(GATEWAY DRUGS) are most popular for adolescents gateway drug- it is called this because the child is using the drug to accommodate themselves to make themselves feel it is normal to put substances into the body substance abuse is LESS common among adolescents today than a decade ago(omnipresence of substance abuse in the media is a positive influence) contrary to popular belief, POVERTY is not linked with drug abuse unless economic deprivation is extreme drug abuse is seen across all SES levels trend of adolescent drug use: up and down, up and down over the last 20 years, generally, there is a decline percent of persons 12 years of age and over with any illicit drug use in the past month: 8.7% (2009) percent of persons 12 years of age or over with marijuana use in the past month: 6.6% (2009) percent of person 12 years of age and over with any non-medical use of psychotherapeutic drug in the past month: 2.8% (2009) These are considerably lower than those during the 60s and 70s.
Physical development in Middle Childhood
problem with obesity(BMI over 30) -drives up use of blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes drugs by children up 15% over a 2.5 year period of time - indiana currently ranks in the top 10 states with a rate of 11.5% in 2005 15% of 6-11 year olds are obese, cultural differences exist: - hispanic: 24% - black: 20% - white/non-hispanic: 12% May reflect socio-economic differences more than genetic predispositions It seems to be predicted upon an interaction of 4 factors: 1, inherited tendences 2. environmental influences 3. home itself 4. level of activity: video gaming, tv, more sedentary, munch while playing School lunches are problematic too: a study found that more than 1 in 3 middle school students who regularly eat school lunches are obese or overweight, kids who ate school lunches were 38.2% more likely to be overweight or obese, were 19% more likely to have 2 or more sugary drinks per day, were 39.9% less likely to eat at least 2 servings of veggies per day, had overall higher levels of bad cholesterol!! Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act(2012)- max calories 650, 700, 850 elem, middle, and high school children students must be offered a veggie, fruit and a low-fat or non-fat milk, a protein, and a grain. They must pick at least 3, one must be a veggie or fruit. SET FED STANDARDS Research suggests the problem is at home!!
Myelination
process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
retrieval
process by which info is accessed or recalled from memory storage occurs when the info is needed, the child then searches for the file and takes it out
encoding
process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval like putting information in a folder to be filed in memory, it attaches a code, or label to the info. so that it will be easier to find when needed
integration
process by which neurons coordinate activities of muscle, develop more synaptic connections
Conditioning
process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place
Evolution
process by which species change over time
Pruning
process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
adaptation
process of adjusting to the environment
retrieval
process of locating and bringing information stored in memory into awareness
decoding
process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory child sounding out a word child must master the phonetic code that matches the language aka. the phonetic approach(code-emphasis) research supports this approach
parturition
process of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about 2 weeks preceding childbirth result of sharply rising estrogen levels stimulate the uterus to contract and the cervix to become more flexible
cause of tip of tongue experience
processing problem
brain death
prolonged cessation of all brain activity with complete absence of voluntary movements. no spontaneous breathing. no response to pain, noise, and other stimuli. brain waves have ceased. the EEG is flat. the person is dead.
Infant mortality
proportion of babies born alive who die within the first year the US has a higher infant mortality rate than 24 other industrialized countries Why- diverse population, health disparities for disadvantaged groups, and high percentage of low-birth-weight infants(especially among African American infants) 6.87 per 1000
Atkinson and Shriffin
proposed a simple information processing framework with 3 memory stores. -sensory register: holds sensory info for a few seconds. -short term memory: holds a limited amount of info, perhaps 5-7 items for a short period of time -long term memory: believed to be relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of info.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development
proposes that we all develop ego strength by progressing through 8 distinct stages in life. In each stage we learn from others about ourselves, the world and society, and how to function well. Each is then a stage of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PSYCHO: ABOUT OURSELVES SOCIAL: LEARN FROM INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
Cognitive theory
proposes thoughts and expectations profoundly affect actions, attitudes, beliefs and assumptions Change in how people thing over time
surrogate grandparents
raise their grandchildren, usually because the parents are unable or unwilling to do so.
