Combo #1
Trait-and-Factory Theory Three Steps
1. Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests 2. Knowledge of jobs, including advantages and disadvantages of them. 3. Matching the individual with the work.
What are Freud's five stages of development?
1. Oral- birth to 18 months 2. Anal- 18mos-3yrs 3. Phallic- 3-5yrs 4. Latency- 6-12 yrs 5. Genital 12-19yrs
Freud's 3 sources of biological energy
1. Sexuality 2. Drives of hunger and pain 3. Aggression
An individual with a z-score of -1.3 has a stannic score of
2
How many people within 2 standard deviations?
95%
In a normal distribution, ______________________ of scores falls between -1 and +2 standard deviations?
81.5%
ABCDE model of personality
A- ACTIVATING event B- client's BELIEF system C- emotional CONSEQUENCE D- counselor DISPUTES the irrational belief E- new EMOTIONAL consequence
An ¬______ time series design is the simplest type of single subject research and was initially popularized by behavioral modifiers in the 19060s-70s
AB or ABA
When working with an _______ family the best approach would probably be Bowen's family therapy or Jay Haley's Strategic Family Therapy.
African American
APA is to psychologists as ACA is to _____
Counselor
The Gelatt Decision Model
Created by Henry Gelatt it refers to information as "the fuel of the decision" and that information can be divided into three categories 1) predicative 2) value 3) decision
Robert Williams
Created the Black Intelligence Test to demonstrate that blacks are smart when given tests with info they are familiar with
Self-help groups/mutual help/support groups
EX: AA not lead by professionals
existential factors
EX: discovering that life can have meaning even if it is seemly unjust or unfair at time
NLP
Neurolingusitc programming; created by John Grinder and John Bandle- they studied therapists to discover what they did rather than what they said.
Erik Erikson
Stages of Human Growth & Development: 8 stages that refer to how a person interacts with their environment. Each stage is a "crisis" which needs to be resolved before a person can successfully move to the next stage.
Abandonment
a counselor is obliged to refer clients to another counselor if for any reason they must no longer provide services
Murray Brown
a key name in Intergenrational Therapy Extended family systems therapy
Placating
a person reacts to inner stress by trying to please others
Recommendation Level
a person will recommend an action and then take it if it is approved by the supervisor
do-it-and-report-it-immediately Level
a person will take action without approval but will report the action and the results to supervisor immediately
Dependence
a physical or psychological condition in which a person has taken so much od a substance that their body needs it to function normally
records custodian
a professional colleague who agrees to serve as the caretaker of client records for another mental health professional.
counselor educator
a professional counselor engaged primarily in developing, implementing, and supervising the educational preparation of professional counselors
Psychotherapy of the Absurd
a technique developed by Carol Whitaker the absurd is the unreasonable exaggeration of an idea to the point of underscoring the underlying meaninglessness of much human reaction.
Psychoanalysis
a technique developed by Freud to discover the subconscious mind
Motivational interviewing has been primarily used in
addictions counseling.
Chronic Condition
an illness, injury, or other condition that is expected to last for a long time or which has developed slowly over a period of time
Sub-acute Condition
an illness, injury, or other condition that is not expected to last as long as a chronic condition but longer than an acute condition
What three factors influence a person's attitude toward disability?
environment, culture, and personality
A resilience characteristic is...
having a supportive social network.
Self-help/Support Groups
groups of people who provide mutual support for each other; members share a common problem, often a common disease or addiction; mutual goal is to help each other to deal with, if possible to heal or to recover from, this problem
Advantages of Coleaders
having two role models more feedback one leader can deal with the client if there is transference two leaders can better see what is transpiring in the group
A one way ANOVA
is used for testing one _____, while a two way ANOVA tests two______: IV/IVs
Behavior that is used to gain authority over one's relationship with an intimate partner is
intimate partner violence.
identification
joining a feared person to relieve your anxiety
Strategic Family Therapy
is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms
The self
is symbolized via a mandala or a balance between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
lists over 20,000 job titles nine-digit codes
Members of IAAOC are committed to helping clients who...
are dealing with addictions; have engaged in criminal acts as adults; and are juvenile delinquents.
When working with an 8-year old child in a non-school setting, it is ethically necessary to obtain...
assent from the child and informed consent from the parent.
Asian Americans
have been called the most diverse group and characterized as patriarchal. Academics and professional success is valued. They often speak very low and desire assertiveness training and therapies that emphasize insight or existential issues. Views the counselor as the trained expert.
Structured Groups
centered around certain issues such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview
Anticonvulsant Medication
more commonly known as anti-seizure drugs, help prevent seizures due to epilepsy or other disorders
Native Americans
often kept their suffering private, speak with few words and hesitate often. They do not engage in eye contact while talking or listening, do not live by the clock and tend to emphasize spirituality. Story telling and advice giving are often effective
Speculative leaders
often seen as charismatic rely on their personal power and charisma to move the group in a desirable direction often adored and group members look up to them, though they are nor peer oriented
The mental health practitioners who most commonly administer psychological testing are...
psychologists.
Analyzing digital recordings of patients with schizophrenia to determine the quality of their social interactions would most likely be an example of
qualitative research.
critics of tests
tests can be faked, are mechanical, often measure irrelevant factors, and can invade privacy can be prejudice causing the client to perceive the client in a different manner
In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term interjects really means _______
that the client internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of objects within themselves
Democratic Leadership
the group and the leader work together to facilitate the group
Family reenactment
the group helps abet the family of origin issues and feelings and the group allows you to work through them
The Storyteller
the group member who tends to digress and rarely get to the point as well as frequently gets off topic.
Dependent Variable
the outcome data what happens as a result of the IV
Reliability
the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions
When counseling minors, the legal right to confidentiality belongs to...
the parents or legal guardians.
Id
the part of the psyche, residing in the unconscious, that is the source of instinctive impulses
fee spliting
the payment or acceptance of fees for client referrals (e.g., percentage of fee paid for rent, referral fees).
standard deviation
the measure of variability or dispersion of scores
Success Identity
the understanding that a person has that they have needs for happiness and success and that they are responsible for their behaviors and the positive and negative consequences of them.
What would a typical treatment plan for schizophrenia?
treatment measures are directed at symptom management and may include anti-psychotic medications, behavior therapies, and social skills
the placator
tries to please everyone in the family
Dualism
truth is either right or wrong
Games
used in TA are played to avoid intimacy, somebody is always hurt in a game
The Wilcoson Signed Rank Test
used in place of the t test when data are non parametric and two correlated means need to be compared
Nathan Ackerman
used the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach family therapist
Stimulants
used to stay awake or alert and are used to treat narcolepsy
nonparametric test
used when the population is not normal Chi Square Kruskal-Wallace
MANOVA
used when you are investigating more than one DV
factorial analysis of variance
used when you are investigating more than one IV
Guide for Occupational Information (GOE)
uses 14 interest areas to help fine tune career searches
Premack Principle
using a more probable behavior to reinforce a less probable behavior
Counselors should assess ______________________ when they believe a client might be suicidal.
whether the client has a plan, whether the client has a means for carrying out the plan, and whether the plan is specific, detailed, and plausible.
Likert-Type Scale
which respondents choose the score (e.g. 1 to 5) which best represents the degree to which they agree with a given statement
Arthur Jenson
Sparked the Black vs. White IQ debate in 1969
Today the _______ is used from ages 2 years until adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the SAS or the Standard Age Score
Stanford Binet
Robert Kegan
Stated the client cam make a meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His sic stages of development are 1) incorporative 2) impulsive 3) imperial 4) interpersonal 5) institutional 6) interindividual
Haley
Strategic Therapy: developing of a specific strategy to treat a specific problem; use of directives; the therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing clients
Group Dynamics
Study of interrelationships and interactions between group members
When did school counseling gain momentum?
1960s
ICD
Internal Classification of Disease
Who are the two most prominent behaviorists?
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
Leon Festinger
Stated that friendships and attraction are the highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other
Disability
a type of functional limitation that prevents a person from performing certain tasks
Noam Chomsky's theory of language development is considered to be a(n)
nativist approach.
aptitude test
predict potential
Forced Choice Tests
requires the test taker to recognize the information being presented by answering all questions
The Hill Interaction Matrix is a measure of
screening/selection.
Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT
the mode is influenced by extreme scores.
Therapeutic letters are written by
therapists.
experimental or alternative hypothesis
there is a significant difference between two subjects
projective tests
there is no correct answer the client's answer is assumed to be a projection of is or her personality scoring is projective
null hypothesis
there is no significant difference and differences found will be due to chance and not due to being in one group or another
self-talk or internal verbalization
thoughts in REBT theory
unobtrusive measure
when subjects are not aware they are being measured
obtrusive or reactive measure
when subjects know they are being observed observers presence can influence subject's behavior
Extroversion vs. Introversion
where does the individual get their energy?
Systematic sampling
where every nth person is chosen can be used
Group cohesion normally is highest in the
working stage.
What percentage of first marriages end in divorce?
~50%
For jobs, schools, and so on, a reliability coefficient should be at least
.80 or higher
4 Etiologies of Medical Disorders
1) Congenital Defects 2) Degenerative Disorders 3) Acquired Disorders 4) Unknown Origin
What are the 4 stages of group progression as outlined by Yalom?
1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination
What techniques should a counselor use to help a family with a child receiving in or out-patient care?
1) double check all info collected about family to insure accuracy 2) Evaluate home to ensure that child and family will be able to function
Advantages of Group Counseling
1) extension of client social support system 2) improved ability to communicate
Three approaches a counselor can utilize
1) group therapy 2) psychodynamic 3) skills training
According to Satir what are the 4 issues which impeded communication within a family?
1) placating 2) Blaming 3) Irrelevance 4) Over reasonability
Counselor-client relationship concerns
1) treatment plane developed with input from client 2) close monitoring to check for Tx plan effectiveness 3) Realistic and attainable goals 4) the economic, transportation, and social support of client are taken into account
What four broad categories are theories on human growth and development divided into
1. Learning 2. Cognitive 3. Psychoanalytical 4. Humanistic and Self theories
Freud's Five Life Stages
1. Oral (0-2 years) 2. Anal (2-3 years) 3. Phallic (3-6 years) 4. Latency (6-puberty) 5. Genital (puberty)
What three broad areas does systematic development occur over the life span?
1. Physical 2) Cognitive 3. Psychosocial
Yalom
11 Reasons groups work so well
Gottfredson
1980's circumscription and compromise the client adjusts aspirations to accommodate such things as hiring practices, family obligations, or educational programs People sacrifice interests rather than sex-type or prestige
How many morphemes does the word "books" have?
2
______ hours per session is a good norm for a group
2 hours
You must keep client records for at least ______ years after last contact
5
Psychosis
A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders
Career
A broad path including a variety of jobs and occupations (medicine field)
Cultural Encapsulation
A counselor imposing goals form their own culture on people from another culture
A Life Script
A life drama or plot
Always Script
A person will always remain a give away
Entropy
A popular term in family therapy, it is when a dysfunctional family are either too open or closed.
Secondary Groups
A problem or disturbance is present but not severe
Clinical Supervision
A process in which an organization provides monitoring and evaluation of the performance of its counselors.
Sleeper Effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
_____________________ has been translated to mean "fear of the marketplace."
Agoraphobia
The indivisible self model of wellness is based on _____________________ psychological theory.
Alfred Adler's
Culture Epoch Theory
All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.
Monolithic Perspective
All members of a specific race or group are seen as identical to each other
Horizontal Sampling
All study participants share a specific set of characteristics.
Hawthorne Effect
Also called the observer effect, when an exceptive outcome occurs just by the presence of the experiment or experimenter
A valid test is ________ reliable.
Always
AAMFT
American Association for Marriage and Family Counseling Therapy
AAS
American Association of Suicidology.
ACA
American Counseling Association
Virgina was the first state to license counselors in 1976. APGA (later the AACD & ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensure was the _____
American Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
APGA
American Personnel and Guidance Association
A vertical relationship in when the counselor is viewed as __________
An Expert
Avocation
An activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money
How might the conditioning response be used in sports?
An athlete is trained to react in specific ways to specific stimuli, these behaviors may be different than natural responses
Time Out
An extinction technique where the individual is removed from the situation and put into a low stimulus environment
Which of the following couples would Bowen consider well matched?
An oldest child and a youngest child
Higher Order Needs
Any need which is not physiological
Developed by Robert Yerkes, the __________________________ i a language-free test that was designed for individuals who could not read or were foreign born.
Army Beta
Define Universal Culture
As humans we are biologically alike and have the same biological needs
Filial piety regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group?
Asian Americans
_____________________ are mistakenly considered to be the model minority.
Asian Americans
Erikson's Second Psychosocial Stage - Later Infancy (1-2 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
social learning theory
Bandura the person's behavior increases when he/she sees somebody else get reinforced for it vicarious learning or modeling
Item Difficulty Index
Calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered questions correctly divided by the total number of persons tested.
Oscar K. Buros
Came up with the Mental Measurements Yearbook that rates psychological tests
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Came up with the frustration-aggression theory
Jung's Archetypes
Common, collective unconscious which is passed on from generation to generation
Which of the following is an example of a cross-sectional design?
Comparing the impact of a bullying incident across grade levels.
CMC
Computer Managed Counseling- help run a practice
Solution focused brief therapy(SFBT)
DeShazer & Berg focuses on solutions and not understanding of the problem exceptions to the rule are explored
Carl Whiaker
Dean of experimental family therapy. Stated that experience, not education changes families because experience goes beyond consciousness.
All ______ theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from various career options
Decision Making
______________________ is the most successful form of conditioning.
Delayed conditioning
Integrity vs. Despair
Erickson Stages of development, starts at 60yrs when a person starts to reflect on life- did they live a meaningful life or one with regrets?
According to the U. S. Department of Labor's 2005 Occupational Projections, _______________________ occupations are expected to decline.
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
Dream Analysis
Freudian technique used to understand the unconscious mind
Tom Harris' Life positions
I'm ok, You're OK; healthy I'm okay, you're not ok I'm not ok, you're ok I'm not ok, you're not ok
Lifestyle
Includes an individual's work, leisure, and other patterns of living
negative reinforcers
Increase the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed
Alfred Adler's theory
Individual Psychology
nature/nurture debate
Is behavior the result of inborn tendencies/heredity or the environment
John, a third grade student, is having trouble in math. The teacher suspects that John has a learning disability in math. Which of the following achievement tests should be used to determine whether John has a learning disability in math?
Key Math Diagnostic Test
In children, which concept is most easily understood volume or mass?
Mass, an understanding of volume does not come unto the concrete operations stage
Treatment Protocol for Alzheimer's
No cure but exercise, nutrition, physical therapy can help. Need visual monitoring to stay safe and need frequent reminders and queues to reduce anxiety
Centration
Noticing key features of an object while not noticing the rest (occurs in preoperational stage)
An intergenerational family therapist says they are concerned with _______. They are referring to the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether alive or dead.
Nuclear Family Emotional System
What is the key difference between ANOVA and a MANOVA?
Number of dependent variables
Convergent Thinking
Occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept
Holophrases
One or two word sentences often spoke to children 1-4 years old
A counselor who suggests that a depressed client spend at least 2 hours a day being depressed is using what technique?
Paradoxical intention
Ego States
Parent-Superego Adult-Ego Child-Id
coefficient of determination
R squared, indicates how well data points fit a statistical model
In Holland's Theory, teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers would for into the ___________ category.
Social
Emic
The counselor helps the client understand his or her culture
Circular or Reciprocal Causality
The dynamic interactions that have more than one effect; from family systems approach
Duty to Warn
The ethical responsibility to take appropriate action when there is knowledge of impending danger.
Cohesion
The level of emotional bonding between family members
Process
The manner in which the communication transpires
Job
The narrowest and most specific work category (waiter, office clerk, Critical Care Nurse
Statistical Regression
The skewing of results that may happen if the intervention is administered only once; change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity
Group Dynamics
The study of group operations
Schlossberg
Transition Theory, individuals move through transition phases; 1) Moving in 2) Moving Through 3) Moving Out
The group IQ began with the army alpha and army beta during______
WWI
Stimulus Discrimination
When a stimulus is selected out from a group to be the only one that gives the CR
Ecological culture
Where factors such as earthquakes, floods and food supply may influence our behavior
Until Script
a client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives
Snowball Sampling
a key person in a population group is identified and that individual helps find people to be in the study, then the people that they identify are asked to recommend people for the study
Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____
a lack of goal setting
Privilege
a legal term denoting the protection of confidential information in a legal proceeding (e.g., subpoena, deposition, testimony)
Difficulty Index
a measure if the number of people who answer correctly
selection interview assessment
a meeting between an employer and an applicant
Systematic Desensitization
a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety
Confrontation
a technique where issues are brought out into the open by the counselor or group members so that the individual becomes aware of them
Dislocated Worker
a term that describes a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company reclocation or the company closed the business
Multi-point Item
a test question that offers three or more forced-choice answers
Anti-inflammatory
a type of analgesic medications designed to reduce swelling and irritation
Describe a Genogram
a way to map out a person's family and give a "snap shot" of information. Standard symbols- males/squares, females/circles, line/family ties, dashed line/adopted, X/death
pre-employment assessment
a written test designed to assess an applicant's skill and knowledge
What are the methods of electronic diagnosis for neurological disorders?
a) CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) b) MRI (magnetic resonance Imaging) c) EEG (electroencephalograph)
Orientation
an employer practice of teaching an employee to behave and perform the job tasks in a way that is appropriate to the organization
Incomplete Scenarios
an idea of Perls that a person needs to complete unfinished scenarios in order to achieve self-actualization
raw score
an unaltered score
mean
arithmetic average
According to Piaget, when people use their existing cognitive framework to understand new information, they are involved in the process of adaptation known as
assimilation.
Psychological needs
belonging power freedom fun
Group therapy
coined by Jacob Moreno focuses on unconscious material, the past and personality change
When you decrease the significance level, alpha errors _______ while beta errors_______
decrease/increase
Language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called
deep structures.
Jenna is a second-semester sophomore and needs to declare her major by the end of the semester, but she remains undecided. Her academic advisor has suggested that she research career and major information to help her reach a decision. However, Jenna has been putting off this task for several month and still has not made a decision. Jenna is displaying
defensive avoidance.
Hygiene Improvement
dental care, hair care, skin care
Epictetus
first-century Stoic philosopher who said "Men are disturbed not by things but of the view which they take of them."
Systematic Desensitization
form of behavior therapy which involves exposing client to source of phobias either with pictures or directly
Emotional Flooding
form of behavioral therapy where client is bombarded with their issue or behavior until they reach exhaustion
Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ____________________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operational
t scores
have a mean of 50 and the standard deviation is 10
punishment
intended to lower behavior
Interaction Strain
involve uncertainty about how to deal with the disabled and conversation is inhibited and leads to tension
Early in their theory's formulation, Ginzberg and colleagues proposed that the career decision-making process was
irreversible.
Motivational interviewing is mainly based on a Rogerian counseling style, but
is also directive.
Client Right to Privacy
legally the client has the right to confidentiality unless harm to self or others is an eminent risk or ordered by the court.
Cluster Sampling
natural groups are sampled, then the individual members are sampled; often by geography; multi staged as an area is chosen then groups in the area then individuals of the groups
open group
new members can join after the group begins
closed group
no new members can join after the group begins
Distribution
normal is a bell curve, 68% of scores fall within 1-standard deviation
Within transactional analysis, the parent has two parts the _______ and the ______
nurturing parent/critical parent
summative or outcome evaluation
occurs at the end of a program or treatment
Object permanence
occurs in the sensorimotor stage an object the child can't see still exist
Underemployment
occurs when a person takes a job below his or her level of skill, expertise, and training
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Somatopsychological Approach
originally designed by Barker, Gonick, Meyerson, and Wright in 1953 to describe adjustment to disability. It is based on the idea that a person's reaction to an event is the result of their perceptions interacting with the environment (how a person thinks about disability affects how they respond to becoming disabled)
Exosystem
other systems such as school, church neighborhoods an individual interacts with
Humanistic counselors are
person focused.
Jacob Moreno
pioneered psychodrama and coined the term therapy
birth order
place in the family constellation was important in individual psychology
In the WDEP system of reality therapy, the P stands for
plan.
classical conditioning
popularized by Pavlov
Social comparison theory
popularized by early research conducted by Leon Festinger, postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others
Ultra-paradoxal stage of pain
positive stimulus produces negative response and vice versa
The paradigm characterized most by the notion that with enough research we can gain knowledge of a universal truth is
positivism.
Intersexed is defined as an individual who
possesses both male and female genitalia.
Psychoeducational/Guidance Group
provide members with information relevant to their situations
A counselor who receives both a subpoena and a court order must...
provide the court with the appropriate information or be held in contempt of court.
Reinforcing clients' accomplishment of successive approximation of a desired behavior is known as
shaping.
Cognitive Therapy
similar to REBT but believes dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
Fokeways
similar to mores; often cause embarrassment and result in lesser punishments
Attending
simple response to what client is saying
SFBT Goals
small and realistic
The professionals most involved in working to affect the public policy are:
social workers
A dominant narrative is one constructed by
society.
Daniel Paul Schreber
spent 9 years in a mental hospital and wrote the book Memoirs of a Mental Patient, Freud after seeing a copy thought he was dealing with issues around homosexuality and that he had a fear he would be turned into a woman and mate with God creating a new race
Equivalent stage of pain response
stage in which a person's response to stimuli is equal to the amount of stimuli
Norms
standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people
Achievement testing includes
standardized norm-referenced tests, teacher-constructed criterion-referenced tests, and standardized high stakes tests.
