Combo # 3

Client Centered Splinting

"An approach to service which embraces a philosophy of respect for, and partnership with, people receiving services" (Law et al.)

Build on family strenghts, dreams and hopes. When talking with families ask "___" rather than "___" questions

"How" rather the "Why"

Specific mental functions?

*memory *language *calculation *attention *memory *psychomotor *emotional control *perception *thought *higher cognitive functions mental function of sequencing complex movements

This approach was used on a child who has Cerebral palsy, the goal of the splint was to decrease the amount of tone present

Central nervous system- Sensorimotor approach

Components of IFSP

Child's current level of development Summaries of evaluation reports Family's concerns Desired outcomes (goals) Early intervention service and support necessary to achieve outcomes Frequency of, method for providing, and location of services Payment arrangements (if any) Transition plan

The concept of inclusion means

Children with disabilities are included in regular educational and social routines as much as possible

Pulmonary Pathologies observed with increase aging

Chronic obstructive restrictive pulmonary disease pulmonary edema asthma pneumonia

Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP)

Client Centered Interview-based valid

DIP Flexion

Client is sitting with feet on the Floor Move Digit through ROM 1. Start- elbow of the testing extremity is resting on the table with the humerus slightly flexed and forearm in neutral. The DIPs are in neutral or extension 2. Fulcrum- dorsal DIP joint being measured 3. Stable arm- dorsal and the midline of the distal phalanx of the joint being measured 4. Claw fingers 5. ROM- 0-90 6. End - client moves the testing extremity through maximum DIP flexion

CMC Flexion

Client is sitting with feet on the Floor Move thumb through ROM 1. Start- testing extremity is resting on the table with humerus abducted, elbow flexed and forearm supinated. Client hand is placed "palm up" with thumb placed in line with the second digit 2. Fulcrum base of the CMC joint 3. Stable arm- midline of the radius 4. Moveable arm- midline of the first metacarpal 5. ROM- 0-20 6. Ending postiion- client moves testing extremity thumb across the palm inot max CMC flexion

The ability to apply knowledge gained over time and by experience and uses judgement to aid in deciding how to respond to a given situation

Crystallized intelligence

Context and Environment

Cultural Personal Physical Social Temporal Virtual

Allow a therapist to systematically view the influence of culture on specific behaviors and characteristics?

Cultural Schemas

Self Schema are ___ ___ and serve to define self in reflection of ___ endorsed attribute

Culturally mediated Culturally

The set of "values, beliefs, attitudes, customs, language and behaviors that are shared by a group of people and are passed down from one generation to the next

Culture

______ tends to dictate the manner in which a partner is chosen and the roles of participating individuals as a relationship develops

Culture

Cultural Context

Customs, Beliefs/values, standards and expectations

This is based on the hypothesis that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes a person to violence in later years, a notion supported by longitudinal research

Cycle of violence

Adolescent to engage in the use of illegal drugs like cocaine marijuana and inhalants experience significant adjustment problems in regard to

Education have difficulty in adjusting to adult roles and responsibilities and I'll more likely to become involved in deviant behaviors

Material resistance to stretch and its tendency to return to its original shape after stretch

Elasticity

The term ANTECUBITAL FOSSA refers to the following body part?

Elbow Pit

The humeroulnar joint is responsible for the following movement

Elbow flexion and extension

Criterion referenced

-cut off scores -performance against standard -content specific -variability of scores not desired -discriminates -provides information to plan intervention -sensitive to a fax of therapy -depends on task analysis -formative

In adulthood, the level of impairment is influenced by

-degree of interference with daily activities -chronologic age -level of intrinsic and extrinsic resources -societal barriers

ganglion cysts

-develop suddenly or gradually in the tendons or joints of wrists or feet -non-cancerous, fluid filled cysts

Colles' fracture

-distal radial fracture usually from a FOOSH -external or internal fixation

Bottoms up assessment is most appropriate for

-evaluation -designing intervention that targets impairments such as decreased joint range of motion or muscle weakness

Dupuytren's Conctracture

-fascia under the skin of the palm thickens and becomes scarlike -usually in the 4th and 5th digits -not usually painful -occurs more often in men

immediate memory

-first step, also called sensory memory -recall of stimuli within seconds of the event

flexor tendon injuries

-flexor tendons are located on the palmar aspect of the hand. -are less common than extensor flexor injuries -deep cut -sudden jerk -splinting

Monitoring functions (a component of metacognition)

-include mental activities that let us think about what we are doing before, during, and after we do it. Includes intellectual awareness of personal sills, the ability to anticipate task demands or outcomes, the ability to detect errors in our work, and the ability to organize our actions to complete a desired task. -example-adjusting the task as demands change.