What does the alteration from total reflex to increasing voluntary control reflect?
rapid development of neurons and their interconnections in the cerebral cortex
postmature
referring to a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period
Epigenetic
referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or species' genetic inheritance
In operant conditioning what always follows a behavior in order to increase or decrease the behavior?
reinforcement
Poverty
relates to food costs and family size
Affective
relating to moods, feelings, and attitudes
what gives us hope in death?
religion (heaven). acceptance in dying.
Bullying
repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
rehearsal
repetition of information that has entered short term memory
Babbling
repetition of syllables in babies 6-9 months old
violation of expectations
research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising begins with a familiarization phase- infants see an event or series of events happen normally after the infant is habituated- the event is changed in a way that conflicts with(violates) normal expectations the infant's tendency to look longer at the changed event is interpreted as evidence that the infant recognizes it as surprising
Sensation
response of a sensory system when it detects a stimulus
storage
retention of information in memory for future use it is putting away the folder in the filing cabinet
syntax
rules for combining words
syntax
rules for forming sentences (grammar) Incorrect - To the movies we are going. Correct - We are going to the movies.
morphology
rules for forming words from sounds (past tense= ed and plurals= s)
pragmatics
rules of conversation
semantics
rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
Maintenance rehearsal
saying something over and over again until it is memorized (also called rote learning
Science of human development
science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time
Maslow believes that its easier for older people to move towards _____ than younger people
self-actualization
Friendship
self-disclosure and sense of belonging are important, women's friendships tend to be more intimate than men SELF DISCLOSURE: revealing important information about oneself to another DISCLOSURE NORMS: people self-disclose to each other to about the same depth in adult relating
Moro/Startle reflex
sensation of falling, extends arms and legs, arches back
olfaction
sense of smell. developed at birth, prefer the smell of own amniotic fluid, exposure to familiar smells can calm newborns
sensitive/ critical period
sensitive period sometime between age 5 and puberty, after which language acquisition becomes much more difficult and ultimately less successful.
Working model
set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences
Family day care
several children of various ages usually in the home of a woman who is paid to provide care
Why is oral health so important to early childhood?
severe early tooth decay harms formation of permanent teeth and jaw; could affect speech
sex cleavage
sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls primarily with girls.
Evolution theory on sex role development
sexual attraction is crucial for basic urge to reproduce
adolescent growth spurt
sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity, includes muscle and bone growth girls- 91/2 to 141/2 boys- 101/2 to 16
working memory
short term storage of information the brain is actively processing or working on, mental representations are prepared form or recalled from, storage short-term storage of information being actively processed develops in the frontal lobe of brain, prefrontal cortex
gibson and walks visual cliff
showed that when infants crawl they ca clearly perceive depths and are afraid of drop offs. a cliff can be perceived by 2 months
Zygote
single cell that is formed from the fusing of two gametes
Holophrase
single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
What are the benefits of the maturing prefrontal cortex?
sleep is more regular; emotions become more nuanced and responsive; temper tantrums decrease
small-for-date
small for gestational age infants, weight less than 90% of babies of the same gestational age(is generally a result of inadequate prenatal nutrition which slows fetal growth)
Sample
small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning in a language ('ed')
phoneme
smallest units of sound in language
Social smile
smile evoked by a human face in infants over 6 weeks old
an important reason for both aging in place and NORCs is the _____, the result of many years of close relationships
social convoy
Dynamic sensory motor systems are furthers what goals?
social interaction comfort learning
gender typing
socialization process of learnings one's gender role
Age grade
socially defined age groups: roles, privileges, responsibilities. ex: adults can vote, children can't
Social clock
society's norms or expectations for the appropriate timing of life events stress can result of an unexpected event
Bully-victim
someone who attacks others and who is attacked as well; often elicit bullying
gender dysphoria disorder
sometimes a child's anatomical sex and their gender typing do not match well(rare condition), happens in early to middle childhood
companionate grandparents
sometimes called "fun loving" grandparents. entertain and spoil their grandchildren, especially in ways that the parents would not.