Descriptive Statistics
statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, variance and standard deviation
Amphetamines
stimulate the brain and speed up the metabolism, they can be used to treat ADD/HD and narcolepsy but can also cause mood change, high blood pressure, confusion, dizziness, euphoria, fatigue, paranoia and other similar issues
Carol Whitaker
stressed the importance of co-therapy groups because they allow for a greater range of counseling exercises, developed the techniques of psychotherapy of the absurd
Will to power
stressed to generate feelings of superiority
Behaviorist Theory
stresses the importance of positive role models
Rene Spitz
studied the behavior of young children and infants who had been in hospitals or institutions since birth and did not have parental contact, she found that these kids had problems sleeping and were more prone to illness which were in line with Harlow's earlier work
Placebo
substances or entities which are inert or inactive that are given to an experimental group, often people report an "effect" even though there is none
The appropriate use of grammar is the definition of
syntax.
Managed Care
system for making healthcare more affordable
Standard Scores
t scores and z scores allow us to compare "apples and oranges,"
Probing
technique of asking open-ended questions
Self-Directed Search (SDS)
test based on work of John Holland, is self-administered, self-scored and self-interpreted
Support for Roe's ideas come from
the Rorschach and the TAT
Multiculturism
the attempt to understand and incorporate the beliefs and values of a particular group
Treatment Planning
the basic rehabilitation process in which a counselor establishes the client's objectives and identifies appropriate interventions
process-consultation
the consultant helps the consultee with the process
Skinner's Box
the containers and contraptions Skinner used to condition rats
Unconditional Positive Regard
the counselor must be genuine/congruent, the counselor accepts the client regardless of his or her behavior
Reflecting
the counselor provides feedback that lets the client know they were listening
Evaluating
the counselor's appraisal of the counseling process
Hypothalamus
the earliest part of the brain to form, it is the control center and regulates metabolism, sex drive, hormones, and other basic functions
Connotation
the emotional content of a word, not the dictionary definition
Acceptance
the emotional recognition of a traumatic event and the realization that it happened and has other effects
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Universality
the feeling that one is not alone and that others have similar issues or have been in similar situations
Termination Phase
the final phase where group goals have been achieved and group members have obtained a better understanding of themselves and the other members. There is also acknowledgment of the upcoming separation and time to process it.
Rudolf Dreikurs
the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
Range
the highest number minus the smallest number; describes how data are dispersed- the larger the range the more disbursed the data points
abandonment
the inappropriate ending or arbitrary termination of a counseling relationship that puts the client at risk
Commitment to Relativism
the individual is willing to change his or her opinion based on novel facts and new points of view
Ex post facto
the information form a treatment is studied after the fact
gatekeeping
the initial and ongoing academic, skill, and dispositional assessment of students' competency for professional practice, including remediation and terminationas appropriate.
Cerebrum
the largest part of the brain where upper level functions occur such as emotions, intelligence, judgment, language
Laissex Faire or hands-off style
the leader has little involvement appropriate when all members are vert committed to a group outcome or goal
Salvador Minuchin
the leading name behind structural family therapy
eros
the life instinct
Macroculture
the majority culture
Relativism
the notion that a perfect answer may not exist a desire to know various opinions
universality
the notion that you are not the only person in the world with your problem
circumscription
the process of narrowing the acceptable alternatives
Paradoxal stage of pain response
the response exceeds the amount of stimulus
Sexual Identity
the set of sexual characteristics of a particular person, the person's perceived sexual characteristics, and the effects of sexual characteristics in other people
Co-leadership
this exists when there is more than one group leader
What and how questions
used more in Gestalt therapy
Quasi-experiment
when groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot control the IV
Qualitative Research
when research does not use numerical data
extinction
will lower a behavior after an initial extinction burst or response burst
Group Stages (4)
1. Initial Stage 2. Transition Stage 3. Working Stage 4. Termination Stage
______ research does not make use of the paradigm in which an IV is experimentally introduced
Correlation
Validity
Does the test measure what it says it does?
Test Validity
Does the test measure what it says it measures. Number one factor in construction of a test
The Doctor-Patient Consultation Model
Relies on four distinct stages- entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation
National Culture
Represents what country an individual is from
Group therapy flourished initially in US due to...
Shortage of individual therapists during WWII.
Counterbalancing
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study
For a person with the Myers-Briggs typology INTP, ______ indicates the dominant function.
T
All of the following behavioral techniques are most commonly used with children, EXCEPT
behavioral rehearsal.
Watson
behaviorism
Epigenetic
biological term, each stage emerges from the one before it.
Aging is
biological, social and psychological.
Ratio scale
continuous variable, w/ meaning between numbers which contain an absolute zero (continuous)
Which question does outcome evaluation answer?
"How are members different because of group work?"
Miracle Question
"If a miracle took place while you were sleeping, how would you know the problem was solved? How are things different?"
______________________ is NOT a minimal encourager.
"Tell me more about that"
Intellectualization in a group
process of keeping content on a cognitive level
normal curve
the mean, median and mode all have the same point in the center of the bell shape
4 Types of Testing Validity
1) Content 2) Construct 3) Concurrent 4) Predictive
Adjourning
5th stage of group development; group dissolves and members go their separate ways
How many people with in 1 standard deviation
68%
68-95-99.7 normal curve rule
68% of scores fall between +/- 1 sd from the mean 95% of all scores will fall between +/- 2 SD 99.7% of all scores will fall between +/- 3 SD virtually all scores fall between plus/minus 3 standard deviations of the mean
If a set of test scores with a mean of 74 and a standard deviation of 10 is normally distributed, what is the median?
74
Women make _____ cents on the dollar that a man makes
76
Over _______% of jobs are not advertised?
76%
Based on the risk factors associated with committing suicide, which client is MOST likely to commit suicide?
A 67-year old, divorced Caucasian male who recently lost his job and reports feelings of hopelessness
Each of the following is correct concerning the acronym OARES, from motivational interviewing, EXCEPT
A = Action
Physiatrists
A Dr. with expertise in body mechanics
Urie Bronfenbrenner
A co-developer of the National Head Start Program; proposed a theory of development that is an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem the mesoystem, the exosystem, and the macro system
Huntington's Disease
A genetic disorder that surfaces around age 30 causing anxiety and physical weakness as well as psychiatric and cognitive issues
Skew
A graphical measure of extreme scores. Extreme scores, often referred to as outliers, are scores that fall at an unusual or unexpected distance from the other scores.
Kurtosis
A graphical measure of variability among scores. There are three types of kurtosis- Leptokurtic, Platykurtic, & Mesokurtic
Risky Shift Phenomenon
A group decision is often more liberal than an individual decision
Premack Principle
A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior
Yerkes-Dodson Lay
A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance
A double bind
A no win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.
Virtual Relationship
A non-face-to-face relationship (e.g., through social media).
Open-ended Script
A person has no direction or plan
Rorschach
A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. The Rorschach uses 10 ink blot cars and the client is asked what they see.
TAT
A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. There are 30 of an ambiguous nature and the client is asked to tell as tory about them; attempts to determine underlying needs, attitudes, and responses to environmental conditions.
Case Study
A specific action, person, or group is studied to learn more about them specifically
Exceptions to confidentiality include
Abuse/neglect of vulnerable population, sexual abuse, danger to self or others, ROI is signed, court order, Insurance agency, supervision
What are the three traits necessary to cope with a disability?
According to the somatopsychological approach 1) the ability to identify activities that they can still participate in 2) the ability to acknowledge of quality of life in spite of disability 3) the ability to discover techniques for improving quality of life
________________________ refers to providing feedback to stakeholders.
Accountability
A _________ test measures actual knowledge.
Achievement
Who's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
Adler
The __________________ is not a founding member of ACA.
American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
Transmarginal Inhibition
An organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, first detailed by Pavlov
Describe "Insurance"
An organization agrees to cover the costs of the item insured in trade for dues and fees
Muscular Dystrophy
An umbrella term for a degenerative muscle condition
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance- used when two or more groups need to be compared, yield an F-statistic which if it exceeds the critical value the null hypothesis is rejected
Content
Analysis of the client's material
Carl Jung
Analytic Psychology broke away from Freud in 1914 because he felt Freud overemphasized the role of sexuality
Carl Jung's theory called?
Analytical Psychology
_________ suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. Her work is also known as a "person environment" theory. She utilized a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels.
Anne Roe
Psychodynamic Needs Approach
Anne Roe jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations occupations are characterized by six levels and eight fields our orientation toward or away from other people can influence our career choices
Which of the following is a DSM-5 neurodevelopment disorder?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Covert
Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed
Nonsummativity
Any system, including family, is greater than the sum of its parts and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each other's behaviors
Nathan Acherman
Associated with the theory of psychodynamic family counseling; concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them.
The most recently established division of ACA is...
Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC).
AMCD
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
Postmodernism
Assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only one people's individual perception of what constitutes reality or the truth
____________________ is best known for the theory of operant conditioning.
B. F. Skinner
Hoppock's Theory
Based on the work of Henry Murray and is considered a personality approach
Erikson's First Psychosocial Stage - Early Infancy (Birth - 1 year)
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Cognitive Therapy
Beck the client has automatic thoughts which are distortions of reality such as polarized black and white thinking, overgeneralizing based on a single event, personalization-- wrongly attributing an event to yourself, and drawing conclusions without real evidence. Record of irrational thoughts
Extinction
Behavior Modification Term: the process of getting a behavior to disappear with little or no reinforcement
Maturation Theory
Behavior is guided exclusively via heredity factors until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. An individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
Contextualism
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Traditionally, ______ counseling caused the most ethical concerns.
Behavioral
BCP
Behavioral Control of Perception, an idea advanced by Glasser which states that thoughts, feelings and actions are controlled by the individual's perceptions
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertive trainers refer to this as_______
Behavioral Rehearsal
Sensate Focus
Behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. It works like systematic desensitization where a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.
A counselor who favors a __________ mode of career counseling would most likely suggest a site visit to a work setting
Behavioristic
Mores
Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community. If mores are broken, people often punished.
James Framo
Believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love hate feelings in kids. The more pathological early life experiences the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fir the internal love hate scenario from childhood
Differentiation
Bowenian idea- A person with a well-differentiated "self" recognizes his realistic dependence on others, but he can stay calm and clear headed enough in the face of conflict, criticism, and rejection to distinguish thinking rooted in a careful assessment of the facts from thinking clouded by emotionality
Emotional Cutoff
Bowenian idea- describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them.
Genogram
Bowenian idea- pictorial diagram of a family that uses symbols and types of lines to indicate interfamily patterns as well as individual issues
Ecological Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner- the process of human development as being shaped by the interaction between an individual and his or her environment
Which of the following is an example of an occupational group, according to Roe?
Business contact
Raymond B. Cattell
Came up with the ideas of fluid and crystalized intelligence
Victor Vroom
Came up with the motivation and management expectancy theory stating that an employee's performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards such as $$, promotion, or satisfaction?), expectancy (what does the person feel they are capable of doing) and instrumentally (will the manger actually give the employee the promised reward and raise?)
National culture
Can determine our language, political views and our laws
Which inventory would you administer to determine whether a client is experiencing decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety, and/or external conflict in regard to vocational decision making?
Career Thoughts Inventory
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of _____
Carl Jung
One of the most popular sexual identity development models that was often used in developing other identity development models was developed by
Cass
The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) began as an association for counselors who were...
Catholic.
Discontinuous (in relation to human growth and development)
Certain changes in abilities or behaviors that can be separated from others, which argues for stages of development.
CCMHC
Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor
CRC
Certified Rehabilitation Counselor
Accident Theory of Career Development
Chance factors influence one's career choice
Autoplastic
Change comes from within
Quantitative (in relation to human growth and development)
Change in number, degree, or frequency (ex. Changes in intellectual development)
Little Hans
Cites psychoanalytic theory; Hans was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration to anxiety to explain it.
Experimental Conjoint Family Therapy
Closely related to the work of Virgina Satir, The primary goal of therapy is to improve intrafamily communication. There are four basic patterns preventing good communication when under stress 1) defensive postures 2) placating, blaming, overly responsible 4) irrelevant
Transactional Analysis (TA)
Cognitive model of therapy which asserts that health communication transactions where vectors of communication run parallel.
Donald Meichenbaum
Cognitive therapist most associated with the concept of stress inoculation
Identity Crisis
Coined by Erikson- describes the suffering a person goes through when they know who they are and what they want to do.
Freud's greatest contribution to psychological thought
Concept of the unconscious
Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy
Developed by Whitaker, a hands-on approach where role play and mimicking are used in sessions to bring about change
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations
Development theory purposed by Sullivan which sees interpersonal and sociocultural demands as more important than biological changes. Incudes- 1) infancy 2) childhood 3) juvenile era 4) preadolescence 5) early adolescents 6) late adolescence
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Devised by Leon Festinger- suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to dissonance
William Perry's 3 Stage Model of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/ College Students
Dualism Relativism Commitment to relativism
The Contrast Effect
During job interviews, when a client is seen after other clients who appear worse than the current client, the client will be seen in a more positive light.
A person who experiences a depressed mood more often than not for at least 2 years would likely be diagnosed with
Dysthymic Disorder.
Research demonstrates that structured exercises with feedback _________ in the group serve to improve communication between group members.
Early
When does conformity peak?
Early teen years
Freud's concept of Preconscious Mind
Easily recalled but not currently known memories and drives
ERIC
Educational Resource Information Center- research bank
EKG
Electrocardiogram- provides data on the heart
EEG
Electroencephalogram- monitors brain waves
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erickson's Stages of Development- newborn will wither trust or not based on the reliability of having needs for food and comfort met.
______________________ is NOT an executive function of a group leader.
Establishing norms
_____________________ is considered the forerunner of career guidance.
George Merrill
Hot Seat
Gestalt Therapy Technique often used in group sessions the counselor confronts the person in the "Hot Seat" while other group member just listen, the members will then get an opportunity to relate their own experiences to that of the one in the "Hot Seat"
Empty Chair
Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client sits in one of two chairs and addresses the empty one in regards to the individual's issues
Perl's Phony Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 1st layer- people live according to rules imposed from the outside and become frustrated when others do not understand who they really are
Perl's Phobic Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 2nd layer- a person presents a layer which others think they should be
Psychotherapy Groups
Have the purpose to promote remediation of issues, treatment of issues, and personality reconstruction for group members
Guidance Groups
Have the purpose to provide information and discussion focus on how the information is relevant to group members; often found in schools
Cephalcocaudal
Head to foot
Sleep Medications
Help a person fall asleep and stay asleep; often the same meds used to treat anxiety but in higher doses
Who created the TAT?
Henry Murry
Phenylketonuria
Hereditary condition in which an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless baby is placed on a special diet
Klinefeller's Syndrome
Hereditary condition where females have no gonads or sex hormones
BASIC-ID
Idea from Lazarus, an acronym meaning B= behaviors A= affective S= sensations I= images C=cognitions I=interpersonal D= drugs
The faith that focuses on karma and the deity Brahman is...
Hinduism.
What is a common criticism of Jean Piaget's findings?
His findings were often based on his own children.
Jay Haley
His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy; often uses paradox.
The Strong Interest Inventory is based off whose ideas?
Holland
Feelings of hopefulness and captivation of a new culture are part of the __________________________ phase of culture shock.
Honeymoon
Erikson's Fifth Psychosocial Stage - Adolescence (12-20 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson's fifth stage of development
Identity vs. Role Confusion- 13-19, identifies roles and identity- social, potential vocational roles, adult roles
Covert Sensitization
Imagining an event before it is done
What is the difference between a spiral test and a cyclical test?
In a spiral test there is only one section and the questions get progressively more difficult throughout while in a cyclical test each section has progressively harder questions
Is it ethical for a counselor to accept a client's property in exchange for services?
In most cases no
Which of the following is NOT true regarding self-efficacy?
Individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their actual abilities.
Erikson's Fourth Psychosocial Stage - Middle Childhood (6-11 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson's forth stage of development
Industry vs. inferiority- 6-12, develops competence socially and academically
John Ertl
Invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency to take the place of pencil and paper tests. It relies on a computer, EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet.
Object Relations Theory
Involves developmental stages of the self in relationship to others/objects
Phenomenological
Information is gathered about a major life event experienced by a group (ex: 9/11)
Narrative
Information is gathered about a specific population group through the stories told about them
Grounded Theory
Information is gathered so that researchers can develop a theory
Erikson's Third Psychosocial Stage - Early Childhood (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
How did Kohlberg's work differ from Piaget's?
It expanded on Piaget's work by adding adolescent and adult moral development
What is the RESPECTFUL counseling model?
It is an approach where the counselor focuses on a person's background and the primary goal is to help the client obtain knowledge, skills, abilities, and the resources the person needs to function. R- Religion E- Economic Background S- Sexual Identity P- Psychological Maturity E- Ethnic Background C- Challenges Developmentally T- Trauma F- Family History U- Unique Characteristics L- Language
individuation
Jungian term for becoming a unique human being
_________ postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of Bandura.
John Krumboltz
empiricism
John Locke knowledge is acquired by experiece
An individual fidgeting during a counseling session is an example of what form of nonverbal communication?
Kinesics
Males born with an extra X chromosome have
Klinefelter's syndrome.
Freud's concept of Conscious Mind
Know impulses, events, memories; present knowledge
Humanistic Psychology
Known as the third force in psychology; holds that people are inherently good; adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential; encourages viewing "whole person" greater than the sum of parts.
William Perry
Known for his ideas on adult cognitive development/intellectual development, especially college students; came up with concepts of Dualistic and Relativistic Thinking
The worldview that the environment accounts for actions that occur is best captured by which of Sue's (1978) dimensions?
Locus of responsibility
Criterion Validity
Looks at the relationship between a test score and an outcome; combines concurrent and predictive validity
What parental style encourages autonomy while providing love and support?
Loving acceptance
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses radio waves, computers, and magnetic fields to construct images, it is a non-evasive experience
Ann was promoted to a senior analyst position a year ago. This past year, she attended several continuing education workshops to update her skills and stay abreast of the new developments in the field. According to Super's lifespan, life-space career theory, in what developmental stage is Ann?
Maintenance
Inferred Emotional Consequences
Maladjustment and ill temper, Self-consciousness, irritability, and hypersensitivity are attributed to a people with disabilities
Jung's logos principle
Men operate on logic or logos principle
Burus Institute
Mental Measure yearbook and test in print provide counselors with information on thousands of tets
The largest group making up what constitutes Latin Americans is
Mexicans
What socioeconomic class recognized in the United States encompasses people who are able to meet current expenses, plus plan for a future, but are not necessarily wealthy?
Middle class
Long brief therapy is another name for
Milan systemic family counseling.
Which objective personality test is designed to identify DSM-5 Axis II personality disorders?
Millán Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III)
Which one of the following is NOT an advantage associated with computer-based testing?
Minimizes human contact and involvement in the testing process
MMPI-II
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- a standardized personality test
______ is the most common score; it is the least important measure of central tendency
Mode
Aspirational Ethical Guidelines
Moral compulsions to behave in a way that is perceived as moral and proper
Therapy in relation to group work is _____ than counseling
More severe
MBTI
Myers Briggs Type Indicator- personality test with four domains
MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: psychological test based in Junian theory; four categories 1) Extroversion - Introversion: Where do you prefer to focus your attention?: Where do you get your energy? 2) Sensing - Intuition: How do you prefer to take in information? 3) Thinking - Feeling: How do you make decisions? 4) Judging - Perceiving: How do you deal with the outer world?
NASW
National Association of Social Workers- established on 1955
NBCC
National Board of Certified Counselors
The ______________________ is a division of ACA that strives to promote individuals' career development throughout the lifespan.
National Career Development Association (NCDA)
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
Originally published by US Department of Labor in 1946 to aid war veterans. Most popular source used by career counselors. Easiest Guide to read and understand
Roe's 3 basic parenting styles
Overprotective, Avoidant/Rejecting = emotionally cold and hostile, Acceptant/Democratic
A holistic approach to care may require a team of professionals, who might be on the team?
PCP, PT, OT, Mental Health Professional, Vocational Counselor
How does a family aid the development, education, and function of its members?
Parents and grandparents pass their heritage down to children and thus teach them what is and is not acceptable. A family can also be a healthy support system for its members
Trait-and-factor theory
Parsons matching or actuarial approach A client needs to know his or her personal attributes and interests or traits; appropriate occupations should be investigated; match the client's traits to occupations there is a single best career goal for everyone
Stratified Sampling
Participants are selected for specific traits or characteristics
Transmarginal Inhibition (TMI)
Pavlovian, the point at which a person shuts down due to an extreme stimulus,
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs starting at the bottom?
Physiological, security, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Conservation
Piaget learning concept that is acquired between the ages of 7-11 where a child understands that volume, weight, and mass of an object stays the same even when the shape changes
Reversibility
Piaget term to describe a child's understanding that a process can be done in reverse (ex: toys in backyard can also be picked up and put way)
Schema
Piaget's term for a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world
Andre Salter
Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating paradigm, dubbed conditioned reflex therapy
Primary Groups
Preventative attempting to avoid problems. They focus on healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of difficulty.
Information that is known to self but unknown to others is found in which quadrant of the Johari window?
Private/hidden quadrant
P stands for
Probability
According to the NCDA Code of Ethics, which of the following behaviors is considered unacceptable when using the Internet?
Providing services to clients who refuse to self-identify
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic "mind manifesting" drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; alters moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch
Harry stack Sullivan
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations- a stage theory for childhood development.
James Framo and Robin Skynner are considered ______
Psychoanalytic Family Therapists
The Primal Scene
Psychoanalytic concept where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse or the child is seduced by the parent, which can lead to neurosis later in life.
Menninger Clinic of Kansas
Psychoanalytic foothold, conducted landmark work in biofeedback
_________________________ groups focus heavily on skill-building.
Psychoeducational
Deductive
Reduces the general to the specific
Basic Research
Research conducted in the field of theory
John Crites
Researched into the phenomenon of career maturity/vocational maturity
Gibson
Researched the matter of depth perception in children using the visual cliff; demonstrated that depth perception is an inborn trait.
3rd Stage of Minority Identity Development
Resistance and Immersion- the individual accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority resulting in self appreciation
Fixation
Resistance of a person to move to the next stage because cathexis is too intense. Fixation during a stage leads to certain problems as adults
B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
Responses accompanied by a satisfaction will be repeated, while responses which produce discomfort will be stomped out.