By age __ , most infants have achieved many of the motor skills needed for the development of dressing skills

1 year

ADA 3 definitions of disability ( worker must meet 1)

1. A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities 2. Has a history of having such an impairment 3. Regarding as having such impairment

According to Guidelines for Documentation of Occupational Therapy, the purpose of documentation are to

1. Articulate the rationale for provision of OT services 2. Reflect the OT practitioners's clinical reasoning 3. Communicate information about the client from the OT perspective 4. Create a chronologic record of client status, OT services provided to the client, and client outcomes

Language acquisition stages

1. Babbling and cooing 2.one word stage 3. two word stage

For the first time congress passed a $ 1500 cap on therapy services combined creating a limit of services

BBA

BBA

Balanced Budget Act 1997- a new system of reimbursement was initiated

ADL

Bathing and showering Bowel and Bladder management Toilet hygiene Dressing and Undressing Eating and feeding Functional mobility Personal care device Personal hygiene and grooming Communicative device use Community Mobility Health management/medication routine Meal prep and cleanup

The professional working with families that have children with disabilities should

Be sensitive to the impact of their words or advice Be nonjudgmental Recognize the validity of feelings

T/F The ligaments on the dorsal aspect of the wrist are thick and strong, which provide stability

F- the volar

T/F Gait activities do not change with age

FAlse- Numerous changes in gait occur with age

Determinants of health

Factors that influence overall health and well-being

T/F Hispanic or Latino refers to a race?

False- Hispanic or Latino refers to a cultural group

T/F OSHA does not have any regulations for cleaning and disinfecting toys

False- OSHA requires facilities and agencies must provide workers with policies and procedures for cleaning and disinfecting

T/F The WeeFIM is a tool that can be used for diagnosis

False- WeeFIM is efficient assessment and documentation of progress

T/F The age-related declines in cerbral blood flow, oxygen need and glucose utilization by the brain are significant enough to account for the extent of brain atrophy that accompanies aging

False- are NOT significant enough

T/F when congress passed the Medicare law, it included OT services so AOTA did not need to lobby

False- it did not and AOTA lobbied heavily

T/F the definition of Individuals with disabilities in FHAA is different than the ADA definition

False- same

T/F Gender identity and bilogically female or male can be used interchangeable

False- they are not the smae

_______________ have the most significant environmental influences on a young child's life and development

Families

Morphogenetic family theory (form evolving)

Families do evolve ; that is change they change Examples include gaining or losing a member through marriage, divorce, birth and death, and the shifting roles of members through marriage, school, progression or aging.

systems theory is a core framework for guiding interactions with families.

Family

____ ___ must be considered when home therapy programs are developed; otherwise time-consuming programs that simply cannot be done within the parameters of the daily household routines and time schedule may be prescribed

Family routines

Characteristics that contribute to martial failure

Feelings of powerlessness Passive-aggressive Neuroticism Suspicion Chemical abuse Depression Borderline pathologies Hostility, defensiveness and agression

Activity Limitation

ICF phrase used to replace disability refers to restriction in activities and participation due to limitations in structure, functions, or contextual factors

This law encourages OT practitioners to work with children in their classroom environment (inclusion) and provide support to the regular education teacher (integration)

IDEA ( renamed from EHA)

In 1990 Congress amended the Education for All Handicapped children Act and changed it name to

IDEA- Individuals with Disabilities Act

The ___ team determines the student's eligibility once all evaluations are completed

IEP

what approach is the most widespread and widely used in research and the scientific literature?

IQ

Authoritarianism

Identification of a clear authority and individual freedoms are superseded by decisions made by authority figure

6 splint classifications

Identification of articular or non articular Location Direction Purpose Type Total number of joints

The "Crisis" task associated with adolescence in Erickson's theory is

Identity versus role confusion

Cognitive domain

Involves thought; ability to express one's self through written and spoken language read, think, perform tasks through completion

The embryonic period

Is a time of major susceptibility to teratogens Last through the eighth week after conceptions

Occupation-based splinting

Is an approach that promotes the ability of the individual with hand dysfunction to engage in desired life tasks and occupations.