remote grandparents
sometimes called distant grandparents. emotionally distant from their grandchildren. they are esteemed elders who are honored, respected, and obeyed, expecting to get help whenever they need it.
test norms
standards of normal performance expressed as average scores and the range of scores around the average- are based on the performance of a large, representative sample of people
How does cognitive development begin? Lecture 2
starts with reflexive actions of the neonate which move to purposeful, goal-directed actions
Heritability
static that indicates what percentage of the variation in a particular population in a particular context and era can be traced to genes
cortical pruning
stimulation is critical for cortex development, unused neuronal connections and neurons themselves atrophy and are lost, this on-going process makes the brain more efficient
common forms of anxiety
stranger anxiety- wariness of a new person, very rare before 6 months, and then infant seems to pick up on mother's cues(called social referencing), indicates ability of child to sense mother's anxiety, indicates cognitive development and the ability to distinguish among human faces separation anxiety- distress when the caregiver leaves, depends upon the emergence of object permanence,.. the knowledge that the caregiver still exists when out of sight Both of these types appear to result more from reaching certain cognitive and emotional milestones and the specifics of the situation and are not clearly related to trust and attachment.
Immersion
strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language the child is learning
Bilingual schooling
strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original and second language
What can cause the hypothalamus to grow more slowly?
stress in infants
Humanism
stress the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs
Epigenetic theory
stresses that genes and biological impulsesare powerfully influenced by the social environment
Parent infant bonding
strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn
Behaviorist approach(from powerpoint)
studies how we become conditioned to act by forming simple associations between stimuli(classical) or between our actions and consequences(operant) or modeling others(observational learning).
Behaviorism
studies observable behavior
behaviorist approach
studies the basic mechanics of learning, which fall in the domain of cognitive development, concerned with how behavior changes in response to an experience
Developmental Psychology
study of changes over time in physical structure, thought or behavior of a person as a result of biological and environmental influences
thanatology
study of death and dying, especially the social and emotional aspects.
visual preference
tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another it is based on the ability to make visual distinctions babies less than 2 days old seem to prefer curved lines to straight lines, complex patterns to simple, 3-dimensional objects to 2, pictures of faces, and new sights
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
test that seeks to measure componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence measures each of 3 aspects of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical through multiple-choice and essay questions in 3 domains: verbal, quantitative, and figural(spatial) analytic-figural example: identify the missing piece of a figure verbal-creative: solve deductive reasoning problems that start with factually false premises(ie. money falls from trees) practical-quantitative: solve an everyday math problem involving buying tickets to ball game or following a recipe for cookies
transformational thought
the ability to conceptualize transformations, or processes of change from one state to another. Ex: when water is poured from one glass to another
Allocentrism
the ability to objectively consider relationships that objects have to each other in space, but still as viewed from the child's perspective. Video- child examining a block and ball, only sees these objects from their perspective, and the same view would apply for anyone sitting at any place in the room(only see through the child's eyes). Block, ball example
cross-modal transfer
the ability to use information gained from 1 sense to guide another, as when a person negotiates a dark room by feeling for the location of familiar objects or identifies objects by sight after feeling them with eyes closed
cognition
the activity of knowing and the process through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved
Ego adaptation is:
the adaptive response of the ego in the development of the personality.
secondary appraisal
the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor.
visual based retrieval
the child simply looks at the word and then retrieves it, process of retrieving the sound of a printed word when seeing the word as a whole aka. the whole language approach based on idea that children can learn to read and write naturally
episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
passionate component
the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness and romance
intimacy component
the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness affection and connectedness.
universality context
the debate over the extent to which developmental changes are common to everyone or different from person to person
Myelination
the depositing of a fatty sheath around neural axons that insulates them and thereby speeds the transmission of neural impulses.
adolescence
the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood.
coping
the effort to control., reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.