Fixed Action Patters (FAP)
Results whenever a releaser in the environment is present; the sequence of behavior will not vary
A counselor will says they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on _________.
Reud's topographic hypnosis
According to ______, the individual displaying an irrelevant style will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.
Satir
________________________ refers to an employee's contentment with the work environment. ___________________ describes the employer's satisfaction with an individual's job performance.
Satisfaction; Satisfactoriness
______________________ is NOT one of the four temperaments included in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter.
Scientist
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of it's own is known as ______________
Secondary reinforcement
Which of the following assessments is based on Holland's hexagon model and is self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted?
Self-Directed Search
Which type of instrument scale is based on the belief that people think dichotomously?
Semantic differential
Piaget's 1st Stage of Development
Sensorimotor- birth-2, children experience the world through movement and their five senses. During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints.
Test Battery
Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source.
Interrater/Interobserver
Several raters assess the same performance and compare answers, scores should be about the same across the raters
Harlow's Research
Showed that we have a need for comfort, touch, or cuddling and w/o it physical problems and dysfunctional behaviors develop
In most cases a cross-validation coefficient is indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient. This phenomenon is called___________
Shrinkage
Power Test
Similar to a speed test but most complete it, designed to test knowledge; tests that have no time limit or a very generous time limit that allows most examinees to finish. Most achievement tests are power tests (unless there needs to be a speed component like in a typing test)
radical behaviorism
Skinner
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner- found that adding (positive) reinforcement or taking away (negative) reinforcement incentives would increase a desired behavior
Operant Conditioning
Skinner: used positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to change behaviors
SCCT
Social Cognitive Career Theory- states that self-efficacy impacts career decisions
Which career theory emphasizes the role of behavior (i.e. actions) and cognitions (i.e. knowing and thinking) in career decision making?
Social learning theory
This Adlerian technique can help reduce the desirability of unhealthy client behaviors.
Spitting in the client's soup
Lenore Walker
Stated domestic violence has three stages; 1) tension building 2) battering phase 3) honeymoon phase- abuser states they will never do it again
Spearman
Stated that there are two factors in intelligence, a general ability (G), and a specific ability (S), which were thought to be applicable to any mental task
A hierarchy or pecking order among members occurs in the stage of _____.
Storming
Vertical Interventions
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group
In Minuchin's ______ approach, clear boundaries are ideal, firm, yet flexible.
Structural
Enactment
Structural Family Therapy intervention: family members are asked to act out the problem situation to bring insight into the family dynamic
Boundary Making
Structural Family Therapy intervention: individual member's roles are defined
Mimesis
Structural Family Therapy intervention: the therapist mimics the positive and negative behavior patterns of individual family members
Joseph Breuer
Taught Freud the value of the talking cure; known as catharsis
Robbers Cave Experiment
Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing the competition and enhancing cooperation
Biofeedback
Technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.
Skeleton Keys
Term used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution focused therapy; indicates a standard stock intervention that will work for numerous problems
Etic
The counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as the same
Ethnographic
The day-to-day lives of participants are observed
Kohlberg
Theory of Moral Development: three phases
Construct Validity
The extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion (i.e. ego strength)
Identified Patient
The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy.
Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.
The father of rational behavior therapy which works well in multicultural group settings
Freud's system of personality divided into these three processes or systems
The id, The ego, and the superego
Intellectualizing
The person who become overly responsible
Discriminate Validity
The test will not reflect unrelated variables
Structural Therapy
The therapy proposes that changes in the family system, subsystems, and family organization must take place in order for individual family members to resolve their systems. Directive and performed in the here-and-now.
Pavlovian Methods in the Military
The use of transmarginal inhibition (TMI) techniques are used to re-program solider responses to discomfort of pain, fear
Independent Variable
The variable that cannot be changed by the experiment; the effect of the intervention method being tested
Classical Vegotherapy
Theory by Wilhelm Reich where sexual gratification was needed for the cure of emotional maladies. Orgone boxes were used where one would sit in the box to restore their orgone energy levels. He was arrested and died in prison.
Acute Condition
an illness or injury or other disorder that developed suddenly or that is expected to last only a short time
Labeling clients as resistant and because they do not make eye contact during a counseling session might be an example of...
cultural encapsulation.
What is the purpose of a one-stop career center?
They help people find, obtain, and retain employment. Their development was part of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998.
Jung's Eros principle
Women operate on intuition or eros principle
Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a shortage of individual therapists during ________
World War II
Libel
Written defamation
According to the Myers-Briggs type theory, an individual who uses logic and analysis to make decisions uses which information-gathering style?
Thinking
How might a facility use behavioral modification?
Token Economy
David Livinson
Wrote The Seasons of a Man's Life & The Seasons of a Woman's Life, which suggested that a midlife crisis is a good thing.
_________________________ are NOT a data collection tool for program evaluation.
Trained observers
Placating
Trying to please everyone due to fear of rejection
Increasing the sample size helps to reduce______
Type I and II Errors
Occupation
Types of positions within a career field (surgeon, dentist, anesthesiologist, nurse)
In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware tat laws are _____
Unclear and vary from state to state
The Hidden Job Market
Use of networking because over 80% of all jobs are not advertised
Arnold Gesell
Used a 1-way mirror for observing children. Felt that development I primarily determined through genetics, thus a child must be at a certain level before they can succeed in educational settings
Spearman Correlation
Used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
Antidepressants
Used to treat clinical depression; typically work on the neurotransmitters serotonin, nor-epinephrine, and/or dopamine
What is the purpose of anti psychotics?
Used to treat psychiatric conditions by altering the chemistry of the brain
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: 16 and beyond
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: 6-16 years 11 months
WPPSI
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: appropriate for 2.5-7 year olds
Insight
When a client becomes aware of factors in their life that were heretofore unknown
Therapeutic Surrender
When a client stops resisting the efforts of the therapist and begins to listen to what is being stated.
Structural Analysis
When a counselor analyzes which ego state a client is primarily operating.
Gestalt
a German word meaning organized whole
Nicotine
a mild stimulant found in tobacco and smoking cessation products
What are some of the cultural concerns for people with a psychiatric disability who belong to the Hispanic or Native American cultures?
a) Hispanic: less likely to seek and accept help for psychiatric disabilities b) Native: more likely to seek and accept help than Caucasians
What are some predictable behaviors during group development?
a) Initial/getting acquainted stage- distrust among members in regards to each other b) Transitional stage- friction between members and protests of the leadership c) Final stage- sense of accomplishment about what has been learned d) Planning will take place in all stages
What are some of the typological roles assumed by members of a therapy group?
a) Scapegoat b) Energizer c) Gatekeeper d) Interrogator e) Follower
Principles of Treatment Planning
a) Tailor treatment to the specific needs of client b) Treat ALL factors that affect the overall well-being of the client c) Ensure that treatment lasts as long as the client needs it d) Give the client the information needed to create and implement the treatment plan
Justice
actin in a fair an impartial way towards all clients not letting "favorites" or biases influence the service provided
Wechsler's Intelligence Tests
a) WPPISI: ages 3-7 b) WAIS-IV: ages six and older c) WISC IV: age 6-16 & 11 months
Job Seeking Skills
a) ability to network b) ability to communicate effectively with prospective employers c) ability to write a resume and cover letter d) ability to fill out an application
exploitation
actions and/or behaviors that take advantage of another for one's own benefit or gain.
Predictive Validity
a.k.a. empirical validity, which reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria
Fluid Intelligence
ability to adapt old knowledge and apply it to new situations
What are some major factors that can affect a person's ability to adapt to disability?
ability to perform daily tasks, medical treatments, functional limitations, effects of disability on family and friends, response of others, ability to pay for needed services
bartering
accepting goods or services from clients in exchange for counseling services
Construct Validity
accurately obtains the information that it is meant to obtain
A cultural group that typically deals with issues with eating disorders and sexually risky behaviors is
adolescents.
Most experts would agree that Binet for not seem to be the best test for _____
adults
imparting information
advice or psychodynamic insights
Managed Care Organization
an agency that provides managed care services
Anger
an aggressive or hostile emotional response
eclectic or integrative
an approach to counseling that draws from several theories
persona
an archetype that is the social mask the person wears
Correlation
an association not the same as causality go from -1.00 to 1.00 zero means no correlation positive and negative 1 are perfect correlations
Sickle cell anemia is
an autosomal disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder most common in adolescent females where they deny themselves food and usually exercise in excessive amounts to get to the "ideal" weight which is never achieved. Treatment is most successful when caught early
A counselor encourages a couple to argue in the counseling session about how to discipline their children, a fight that frequently occurs outside of the counseling session. This technique is referred to as
an enactment.
Antibiotics
anti-anxiety medications
Interventions
any technique, strategy, or service that is intended to treat/diminish a specific problem
Z scores
are made up simply of the individual score, the mean of the distribution, and the standard deviation. The mean of a z-score distribution is always 0 and the stand deviation is always 1
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
auditory &/or visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia,
Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children are
authoritarian.
Transition Stage
conflict storming characterized by power struggles for control and resistance
Arnold Lazarus
behavior therapy
White privilege includes all of the following EXCEPT...
being discriminated against due to being in the majority.
How does culture affect a person's decision to accept help?
beliefs and values in regards to disability are often determined by the cultural, individualistic vs. collectivist for example. These beliefs and values can be difficult to overcome.
Existential Theory
believe that behavioral treatments over simplify human behavior to the point that it is counterproductive and emphasize client choice and self-realization/actualization
homework in REBT
bibliotherapy and rational imagery
A _____ distribution has two modes, and graphically looks like the two humps of a camel
bimodal
the blamer
blames problems on the rest of the family
joining
blending in the family used in structural family therapy
Freud believed that fixation results from
both overgratification and undergratification.
Psychosomatic
has no organic cause and needs to be treated by a psychiatrist
Zyprexa
brand name for Olanzapine; anti psychotic used for anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, & schizophrenia
A multimodal counselor who approaches clients from their preferred domain/modality is using the technique known as
bridging.
Energizer
brings energy to the group and encourages everyone
Using the Standard Occupational Classification System, the fourth and fifth digits of the six-digit code represent the
broad occupation.
In career counseling, interventions
can address issues related to career exploration, vocational decision making, and career transitions.
systematic desensitization
can be conducted individually or in a group to curb fears and abate anxiety(Wolpe)
NECA and NCDA are both professional associations devoted to the specialization of...
career counseling.
Ordinal
categories that have order w/o meaning in between- 1st, 2nd , 3rd or a, b, c (categorical)
Ex post facto
causal-comparative design if a researcher did not manipulate the variable and an after the fact data is needed not a true experiment
Irrational Thoughts
caused by shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, an awfulizing
Family counselors generally believe ______ causality
circular/reciprocal
Analgesics
class of medications that inhibit the pain response, reduce inflammation, relax muscles
What information should a treatment plan include?
client diagnosis, DSM diagnostic code, major goals of treatment, objectives for measuring progress, a timeline of target dates, description of planned intervention, signatures of both the counselor and the client
Failure Identity
comes from a pattern of behavior that causes distress and personality disorder; for an example an addict who uses because it makes them more socialable
Randomly identifying a counseling agency that serves clients with attention-deficity/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and sampling its entire staff is an example of a ______________________ sampling method.
cluster
Vygotsky
cognitive development is not the result of innate factors but is produced by activities that take place in one's culture
Images and tendencies that are inherent in all human beings are contained in the
collective unconscious.
A ________________________ works in counseling centers at postsecondary institutions to meet the mental health and wellness needs of students.
college counselor
A person who obeys group rules and seeks familial acceptance is in the _____________________ stage of Loevinger's ego development theory.
conformist
Follower
conforms their opinion to that of others
Experimental Neurosis
confusion in the subject in regard to the stimuli, when a small bell triggers a response but then the person reacts to a different bell the same way
A data management tool than can serve as a cover sheet or snapshot for an event during data collection is a(n)
contact summary sheet.
Maintenance Role
contributes to continued bonding of group by encouraging interactions
pro bono publico
contributing to society by devoting a portion of professional activities for little or no financial return (e.g., speaking to groups, sharing professional information, offering reduced fees).
Most adults are in the ___________________ level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
Thinking vs. Feeling
how does the individual judge information?
External Validity
how generalizable are results across the population
Interrater reliability
describes the consistency of two or more raters
Displaced homemaker
describes women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home. Often occurs after a divorce or the death of a partner or spouse
Providing an overall picture of community crime statistics would most likely be an example of
descriptive research.
Person-centered Therapy
designed by Rogers, the "trinity" of the approach is made up of genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. The helper meets the client where they are at, helps them tell their story, and encourages them to become self-reliant
In the middle phase of career counseling, the counselor
develops an action plan and provides interventions to address the client's concerns.
Nonmaleficence
do no harm
Culture is
dynamic
What are the two main services a counselor should provide to the client during case management?
education and restoration services
Conducting qualitative research followed by quantitative research is known as a(n)
exploratory design.
Counseling Groups
focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development
content models
focus on imparting knowledge to the consultee
Process Models
focus on the process
Frank Parsons
father of guidance author of Choosing a Vocation
William Glasser
father of reality therapy
Three types of agencies that help people find occupational information
federal, state, and private
socialization technques
feedback and instruction
Daniel Goleman
felt emotional intelligence was more important than IQ
Human Factors Engineering
field focusing on designing objects so that they are compatible with the human body and human cognition
Logotherapy is an approach that helps clients
find meaning in their lives.
Bubbles
flaws in research
androgynous
individuals who have both male and female characeristics
Genotype
genetic makeup of the individual
A _______________________ group is NOT one of the four primary types of group work.
growth
epigenetic principle
growth is orderly, universal, and systematic
culture
habits, arts, customs, religion, science and the political behavior of a given group of people
Closed-group
has a finite number of participants and no new members will be added
Open-group
has a fluctuating number and new members are always accepted
Range
high and low, not very stable
Low levels of job satisfaction have been linked to
higher levels of anxiety and depression, burnout, and increased susceptibility to disease.
range
highest score minus the lowest score sometimes add 1
The most primitive part of the brain is the
hindbrain.
In general, behavioral modification strategies are based heavily on _________, while behavior therapy emphasizes __________.
instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles/classical conditioning and Pavlovian principles
Gerald Caplan
known as the father or mental health consultation
David Super
known for emphasizing the role of the self-concept in career and vocational choice Life Rainbow
Dissonance
lack of agreement; especially; inconsistency between the beliefs one holds or between one's actions and one's beliefs.
Situational poverty is due to...
lacking resources due to an extenuating circumstance.
A group in which the members take almost full responsibility for the group sessions and process most likely have a(n) ______________________________ leader.
laissez-faire
If a math test item has positive item discrimination, it can be said that
more students who knew the material answered the question correctly than students who did not know the material well.
Mode
most frequently occurring number
Urie Bronfenbrenner
most known for his Ecological systems theory of child development
How might the behaviors of a person with a disability affect another's attitude toward them?
mostly non-adaptive behaviors such as avoiding responsibility, avoiding social interaction, demonstrating insecurity, and demonstrating overdependence
Linear Causality
one cause equals one effect; the line of reasoning is direct
schema
patterns of thoughts and behaviors
Detecting a significant relationship when one is present is known as
power.
Haley and Madaness
powerful names in strategic family counseling or MRI or communications model
Reinforcement Schedule
precise rules that are used to present (or to remove) reinforcers (or punishers) following a specified operant behavior. Schedules can be continuous, variable, or intermittent.
Prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
paradoxical perscriptions
prescribing a symptom
What is the ABC theory of personality?
presented by Albert Ellis, it is a method of refuting false beliefs. Clients are taught to link the A- activating event, with the B- beliefs, and the C- consequences. D & E can also be added D- dispute, E- effect
Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to _______ behavior.
prevent, correct, or enhance
Working Stage
productive, performing or action stage the group works towards goals in a cohesive manner
records of artistic nature
products created by the client as part of the counseling process
List Anne Roe's 6 Levels of occupational skill
professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semi professional/small, business, skilled, semi skilled, unskilled
Developmental changes can be
quantitive or qualitaive
Correlation Coefficient is represented by what
r
During the ___________________ stage of family development, it is most important for boundaries to become more flexible.
raising adolescents
Robert Carkhuff 5 point empathy scale
rated low-level empathetic response to high level
The theory most concerned with irrational thoughts is
rational emotive behavior therapy.
Absolute zero
refers to a point where none of the scale exists or where a score of zero can be assigned.
circular causality
refers to mutual interactions of causes and consequences
Magnitude
refers to the ability to know if one score is greater than, equal to, or less than another score.
Respondent behavior
reflexes; automatic responses
shaping with successive approximations
reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to desired behavior
cross sectional research
relies on observation or data from a given point in time
Psychoeducational groups are
remedial, preventative, and growth oriented.
Interquartile range
represents the difference between the 75th and the 25th percentile. To determine this score, simply subtract the score at the 75th percentile from the score at the 25th + 1. Interquartile range is used frequently to eliminate extreme scores on either end of the distribution. For distributions where the 75th and/or 25th percentiles aren't exactly knows, a process called extrapolation can be used.
Range of a distribution
represents the difference between the highest and lowest scores. Often a 1 is then added to determine the true range. For example, a distribution with scores of 1, 2, 2, 3, 6 would have a range of 6-1+1 or 6.
Performance assessments
require examinees to perform a task.
Normative Test
results are compared with a large body of test takers who have established a normal range of scores
The ________________________ is responsible for regulating arousal and attention.
reticular activating system
An SDS Score
reveals the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
The 3-R's of Reality Therapy
right, responsibility, and reality- according to Glasser these are the essential elements of successful therapy
F test
tells if significant differences are present
Abreaction
same as catharsis
Feminist Therapies
sees women as more evenly matched with males, also incorporates a less heterogeneous sexuality
All of the following words could describe someone who is a super-reasonable communicator EXCEPT
self-deprecating.
sexual harrassment
sexual solicitation, physical advances, or verbal/nonverbal conduct that is sexual in nature; occurs in connection with professional activities or roles; is unwelcome, offensive, or creates a hostile workplace or learning environment; and/or is sufficiently severe or intense to be perceived as harassment by a reasonable person.
Goal of Gestalt Therapy
the client takes responsibility and achieve awareness in the here-and-now Doing is emphasized over just talking about problems
Children learn object permanence in the __________________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
All of the following are considered forms of child abuse EXCEPT
separation.
Privileged communication
set by state asserts that you cannot reveal what a client said in session in court without the client's permission
What workplace factors should be assessed during an ergonomic assessment?
setting, desk, computer height, seating, positioning, height of the person, keyboard
According to Rollo May, healthy people
should experience moderate levels of anxiety.
Case Study
single subject design does not rely on the IV, DV or control group N=1
The death of a child is a
situational crisis.
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statistions call it ____
skewed
Phenomenology
the clients internal personal experiences and events/phenomena
Status Attainment Theory
states that a person will achieve the same levels of emotional and financial success as parents.
Regression to the mean
states that if a client score exceptionally high or low on a test then the client with the low score will increase on the next administration; while the client with the high score will go down toward the mean or average Chance factors likely influenced the first score
Frustration-Aggression Theory
states that when people become blocked and cannot achieve a goal, they become frustrated which leads to aggression.
Horizontal Interventions
strategies that approach the group as a whole.
Test adaptation
strives to elicit the same responses from test-takers regardless of the examinee's cultural or linguistic backgrounds.
Biomedical Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person has a medical condition that impairs ability to function
Economic Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person is unable to work effectively as other people
standard scores
t scores, z scores, percentile rank, standard deviation or stanine allow for scores to relate to the normal bell curve
Conservation
takes place in the concrete operations stage the child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes The child comprehends that a change in shape does not mean a change in volume
displacement
taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger
catharsis
talking about your difficulties is beneficial
interdisciplinary teams
teams of professionals serving clients that may include individuals who may not share counselors responsibilities regarding confidentiality
A professional counselor uses techniques from a variety of theories but does not actually embrace all the theories from which these interventions come. This is an example of
technical eclecticism.
social media
technology-based forms of communication of ideas, beliefs, personal histories, etc. (e.g., social networking sites, blogs).
When Internet counselors are unable to use encryption software, they are ethically required to...
tell their clients about the potential risks involved in their online communications.
The first form of psychodrama was called
the Theater of Spontaneity.
Abscissa
the X axis
Functional Capacity
the ability to perform necessary tasks; what a person is actually capable of doing
empathy
the ability to subjectively understand the client's world in the here and now- to walk in his or her shoes and convey this message to the client
Centration
the act of focusing on one aspect of something a key factor in the preoperational stage
Blaming
the act of pointing outwards when an issue causes stress
Stereotyping
the act of thinking that all people of a group are alike. Can be good or bad
Defense Mechanism
the act or technique of coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable or negative impulses
Adaptation (Piaget)
the adjustment to the environment
Group Norms
the agreed upon rules of conduct for the group
thanatos
the death insitinct
Adlerian Theory
the idea of paradoxical intervention is when a counselor uses a technique that seems to contradict the goals of counseling
Ontology
the philosophy of being and existing
Orientation Phase
the process through which the group leader forms the group, lays the ground rules, advises of risks, and discusses the goals of counseling
social justice
the promotion of equity for all people and groups for the purpose of ending oppression and injustice affecting clients, students, counselors, families, communities, schools, workplaces, governments, and other social and institutional systems.
success identity
the result of being loved and accepted
Power tests
time is not a factor
Speed test
timed
assent
to demonstrate agreement when a person is otherwise not capable or competent to give formal consent (e.g., informed consent) to a counseling service or plan.
What is the purpose of a treatment plan review?
to evaluate and assess the client's progress toward treatment goals through time
Blocking
when the leader steps in to protect participants from each other
Key Trend in Career
women moving into careers that were traditionally occupied by men
John Bowlby
worked in bonding and attachment and that they have survival value. He felt that in order to lead a healthy life a child must bond with an adult before the age of three.