neonatal period/neonate
the first four weeks of life is a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence at birth 95% of full-term babies weigh between 51/2 pounds and 10 pounds, between 18 and 22 inches long
Sexual Maturation
the hallmark physical event of adolescence is the onset of PUBERTY- THE PROCESS OF ATTAINING SEXUAL MATURITY and the ability to reproduce reaching a critical body weight triggers the hormonal burst that starts puberty, leptin, protein hormone secreted by fat tissue is a chemical signal to the brain areas that start puberty, the brain signals the pituitary to alter androgen production increasing estrogen and testosterone production people are starting puberty earlier with each succeeding generation due to: 1. improved nutrition, 2. improved medical care, 3. childhood obesity, 4. increasing genetic diversity SECULAR TREND: refers to EARLIER maturation and increased physical size of people ACROSS GENERATIONS, THIS ISN'T THE SAME AS PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
conservation
the idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change despite superficial changes in the objects appearance
Conservation
the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties
meta cognition
the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition.
axon
the long cable extending from the cell body that is the sending end of the neuron
Psychoanalytic
the main causes of behavior lie in the unconscious mind
Human Genome project
the massive, government- sponsored effort to decipher the human genetic code
long-term memory
the memory component in which information is stored on a relatively permanent basis
information processing perspectives
the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information.
senescense
the natural physical decline brought about by aging.
Reciprocal Determination
the notion in social cognitive theory that the flow of influence between people and their environment may affect the person, but the person's characteristics and behavior will also influence the environment
average life expectancy
the number of years that the average person in a particular population is likely to live
identity-versus-indentity-confusion stage
the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves
emerging adulthood
the period from the late teenage years extending to the mid-twenties in which people are still sorting out their options for the future.
locked-in syndrome
the person cannot move, except for the eyes, but the brain waves are still apparent. the person is not dead.
stress
the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us.
achieving stage
the point reached by young adults in which intelligence
language pragmatics
the practical use of language to communicate, both conversational and narrative, set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication
handedness
the preference for using one hand over the other, is usually evident by about age 3
Accommodation
the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences
puberty
the processes of biological change that result in an individuals attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a child.
formal operational stage
the stage at which people the ability to think abstractly.
identity achievement
the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis.
identity diffusion
the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way.
moratorium
the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves.
identity foreclosure
the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives.
companionate love
the strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved .
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors.
Centration
the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event
Egocentric thought
the tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point of view
nativist approach
the theory that a genetically determined innate mechanisms directs the development of language
Gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be a male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
labeling theory of passionate love
the theory that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together; intense psychological arousal and situational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love
learning theory approach
the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
decision/commitment component
the third aspect of love that embodies both initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer term determination to maintain that love
primary aging
the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older.
Symbolic Representation
the use of one object to stand for another, which makes a variety of new behaviors possible
personal fables
the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no else.
secondary sex characteristics
the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs.
3 components of Sternberg's triangular model of love
the way love develops is a story, the lovers are the authors, and the story they create reflects their personalities and their conceptions of love the 3 elements are 1. intimacy- emotional element, self-disclosure which leads to connection, warmth, and trust 2. passion- the motivational element, is based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire 3. commitment- the cognitive element, is the decision to love and to stay with the beloved
typographical approach to personality
theoretical approach that identifies broad personality types or styles seeks to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality as a functioning whole Researchers have identified 3 personality types: 1. ego resiliency- adaptability under potential sources of stress, well adjusted, self-confident, independent, articulate, attentive, helpful, cooperative, and task-focused 2. and 3. ego controlled- over controlled and undercontrolled- active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn, and easily distracted over controlled- shy, quiet, anxious, dependable, keep thoughts to themselves, withdraw from conflict, most subject to depression
five factor model of personality development
theoretical model of personality developed and tested by Costa and McCrae based on the Big Five factors underlying clusters of related personality traits 1. Neuroticism- cluster of 6 traits indicating emotional instability- anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability 2. Extroversion- 6 facets- warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions 3. Openess- fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values 4. Conscientious- achievement striving, deliberation, competence, self-discipline, order, duitifulness** 5. Agreeable- trusting, straightforward, altruistic, compliant, modest, easily swayed** ** increased with age heritability seemed to be between 40 and 66 % conflicting evidence points to life experiences effects- pg. 460
Timing of Events model of personality development
theoretical model of personality development that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events Bernice Neugarten, Moore, and Lowe according to this model, people are aware of their timing and the social clock
normative stage models
theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes
Parents who display mastery motivation
they are encouraging, provide kids with lots of stimulation and activities.
Seriation
things can be arranged in a series; crucial for number sequences
critical thinking
thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems forming inferences and making decisions appropriately and successfully
Phallic stage
third stage of psychoanalytical theory where the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
Cerebral Cortex
this is the most advanced part of the brain that controls all higher order behavior(perception, learning, etc..). It is accurate to say that it grows and changes throughout the lifespan. Total number of cells, NEURONS, will increase rapidly for the 1st year, but it is the interconnection of these cells that accounts for human intelligence.
cardiovascular disease
thought of as secondary aging because it is more risk-related than age-related.
Reaction time
time it takes to respond to a stimulus
Amygdala
tiny brain structures the registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
Non Marital Lifestyles
today more adults postpone marriage or never marry. 72% of marriage eligible adults were married in 1960 51% of marriage eligible adults were married in 2011 Reasons for the decline in marriage include: 1. different priorities leading to personal fulfillment(career, travel) 2. sexual and lifestyle freedom 3. women's greater self sufficiency 4. reduced social pressure to marry with co-habitation increasing 5. relationship uncertainty- fear of divorce and difficulty finding a suitable mate Homosexuality: process of coming out may last well into adulthood and may never be completely achieved This process includes 4 stages: 1. self-recognition of being homosexual 2. getting to know other homosexuals 3. telling family and firends 4. complete openess 21 states of 2014- allow gay marriage Co-habitation has become more common in US Culture- the CDC reports that based upon a survey of 22,682 men and women ages 15-44 there were 48% of women reporting co-habitation as their first union experience during 2006-2010 compared to 34% in 1995 Increases in co-habitation corresponds to a trend for delay or never marrying 1. may be a trial marriage or way of having an intimate relationship for couples not ready for marriage 2. couples who co-habit before marriage tend to have higher divorce rates 3. recent data suggest that co-habitation divorce rates may actually reflect commitment effects, couples that are clearly committed(engaged or otherwise) who co-habitate have lower than normal divorce rates while those who co-habitate with no prior deep commitment have higher rates
secular trend
trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago in some cultures
What are the stages of the psychosocial theory?
trust and autonomy
Internalizing problems
turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless
Sensory development
typically precedes intellectual and motor development
Electra complex
unconscious desire of girls to replace their mothers and win their fathers' exclusive love
Oedipus complex
unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers' exclusive love
Extremely low birth weight
under 2 pounds 3 ounces
metamemory
understanding processes of memory between ages 5 and 7, point at which this develops kids understanding memory
Empathy
understanding the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own
List three mental abilities of children in concrete operations.
understanding, judgement, and reasoning
babbling
universal progression from sounds that are the simplest to make to more complex sounds experience makes a difference
Babbling
universal: influenced by dialect at 5-7 months of age (consonant between r/l) Encourages development of language, emotional, and interpersonal development.
Bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
social phobia
unrealistic fear of going to school, may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or this extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations (speaking in class, meeting someone) make be triggered by an event, runs in families usually increases with age while separation anxiety decreases with age
Mothers and social referencing
use a variety of expressions, vocalizations, and gestures to convey social information to their infants
overextension
use a word to refer to too broad a range of objects (all four legged creatures are doggies)
According to the text, effective teachers __________.
use active teaching methods
production
use of language to communicate
Dyscalculia
usnusal difficulty
Parents working
very hard to predict if this affects the development of a healthy personality, complex interaction of variables
Habituation
video clip- baby sucks longer when it hears the mother's voice, it will get used to hearing the mother's voice, so it will no longer be surprised to hear it's mother's voice this sense develops at about 28 weeks gestation May want to watch more videos about this, or look at the clip again
Dynamic systems approach
view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between a person's physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of their environment, including family and society
rough and tumble play
vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming 10% of children's free play in the early grades is this
What sense is the least mature at birth?