Alternate Assessments
written and observation
Quantitative research
yields numbers
doctor-patient
you aren't sure what the problem is so you hire someone to diagnose and treat it
Purchase of Epertise
you buy the person's information and knowledge
projection
you can't accept a quality about yourself so you attribute to it to others
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) originally passed in 1975 designed to give kids with disabilities an educational tailored to meet their needs. It requires schools which get federal funding to provide these accommodation services free of charge to students
Rational Emotive Therapy
(RET), founded by Albert Ellis it helps people understand their environment through neutral perceptions and taught people to override irrational thoughts with rational ones.
Erikson's 8 stages of development
0-2 yrs. Trust vs. Mistrust, 2-4 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, 4-5 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt, 5-12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority, 13-19 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion, 20-24 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation, 25-64 yrs. Generatively vs. Stagnation, 65- death Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Two processes within adaptation
1) Assimilation- modifying the relevant environmental events so they can be incorporated into the individual's existing structure 2) Accommodation- modifying the organization of the individual in response to environmental events
5 Principles of Ethical Behavior
1) Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Non-maleficence 4) Justice 5) Fidelity
Kübler-Ross' 5 Stages of Grief
1) Denial 2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance
Yalom's Leader Functions
1) Emotional Stimulation 2) Caring 3) Meaning Attribution 4) Executive Leadership.
Brinkerhoff's Six Stages of Evaluation
1) Evaluation of need assessment & goal setting 2) Program design 3) Program implementation 4) Evaluation of learning 5) Evaluation of usage and endurance of learning 6) Evaluation of payoff
Corey's Stages of Group Development
1) Formation 2) Orientation & Exploration 3) Transition 4) Working 5) Consolidation & Termination 6) Post Group
Advantages of computerized evaluation
1) allows a large amount of info to be collected quickly 2) determine results more accurately as well as quickly 3) keeps testing conditions more consistent 4) more convenient to store results
4 main psychiatric disorders associated with dual diagnosis
1) anxiety 2) depression 3) personality disorders 4) schizophrenia
Describe the three main types of environmental barriers faced by people with disabilities
1) architectural 2) service 3) societal
What should a counselor avoid doing in a feedback session?
1) arguing with client 2) not focus on disability or weaknesses 3) avoid confusing the client
Process of case management
1) assess client's specific needs 2) decide whether or not the counselor is suited to fulfill those needs 3) if outside help is needed, acquire it 4) discuss needs and services with client 5) provide services and ensure service from outside agencies are received 6) ongoing monitoring of progress
3 leadership styles
1) autocratic (authoritarian) 2) democratic 3) lassies-fare
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy
1) basic 2) subtractive 3) addictive
What are some of the major cultural factors that can affect a person's ability to receive services?
1) biases 2) cost 3) level of trust 4) level of willingness 5) stigma
What are the ethics around establishing fees?
1) client's ability to pay must be evaluated, if they cannot afford services the counselor must refer them to another agency 2) Counselor's must inform clients of the Fee for Service 3) A counselor is prohibited from charging any non-agency fees
What actions make someone an effective supervisor?
1) encourages the giving and receiving of feedback and encouragement 2) Cooperates with subordinates 3) Demonstrates the skills and attributes to be followed 4) Demonstrates a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction in their work 5) Discusses problems as soon as they arise
What are the four categories in the MBTI?
1) extroversion vs. introversion 2) Sensing vs. intuition 3) Thinking vs. feeling 4) Judging vs. organizing
What are the 5 stages of a group?
1) formation 2) start-up 3) transition 4) working 5) termination
What steps should a counselor take when working with a group form a different cultural background?
1) gather information about the culture 2) Understand how groups in that culture communicate 3) Ask questions to clarify any confusion
Two types of functional capacity evaluations (FCE)
1) general function: assess the skills required in a variety of occupations; before an occupation has been chosen 2) job-specific: assess the skills for a particular occupation: after an occupation has been chosen
What are the three goals of a cognitive group approach?
1) help each group member improve their self-opinion 2) Help each member distinguish fantasy from reality 3) Help members find the information and resource they need
Steps of Strategic Planning
1) identification of goals 2) assessment of counselor ability to meet these goals 3) outlining of specific techniques that can be used to achieve 4) carry out the chosen intervention 5) evaluate progress on a continuous basis
When developing a position for a client a counselor should:
1) identify and contact an employer who might be willing to create a position 2) contact another employer if the first is unable to create a position 3) When an employer agrees an interview with the client should be set up
What is the process of a transferable skills analysis?
1) identify client's skills 2) Look at each skill to determine if it is transferrable 3) Use resources to identify compatible occupations 4) Use a job matching system to find specific jobs
Disadvantages of a Computerized Evaluation
1) mistakes might be made that would not be made on a paper test 2) Test may be blemished due to the program administering it 3) Some may provide too much information which can make it difficult for the counselor to sift through
What are some ground rules for therapy groups?
1) no eating or drinking 2) Confidentiality 3) Respect for self and others
What are some barriers a person with a psychiatric disability might face?
1) occupational- functional limits such as anxiety or lack of motivation 2) social- inability to interact appropriately with others 3) societal- how others view the disorder
The 5 Layers of the Person (Perls)
1) phony layer 2) phobic layer 3) impasse layer 4) implosive layer 5) explosive layer
What are some early steps to be taken when setting up counseling groups for adults?
1) pre-screening interviews to determine a suitable fit 2) during the interview the purpose of the group should be described as well as why the client wants to join
Ethical principles of research
1) protecting the rights of participants 2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws 3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision 4) respect of the culture of participants 5) minimize the harm done to participants
When giving feedback to client the counselor should:
1) reiterate the purpose and format of the assessment 2) share the results and exactly what they mean 3) ask for and answer all questions
What are the steps of the desensitization process?
1) relaxation training 2) Construction of an anxiety hierarchy 3) Desensitization in imagination 4) in vivo or "real" life desensitization
Interpreting Test Results
1) review results looking for trends and patterns 2) organize information in a way that makes sense 3) check the validity and reliability of tests and focus on client strengths/abilities
Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) Concrete Operations 4) Formal Operations
What are four types of employment a person with a psychiatric disability may be able to receive?
1) standard 2) sheltered 3) supported 4) transitional
4 approaches to family therapy
1) strategic 2) behavioral 3) psychodynamic 4) object relations
Culture
1) the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time 2) a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc. 3) a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business)
Steps of Mediation
1) the people involved in the dispute select a mediator 2) mediator establishes a format 3) mediator will host a joint meeting between all parties to discuss issue/s 4) mediator will facilitate a discussion of solutions
What are the goals a person must achieve in order to adapt to a disability?
1) the person must recognize their skills and understand the opportunities that are available to them 2) must alter the personal beliefs they hold that get in their way 3) must recognize opportunities to overcome and circumvent physical limitations 4) must not let the disability control areas of their life which are not relevant
3 Adlerian Principles
1) the strongest motivation of a person is to find a place in society and its groups 2) Reality is a matter or perceptions that can be altered or improved through therapy 3) Assimilation is a strong source of motivation so it is natural for an individual to change his behavior to gain acceptance of a group
What is society's role in the rehabilitation process?
1) to ensure equal rights for a disabled person 2) ensure the people with disabilities have access to necessary services 3) ensure that people with disabilities has access to employment
Socioeconomic Classes
1) upper class 2) upper middle class 3) lower middle class 4) working class 5) working poor 6) poor
Basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theories
1. Biological forces drive development 2. Individual strives to channel / control these drives 3. Personality characteristics appear in childhood 4. These characteristics are stable over time
Jung's Major Contributions to the Field of Psychology (2)
1. Credited with word-association technique 2. Introversion-extroversion concept (Myers-Briggs Type Indication based on Jung's work)
Freud's two basis instincts or urges
1. Eros - the life instincts 2. Thanatos - destructive or death instincts
The mean of the Wechsler is _______ and the standard deviation is___________
100/15
What is the approximate suicide rate in U.S.?
11/100,000
The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a person is
16 years old.
Frank Parsons
1900s he set up centers to help individuals search for work; was the first to heavily focus on sociocultural issues.
Developmental Career theory
1950s Ginzberg, Ginzberg, Axeland, Herma 3 periods fantasy(birth-11)-play becomes work oriented tentative(11-17) realistic (17 and up)
When did the Group Movement begin?
1960s
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women
1982, In a Different Voice criticized Kohlberg's work b/c it was only conducted on men Woman have a sense of caring and compassion
Forming
1st stage of group development; individual's behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict.
Position/rank
1st type ranks don't tell us much; percentiles tell us more information
The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) provides occupational information on
270 broad occupations.
Storming
2nd stage of group development; different ideas compete for consideration
Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Moral Development
3 levels-2 stages preconventional, conventional, post conventional
Conventional Morality
3rd stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, teenager/adult gets more comfortable to conform than to oppose the rules of society, they begin to understand morality as a system of customs and rules which benefit all of society.
Norming
3rd stage of group development; the team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this stage; compromise is necessary in order to make the team function
________________________ outlines research participants' rights and researchers' responsibilities in conducting research.
45 CRF 46
Preforming
4th stage of group development; teams can function as a unit as they find ways to get the job done smoothly and effectively without inappropriate conflict or the need for external supervision.
An effective adult counseling group has ______ members.
5-8 people
Around _____ of male therapists have sexual intercourse with clients, while ______ of female therapist have sex with clients.
5.5% / 6%
Ideal size of groups
5/6-8 adults smaller w/ children
If the mean of an achievement test is 31 and the standard deviation is a 3, what is the percentile rank of the student who scored a 37 on that test?
97.5%
How many people within 3 standard deviations?
99.7%
Qualitative (as related to growth and development)
A change in structure or organization (ex. Sexual development.
Status Attainment Theory
A child will eventually secure job commensurate with hi or her family status
Dichotomy
A choice between two opposing answers
The Branum Effect
A client will take results fro a test and apply it to themselves no matter what the results say.
Split Half Method
A counselor during research decoded to split a standard test in half by using the even items on one test and the odd items as a second test- tests for reliability
Pictorial Sociogram
A diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members
Relational Ethics
A family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.
Referral Fee
A fee paid for recommending or referring a potential client or customer
Control Group
A group of participants not subject to the intervention to establish a baseline
Thought Stopping
A learned response which teaches the user to recognize and change unhealthy thoughts
t-Test
A simplistic form of analysis of variance it is used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different
Role Conflict
A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way they actually behave
Meta Analysis
A study that analyzes the findings of numerous studies
Speed Test
A test that measures time; designed not to be completed but to see how far the respondent can get within a certain pre-set amount of time.
Objective Test
A test with a specific scoring procedure
Restraining
A therapist may warn the family or individual about a negative consequence of change. This helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.
Casual Comparative Design
A true experiment except the groups were not randomly assigned
Which of the following is NOT true about test validity?
A validity coefficient of .25 is high.
Frequency distributions
A way to describe our data and how often it occurs: graphs, charts
Displaced Homemaker
A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family.
Compensatory Effect
A worker compensates for things he or she cannot get at work
Statement of Disclosure
A written document that lets the client know about the procedures and practices of the services they are to receive. Includes: billing, office hours, counselor credentials, and confidentiality procedures
A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of what association?
AMECD- The Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
Early Recollections
Adler's teaching that early recollections are key to understanding an individual's style of life
In TA the _____ ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings
Adult
How many people and how much time is appropriate for a counseling group?
Adult groups should meet to 1.5-2 hours and have about 8 groups. Groups with kids should meet for shorter amounts of time and have no more than 4 members.
Which of the following four options represents the least complementary transaction?
Adult to natural child
What methods are used to market RC services?
Advertising & Networking
__________________________ can be a challenging group member behavior.
Advice giving
What are some of the cultural characteristics a person with a psychiatric disability if they belong to the African or Asian American culture?
African Americans are less likely to seek or accept help for a for a psychiatric disability and Asian Americans are even less likely to ask for help
The American Counseling Association was originally named...
American Personnel and Guidance Association
Super recognized that individuals can recycle through the various stages during their lifetime, reentering a stage that they have been through before. Which of the following scenarios is an example of recycling?
An employee loses her job in construction after 15 years and begins taking classes at the local college to pursue a career in agriculture.
Adler's idea of "becoming"
An individual's constant trying to achieve his/her self-ideal
Construct
Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe
Freud's Object
Anything that satisfies a need or that which is the target of one's feelings or drives
Trait and Factor Theory
Approach that attempts to match the worker and the work environment. The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. Devised by Parsons and Williamson.
When do babies become adept at holophrasing?
Approximately 1-1/2 years of age
A _________ test measures potential.
Aptitude
______________________ comprise the smallest percentage of the U.S. population?
Arab Americans
__________________________ are considered the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group.
Asian Americans
Milton H. Erickson
Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypothesis
Harry Harlow
Attachment is an innate tendency and not learned behavior; used baby monkeys to demonstrate this and found that they preferred a comforting "mother" over a feeding "mother"
Three Basic Leadership Styles
Autocratic (Authoritarian), Democratic, and Laissez Faire.
Erikson's second stage of development
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- 1½-3, toddler asserts themselves and develops some sense of independence
Mary becomes angry with God after the death of her close friend, and she questions herself as a spiritual person. What spiritual identity development status is Mary most likely in?
Awakening
Ginzberg's Developmental Approach
Based on developmental factors that relate to occupational choice 1) Fantasy, birth-11: children dream of future work 2) Tentative, 11-17: the teen begins to view career in terms of abilities, background, and education3) Realistic, 12- early 20s: person compromises between abilities and aspirations. *Later expanded theory to say that career development is a lifelong process
Transactional Analysis
Berne simplified Freudian terms and takes into account transactions between individuals often combined with Gestalt
_________________________ is NOT a potential benefit of a homogeneous group.
Better skill generalization
Lewis Terman Americanized the______
Binet
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about biological aging?
Biological aging refers to people's perceptions of how old or young they feel.
Alfred Adler's Contribution of Birth Order
Birth order makes a difference. Oldest, Second, Middle, Youngest, Only
Triangulation
Bowenian idea when a dyad is under stress and they add a third person; creates "an odd man out"
Linda Gottfredson
Came up with the developmental theory of career which focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity.
The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___
Caplan
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that genetics helps to determine intelligence and education and hence influence one's ______
Career Choice
Roe's theory states ________ is influenced by genetics, parent child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence.
Career Choice
___________________ refers to the significance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles.
Career salience
Qualitative
Changes that may not be measurable on their own; the whole individual must be looked at.
A professional counselor wants to examine the relationship between education level and the decision to participate in a continuing education program. Which statistical test would likely be appropriate?
Chi-square
Edmund Griffith Williamson
Chief spokesman for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory for counseling which transcended vocational issues.
In TA the _______ is made up of three stages- the natural child, the adapted child, and the little professor.
Child state
Zone of Proximal Development
Coined by Vygotsky- describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which the child is capable of with an teacher.
CAT Scan
Computed Axial Tomography , the least evasive of all diagnostic imaging, uses both computer and x-ray to construct a graphic image
CAC
Computer Assisted Counseling- a program that helps perform counseling services
Piaget's 3rd Stage of Development
Concrete Operational- 7-11, logical operations are developing, can put objects in order, understand conservation of matter
Francis Galton
Conducted research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.
Daniel J. Levinston
Conducted research at Yale which found that 80% of men experienced moderate to sever midlife crisis.
Neal Miller
Conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes.
The five- stage Atkinson, Morten, and the Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model
Conformity Dissonance Resistance and Immersion Introspection Synergetic Articulation
1st Stage of Minority Identity Development
Conformity- self depreciation attitude and identification with the majority
Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to attend to participants' lived experiences while developing a theory on the processes of a phenomen?
Consensual qualitative research
Trait-and-Factor Theory
Considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice.
Objective Test
Consistently factual and leaves no room for biases
Psychodynamic Mental Health Consultation
Consultant does not see the client directly only advises the consultee.
Process Consultation
Consultant paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution
_____________________ is not part of the ABCD model.
Content
Holland's ___________ type values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role."
Conventional
CACREP
Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs-1981
Robert Carkhuff
Created a 5-point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect.
Transactional Analysis
Created by Eric Berne there are three ego states 1) Child 2) The Adult 3) Parent
(A) __________________________ is an intense, generally short-term, time of distress in which a person's normal stress management skills are inadequate.
Crisis
A professional counselor is interested in developing an affirmative policy after investigating the treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in a community program. The study is represented best by which paradigm?
Critical
What formula would you like use to measure the interim consistency of a test with a Likert-type scale?
Cronbach's coefficient alpha
Which identity development model includes Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and Internalization as some of its statuses?
Cross's Nigrescence model
Two Types of Intelligence
Crystalized and Fluid
CPT
Current Procedural Terminology - a systematic medical listing and coding of procedures and services.
Mary Cover Jones
Demonstrated that learning could seen as a treatment for a phobic reason
Interposition
Desensitization in the imagination
Integrated Developmental Model
Designed by Delworth & Stoltenberg states that counselor skills can be developed in 8 domains: client assessment, ethics, interpersonal assessment, conceptualization, intervention, serving people w/ different needs, understanding and applying theory, & treatment planning/goal setting
5 levels of consumer initiative
Designed by Oncken & Wass to measure personal initiative. 1) wait-until-told 2) asking 3) recommendations 4) do-it-and-report-it-immediately 5) do-it-and-report-routinely
Mann Whitney U Test
Determines whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric
Emory Bogardus
Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups.
Greek Chorus
Devised by Peggy Papp, refers to a consultant of supervisory team that observes a session from behind a 1-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family.
Which of the following internal validity threats is LEAST likely related to a repeated measures study for a group of sixth-graders?
Diffusion of treatment
DOT
Directory of Occupational Titles, book published by the Dept. of Labor since 1939, it lists over 28,000 jobs and describes requirements, training, and number of people employed
Lev Vygotsky
Disagreed with Piaget and felt that development did not take place naturally. HE felt that stages unfolded due to educational intervention. He coined the term "Zone of Proximal Development"
2nd Stage of Minority Identity Development
Dissonance- current self-concept is challenged, there is conflict between appreciating and depreciating self
Stanine Scores
Divide the distribution into 9 equal intervals with Stanine 1 as the lowest and 9 as the highest, in this system 5 is the mean
The most popular developmental career theorist is _________. HE emphasized the self-concept.
Donald Super
EMG
Electromyogram- measures muscle tension
Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Ellis a CBT form of therapy change your thinking and you can change your life humans have an innate tendency to think in an irrational, illogical, unscientific manner
Awfulization
Ellis made up term meaning the tendency to think of things in a negative light
Bibliotherapy
Ellis; books recommended by the counselor for the client to read
Freud's concept of Unconscious Mind
Emotions, thoughts, memories, drives, etc. that are influencing behavior without current awareness; hidden or forgotten experiences
The human relations core for effective counseling includes_____________
Empathy, positive regard, genuineness
Bordin
Emphasized he unconscious processes of the mind in terms of career choice. He thought career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. He felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
A.A. Brill
Emphasized sublimations an ego defense mechanism
Individual Psychology's determining factor for development
Endeavoring to reach Individual Goals determines an individual's lifestyle and behavior
A horizontal relationship (I-Thou) assumes _____ between persons
Equality
Peck's theory of adult development is an expansion of
Erickson's psychosocial theory.
T.X. Barber
Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism
____________________________ perspectives maintain that career interventions used for the majority population are appropriate to use with minority populations.
Etic
Irvin Yalom
Existentialist, well known for studies in group work
In Vivo
Exposure it the actual situation in real life
Construct Validity
Extent to which scores suggest that a test is actually measuring an ABSTRACT theoretical idea (such as anxiety, personality, introversion, etc.).
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV they will use a ______
Factoral Design
The Buckley Amendment is also known as the...
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act.
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy act- allows parents and a student 18+ to view their educational records
The ____________________ allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave when they are unable to perform their job, need to care for a sick family member, or need to provide care to a child.
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
Robert Rosenthal
Famous for his research regarding the experimenter effect
John B. Watson
Father of American Behaviorism- conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising; conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.
William McDougall
Father of Hormic Psychology; felt genetics played a role in group interactions; believed in eugenics in order to breed more desirable people.
Victor Frankl
Father of Logo therapy
Eric Berne
Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.
William Glasser
Father of reality therapy
Emile Durkheim
Father of sociology; how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity.
Alfred Adler
Father of the "inferiority complex"
Adler's idea of "inferiority"
Feelings of inferiority come from one's self not matching the self-ideal.
Empowerment
Feelings of intrinsic motivation, in which people perceive their abilities to have impact and meaning and perceive themselves to be competent and capable of self-determination.
Robin Skynner
Feels that kids who had poor role model as children posses protective systems. This simply means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectation of people in current relationships carried over from childhood
What are some of the behavioral differences between male and female children?
Females- use more feeling words at an earlier age, better understanding in non-verbal situations, more suicide attempts; Males- better visual-perspective skills, more often successful in suicide, punished more
Freud as stage theorist, most critical years of personal development?
First Five years of life
Tertiary Groups
Focuses more with individual difficulties that are more serious and long standing
Piaget's 4th Stage of Development
Formal Operational- 11-15, ability to think abstractly begins to develop, hypothesis can be tested and logical problem solving can occur.
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of the others in group in the ________ stage.
Formative
Group Stages
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
Stanley Coopersmith
Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem.
Maccoby and Jaklin
Found through research that males are better than females when preforming mathematical calculations.
Aaron T. Beck
Founded the Beck Depression Inventory and is the father of Cognitive Therapy
Frank Parsons
Founding Father of Guidance movement
______ has been called the father of vocational guidance
Frank Parsons
Pyschotherapy Intergration
Frederick Thorne uses strategies from a number of counseling schools assumes that using or integrating two or more theories will often produce results that are superior to a single school of therapy
Projection
Freudian idea- act or technique of defending yourself against unpleasant impulses by denying their existence in yourself, while attributing them to others
Regression
Freudian idea- defense mechanism leading to the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way
Reaction Formation
Freudian idea- in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable and are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.
Sublimation
Freudian idea- mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
Repression
Freudian idea- psychological attempt by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious
Introjection
Freudian idea- the process where the subject replicates in itself behaviors, attributes or other fragments of the surrounding world, especially of other subjects
Ego
Freudian term, the defense mechanism that helps the individual accomplish real world objectives like education or career
Id
Freudian term, the force that seeks to satisfy basic instincts or drives toward gratification
Superego
Freudian term, the psychic mechanism which governs the ego, inability to satisfy results in shame, guilt, and other internal conflicts
Manifest Content
Freudian term- in a dream it is the surface content, or the actual dream itself
Ego
Freudian term; he part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.
Oedipus Complex
Freudian term; the complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to exclude the parent of the same sex.
Superego
Freudian term; the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.
Latent Content
Freudian- the deeper meaning of the manifest content, this is the deep level within the unconscious.
GATB
General Aptitude Test Battery; measures 12 job related aptitudes including-intelligence/general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude, clerical perception, form perception, motor coordination, manual dexterity, and finger dexterity
Counselors who works as consultants adhere to what theory (theories)?
Generally do NOT adhere to One Single Theory
Erikson's Seventh Psychosocial Stage - Middle Adulthood (35-65 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's seventh stage of development
Generativity vs. Stagnation- 40-64, desire to produce something of value and contribute to society
A goal of ________ is to eliminate "it talk" and replace it with "I" statements
Gestalt
Transactional Analysis (TA) often uses _____________ techniques
Gestalt
Top Dog/Underdog
Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client acts out the dialogue between two selves- a self who attempts to grow & change and a self who undermines the process & stays stuck
Perl's Impasse Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 3rd layer- attitude of phony role playing hardens and becomes a barrier to growth
Figure Ground Relationship
Gestalt term, refers to how a person perceives an event, the drawing of the vase/faces the one that is perceived is the foreground and the other is the background
Leniency/Strictness Bias
Giving a worker a very high or a very low rating and avoiding average ratings
Equivalent or Alternative Forms
Giving people two or more different tests that are designed to measure the same thing and comparing results
_______________ Theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote Schools Without Failure
Glasser's
Inductive Reasoning
Goes from specific to a generalization
Adler's Work Preface to ... Movement
Group
Co-leaders are apt to work at cross purposes when they do meet between ______
Group Sessions
Tertiary Group
Group dealing with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding
Primary Group
Group stresses a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty
Secondary Group
Group works to reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes aspects of prevention. (A problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe)
Structured Groups
Groups that are focused on a central theme- job skills, anger management, etc.
Psychotherapy Groups
Groups used for patients with severe problems and long durations. (Inpatient psychiatric hospitals) Tertiary
The ________ was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. It lists jobs in 14 areas of interest
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
Guide published by Department of Labor; it lists groups of jobs in 14 interest areas.
_____________________________ uses the power of the imagination to help clients gain insight into their vocational interests.
Guided imagery
____________________ outlines the privacy rights of participants pertaining to health information
HIPAA
Working for the collective good of society refers to which tenet of social justice?
Harmony
Vertical Test
Has versions for carious age brackets or level of education
Counseling Groups
Have the purpose to address the problems of group members through growth, development, removing blocks/barriers, and prevention.
Psychoeducation Groups
Have the purpose to disseminate information and teach skill-building to group members
Test Reliability
How consistent does the test measure an attribute
Which of the following is NOT an example of an externalizing question?
How long have you been sad?
Standard Error of Measurement
How reliable or consistent your score is with the test population standard deviation x the square root of 1-reliability
Adaptability
How rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic a family is
Face Validity
How well does a test appear to measure what it claims to measure?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator uses four dichotomous scales to measure personality. What specific aspect of personality does the sensing vs. intuition scale measure?
How you perceive the world around you
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Client Centered Rogerian nondirective self-theory Person Centered
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis is a theory based on observations but are of no use unless they are tested. All hypothesis are subject to rigorous experimentation to determine truthfulness.
According to Holland's theory of types, the personality type IAS is most congruent with which of the following work environments?
IAR
Autoplastic
Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment
Erikson would consider a normal 4-year old child to be in the _____________________ stage of personality development.
Initiative vs. Guilt
______________________ inventories reveal what an individual finds enjoyable and motivating but do not necessarily correlate with ability or job success.
Interest
IAMFC
International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors
Parsimony
Interpreting the results in the simplest way. Also called Occam's Razor
Ratio and Interval classes of partial reinforcement
Interval - based on time
Erikson's Sixth Psychosocial Stage - Early Adulthood (20-35 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's sixth stage of development
Intimacy vs. Isolation- 20-39, seeks committed life partner, friends
One of the primary problem in counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized ______ processes.
Intrapsychic
__________________ is NOT one of the five factors in the Five Factor Model.
Introversion
J.P. Guolford
Isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He is also remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking
Criticisms of Behavior Therapy
It does not yield insight It is mechanistic Treats symptoms and not the cause can be manipulative Generally ignores developmental stages Often changes behavior but not underlying feelings deals with BEHAVIORS rather than the whole person
A.A. Brill
Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.
Murray Bowen
Known for work in intergenerational family therapy which utilized genograms; proposed the idea of triangulation
Preconventional
Kohlberg's first phase: two parts- a child doing what is right to avoid punishment; an older child doing what is right as way to avoid consequences and because it is in the interest of the other
Post conventional Morality
Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws. And restrictions
What is the Heinz Story?
Kohlberg- a man cannot afford his wife's life saving medicine, he tries to convince the pharmacist to sell him the med at a discount but the pharmacist refuses so the man steals it. - A person's response to this scenario indicates what stage of moral development they are in.
Social Learning
Krumboltz: stressed the importance of modeling and vicarious learning in career choice
KOIS
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey: Takes 20-30 minute to administer and is written at a 6th grade reading level
Ecosystems
Larger systems often impact the client and the family functioning such as church, school, community, etc.
_____________________ issues are NOT primary contributors to group dynamics.
Leader style
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about task groups?
Leaders work to change and improve member behavior.
Social Cognitive Career Theory
Lent Brown and Hacket helps complement other theories emphasizing the role of self-efficacy and cognitive processes
An deductive children counseling group has _________ than an adult group?
Less
Investigative
Likes to sell to others or preform leadership tasks, values power and status.
Psychometric testing
Literally = "brain measuring"; gauges human developmental stages
Males or females have the higher suicide rate?
Males have the higher success rate of suicide but women have a higher attempt rate.
_________________________ is NOT a characteristic that usually leads to higher member satisfaction.
Mandatory attendence
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about marathon groups?
Marathon groups became popular during the 1980s.
After spending 5 years in the United States, Maya believes she no longer belongs in her home culture and does not fit in the host culture. Which acculturation model best describes her acculturation level?
Marginalization
Logos
Meaning logic; from Jung to mean men operate by logic
Ethnocentrism
Means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethic groups are measured
Achievement Test
Measures the amount of knowledge or content already gained
Personality/Interest Test
Measures the strength of one's interests in broad fields of activity - examples include art, mechanical activities, sports
Horizontal Test
Measures various factors during the same testing procedure
Is it ethical for a counselor to use an unfamiliar assessment?
No, a counselor must be familiar with the tools they use and in how to interpret/use them.
Is it appropriate for a counselor to discuss the abilities of other rehab professionals with a client?
No, as it is not professional conduct as described by the CRCC
_____________________ refers to the number of individuals who are not actively seeking employment.
Nonlabor force
Chi Square
Nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from expected theoretical distribution
A ________ each item is independent if all other items. This allows the person to be able to be compared with others who took the same test.
Normative Format
A reliable test is ___________ valid.
Not Always
What is the key difference between a t-test and an ANOVA?
Number of groups for an independent variable
The Occupational Information Network
O*NET is an online job information database
___________________________ is NOT a Computer-Assisted Career Guidance System.
Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
OOH
Occupational Outlook Handbook, gives the required training and salary fir particular jobs
Midlife Crisis
Occurs between 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women, during the Generativity Stage
Hedonism
Occurs in the second stage of Kohlberg's developmental theory- the child begins to think that "If I am nice to others, I will get what I want."
Positioning
Occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition
Enmeshment
Occurs when family members are over involved with each other and loose their autonomy
Racism
Occurs when one race views itself as superior to others
Free Choice Test
Often a short answer format, allows the responder to answer in in manner they wish
Anna O.
Often cited as the first psychoanalytic patient, she suffered from hysteria and was give hypnosis treatment which influenced Freud's psychoanalysis
What program was established by the Social Security Act of 1935?
Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) offers benefits to people with disabilities and retired people
Quid Pro Quo
One thing for another
Is it ethical for a counselor to talk about a client with another professional?
Only if the reason for talking to another professional is in the best interest of the client
Individuals with Conduct Disorder cannot simultaneously be diagnosed with
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Frued's Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Five Psychosexual Stages
Oral(birth to 1) Anal (1 to 3) Phallic/Oedipal Electra complex (3 to 7) Latency(3 to 5 until 12) Genital (adolescence and adulthood)
Group IQ Tests
Otis Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, & California Test of Mental Abilities
Cluster Sampling
Participants are randomly selected from a pool of people easily accessible.
Random Sampling
Participants are taken from the general population w/o regard to characteristics then randomly assigned to a control or experimental group.
Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to collaborate with participants to enact change in a setting?
Participatory action research
Name 3 Behaviorists
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, they developed the premise that humans develops in response to their environment
Third-Party Payment
Payments for healthcare services made by an insurance company or health agency on behalf of the insured
Propinquity
People who are in close proximity to each other and are attracted to each others
Task/Work Groups
People who come together with the goal of completing a job/project
_____________ suggested 5 layers which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
Perls
Gestalt Therapy
Perls experiential/ existential approach that focuses on the here-and-now to help the client become whole again
Figure-Ground Relationship
Perls-a way in which a person perceives a chain of events and what they see as important or unimportant; he believed these relationships are constantly changing.
Dualistic Thinking
Perry's 1st stage of intellectual development- knowledge is absolute; there is Truth and Falsity, Right and Wrong, Good and Bad
Relativistic Thinking
Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- individuals are able to discern patterns or regularities and approach grey areas of knowledge; may recognize such strategies as analysis of evidence, comparison of interpretations, or designing experiment
Multiplicity
Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- most knowledge is still seen as absolute however, in some fields or on some questions, we don't have all the answers; begin to realize that knowledge does have its grey areas, and authorities may not be infallible
Commitment in Relativism
Perry's 4th stage of intellectual development- skilled in rational (formal operational) processes and drawing upon the accumulated learning and experience individuals can commit themself to the opinions, ideologies, values, and interests with which they will identify.
Arnold Lazarus
Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.
Family Sculpting
Popularized by Satir, an experimental/expressive technique in which the family members place other family members in position that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Helps clarify family dynamics
When something is added following an operant, it is known as ____________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________.
Positive Reinforcer/Negative Reinforcer
Qusi Experiment
Pre-existing groups are used (gender, college students)
Which of the following is most likely an example of restriction of range?
Prediction of graduate school grades among students scoring >1400 on the Graduate Record Examination
Eight periods of life-span development
Prenatal; Infancy; Early Childhood; Middle and Late Childhood; Adolescence; Early adulthood; Middle adulthood; Late adulthood
Piaget's 2nd Stage of Development
Preoperational- 2-7, language development is occurring and young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols.
Freud's Cathexis
Process by which sources of energy are tied to thoughts, actions, objects, or people
Experimental Research
Process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations
The major trend that impacted the counseling movement in the 1980s included an emphasis on_____
Professionalism, certification, and licensing
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin
1958 National Defense Education Act
Provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children
_____________________________ is one of the two most essential group member tasks.
Providing feedback
___________________ groups are for members who have severe psychiatric problems.
Psychotherapy
Minnesota Viewpoint
Purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid of priority of needs
Holland's Six Personality Types
R-Realistic I-investigative A-artistic S-social E-enterprising C-conventional
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of who?
R.A. Fisher
Measures of standard deviation
Range and Via Corta Range
List 3 formulations of Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Rather than interests guiding career choice social learning guides it. The relationship with own body; environmental/geographical influences; instrumental/conventional) learning and reinforcement
Which one of the following is NOT true?
Rating scales are used to assess the presence or absence of an attribute.
In Albert Ellis's ________ the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as self-talk and internal verbalizations
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Content Validity
Rational or logical validity. Does test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?
A Percentage score is just anther way of stating a
Raw score
Strategies for identifying ways to change diet to improve health
Read the USDA guidelines to determine which include calorie intake and the Food Pyramid
The Decision Making Theory
Refers to periods of anticipation, implementation, and adjustment in career choice/change; posited by David Tiedeman
Content Validity
Refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct.
Internal Validity
Refers to whether the Dependent Variables (DVs) were truly influenced by the experimental Independent Variables(IVs)
CRCC certifies the following type of counselor:
Rehabilitation counselors
Rejection of Intimacy
Rejection of close, particularly familial, relationship, An unwillingness to date, fall in love with, or marry a person with a disability
Convergent Validity
Relates to criterion and construct validity; the relationship or correlation of a testy to an independent measure or trait
____________________ is NOT a component of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling competence.
Relationship
Jacobson Relaxation Method
Relaxation technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed
A professional school counselor releases a client's test results to a bachelor's-level case manager who has no training in testing and assessment. What ethical guideline was violated?
Release of results to qualified professionals
Subjective Test
Relies on opinions rather than facts and leaves room for interpreter biases (ex: essay test)
Counselor's Social Power or Social Influence Three Factors
Remember "EAT" Expertise Attractiveness Trustworthiness
_________________ would likely say we take a job that will most likely meet our needs.
Robert Hoppock
______________ is also known as nondirective counseling, client centered therapy, and the person centered therapy
Rogerian Therapy
SMART Goals
S-specific M- measurable A- achievable R- relevant T- time related
Computer assisted career guidance (CAGC)
SIGI Plus Discover
Instrumental learning
Same as operant conditioning; individual's behavior is modified by its consequences
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is what kind of a group?
Self-help
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor(birth to 2) Preoperational (2 to 7) Concrete Operations (7 to 12) Formal Operations (11/12 to 16)
Anne Roe's 8 Occupational fields and levels
Service, Business, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, Arts/Entertainment
An individual who likes their flower arranging job begins to arrange flowers in their spare time. This phenomenon is called_______
Spillover
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in the _______ stage.
Stage 2, Transition
In ______ family counseling the person with the power in the family has the authority to make rules and enforce them.
Strategic
Salvador Minuchin
Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques
Martin E.P. Seligman
Studied helpless ness be electrocuting dogs during specific situation by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks
A _______ relies mainly on the scorer's opinion
Subjective Test
SUDS
Subjective units of distress scale; used in systematic desensitization
Clemmont Vontress
Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.
5th Stage of Minority Identity Development
Synergistic Articulation and Awareness- the individual can own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects of both cultures
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists they will not use a random sample. They could accomplish this by using ________ sampling.
Systematic
Cultural Encapsulation
Term coined by Gilbert Wrenn- The lack of understanding, or ignorance, of another's cultural background and the influence this background has on one's current view of the world. The purpose of this encapsulation, or "cocoon," is to allow people to protect themselves from the rapid global changes occurring in technology, families, economy, education, and social health.
Which source is designed to provide the layperson with understandable assessment information?
Test Critiques
Which one of the following is NOT an example of an aptitude test?
Test of Adult Basic Education
Synthetic Validity
Test that validly test different components are combined into one test to test a multi-dimensional idea
80% 4/5 Rule
Test to see if adverse impact exists while hiring minorities. If the ratio from minorities to whites is not within 80%, an adverse effect exist. To do so, the hiring rate of minorities is divided by the hiring rate for whites. If the quotient us less than 80%, then adverse impact is evident.
In 1940, what two organizations for group therapy were created?
The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama & The American Group Psychotherapy Association
Morphostasis
The ability of the family to balance stability
Divergent Thinking
The ability to generate a novel ideas
Retroflection
The act of doing to yourself what you really which to do to someone else
Standard Error of Measure
The amount of error determined to exist using a specific instrument, calculated using the instrument's standard deviation and reliability.; uses a point system
Equilibration
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
Racism
The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
Experimental Group
The independent variable (intervention) is manipulated and the results are monitored
4th Stage of Minority Identity Development
The individual moves from the intensity of feelings in the previous stage and becomes concerned with the basis of self appreciating
Occam's Razor
The philosophy that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one
Dependent Variable
The portion of the experiment that is being manipulated; the intervention method
Applied Research
The practical use of experimental data
Cross Validation
The process by which a second sample group is given a test to ensure it is applicable to more than one group
Operational Definition
The process of describing, setting up, and defining a valid research experiment
distance counseling
The provision of counseling services by means other than face-to-face meetings, usually with the aid of technology
Mechanistic (in relation to human growth and development)
The reduction of all behavior to common elements
Which Jungian archetype is said to contain the parts of the self that a person does not want to acknowledge?
The shadow
Psychoanalytic
The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.
Leisure
The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
Implosive Therapy
Therapy that occurs in the imagination. It always occurs in the imagination and is often done to rehearse a real life therapy.
If a student scored 45 on a difficult English test, what can be said about her performance?
There is not enough information to know how the student performed.
Premack Principle
To engage in a pleasant task, one must complete an unpleasant task previous to the pleasant task
Primary purpose of Aptitude Tests
To predict future performance. Attempt to measure potential; could the individual capture certain skills with proper training and experience
Consequential Validity
Tries to ascertain the special implications of using tests
Which of the following research designs requires random assignment?
True experimental
Erickson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust versus Mistrust(birth to 1.5) Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1.5 to 3) Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6) Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11) Identity versus Role Confusion (12 to 18) Intimacy versus Isolation (18 to 35) Generativity versus stagnation (35 to 60) Integrity versus despair (65 and up)
Erikson's first stage of development
Trust vs. Mistrust-birth to 1½, the infant develops trust when its needs are met
Forced Choice Test
Usually multiple choice- forces the responder to select an answer from a pre-determined list
Title
VII of Civil Rights: Set in 1964 and amended in 1972, gave women equal rights to employment as well as equal pay
Artistic
Value self-expression
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________.
Variable ratio
Slander
Verbal defamation
In terms of research and the group leader's personality qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a _____ degree
Very small
Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, & Herma
Viewed career choice as a longitudinal process rather than a single decision. Divided occupational choice into three stages 1) Occupational Choice 2) Tentative 3) Exploration. As choice is a life long process their ideas lead to developmental theories of career development
Carol Gilligan
Was critical to Kohlberg's theory of moral development; she felt it was more applicable to females than males
George Bateson
Was interested in cybernetics, came up with causality in families
Behaviorism
Watson, Pavlov, Wolpe, Skinner the mind is initially a blank slate and the child learns to behave in a certain manner relies on empiricism
Sour Grapes Rationalization
When a good event does not occur and it gets minimized by thinking/saying the event was unwanted anyways
Stimulus Generalization
When a learned stimulus is generalized to another which is similar to the one learned.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a new stimulus is paired with a previously learned stimulus. This new stimulus will take on the characteristics of the old, even if the old one is extinct
Never Script
When a person never feels they will succeed
Sweet Lemon Realization
When a person states that a set of bad circumstances are good.
Type II Error/Beta Error
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false
Underemployment
When a worker is engaged in a position below their skill level
The Recentcey Effect
When an employee is evaluated based on current performance, not overall performance
The Rosenthal Effect
When an experiment effects the experimenter into making sure the results occur.
Experimental Neurosis
When one cannot discriminate between two identical stimulus', emotional disturbance will occur
The Halo Effect
When the researcher reacts with their bias to traits not being measured.
What are the exceptions to privileged communication?
When there is a danger to self or others such as in child abuse, suicidal or homicidal behaviors or other harmful criminal intentions
Narrative Therapy
White& Epston individuals construct their lives by stories they tell about themselves and stories others create about them Stories create meaning and becomes the client's identity the therapist acts a consultant or collaborator
Answer the following analogy: An independent t-test is to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z procedure as a dependent t-test is to a(n)
Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test.
The ______________________ study failed the most to outline participants' voluntariness.
Willowbrook
Which of the following best describes the developmental issues of feminist identity development models?
Women grow psychologically as they address sexism.
Two forms of feminism are women of color feminism and Black feminism. What is the difference between the two?
Women of color feminism embraces all women, regardless of color, and Black feminism focuses mainly on the oppression of African American women.
Name two electronic-mechanical devices used to diagnose traumatic back injuries
X-rays and myelograms
Orientation
Yalom's 1st stage of group development; Search for meaning, attempts to determine group structure and meaning; search for similarities among group members; members look to leader for approval, acceptance, and answers
Conflict
Yalom's 2nd stage of group development; Members attempt to establish preferred amount of initiative and power; establish a control hierarchy; members may express hostility toward therapist (resistance)
Cohesion
Yalom's 3rd stage of group development; Unity, intimacy, closeness emerge; trust and self disclosure increase; attendance improves; cohesiveness becomes analogous to therapist-client relationship
Termination
Yalom's 4th stage of group development; group work has been completed and group disbars
Is it ethical for a counselor to refuse to work with a specific client?
Yes, and in some cases they are required to refuse to work with a specific client due to other ethical issues such as dual relationships
Is it ethical for a counselor to discuss a client with another professional?
Yes, as long as it is to best serve the client.
Cyclical Test
You have several sections which are spiral in nature with questions starting out easy and moving toward more difficult
Explain Tarasoff vs. Board of Regents of the University of CA?
a 1969 court case which set precedent for duty to warn. A counselor was informed by a client that the client planned to kill a woman. The counselor had the means to contact the woman directly but instead called the campus security who interviewed the client but took no further action. He then murdered the woman and her family sued and won because the counselor did not warn her of the impending threat of harm.