vision
Physical development
we generally think of young adulthood as a time of rich vitality and health for most people. Only 6% of adults ages 25-44 rate their health as only fair or poor. Nonetheless health and wellness are issues of increasing concern for the young adult. Health= the absence of disease process Wellness= a state of full functioning physically, mentally, spiritually and socially so that life holds maximum benefit. The primary focus in this stage of physical development is the adoption of life style habits. This is the true base upon which wellness is built. We can group these in terms of the primary risks that they pose for wellness. 1. Safety: do young adults exercise sufficient caution to prevent injury? Do they wear seatbelts, do not drink and drive, use proper equipment during tasks, etc. Accidents are the leading cause of death for adults aged 20-24. 2. Fitness: as adult life becomes more complicated we see an increasing number of young adults become more sedentary, engaging in less healthy eating choices, drink more alcohol, and generally move away from overall physical fitness 3. Weight Management: this is related to fitness but represents a specific concern on its own. Obesity rates for adults continue to rise. Let's look at the % of adults who are obese(BMI 30+) by state from 1985 to 2009: NOW 32% Obesity is a primary risk factor for a wide range of medical conditions including breast cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, auto-immune disorder, hypertension, stroke, gall bladder disease, and generally LOWERS QUALITY OF LIFE. 4. Smoking: tobacco use is a direct cause of lung cancer, emphysema, and COPD and is a major risk factor for many other illnesses including heart attack, stroke, cancer of the stomach, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidneys, pancreas, cervix, GI illnesses of varying types, and a host of other illnesses. The choice to not smoke or quit smoking is the single most positive action a young adult can take. We can look at smoking trends for YOUTH(18-28 yr olds) in the US and Indiana specifically- IT has been DECREASING, 21% of the adult population smoke
low birth weight
weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth(2,500g or less)
Self-efficancy
what a person believes he/she is capable of doing in a given situation
Language shift
when a bilingual child becomes more fluent in their school language than home language
root reflex
when baby's cheek is rubbed, it will automatically turn toward the stimuli
When is the theory of mind seen?
when children try to escape punishment of lying
When is an appropriate time to do a C section
when other risks are present 1. difficult pregnancy 2. incompetent uterus 3. breeched delivery, or transverse
Elaborative rehearsal
when you incorporate a new idea into the narrative of a previous experience to remember it. , A memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory
social give and take
withdraw self from conversation
What is the function of family?
work to meet the needs of it members
Age at which the "Just Right" phenomenon should fade?
Age 6
When does the brain reach 90% of adult weight?
Age 6
sarcopenia
Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called:
Cueing
Using signals to indicate that a certain response is desirable or undesirable
Childhood Obesity
Usually due to eating habits (overfed by parents) Some genetics, but mostly experience More likely to have asthmas, high bp, and high LDL cholesterol Low achievements, low self-esteem, and high loneliness
Separation anxiety
Usually occurs in infants between the first and second birthdays and involves extreme distress when separation from a primary caregiver occurs. Usually, the anxiety is short lived after the disappearance of the caregiver (i.e., the child ordinarily adjusts quickly).
Erickson Criticism
Vague and difficult to test, does not provide an adequate explanation of how development comes about
synaptic cleft
space between the axon of one nerve cell and the dendrites of the receiving cell
creativity in the arts...
sparks earliest in life
Experience
specific of brain structure and growth depend on genes and maturation but even more on experience
private speech
speech that is spoken and directed to oneself
What is the result of increased myelination?
speed of thought increases
Fast mapping
speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
How are motor skills developed?
spontaneously and diligently through play
Embryonic period
stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through eighth week
unbound/free morpheme
stand alone or can appear with others
Grammar
All the methods--word order, verb forms, and so on-- that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.
Consummate Love (Pattern of Love)
All three components are present: Intimacy, Passion and Commitment. This is "complete" love.