Double-Bind
a Haley family therapy strategy is a no-win situation where any of the solutions to an issue are equally insufficient
Endomorph
a Short and round person who loves food, comfort, and relaxation
Reaction Formation
a behavior in which a person behaves in a manner opposite to the way they truly feel
Counter-conditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Sudden Conversion
a behavioral method that use a variety of overwhelming stimuli to bring about a behavior change such as in military boot camp
Pavlov
a behaviorist who experienced with dogs and was able to condition their natural salivate response to food so that they would salivate to a bell
Spina Bifida
a birth defect of the spinal column, can now be partially corrected in utero, causes muscle weakness and/or paralysis, and impaired bowl/bladder function. May use mobility devise to improve functioning, may need long-term rehabilitation/therapy care, and often have hydrocephalus and learning disabilities
Fusion
a blurring of the psychological boundaries between the self and others A person who is driven by fusion can't separate thinking and feeling well.
All of the following are developmental crises EXCEPT
a car accident.
Haldol
a common anti-psychotic used to treat schizophrenia, manic episodes, delirium, drug psychosis. Side effects include cramps, depression, dry mouth, fatigue, muscle stiffness, restlessness, tremors, and weight gain
Case Management System
a computer program that helps a counselor organize information used to serve a specific client
Addiction
a condition in which a person has become dependent on a particular substance and continues to take more of it and has withdrawals if they discontinue the use
"You say you want to get better grades, but you have not completed any homework in the last week." This is an example of
a confrontation.
Interval
a continuous variable, there is meaning between numbers but there is not an absolute zero but you can go into negative numbers- 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3, allows comparison between individuals or things being measured (continuous)
Alcohol
a depressant that decreases the amount of activity in the brain, with excuse use can cause agitation, aggressiveness, altered vision, anxiety, depression, euphoria, insomnia, irritability, and sensitivity to light
Vertical Intervention
a direct interaction with a group member, counselor/client
Consensualizating
a dispute resolution method an act in which two or more people agree to work together towards a common goal
Arbitration
a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and make a decision
Mediation
a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and then offer advice and suggestions
Negotiation
a dispute resolution method in which the people involved hold discussions to reach a compromise
Social Class
a division of a society based on social and economic status
Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center
a facility specifically designed for people with dual diagnosis which offer support services in addition to the services usually offered by a clinic or hospital.
Incongruous Hierarchy
a family relationship in which a minor figure controls the family dynamic.
Logotherapy
a form of existential therapy popularized by Frankl, stated that people cannot control their environment but they can control their reaction/response to it
Psychodrama
a form of psychotherapy in which patients act out events from their past.
Impairment
a functional limitation due to a medical condition
Handicap
a functional limitation due to environmental barriers
Treatment Objective
a goal the counselor is attempting to achieve for a specific client during the rehabilitation process
Genograms
a graphic diagrams of the family from a minimum of three generations
Positively Skewed
a greater number of scores are at the lower end
Negatively Skewed
a greater number of scores are clustered in at the high end
Paraprofessional
a helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials
Reality Therapy
a method of analysis developed by Glasser to help clients focus on the present rather than past experiences
Caffeine
a mild stimulant found on coffee, tea, some carbonated beverages, some OTC medications
Mesomorph
a muscular type person who is assertive, courageous, and willing to take risks
Generalized Rejection
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, avoiding the person with a disability because of a negative view held about disability in general
Distressed Identification
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, feelings of being uncomfortable or nervous because of how they represent how a person can be disabled later in life
Authoritarian Virtuousness
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, the belief of a non-disabled that they are superior over a disabled person
Punishment
a negative stimulus following an undesirable behavior- meant to decrease a behavior
Counter transference
a negative therapeutic phenomenon which can occur during therapy when a client superimposes their issues onto the therapist
Prescribing the symptom
a paradoxical intervention strategy that prescribes the symptom to get an enlightened reaction from the client
Karpman's Triangle
a person changes his or her position from victim to persecutor to rescuer during the discussion
Inductive Logic
a person formulates a rule based on a specific observation or study, all the kids who ate sugar got hyper- therefore, sugar makes kids hyper
Deductive Logic
a person formulates a specific idea based on a general observation, all birds have feather-Big Bird is a bird- therefore, Big Bird has feathers
Reflecting Treatment Team Therapy
a postmodern method first used by Tom Anderson, a technique that allows the family to listen to the discussions of a treatment team about the family's case
Narrative Therapy
a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story.
realistic job previews assessment
a presentation that allows the client to observe the actual job
Acculturation
a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
Supervision
a process in which one individual, usually a senior member of a given profession designated as the supervisor, engages in a collaborative relationship with another individual or group, usually a junior member(s) of a given profession designated as the supervisee(s) in order to (a) promote the growth and development of the supervisee(s), (b) protect the welfare of the clients seen by the supervisee(s), and (c) evaluate the performance of the supervisee(s).
Psychometric Assessment
a process in which the counselor gathers info =from/about client to determine strengths, weaknesses, and needs
informed consent
a process of information sharing associated with possible actions clients may choose to take, aimed at assisting clients in acquiring a full appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of a given action or actions.
Self-Growth
a process of self-examination and challenging of a counselor's assumptions to enhance counselor effectiveness
Supervisee
a professional counselor or counselor-in-training whose counseling work or clinical skill development is being overseen in a formal supervisory relationship by a qualified trained professional.
counselor supervisor
a professional counselor who engages in a formal relationship with a practicing counselor or counselor-in-training for the purpose of overseeing that individual's counseling work or clinical skill development
counseling
a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals
consultation
a professional relationship that may include, but is not limited to, seeking advice, information, and/or testimony
Intensive Case Management
a program in which a case manager contacts a person with a dual diagnosis to remind them to complete certain tasks such as appointments, medications, and other actions that need to be taken
Schizophrenia
a psychiatric disorder, which is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations as well as delusional/paranoid thoughts
Free Association
a psychoanalytic technique for opening pathways to the subconscious. The therapist induces the client to say anything that comes to mind. Freud believes that people burry or repress feelings of guilt, shame, inferiority, and sexuality in the subconscious and that free association was a way to bring them into the conscious so that they could be dealt with
Measurement
a rank is assigned to client skills or aptitudes based on interview and assessment results
John B. Watson is most well-known for his experiments involving
a rat.
What are the ethics around client-counselor conflict of interest?
a relationship outside of the business association would be considered unethical
What is the purpose of a program evaluation?
a review of a treatment program to see if it as achieved or is moving towards its desired outcome
Continuous Schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response (desired response) is followed by the reinforcer
White Privilege
a set of advantages and/or immunities that white people benefit from on a daily basis beyond those common to all others.
impairment
a significantly diminished capacity to perform professional functions.
Ectomorph
a slender or frail person who is sensitive and inhibited
Ethnicity
a social group of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experience
mimesis
a special form of joining i which the therapist copies or imitates the family communication and patterns
Treatment Intervention
a specific approach, strategy, or technique for guiding rehabilitation
Preconventional Morality
a stage of moral development described by Kohlberg, during this stage a young child begins to follow society rules through conditioning and disciplinary action
Factor Analysis
a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors
Continuous Reinforcement
a stimulus is used each time the behavior occurs, most effective method to create new behavior
Sibling Rivalry
a theory by Adler, proposed that birth order had an effect on later experiences, it sees birth order as a source of conflict
Cohesion Phase
a time when group identity is confirmed and members begin to recognize and confirm each other's goals
instrument
a tool, developed using accepted research practices, that measures the presence and strength of a specified construct or constructs.
T-group
a training group conducted to relieve tension in a work environment
Concurrent Validity
a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. Concurrent validity is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.
Dyad
a unit of two functioning as a pair
A reliable test is not always valid but
a valid test is always reliable
What are the four areas of cultural competency a counselor is expected to have?
a) an understanding of beliefs and values of different cultures b) An understanding of their own personal beliefs and values c) The ability to recognize the similarities and the differences of different cultures d) The ability to apply what they know about a particular culture
Positive Group Actions
a) attend to the person speaking b) no interrupting or distracting behavior c) encourage each member to voice their thoughts d) take steps outside group to meet goals
What are the four main parts of the brain?
a) brain stem b) Hypothalamus c) Cerebrum d) Cerebellum
What are some of the major ways a counselor can help a family who has a child with a disability?
a) career counseling b) stress management training c) disability education d) referring the family to other support services
What are some techniques that are useful for maintaining a group?
a) clarification b) Blocking c) Summarizing d) Linking
Info in a Treatment Plan
a) client diagnosis & codes b) major goals for treatment c) timeline for goal achievement d) interventions e) signatures of client and counselor
List some client rights
a) counselor disclosure statement b) Intent and purpose of rehab plan c) The techniques and potential risks of services utilized d) The cost of services e) The types of assessments/evaluations that are going to be used f) How the results of assessments are going to be used g) Client has right to refuse services
What are some different group leadership styles?
a) focus on process rather than content b) Pay more attention to facial expressions and other non-verbal cues over what is actually said c) Emphasis on content rather than process
How should a counselor help an individual with a psychiatric disability who is from a different culture?
a) gathers as much info as possible about the culture b) gain understanding of the client's views and beliefs c) identify the cultural barrier that is keeping the client from functioning or accessing services d) identify a series of techniques that can help resolve cultural issues
What are the disadvantages of a job-matching system?
a) incapable of considering every relevant factor b) does not have access to all the resources the counselor has c) can only search the databases they are linked to
Types of functional limitations
a) mobility- impaired ability to move b) motility- spasticity, trembling c) communication- language, hearing or sight are impaired d) cognitive dysfunction- limits metal abilities
Ethics regarding record keeping
a) must record the information required as required by agency policy and governing laws b) Counselor must not record session electronically c) Records must be kept confidential and secure at all times d) Information must not be released unless permission is given by the client e) Counselor must let client have access to their file upon request
What are some of the assessments an organization might use during selection process
a) pre-employment b) realistic job previews c) selection interviews
Philosophical principles that define the counselor's role
a) recognition of and focus on client's strengths b) recognition and development of client potential c) working with others to provide necessary services d) recognition that the client is part of a system (family/community) and that the system may affect the rehabilitation process e) ensure that the client continues to make progress towards goals
What factors would a counselor use to determine if a client was able to work in a competitive employment setting?
a) the ability of the person to fulfill the job responsibilities b) the amount of support the client will need to return to workforce c) the ability of the client to work in an integrated setting
Philosophical Principles that Define the Client's Role
a) the client must be involved b) the client must recognize their own beliefs and feelings and how they affect their ability to function c) the client must be willing to accept help
Goals of Family Therapy
a) to achieve & maintain homeostasis with in the family unit b) achieve adaptability so that the family unit can adjust to new circumstances
Counselors should advocate for
acceptance of sexual minorities.
Compare structured and unstructured therapy groups
according to Yalom structured groups are less effective than unstructured groups in resolving client issues although most prefer a structured group setting. He raises three criticisms of structured groups 1) group stages may be passed over 2) Structured exercise raise thoughts/feelings before the people are ready to confront them 3) Participants rely too heavily on group leadership and too little on their own insights
External Validity
accurately represents a larger population group than what is sampled
A counselor collaborates with clients to set goals in the ______________ stage of counseling.
action
Active and passive symptoms of schizophrenia
active symptoms are exaggerated and passive symptoms are absent
Proxemics
addresses the issue of personal space, also known as spatial relations communication and social relations impacts proxemics
Group Leadership Styles
adept leaders model appropriate behavior to enhance participation
Autocratic or authoritarian style
advocates making decisions for members appropriate in a crisis or when a quick decision is in order but in most situations it will foster resentment
Jung's Individuation
agreement or harmony between the conscious and unconscious parts of their personality; what individuals by instinct are driven toward
Aggression can take the form of each of the following EXCEPT
alcoholism.
teaching
all activities engaged in as part of a formal educational program that is designed to lead to a graduate degree in counseling.
Records
all information or documents, in any medium, that the counselor keeps about the client, excluding personal and psychotherapy notes.
Whole population
all the people in an area or group are used
Democratic approach
allows input from members but allows group members to have input into their decisions generally the best style
Managed Care Delivery System
also known as a managed care plan is a private insurance plan or a government program that helps customers manage their healthcare costs
Symptoms of bi-polar
alternating periods of hyperactivity and depression, severely interrupted sleep patterns, intense activity/agitation, and exhaustion
The hunch is known as the experimental or _______
alternative hypothesis
Second-order change
alters the underlying structure and thus makes a difference that is longer lasting
Gatekeeper
always tries to implement rules and attempts to get others to contribute often forgetting to talk about their own issues
Children who are clingy and react strongly to separation from their caretakers are considered by Mary Ainsworth to display
ambivalent attachment.
Heterosexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the opposite gender
Homosexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the same gender
Anxiety
an emotional response of extreme fear as the result of a traumatic or stressful event
Depression
an emotional response of intense sadness
Recruitment
an employer practice through which they encourage people to apply with and become employees of the company
Selection
an employer practice to choose the best candidate for a position from a small group of potential candidates
Screening
an employer practice, which attempts to reduce the number of applicants for a position so the number of applications is more reasonable
linear causality
an event has a clear beginning and end effect can be tracked to a cause
Cocaine
an illegal stimulant drug derived from the coca plant, it is extremely addictive and causes euphoria, hyperactivity, insomnia, psychosis, increased heart rate, and diminished appetite
Anaclitic Depression
an illness described by Spitz describing the behaviors of excessive crying, sleep difficulties, and physical illness
Hospitalism
an illness described by Spitz where children fail to thrive while in a hospital setting
incapacitation
an inability to perform professional functions.
student
an individual engaged in formal graduate-level counselor education.
client
an individual seeking or referred to the professional services of a counselor
Horizontal Intervention
an interaction with all group members simultaneously
test
an objective standardized measure of behavior
Collective Unconscious
an unconscious that one inherits common to all individuals, composed of archetypes passed down through the ages
ANOVA
analysis of variance used when you have two or more means to compare in normally distributed populations provides F values
Tests
and nosological systems such as the DSM can have a Eurocentric or Euro-American bias
documents
any written, digital, audio, visual, or artistic recording of the work within the counseling relationship between counselor and client
What is the divorce rate in the U.S.?
approx. 50%
Defense Mechanisms
are contrived by people who are unable to cope with problems, can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the situation and the extremity of how they are used
Silence
as a toll allows the client the opportunity to provide more information and choose a direction
Clarification
asking questions to get a better understanding of what is really meant
Interrogator
asks personal and often irrelevant questions
Family Counseling
asserts that pathology resides in the family system and not in an individual the client is the family
Anglo-conformity theory
asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture
Group members sometimes take on challenging roles to address a personal need or issue related to each of the following EXCEPT
attachment.
counterconditioning
based on Pavlov relies on relaxation and imagining feared stimuli
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
based on ego psychology and the epigenetic principle
Thick descriptions are all of the following EXCEPT
based primarily on outsider labels.
If a client is administered My Vocational Situation (MVS) and receives a low score on the Barriers scale, he or she may
be having difficulty obtaining needed education and/or training.
Summaries are used by counselors to
begin sessions, end sessions, and highlight important themes.
behaviorism
behavior is based on learning rather than insight into the unconscious mind
operant conditioning
behavior is molded solely by its consequences Skinner
An ethical principle that encourages counselors to actively promote the welfare of their clients is known as...
beneficence.
Average ability on normal bell curve
between 16th and 84th percentiles
In Havighurst's model of human development, many of the earlier (childhood) tasks are
biologically determined.
Zyprexa
brand name of Olanzapine which is an antipsychotic used to treat anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression in bi-polar, PTSD, and schizophrenia. Side effects include- apathy, dizziness, dry mouth, aggressiveness, increased appetite low blood pressure, runny nose, weight gain
Summarizing
briefly restating the information that has been shared
Eight Steps or reality therapy
build a relationship with the client focus on the present help the client evaluate their current behavior develop a contract with an action plan have the client commit to the action plan accept no excuses do not use punishment refuse to give up
Contributions of Gestalt Psychologists
by Perls and first published 1925 emphasized the importance of insight
William Stern's radio intelligence quotient, popularized on early versions of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales was calculated
by dividing one's mental age by chronological age.
1-beta
called the power of statistical test, reflects the statistical test's ability to reject a null hypothesis correctly
Alloplastic
chafe comes from outside/the environment
In a healthy group members are flexible and can ______
change roles
Continuous (in relation to human growth and development)
changes are sequential and cannot be separated easily
Quantitative Change
changes which can be measured or tested
Job restructuring
changing the responsibilities of a position to meet the specific needs of the person
Split-half Method
checking the reliability by comparing the odd answers of one group by the even answers of another group
Exceptions to privileged communication
child abuse, suicide, homicide, supervision or if a lawsuit is filed against you
Privileged communication is not applicable in cases of
child/elder abuse/neglect, suicide or homicide threats
Race
classification system used to categorize humans into large and distinct populations or groups by anatomical, cultural, ethnic, genetic, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious, and/or social affiliation
Nominal
classifications, no meaning between categories- hair color, disability status (categorical)
Termination Stage
closure, completion, or mourning and adjourning stage Members deal with saying goodbye, experience feelings of improved insight, awareness, accomplishment and enhanced self-esteem
The question "How do students differ in their degree of involvement in college activities?" would be addressed best by a ___________________ design.
comparative
Counselors who become emotionally affected after exposure to crisis victims are experiencing
compassion fatigue.
A client comes to counseling and admits that she has a problem with alcohol abuse but does not seem committed to making any changes in her life. This client is most likely a
complainant.
A test that has the ability to modify the test structure and items to the examinee's ability to level is known as a(n)
computer-adaptive test.
Extinction
conditioning technique in which an undesirable behavior is ignored
James W. Fowler Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spirtual Development
conducted 350 interviews and drew from the work of Piaget, Kohlberg and Erickson Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith [infancy to 4] Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith [2-7, early childhood] Mythic-literal faith [childhood and beyond] Synthetic-conventional faith [adolecence and beyond] Individuative-Reflective Faith [young adulthood and beyond] Conjunctive Faith [midthirties and beyond]: openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors Universalizing Faith [midlife and beyond]: few reach this stage of enlightenment
Linking
connects the dots of information for members, identifies commonalities between members
When defining a target population, counselors should
consider demographics such as age, race, SES, and gender.
Give an example of conventional morality
considered by Kohlberg to be the middle ground of morality where a person strives to conform to laws and rules of society breaking these regulations is source of discomfort; conforming to the same style of dress as the supervisor or the "popular" employee
Central Nervous System
consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that run throughout the body. The CNS runs both voluntary and automatic functions and is the communication system of the body.
Statistical analyses
correlation coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, ANCOVA, Ch Square, Kruskal Wallis
"What is the relationship between driving speed and gas prices?" is an example of a question best addressed by a(n) ____________________ design.
correlational
Advantages of groups
cost effective the counselor can see more clients in the same period of time
Multicultural/Diversity Counseling -
counseling that recognizes diversity and embraces approaches that support the worth, dignity, potential, and uniqueness of individuals within their historical, cultural, economic, political, and psychosocial contexts.
supervisor
counselors who are trained to oversee the professional clinical work of counselors and counselors-in-training.
All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:
counselors who hold a license from one state have reciprocity in every other state.
Multicultural/Diversity Competence
counselors' cultural and diversity awareness and knowledge about self and others, and how this awareness and knowledge are applied effectively in practice with clients and client groups
extroversion/introversion typologies
created by Jung felt that we possess both, although one is dominant MBTI has its roots in Jung's work
F.H. Allport
created the concept of social facilitation, where an individual who is given a task to memorize a list of numbers will do better in a group than of alone
All of the following words describe the adapted child ego state EXCEPT
creative.
The social influence model espouses that a counselor should have ______________________ for maximum influence.
credibility
The question "Why should I believe your qualitative findings?" is best answered by focusing on
credibility.
How can denial be an advantage and a disadvantage?
denial can allow an individual to keep going in the face of adversity it can also keep them from seeking help to a problem they have
Eclectic
deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources
Intensive Outpatient Case Management
designed to help a person with a dual diagnosis to continue to function after receiving treatment
Intelligence Test
designed to measure agreed upon components of intelligence
Item response theory can be used to
detect item bias in the same test given to an African American and a Latino American.
Means tests
determine whether a client is eligible for a social program or benefit such as temporary assistance for needy families
Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
determined by SEM= SD x square root 1.0-r
Sigmund Freud
developed a theory the id controls human motivation and behavior and is the set of desires, which are stored in the unconscious. Even though individuals are not aware of these desires they influence behavior. He also outlined 5 stage of human development and dream theory.
Reality Therapy
developed by Glasser; focus is on the present and felt that people could control life by taking action; stressed the importance of perception
Arthur Janov
developed scream therapy
In the beginning stage of a group, a leader is generally more ___________________________ than in later stages.
directive
Konrad Lorenz
discovered imprinting by using baby goslings
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
discusses the importance of give and take, fairness and relational ethics in the family; used term "family legacy;" known for ledger technique
Mesokurtic
distributions are in the middle and have a relatively bell-shaped distribution with similar gradual slopes on either side.
Platykurtic
distributions have a relatively large range with a low mode. Think plateau.
Leptokurtic
distributions have a relatively small range with a very peaked mode. Think Leaping of a high peak.
Semi Via Corta Range
doesn't look at the polar extreme scores
Critics of Reality Therapy
downplays the role of the environment's impact on minorities weak bc it does not deal with dreams, the past, or traumatic memories too simple does not account for development stages and has changed its focus over the years
Gestalt Techniques
dream work, role-play, confrontation, the top dog/ underdog concept, hot seat and empty chair technique
What are the three main programs used to treat substance abuse?
drug-free outpatient programs, methadone outpatient programs, and residential therapy programs
double bind communication
e.g.: a parent telling a child she loves him while severely beating him can cause serious pathology even schizophrenia
dynamic
each culture changing or evolving at its own rate
Requiring minority students to take standardized college admission exams that were designed for Caucasian, middle-class students constitutes _________________ bias.
ecological
The ______________________ operates according to the reality principle.
ego
Emic
elating to or denoting an approach to the study or description of a particular language or culture in terms of its internal elements and their functioning rather than in terms of any existing external scheme.
Some of the unique issues affecting ____________________ clients are grief, loss, physical challenges, and terminal illness.
elderly
Three conditions for effective helping
empathy conguence unconditional positive regard
The core condition of counseling known as unconditional positive regard is also referred to as all of the following EXCEPT
empathy.
Keagan's Constructive Developmental Model
emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reaity
Role of formal education in U.S.
employers have learned that those with college education typically perform work better therefore saves the company money through lower training expenses. The higher paying the job is the more likely it is to see college degrees as part of the job requirement.
Personal Virtual relationship
engaging in a relationship via technology and/or social media that blurs the professional boundary (e.g., friending on social networking sites); using personal accounts as the connection point for the virtual relationship.
All of the following are characteristics of qualitative research EXCEPT
engaging in hypothesis testing.
Independent Living Services for Older People Who are Blind
established by RSA to help states provide rehabilitation services to people who are blind and over the age of 55
Helen Keller National Center
established by the RSA- offers rehabilitation and support to people who are deaf and blind
What factors influence where group members sit in relation to each other?
ethnicity, socioeconomic class, education, and age
The view that one's own culture is superior to another culture is called...
ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Systematic Sampling
every the person gets asked to participate; reoccurring patterns should be looked at
Demand characteristics
evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher desires or does not desire that influence their behavior can confound the experiment
Cohort studies
examine a group of people who have something in common
During the needs assessment process, a(n) ______________________ is typically given to stakeholders.
executive summary
Eigenwelt
existential term meaning the identity world
Unwelt
existential term meaning the physical world
Mitwelt
existential term meaning the relationship
Dual Diagnosis
exists when a person has both a psychiatric and a substance use disorder
E.G. Williamson
expanded the Parson's trait and factor theory analysis synthesis diagnosis prognosis counseling follow-up
Virginia Satir
experimental conjoint therapist popularized the notion that in times of stress, family members use four inept patterns of communication
Carl Whitaker
experimentalist could be very wild, radical, and creative, and often utilized a co -therapist Used techniques including boundary setting, developing family nationalism and separating and rejoining
Construct Validity
extent to which we can make generalizations about constructs
A(n) _________________________ variable can create an uncontrolled effect in a study's outcome.
extraneous
Salary, benefits, and job security are three examples of
extrinsic work values.
Crystalized Intelligence
facts, times table, other hard information, ability to solve problems, ability to make decision based on current knowledge, math, spelling
Fidelity
faithfulness to one's promises or obligations; not making insincere statements or impossible promises
Fixed Schedule
fixed time period between reinforcers, produce an accelerated rate of response as the time of reinforcement approaches
Reality/ Choice Therapy
focuses on present behavior clients are taught that they create their own personal reality with the behaviors they choose "Behavior is the control of our perceptions" short term and concrete
Frued is criticized for...
focusing on sex and not including the entire lifespan in his theory
People who are in the conventional stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development may do all of the following EXCEPT
follow the rules because they have been agreed on through a democratic process.
The ACA Code of Ethics prohibits sexual or romantic relationships between counselors and clients...
for 5 years after they last saw each other professionally.
Initial Stage
forming orientation the get acquainted stage
Gottfredson emphasizes the role that ___________________________ play in making career decisions.
gender and prestige
Diagnosis
generally implies that a label is placed on the client using a classification system, generally the DSM insurance companies generally always require a diagnosis
minors
generally, persons under the age of 18 years, unless otherwise designated by statute or regulation; In some jurisdictions, these people may have the right to consent to counseling without consent of the parent or guardian.
Prozac
generically known as fluoxetine is a psychoactive medication used to treat depression, bulimia, OCD. Side effects include- agitation, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia
According to Gesell, human development is PRIMARILY due to
genetics.
Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person's
genetics.
Conflict Phase
group members become hyper-aware of differences but a sense of group identity has not yet been formed
What are the three main types of advocacy?
group, self, and representative
Some teenagers drive over the speed limit without wearing seatbelt because they do not believe that they can be hurt. These teenagers
have created a personal fable.
Dreams
have manifest, the actual literal subject-matter of the dream and latent content is the underlying meaning of these symbols very important in psychoanalysis
Standardized tests
have uniform procedures for scoring and administration have validity and reliability and norm data
16 PF
he Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire developed by Cattel, measures 16-personality factors, appropriate for ages 16+
How was Maslow different from his predecessors?
he added the concept of actualization, he also developed a hierarchy of needs
Assimilation
he process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group
Each of the following are examples of ways to bring members into the here and now EXCEPT
helping members make future plans.
How can a counselor use the internet to aid a client?
helping the muse it as a communication tool and an information gathering tool
Facilitative Role
helps members feel a part of the group and contribute a positive energy
A negatively skewed distribution is one with man _______ scores
high
Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of _______ or above.
high school age
Robert Kegan
his model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning and individual constructs realist throughout their entire life span.
A family that is stable and reached an equilibrium is in a state of _____
homeostasis
Gender Identity
how a person perceives his or her role in society because of their male r female characteristics
Incremental Validity
how a test is refined and becomes more valid over time
Judging vs. Organizing
how does a person relate to the outside world?
Sensing vs. Intuition
how does an individual perceive information through the senses or in the gut?
Organization (Piaget)
how individuals systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge
The standard deviation represents
how much an individual score differs from there mean score in a distribution.
Concurrent Validity
how well does the test compare to other instruments that are intended for same purpose?
Person Centered
human beings can self-actualize and reach their full potential in a therapeutic setting that fosters growth
Ecological Culture
humans are influenced by where they live- climate, language, religion, etc.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
identifies significant personal preferences
negatively skewed
if the tail points to the left more positive/high scores
positively skewed
if the tail points to the right more negative/low scores
The two I's in BASIC ID stand for
imagery and interpersonal relationships.
Microsystem
immediate or close relationships or organizations an individual interacts with
Paralanguage
implies that the client's tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections; and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration. It is part of the study of nonverbal communication and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication
Fixation
implies that the person is unable to move to the next stage
Low context communication
implies that there will be a long verbal explanation and high context communication relies on nonverbals that are readily understood by others in the culture
scope of practice
implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in a given area or with a given population
Each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT
in skewed distributions, the scores accumulate at the center of the distribution.
Today, a couple's divorce is most commonly blamed on
incompatibility.
In Gould's theory of adult development, adults must do all of the following EXCEPT
increase spousal dependency.
Autonomy
independence; self-determination; right to personal choice
Tertiary oppression is...
internalized oppression.
the reasonable analyzer
interrupts and changes the topic to something irrelevant
Poliomyelitis
is an acute viral infection of the spinal cord, followed by residual paralysis of muscles. The person may use prosthetics or other mobility devices and heavy, manual labor may be difficult.
Self-Help Group
is composed of members who voluntary commit to the group with the intention of improving them self
Scope of Practice
is the area in which an individual has training; the services they provide must stay within that area
Variance
is the sum of the squared differences from the mean of each score, divided by the total number of scores minus 1.
reliability
is the test consistent the second most important property of a test
Usability
is the tool something that you would use? Is it user friendly?
Why is a counselor's behavior and body language important when providing services?
it greatly effects the quality of communication and is interpreted through an individual's culture.
Macrosystem
largest system the individual interacts with such as culture, wars, world events, government
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various school of counseling and therapy was during the ________
late 1960s
Autocratic (authoritarian) Leadership
leader forces themselves into group dialog often and is always right
Disadvantages of Coleaders
leaders can work at cross purposes may have conflicting models of therapy could be in a power struggle may each decide to charge the client a different fee
sexual misconduct
leads to the most malpractice lawsuits for any mental health provider
Behavior is the result of...
learning
acculturation
learning the behaviors and expectations of a culture
On a set of geography test results, the instructor informed the class that almost everyone had scored within one standard deviation of the mean. Results like these would be depicted by a(n) _________________________ distribution.
leptokurtic
Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are ______ than unstructured techniques
less effective
African Americans
like to be taught concrete skills and strategies for change. Systems based family therapy that includes nuclear and extended family, short-term counseling and behavioral modalities are effective. Counselor self-disclosure, topics related to spirituality and group work may be beneficial
O'NET
lists over 20,000 job titles with nine-digit codes replaces DOT
Brain stem
located at top of spinal column, it is the conduit between the brain and the rest of the body, controls reflex actions
A positively skewed distribution is one with many ______ scores
low
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
lower order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization can occur
Cannabis
marijuana is a psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis sativa plant it creates an altered sense of time, mood changes, dry mouth, euphoria, impaired balance/coordination, increased appetite, increased relaxation; may also be used to treat the pain and decreased appetite in cancer and HIV/AIDS patients
If a professional school counselor wants to know if a student is ready to move to the next grade level, she should administer a(n)
maximal performance test.
The ______ is misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores
mean
The most useful measure abbreviated by an X with a bar over it is the ______
mean
T scores are used in testing
mean of 50 with a SD of +/- 10
Measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
Equal intervals
means that the possible scores are each an equal distance from each other.
Sociograms
measurements for what group members think and feel about issues and each other
Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT)
measures a person's abilities as they pertain to career choice
Aptitude Test
measures a person's ability to preform tasks
Personality Test
measures personality characteristics and predilections
If you are trying to determine the typical salary for real estate professionals and your data includes $30,000, $32,000, $25,000, $38,000, and $249,000, using a ______________________ would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.
median
The use of an uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution is
mediation.
interpersonal learning
members receive feedback regarding how their behavior affects others
Heterogeneous groups may have
members with diverse presenting problems, members with diverse demographics, and cohesion difficulties if members are too dissimilar.
culture
membership in a socially constructed way of living, which incorporates collective values, beliefs, norms, boundaries, and lifestyles that are cocreated with others who share similar worldviews comprising biological, psychosocial, historical, psychological, and other factors.
Career assistance can include
mentoring, career coaching, and career counseling.
Havighurst believes that relating to one's spouse as a person is a developmental task of
middle age.
Children often do not understand the reasons behind rules when they are in the _____________________ stage of Piaget's theory of moral development.
moral realism
A woman who balances her personal needs with those of others is in the ____________________ stage of Gilligan's theory of moral development.
morality of nonviolence
Dual relationship
multiple relationships implies that you are a person's helper but you also have another significant relationship with that person gets in the way of objectivity should be avoided whenever possible unless beneficial to the client
Medicare Part A
must be 65 and eligible to receive social security or railroad retirement OR have been disabled for 24 months and is eligible for social security
Non-probability Sampling
not everyone necessarily has the same chance of getting into the study
Immediacy
not putting something brought up by the client off until later but rather discussing it now
According to the Indivisible Self wellness model, the following is NOT part of the essential self:
nutrition
adaptation
occurs qualitatively when the individual fits information into existing ideas(assimilation) and modifies schemata to incorporate new information(accommodation)
First-order change
occurs when a client makes a superficial change to deal with a problem but the change does not alter the the underlying structure of the family
Stimulation Generalization
occurs when a stimulus similar to the one originally used to condition a behavior produces the desired behavior
continous reinforcement
occurs when each behavior is reinforced
Intermittent reinforcement
occurs when some, but not all of the desired behaviors are reinforced
Determining if a program should be continued again is known as
outcome evaluation.
Training Groups
participants themselves learn about themselves and about small group processes in general, through their interaction with each other; use feedback, problem solving, and role play to gain insights into themselves, others, and groups.
Quasi-experimental
people are intentionally placed in experimental/control groups
random sampling
people are picked and placed in groups using random assignment
True experimental
people are randomly assigned to an experimental/control group and the results of the two groups are compared
Social Learning Theory states that
people learn not only from the consequences of their own behavior but also from observing the consequences of others.
base to top
physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization
Functional Limitations
prevents a person from performing required tasks as effectively as another person
Counseling groups are more ____________________ than psychoeducational groups.
problem oriented
Monitoring if a program is running as planned is known as
process evaluation.
Outcome evaluation can be used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT to
process group dynamics.
Discussing a conflict that arises in a group with all group members would be an example of addressing a
process issue.
encryption
process of encoding information in such a way that limits access to authorized users.
The DSM-5
provides a common language for mental health professionals to communicate with one another.
In classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using
simultaneous conditioning.
What are the characteristics of a good counselor?
sincere and genuine, empathetic, consistency and perseverance
repression
something that is too painful to face is totally forgotten
The transition stage is referred to by some as the
storming stage.
Advocacy
support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something
formative evaluation
takes place during treatment or while a program is going on
Abstract scientific thinking
takes place in the formal operations stage
Outsourcing
takes place when U.S. companies rely on labor from another country in order to save money Resulting in lower salaries and fewer jobs in the US
Case Integration
takes place when several helpers from the same agency or different agencies work together without duplicating services to help an individual client
Differential reinforcement of other/ alternative behaviors
takes place when the helper reinforces behavior other than the dysfunctional behavior to reduce the dysfunctional target behavior
Longitudinal research
takes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of time
How is counseling culture-bound?
tends to be centered around verbal, emotional, and behavioral expressiveness which have defined communication patterns, level of openness, and intimacy
From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______
test of significance
Equivalent forms
tests use alternate-wording questions
Ordinate
the Y axis
Validity
the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Differentiation
the ability to control reason over emotion
Critics of Rogerian
the approach is too optimistic and may not be the treatment of choice for severely disturbed individuals or very young children
Imputed Functional Limitations
the assumption that a person with a disability is functionally limited, dependent upon others for assistance, and has difficulty providing financial support for himself and his family
operant conditioning
the behavior is affected by consequences that come after the behavior (Skinner)
Transsexualism
the belief that one should be the opposite gender from the gender that they were born as
In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was
the bell, buzzer, or tone.
Catabolism refers to
the body's decline to death from its peak.
transference
the client behaves as if the counselor is a parent or caretaker from the past
implosive therapy
the client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor's office
Computer-assisted Counseling (CAC)
the client is directly involved in using the computer
The reliability coefficient/alpha coefficient
the closer to +1 the better means less error
Epigenetic theorists emphasize the importance of
the combination of nature and nurture.
shadow
the dark side of the personality related to animal instincts
Tolerance
the decrease effectiveness of a substance due to over use
Group Cohesiveness
the degree to which a group has bonded together
Concurrent Validity
the degree to which two separate tests that are said to measure the same thing, agree on results
catharsis/ abreaction
the discharge of repressed emotions
Macroculture
the dominant or majority culture
Libido
the drive to live and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth said to be sublimated in the latency stage as the individual has little interest in sex which ends when puberty begins
confidentiality
the ethical duty of counselors to protect a client's identity, identifying characteristics, and private communications
Ontology
the existential therapy term meaning the process of being and existing, sees life as a perpetual problem involving choices which a person can make with freewill
Installation of Hope
the expectation that the group will work
Independent variable (IV)
the experimental group gets the experimental variable what the researcher maniupulates
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Confrontative leadership style
the facilitator reveals the impact that his behavior has on himself as well as the impact that other group members have on him
anima
the feminine side of a male
Laisses-Faire Leadership
the group runs itself according to its own rules
Parsimony
the idea that scientific study should be explained in the simplest way possible
training
the instruction and practice of skills related to the counseling profession. Training contributes to the ongoing proficiency of students and professional counselors.
Imprinting
the intellectual behavior in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, usually the mother.
Libel is all of the following, EXCEPT...
the intentional spreading of falsehoods through spoken word.
Behavior Modeling
the manner in which a child bases their behavior on the behavior of the parent
Parental Response
the manner in which a parent reacts to the discovery that their child has a disability
Group Process
the manner in which the group content is discussed
animus
the masculine side of the female
superego
the moral seat of the mind housing two entities, the conscience and the ego ideal
What conditions are treated with Risperidone?
the most common anti-psychotic drug prescribed in the U.S. in larger doses it is used to treat psychosis but in smaller doses has been used to treat bi-polar, depression, Tourette's syndrome. Side affects include, muscle stiffness and pain, tremors, weight gain, insomnia, changes in BP, and sexual dysfunction.
mode
the most frequently occurring score or category
validity
the most important property of a psychological test does the test measure what it is supposed to measure
Androgynous/ androgyny
the notion that psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characteristics
Stimulus Discrimination
the opposite of stimulus generalization, usually requires conditioning beyond the original set of conditioners to teach the individual to differentiate between two similar stimuli
Disengagement-oriented
the person attempts to deny, avoid, or ignore the existence or extent of disability
Engagement-oriented
the person continually strives to overcome the issues related to their disability thus they are more likely to accept their disability
The Attacker
the person in the group who feels insecure whenever the group conversation gets close to their personnel issues. They are also good at pointing out the weaknesses of others.
Disposition-type
the person looks at the "bright side" of the situation
Scapegoat
the person who is blamed for problems and tensions
Resistance
the phenomenon often encountered in clinical practice in which patients either directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss, remember, or think about presumably clinically relevant experiences.
Epictetus
the philosopher most closely related to REBT; suggested we feel the way we think
Quota Sampling
the population is divided into subgroups and sampling is done in proportion to the actual population
Heritability
the portion of trait that can be explained by genetic factors
What are the results of a poorly written pre-employment test or a poorly designed interview question?
the possibility of a discrimination claim- the ADA prohibits asking questions that may directly or indirectly identify or assess the extent of a disability. A poorly written question could violate this protective legislation.
discrimination
the prejudicial treatment of an individual or group based on their actual or perceived membership in a particular group, class, or category.
Accurate Empathy
the process by which a counselor assumes the client's perspective and relates to them and their experiences
Actualization
the process by which humans grow to their full potential and fulfill their needs
Adjustment
the process of adapting activities, beliefs, values, goals, and other elements to a specific situation
Summarization
the process of encapsulating areas of discussion and comment at various points during a session
forensic eval
the process of forming professional opinions for court or other legal proceedings, based on professional knowledge and expertise, and supported by appropriate data.
Catharsis
the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
Rosenthal Effect
the result of high expectations, when the teacher explains that those in the front row because they did better than the rest of the students which results in the front row doing better than the other rows.
The Hawthorne Effect
the result of the reaction to being subjects by the experimental group
Regression
the return to an earlier stage caused by stress
privacy
the right of an individual to keep oneself and one's personal information free from unauthorized disclosure
Dreams (in Gestalt therapy)
the royal road to integration recount dreams as if they are occurring in the present
Test-retest
the same people take the same test multiple times
Stratified Sampling
the sample frame is broken into category groups then randomly assigned; more likely to represent the actual population; allows for comparing of subgroups
Withdrawal
the set of symptoms a person experiences if they stop using the substance that they have become dependent on
diversity
the similarities and differences that occur within and across cultures, and the intersection of cultural and social identities
Ethology
the study of animal behavior in their natural environment
Kinesiology
the study of how people move
Predictive Validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
strategic family counseling
the therapist gives directives or prescriptions focuses on reframing and relabeling focuses on how families use or abuse power, how they fail to communicate effectively and clearly and how a symptom serves as protection against something that is painful
Reinforcement Scheduling
the timing of positive or negative stimuli to increase a behavior
Career
the total work one does in a life time
Median
the true center
Dichotomy
the two answers are directly opposed to each other so only one can be correct
Computer-managed Counseling (CMC)
the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency
Case Management
the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that a specific client receives the necessary services and care.
Caseload Management
the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that all clients receive the necessary services and care.
worldview
the way a client sees the world due to attitudes, value systems and beliefs
Behavior
the way a person acts
Nonverbal Communication
the way a speaker provides information to other without using words
Body Language
the way a speaker uses gestures, expressions, and movements to convey a message
Phenotype
the way an individual's genotype is expressed through physical and behavioral characteristics
Mesoystem
the way different microsystems work together
Epigenetic
the work done by social psychologists such as Kohlberg, Maslow, Erikson, and Freud is the study of human cell growth and development
Give an example of "real world" conditioning
the work of industrial psychologists and interior decorators design environments are designed to change people's behavior- work harder and more efficiently, lighting, ergonomics, comfort
What is the difference between collectivism and personism?
they both relate to the role groups play in a person's culture. In collectivism the individual is not seen as independent to the group. In personism the individual is seen as independent from the group.
How can a counselor ensure that treatment objectives are valid and useful?
they can use the acronym SMART to develop them
Pilot studies are useful for each of the following reasons EXCEPT
they confirm post hoc a larger study's findings.
Evaluating the impact of a smoking cessation program for a sample of 150 clients using repeated measures is an example of a
time series design.
Why is it important for a counselor to keep track of the medications their clients are taking?
to help ensure that the client is on appropriate meds, to be aware of possible side effects, and over/under medication issues.
Critics of Gestalt
too gimmicky puts little or no stock in diagnosis and psychological testing and at times is anthitheoretical
Rogerians do not believe in
traditional testing or diagnosis, unconscious,
T-Group
training group usually found in the workplace
T-Groups
training groups often intended for business or personal motivation
Group conflict usually occurs during the _________________________ stage of a counseling group.
transition
If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ______
two different populations
True experiment
two or more groups are used
Ipsative
type of measure in which respondents compare two or more desirable options and pick the one that is most preferred.
The Milan Model
uses a treatment team with a one-way mirror
between group design
uses different subjects in the different groups e.g. one group for the control and one in the experimental
Alpha reliability
uses statistical methods to check reliability
Variable Schedule
variable time period between reinforcers, schedules produce a steady rate of response
type 2 error or beta error
when a researcher accepts the null when it should have been rejected
type 1 or alpha error
when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true
Type I Error/Alpha Error
when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true
Central tendency bias
when a supervisor erroneously rates the majority of workers as average
Job Modification
when a worker performs the particular job in a different way than most
High internal validity
when an experiment has few flaws and findings are accurate The IV caused the changes in the DV
Dual-Diagnosis
when an individual is diagnosed with both a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder
Transference
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another noun- during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst
The Ego
- Develops as psychological component that wields power over the id - Functions under the reality principle, logically and realistically plans appropriate ways to fulfill needs - Operates primarily in conscious and preconscious mind
The Id
- Present at birth and represents a biological, instinctual component - Functions under the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification, the avoidance or diminishing of pain, and securing of pleasure - Part of the unconscious mind
The Superego
- Represents social component, made up of the conscious and ego ideals - Guilty feelings result from a violation of standards and morals set by the superego
The amount of shared variance among the variables of depression and anxiety (r=.30) is
.09.