Non-Love (Pattern of Love)
All three components of love -intimacy, passion and commitment- are absent. Simply casual interactions.
macular degeneration
Allen is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration in his retina. He has:
Schema
An organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning that adapt and change through mental development. (Reflect on thought)
normative history-graded influence
Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a ___.
Eating Disorders
Anorexia - starvation Bulimia - binge and purge.
Early Childhood Nutritional Needs
Appetite decreases Need varied diet with zinc, calcium, and iron like fruits and veggies. Careful about sugar "Just Right" phenomenon: persnickety eaters
social speech
Before the age of 3 Speak only for their own entertainment Apparently unaware if anyone else can understand; During preschool years Begin to direct their speech to others Want others to listen Become frustrated when they cannot make themselves understood Begin to adapt their speech to others through pragmatics
Interestingly, stranger wariness begins around the time infants __________.
Begin to be good crawlers
Senescence
Beginning of age process
Karl Pribram, Michael Gazzaniga
Biological Theorists
Deviant identity
Inconsistent with the values and expectations of society or culture, or, at least, not not systematically reinforced (e.g., addiction to drugs/alcohol, criminal).
Television seems to __________.
Increase gender stereotyping
Social networking using computers or cell phones tends to __________.
Increase quality of friendships because it promotes self-disclosure.
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Many critics note that __________'s emphasis on individual rights and justice reflects western culture and Judeo-Christian theology.
Kohlberg
High levels of ________ increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas high levels of ________ can help protect you against cardiovascular disease.
LDL's; HDL's
Who typically takes on the role of kinkeeper?
Middle-aged mothers
object permanence
Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this shows Mimi is capable of:
Jon has decided to take a class to manage his stress. One popular approach that helps the person to become more aware of what is happening in the moment, rather than focusing on future worries, is known as ________.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Nature perspective on moral development
Morality is genetic outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation
What does it mean for development to be multi-directional?
Over time, human characteristics change in every direction
African-American females who enter nontraditional occupations are often ________.
Over-educated
What are the four forms of ineffective punishment?
Physical punishment, psychological punishment, extra classwork, and out-of-school suspension.
Gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the large muscles.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not involve the reproductive organs (e.g. breast development, pubic hair, changes in voice)
Bonita believes children need lots of stimulating objects in their environment so they can form their own theories about objects and operations. She does not believe children's development is improved or accelerated much by increasing their interactions with family members, peers, and teachers. Most likely, Bonita is a follower of __________.
Piaget only
Puberty
Process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility.
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones that activate brain and body.
How does attachment affect brain development?
Promotes neural growth.
Hierarchy of needs
Proposes that higher order needs (e.g., achievement, self-actualization) cannot be attained until lower order needs (e.g., food, shelter, safety) are met. Developed by Abraham Maslow (1947).
Immunization
Protect children from diseases.
Estrogen
Protects women from heart disease
Bandura
Social cognitive learning theory/Bobo doll research/ "monkey see, monkey do"/ self-efficacy, Behavior Therapy
Gender roles
Socially defined behaviors associated with a particular sex (e.g., girls wear dresses, boys wear a jacket and tie).
Vygotsky
Sociocultrural Theory; children are social beings and develop their minds through interactions with parents, teachers, and other students.
Types of Early Childhood Play
Solitary: plays alone, unaware of nearby children Onlooker: watches other kids play Parallel: plays in similar ways with toys, but not together Associative: interact, observe and share, but not yet mutual Cooperative: play together, creating and taking turns Rough -and-Tumble: mimics aggressive moves, but does not actually harm (distinction in facial expression) Sociodramatic: pretend and act out roles/stores created (explore social roles, practice regulating emotion, self-concept)
Development Niche
The interaction of components such as everyday physical and social settings, and overall environmental context
Private Speech
The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves.
Someone who goes blind may develop better hearing as a result.
Which of the following is an example of the plasticity of development?
selective attention
Which of the following is an important skill for learning in the classroom?
dominant-recessive genes
Which of the following is demonstrated when one gene overrides the effect of a second gene?
imagery
While studying for a history exam, Michael finds it easier to recall details if he creates a mental picture relating to the information he is reviewing. What memory strategy is he using?