A reliability coefficient for most psychological attributes is often
.70 or greater
Measures of correlation coefficient
0 no relationship, +1 perfect positive relationship: a change in one results in the same change in the other, -1 perfect negative relationship: one goes up and one goes down at same magnitude
3 prominent people in career guidance
1) Frank Parsons: wrote "Choosing a Vocation," known as the "Father of Voc Guidance," trait-factor 2) Edmund Williamson: advocated for use of Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale and trait-factor 3) Anne Roe: Voc psychologist who suggested career choice theory based on personality traits, relied on Maslow; developed a system of job classification
3 tests designed to measure predictive validity
1) GRE: used to predict the success of a person entering grad school 2) SAT/ACT: predict success in undergrad education 3) Polling: predicts outcome of elections; often deemed inaccurate predictors
Two types of norms used to interpret psychometric assessments
1) General norms: typical score because a large number of others have achieved the same score 2) Special norms: a large number of people who share a common characteristic have achieved the same score
5 Main Qualitative Research Strategies
1) Grounded Theory 2) Ethnographic 3) Narrative 4) Phenomenological 5) Case Studies
What are the four main family structures?
1) Nuclear 2) Extended 3) Single parent 4) Blended
Yalom's Stages of a Group
1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination
Time Management Techniques
1) Prioritize 2) Allows for as many tasks to be done as possible 3) use of technology that may make job easier
4 methods of sampling
1) Random Sampling 2) Cluster Sampling 3) Stratified Sampling 4) Horizontal Sampling
Holland's 6 Personality Types
1) Realistic 2) Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic
Holland's 6 Personality Types
1) Realistic 2)Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic
What are the five levels of exertion?
1) Sedentary: less then 6lbs regularly and no more than 10lbs at a time 2) Light: less than 11lbs regularly and no more than 20lbs at a time 3) Medium: 26lbs regularly and no more than 50lbs 4) Heavy: less than 50lbs regularly and no more than 100lbs 5) Very Heavy: 50lbs regularly and more than 100lbs
4 areas of concern in client-counselor relationship
1) Team approach to treatment planning 2) Monitoring to determine progress of plan 3) Development of realistic, attainable goals 4) Consideration of client resources: $$, transportation, and social support
3 methods of measuring test reliability
1) Test-retest 2) Equivalent or alternate form 3) Split-half Method
Name 2 tests that measure inclination/aptitudes
1) Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT) 2) Minnesota Viewpoint Test 3) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Name 3 Gestalt Therapy Techniques
1) Top Dog/Underdog 2) Empty Chair 3) Hot Seat
What are the 3 main factors that determine if a supervisor and a counselor can work together effectively?
1) ability to agree on goals 2) Ability to agree on methods 3) Ability to cooperate
What four actions should a counselor encourage group members to take?
1) actively listen to other members 2) refrain from interrupting/distracting 3) stay involved in group discussion 4) to take necessary steps outside of the group
What are the three main types of arbitrators?
1) ad hoc- a person who is chosen by the client, counselor or employer to handle a specific dispute 2) permanent- an individual who regularly works for a counselor or firm 3) arbitrator panel- a group of arbitrators that have been chosen by parties involved handling the dispute
4 Types of Validity
1) construct 2) external 3) internal 4) statistical conclusion
4 Types of Quantitative Research
1) correlation 2) ex post facto 3) qusai-experimental 4) True experimental
What are 3 reasons group work may not be appropriate?
1) counselors can lose control of the group 2) Group members can experience emotional harm 3) Not all clients are going to be able to trust enough to participate in group
3 characteristics of an effective qualitative research strategy
1) credibility of sources 2) dependability of sources 3) transferability of results to a larger population
4 goals of counselor during a feedback interview
1) deliver information as effectively as possible 2) engage client in a discussion 3) ensure the client understands the information 4) gather enough information to develop a plan to proceed
3 goals of Behavioral Group Approach
1) develop social skills 2) teach the skills necessary to function in society 3) help teach the skills necessary to adapt to whatever the situation is
4 major illness prevention strategies
1) dietary 2) exercise/lifestyle 3) stress management 4) hygiene
Name three possible coping strategies used to deal with a disability
1) disengagement-oriented 2) Disposition-type 3) Engagement-oriented
5 actions a counselor can take to be an effective advocate
1) encourage people to act in the interest of those with disabilities 2) encourage clients to represent their interests 3) work with people to remove environmental barriers 4) ensure access to services 5) promotion of designs and models that accommodate functional limitations
Three strategies a counselor can use to change the ways society views people in minority groups?
1) experiential strategies- exposure to people with disabilities 2) informational strategies- educating people eon disability 3) simulation strategies- an activity that allows the individual to "try-on" a disability
If English is not a first language for a client what should the counselor do?
1) gather information about the other's culture 2) identify the cultural factors that may affect the person's ability to communicate 3) determine whether the client speak English well enough to communicate 4) identify and implement strategies to minimize the language barrier
What are the 5 functions typically associated with case management?
1) planning 2) organizing 3) coordinating 4) directing 5) controlling
Kirkpatrick's 4 Levels of Evaluation
1) reaction level- measures client's reaction to program 2) Learning level- evaluates program by testing clients' new knowledge 3) Behavior level- evaluates program by monitoring client behavior 4) Results level- evaluates program by analyzing progress made toward original goal/s
Proper usage of CAGC
1. Screen the client to be certain this modality and computer program is appropriate 2. Give the client an orientation to describe the pros and cons of the system. 3. Follow-up to make certain an appropriate plan of action is evident
The ideal size for a counseling groups and psychotherapy groups is about
8 members.
Fixed Role Therapy
Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role and is instructed to read the script at least 3x/day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.
EMDR
Developed by Francine Shapiro; Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; moving the eyes can work to deal with traumatic memories
The _______________________ measures several distinct aspects of vocational ability, and the ________________________ measures one homogenous area of vocational ability.
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT); Weisen Test of Mechanical Aptitude
Musterbation
Ellis made up term meaning to "must," as in people must do this or that
Psychoanalysis
Freud a theory of personality and a form of psychotherapy; it is a long term form of treatment often lasting 3-5 years of more In classical analysis the patient was seen 4-5 times a week Said to be historic because it focuses on the past
Critique of Psychoanalysis
Freud used only case studies to test analysis rather than using true scientific experiments
Oedipus Complex
Freudian Term: when a boy in the phallic stage bonds with his mother and experiences a sexual attraction to her
Displacement
Freudian idea- an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable
Rationalization
Freudian idea- defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are logically justified and explained in a rational or logical manner in order to avoid any true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable
Denial
Freudian idea-defense mechanism postulated in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence
Perl's Implosive Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 4th layer- willingness on the part of the person to expose true self
Perl's Explosive Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 5th layer- when a person gives up the unreal/false personality built by outside expectations
Regional culture
Gives us the behavior for a certain region
Freud's Other
Important person to whom one becomes attached
Human Capital Theory
Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income
Which law most protects children with disabilities concerning public education?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004
Erikson's third stage of development
Initiative vs. Guilt- 3-6, children meet challenges, assume responsibility, identity the rights of others
Cle Madanes
Insists that symptoms serve a function. For example a child sees a parent as depressed. They throw a glass on the floor shattering it this results in the parent becoming less depressed and rather angry and powerful.
Erikson's Eighth Psychosocial Stage - Late Adulthood (65+ years)
Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson's eighth stage of development
Integrity vs. Despair- 65- death, life is meaningful, no regrets
Interval Schedule
Interval schedules require a minimum amount of time that must pass between successive reinforced responses (e.g. 5 minutes)
Eros
Intuition; from Jung to mean women operate by intuition
Self Directed Search (SDS)
Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, it is self administered and self scored
Interitem Consistency
Is each item on the test measuring the same variable
Kruskal-Wallis
Is used instead of a one-way ANOVA when the data is nonparametric
What is a null hypothesis?
It exists when the researcher's original hypothesis is incorrect
Culture Fair Test
Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture
_________________________ introduced group work to schools.
Jesse Davis
_________________ developed computerized vocational systems such as CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS.
Joanne Harris-Bowlsbey
_______________________ is NOT included in the program planning phase.
Marketing and promoting the program
Is it ethical for a counselor to advertise services they are not trained to provide?
No!
R.J. Havinghurst
Proposed specific developmental tasks for infants, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, later maturity, death
What is the difference between a speed test and a power test?
Speed tests measure how long it takes a person to complete and is not concerned with difficulty while a has no time limit and is designed to measure the breadth of knowledge of the taker
SIC
Standard Industrial Classification Manual; classifies business in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in
SOC
Standard Occupational Classification, a manual that codes jobs in clusters that contain jobs that are similar enough that a person may have the skills to work in any of them
_________________________ could be used for process evaluation purposes in group work.
Standardized instruments, Evaluation of videotapes, and Observations
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling.
Strategic
Joining
Structural Family Therapy intervention: therapists attempt at greeting and bonding with family members
_____________ theory emphasizes 5 life stages- growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.
Super's
The Miracle Question
Suppose you woke up tomorrow and a miracle had occurred and the problem had been solved. How would you know? What would be different?
life script
TA term where clients develop a life plan
Duty to Warn
Tarasoff vs Regent of the University of California if a client is going to harm himself, somebody else or both, you will break confidentiality and contact appropriate people
ASGW
The Association for Specialists in Group Work- division of ACA that focuses primarily on group intervention
Public Law 93-380
The Buckley Amendment, When reviewing college files a college and demand a correction if an error is found
Behavioral Consultation
The Consultant designs behavioral change programs for the consultee to implement
FL94-142
The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (1975)
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory
The Seasons of a Man's Life childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
Critics of REBT
The approach does not emphasize feelings, the counselor client relationship, is mechanistic or sterile. May be too complex for those with psychosis or thought disorders
The Little Professor
Transactional Analytic term; the child explores and learns about the world and is creative and intuitive.
The Natural Child
Transactional Analytic term; the child is spontaneous, impulsive and untrained.
The Adapted Child
Transactional Analytic term; the child learns to comply to avoid punishment by the parent.
What is the white vs. black IQ controversy?
a controversy of the 1960s/70s that white people were on average 11-15 points smarter than black people; in reality when given an IQ test that was more culturally sensitive to blacks they scored just as well
Projection
a defense mechanism by which a person ascribes their faults to another person or thing
Compensation
a defense mechanism by which a person develops a behavioral or physical alternative to make up for a particular weakness
Denial
a defense mechanism by which a person refuses to acknowledge a fact or condition of their existence
Repression
a defense mechanism originally described by Freud by which a person stuffs down important issues and does not let them into their existence
Displacement
a defense mechanism which occurs in a variety of forms when a reaction to a situation is placed on something else. (ex: frustration with a poor test grade at school gets internalized and is then demonstrated through reckless driving)
Kohlberg's Conventional Level
a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules
Self-help
a group created from people who have the same problem and looking for solutions
Formula First Session
a homework assignment prescribed the first session
Test-retest Reliability
a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
do-it-and-report-routinely Level
a person will take action without approval but will report at regular intervals to the supervisor
Relabeling
a recasting of the negative behavior in a positive light in order to get an emotional response from the client
examinee
a recipient of any professional counseling service that includes educational, psychological, and career appraisal, using qualitative or quantitative techniques.
group cohesiveness
a sense of "we-ness"
positive reinforcer
a stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated
halo effect
a supervisor generalizing about an employees based on a single characteristic can be positive or negative Ex: giving a woker who is kind a higher rating than a worker who is as good but isn't kind
Culture
a system of beliefs and values that a particular group has established , as well as the way people with in that group act because of those values.
Muscles Relaxants
a type of analgesic designed to reduce painful muscle movements
Stress Management Techniques
a) exercise b) relaxation- deep breathing, music c) socialization d) sleep
Bisexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of both genders
Intelligence tests
attempt to measure mental abilities
Blocking Role
attempts to hinder group formation and accomplishment of task through behaviors
Mean
average
Kohlberg's Pre conventional Level
behavior governed by consequences
Constructive Confrontation
designed by Guy & Heidi Burgess, it is a mediation method designed to address complicated disputes in which all parties are unwilling to consider alternative solutions. It proposes that most disputes can be resolved if secondary issues are addressed before primary issues
Minnesota Viewpoint Test
designed to assist career counselors matching traits with career options
Describe Group Theory
developed by Adler & Dreikurs based on the idea that people are strongly motivated to seek the acceptance of their peers. Through the feedback of peers a person's behavior can be modified
Program evaluation can
document the program's process, assess the effectiveness of the program in meeting its goals and objectives, and facilitate change in the program's direction and content.
control group
does not receive the IV
Internal Validity
errors in research are minimized
What is the process of filing a discrimination lawsuit?
first a person must file a discrimination claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) then wait for further notification. If there is enough evidence for a claim the EEOC will attempt to reach a settlement with the employer if a settlement cannot be reached the EEOC will file a lawsuit on behalf of the person. If the EEOC determines there is not enough evidence the individual will be lettered and given 90 days to file a suit on their own after which point stature of limitations will expire.
achievement tess
give current accomplishments, what has been learned or the level of performance achieved up to this point in time
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
gives job trend information for the future and salaries and can be accessed over the internet
altruism
giving help to others gives a sense of wellbeing
Animism refers to
giving life to lifeless objects.
the id
houses biological forces, especially sex and aggression operates on the pleasure principle striving for immediate gratification and tension reduction
The type of counseling program a client selects would most likely be an example of a(n)
independent variable.
Treatment for anorexia or bulimia
individual and group therapy with cognitive-behavioral approaches to gain insights, medications to help with anxiety and depression
Alfred Adler
individual psychology a psychodynamic approach that focuses on the fact that behavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority individuals construct chosen lifestyles a founder of many child development centers; attributed as one of the first family counselors
Why is cultural background important?
influences values and beliefs which may then influence the techniques used, methods used, or how the counselor interacts with the client.
Individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their own personal desires are in Kohlberg's
instrumental hedonism.
Empirically Validated Treatment(EVT) Empirically Supported Treatment(EST)
integrated research into practice
Beneficence
intending to do good and act in the best interest of the client
Expressed interests refers to
interests that are verbally reported.
Classical Conditioning
learning a new behavior via the process of association; learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Operant Conditioning
learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences
Alloplastic
occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment
The recency effect
occurs when the rating reflects primarily the worker's recent performance rather than the entire rating period since the effect suggests we remember things the best that are presented last
triangulation
occurs when two people who are stressed bringing in a third party to reduce the dyad's stress and restore equilibrium
Prejudice
occurs when we have an option based on insufficient evidence
suppression or denial
occurs when you purposely don't think of a situation
Consultation
occurs when you voluntarily assist a counselor or counselors who will be helping clients
Etic
of, relating to, or involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who does not participate in the culture being studied
The Randolph Sheppard Vending Facility Program
offered by RSA to help people who are blind find and obtain employment by federal, state, &/or private facilities
Hispanic and Latino/Latina Americans
often benefit from catharsis and abreaction (getting feelings out). Psychodrama techniques, family therapy, and calling clients by their first name may facilitate therapy. Separation from one's family of origin is generally the goal of therapy.
Development is...`
ongoing, systematic, orderly sequential and said to build on itself occurs throughout the lifespan
According to Adler, ______________________ tend to be bright but are often spoiled and lack social skills comparable to those of other children.
only children
A person who loves to travel to new destinations and, once there, enjoys exploring cultural epicenters and experiencing new types of food probably has a high score on the ___________________________ factor of the Five Factor Model.
openness
A woman volunteers at a child-care center. During one of her visits, two of the children get upset with her when she tells them it's time to clean up and start kicking her. The woman quits volunteering because she concludes that all children are violent. The type of distorted thinking that best describes this example is
overgeneralization.
A counselor tells a family that it should not try to change too soon. The counselor is using
paradox.
t test
parametric test for normally distributed populations that compares two means
Repeating a client's statement back to them in different words is called
paraphrasing.
Human Capital Theory
people invest in training and education to get the highest return from career choice
Holland
personality typology theory Self -directed search, My Vocational Situation, Vocational Preference Inventory
According to career trait and factor theory, self understanding is derived from assessing
personality, ability and values.
Wellness is a state of
physical well-being, spiritual well-being, and psychological well-being.
Broad statements that indicate how the career intervention program will respond to a population's needs are referred to as
program goals.
advocacy
promotion of the well-being of individuals, groups, and the counseling profession within systems and organizations; seeks to remove barriers and obstacles that inhibit access, growth, and development
Focusing
prompts from the counselor to narrow the topic of discussion or to bring the discussion back on track
The Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984 (Carl D. Perkins Act)
provides disadvantaged populations access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement services.
Open groups are most appropriate in
psychiatric hospitals.
By license, all ___________________________ can prescribe medication to their clients.
psychiatrists
Edgar Schein's Consultation Models
purchase of expertise doctor-patient process-consultation
the ego
reality principle that balances the id and the superego
compromise
realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices
Children of permissive parents often become all of the following EXCEPT
rebellious.
What is a possible treatment for a client who awfulizes?
redirection toward positive alternatives
Zone of Proximal Devlopment
refers to the difference in the child's ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with help from others
A racial interaction in which an individual of a lower racial identity status holds more social power over an individual would be considered a(n)
regressive interaction.
ratio schedules or reinforcement
rely on work output as opposed to interval schedules which rely on time
Correlation
researchers study the information gathered by previous researchers
A group member is anxious and uneasy because she is unsure of how she is supposed to behave in group counseling. This individual is experiencing
role ambiguity.
Norms can best be described as
rules.
According to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meet their need for
safety, belongingness, and survival (physiological needs).
Suppression
same as denial
Free association
saying whatever comes to mind
Kohlberg's Post-Conventional Level
self-accepted moral principals guide behavior
Intermittent Reinforcement
stimulus is used only at set times, most effective in maintaining new behavior
Sociopolitical Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation of society recognizes that the person is unable to function as well as other people.
Rater Bias
supervisors who rate workers often suffer from this
Percentile rank
tells the counselor the percent of scores equal to or below the score you are investigating Ex: Someone scoring in the 75th percentile scored better or equal to 75% of people taking the exam.
Group Content
the material discussed within the group
imitative behavior
the members copy or model the leader and other members; based on social learning theory, we learn by watching others
median
the middle score when the data is ranked from highest to lowest
assessment
the process of collecting in-depth information about a person in order to develop a comprehensive plan that will guide the collaborative counseling and service provision process
Cerebellum
the second largest part of the brain it coordinates muscle movements like walking, running, and other motions
Heritage
the set of customs, traditions, physical characteristics, and other cultural influences that are inherited from past generations
Cultural Diversity
the similarities and the differences that can be distinguished between differing cultures
Microculture
the smaller culture
Reality distortion occurs when
the social environment in the group is radically dissimilar to the outside world.
Potential sources of error
the test taker, the way it was scored, the test content appropriateness for client, time influence, situation induced
Empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
Internal Validity
the validity of the statements made about the relationships found during the research
Expertness
to have confidence in expertise and reliability of the counselor in the client's eyes is important; the counselor must not pretend to know things they don't
TIA
transient ischemic attack: a "minor" stroke that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is only temporarily interrupted.
Hopson and Adam's model of adult transitions proposes that crises are usually
unanticipated and involuntary.
Milieu Therapy
urges helpers to change the client's entire environment to help the client
According to the ACA and NBCC codes of ethics, professional counselors
use instruments that provide norms for the specific client population that is being assessed.
Low-context Communication
used to describe how a person transmits information, a person states outright what they are trying to convey w/ minimal non-verbal information
High-context Communication
used to describe how a person transmits information, a person uses a variety of non-verbal signals to help convey what they are saying.
biofeedback devices
used to enhance the client's self-control and a form of operant conditioning
Counseling in dual diagnosis
used to help people find better ways than alcohol and drugs to cope with the stress of their psychiatric condition and other issues
Within group repeated measures design
uses the same subjects for the control group condition and then at a different time for the IV/ experimental conditions
Convenience Sampling
using randomly available groups (the easiest to access); sample may be biased
Professional Virtual Relationship
using technology and/ or social media in a professional manner and maintaining appropriate professional boundaries; using business accounts that cannot be linked back to personal accounts as the connection point for the virtual relationship (e.g., a business page versus a personal profile).
Significance Level
usually set at .05 or less (.01 or .001) The significance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error
Cofounding variable
variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.
What is the typical treatment process for a dual diagnosis?
varies from person to person but typically is detoxification from their substance of choice, chemical dependency treatment, treatment for psychological diagnosis, and will continue these treatments until they can function
Kelly (1955) proposed that individuals develop _____________________ that assist them in finding purpose at work, evaluating career decisions and tasks, and developing a sense of identity through work.
vocational constructs
Universal culture
we are all genetically and biologically similar, biological sameness
Negative Correlation
when X goes up Y goes down Ex: the more you work out the less you'll weigh
Positive Correlation
when X goes up, Y goes up
Dual Relationship
when a counselor has a relationship with a client outside of the counseling environment
skewed
when a curve leans to the right or left
Irrelevance
when a person displaces the potential problem with an unrelated activity
Over-reasonability
when a person keeps their emotions in check and functions like a machine
rationalization
when a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome
Accommodation
when a person's workspace is customized to their needs
Serious and Foreseeable
when a reasonable counselor can anticipate significant and harmful possible consequences.
Cultural Pluralism
when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.
Consolidation
when the client works with the counselor or group leader to develop plans for future
Statistical Conclusion Validity
when the information obtained can be used to prove or disprove a particular theory
High External Validity
when the results in a study can be generalized to other settings
Probability Sampling
where everyone has an equal chance of getting in; a problem is that by chance the actual population could not be adequately represented
McDougall and Ross
wrote book Introduction to Social Psychology
reaction formation
you deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner
sublimation
you express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner
A _________________________ is an example of a spontaneous content group.
young women's personal growth group
What is the most effective time period between CS and US?
½ second
exception question
"When aren't you depressed?"
Which of the following is a closed-ended question?
"When was the last time you fought with your daughter?"
Functional Assessment Inventory
(FAI), designed by Crewe and Athelstan in 1984, tests functional limitations and their effects on occupational performance
Functional Assessment Evaluation
(FCE): the assessing of client skills and the performance of certain tasks