Who set up the first psychology lab? When and where?
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, Leipzig Germany
Does the Sensory-motor have substages?
Yes, Piaget sees the sensory-motor stage as extending from birth to at least 2 years of age, perhaps a bit more. He says that there are SIX distinct substages that are marked by qualitative changes in how the child goes about exploring their world.
Wanda is about to begin caring for an aging parent. Should she be concerned about how the additional demands on her time will affect her work?
Yes, as the majority of female caregivers providing care is equivalent to a half-time job.
Pats son and daughter both want to participate in sports. Pat asks you, as an expert in adolescent development, whether she should encourage her children or not. What would you recommend?
Yes, because with parental involvement and supervision, the benefits general outweigh the possible risks
Have certain TV programs been shown to increase high school grades?
Yes, in both males and females
disengagement theory
aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow. role relinquishment, withdrawal, passivity
bulimia
an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food through vomiting or the use of laxatives.
Punishment
anything or event that decreases the likelihood the behavior will occur.
Definition of reinforcement
anything or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will occur.
Overregularization
application of grammar rules even when exceptions occur; makes language more regular than it really is
Life span perspective
approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life not just childhood or adulthood
Ageism considers people as part of a _____ & not as _____
category; individuals
Information-procession theory
compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data
Moral Development
growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically
Reported maltreatment
harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities
Substantiated maltreatment
harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified
Poverty
has both a direct(nurtrition, health, experiences) and indirect(effects on adult care-givers, neighborhood, social capital) impact on development
anoxia
lack of oxygen, that if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death
bad death
lacks the six characteristics of a good death. dreaded, particularly by the elderly.
interactionist approach
language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental substances that help teach language
What is Chomsky's view on learning language?
language is too complex to be mastered through conditioning; needs a language acquisition device
crowds
larger groups than cliques, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another.
Attachment
lasting emotional bond between people
Accident
leading cause of death in people under 40
Equifinality
one symptom can have many causes
frail elderly
people over age 65, and often over age 85, who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled.
What new emotions appear in toddlerhood?
pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, guilt
Conservation
principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes
Automatization
process of repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought
sensation
process of the sensory receptor neurons receiving information and transmitting it to the brain
Risks of premature childbirth
Difficulty in external world, temperature control, fewer fat cells, appropriate nutrition, and learning disabilities and hyperactivity.
Dylexia
Difficulty in reading and often poor listening is the root communicative disorders.
List four identity statuses presented by James Marcia.
Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.
When telling Ann she does not have permission to do something, or is being punished, her parents explain why. This is an example of __________.
Direct instruction
cephalocaudal
Direction of growth in an infant; literally translated "head to tail," indicating growth occurs from head to toe
Caleb often felt very sad when he saw a sad child, and he generally felt happy when others were happy. Caleb is __________.
Empathetic
Alzheimer's
Brain cells die
According to Carroll, what type of intelligence involves the understanding of printed language and vocabulary?
Crystallized
Same Disease
Dementia, Alzheimer's and senile
Psychosocial
Includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills
According to Bowlby, why have children been evolutionary selected to form attachments?
It makes them more likely to survive
Multifinality
One cause can have multiple final manifestations
According to Sternberg, love is composed of ________.
Passion, Intimacy, and commitment
Dynamic Perception
Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change.
Stages 3 & 4
Secondary circular reactions: responses to objects and people (4-12 months)
Esteem needs
Self-respect, self-confidence, feelings of success
height
The distance between the lowest and highest points of the body, measured in inches, feet, or centimeters
Critical period
Time when certain things must occur for normal development
Craik and Lockhart
We may process information shallowly or deeply
Adolescent Egocentrism
When adolescents think about themselves but imagine what others think about them.
Grammar
all methods that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves
Couvade
father experiences symptoms of pregnancy
autobiographical memory
memory of particular events from one's own life
Immunization
process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease
Albert Bandura
social learning theory
Insight
the ability to use reflection to come to conclusions and solve problems