Leisure

Is an occupation that is intrinsically motivating and not obligatory

neuromaturational theory of motor development

Is based on the assumption that as the central nervous system matures motor development will proceed in a hierarchical fashion

The use of routines to assess behavior is helpful for program planning because

-routines are meaningful to clients parents and caregivers -the use of retains promotes the delineation of functional outcomes and intervention strategies -observation of a client across domains context and environment is most efficiently done in naturally occurring retains

Occupation-based splinting is defined as

Is defined as "attention to the occupational desires and needs of the individual paired with the knowledge of the effects of pathological conditions of the hand, and managed through client centered splint design and provision.

A preterm infant

Is often low birth-weight

The term mental health

Is often used interchangeably with the phrase emotional wellness

Ecological approach

Is on documenting the individual success in participating in activities and routines across domains and environments

visual perception

Is the most studied type of perception and involves both 1. visual identification 2. visual discrimination -is the often the problem with dyslexia

short-term memory

-second step (if after 5 minutes is considered this) -has a duration of minutes and is used to determine immediate actions or reactions. -divided into two reaction task 1. a storage task-appears there is little age-related decline in storage task 2. procession task-does show age related decline

Disability is frequently created not by the person's level of functional impairment, but by

-societal barriers -attitude of others -discrimination in the workplace -lack of access to services, spaces, and places in the community

vestibular perception

-sometimes considered a subtype of tactile perception, is the awareness of movement in terms of speed and direction. -allows us to stand and balance without vision -allows us to walk on uneven surfaces without vision -allows us to walk down darkened stairways without relying on vision.

What factors influence disability?

-support and relationships -life stage

Splinting

..."an orthopedic device for immobilization, restraint, or support of any part of the body". (Mosby's Medical Dictionary

In creating an information collection procedure, it is important to determine if your strategies

...are meeting the guidelines of contemporary service delivery.

The assessment process should identify the clients current competencies and strengths

...as well as the deficits, weaknesses, and impairments.

Assessment should emphasize attention to the

...clients needs, desires, and outcomes.

Assessment of a client's status should occur in the

...context of naturally occurring activities and routines.

The clients relationship and interactions with his or her most trusted caregiver should form the

...cornerstone of an assessment. This is especially relevant for very young children

Assessment is a collaborative process involving

...multiple sources of information and multiple components

An assessment should follow when individualize

...sequencing procedure

The process of assessment is the first step in an

.intervention process...

CMC Abduction

Client is sitting with feet on the Floor Move thumb through ROM 1. Start- testing extremity is resting on the table with the humerus abducted, elbow flexed, and forearm supinated. Client's hand is placed with the ulnar aspact on the table. The thumb is placed in line with the second digit 2.Fulcrum- base of the first and second metacarpals 3. Stable arm- midline of the seond metacarpal, along the radial border 4. Movable arm- midline of the first metacarpal along the radial border. 5. ROM- 0-70 6- End postion- client moves testing extremity thumb into max CMC abduction

Peripheral and central nervous system Pathologies observed with increase aging

CVA Peripheral neuropathies Parkinson's disease dementia Alzheimer

Maturation Stage

Can last up to 2 years Tensile strength increase Scar tissue softens

Piaget identifies egocentrism in thinking. Egocentrism is

Can't relate to the fact that others have different view of the world

Client Centered Assessments

Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Patient-Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation (PRWHE)

The term carpus refers to the wrist. Provide another term to refer to wrist?

Carpal

A type of connective tissue, is derived from primordial mesenchymal cells and when fully developed is capable of withstanding mechanical stress and compressive loads

Cartilage

Developmental or degenerative opacity of the lens, causing obstruction and scattering of light to the retina

Cataracts

In genernal decline in physiologic functioning as one ages

chronologically

Interventions efforts should begin with a ______ and ____ of the way in which family members perceive their situation and define their priorities, however unfocused their goals may seem

clarification and acknowledgment

Written record should include

clarification of referral initial evaluation results ongoing daily and/or weekly progress notes

Observations begins when a

client enters room

Competent documentation effectively communicates a

client's response to therapy and also educates other health care provider and fiscal intermediaries about the value of OT

Normative Data Collection

collected by Templin (1957). forms the bases for current measures of language development

Personal advocacy would be seen as selfish within

collectivistic cultural group

Bound Morphemes

combined with free morphemes to change meaning.

Dialect variations do not reflect

communication impairment

Palpation

completed after visual inspection -where symptoms are described-especially abnormal area Skin temperature changes

This type for force is a result of forces pressing inwardly on an object

compression

Entries in a medical record should be

concise, clear, accurate,complete, and chronolgically ordered

Control Parameters

conditions in existence at the time the task is to be excuted

OT's responsibilities are

conduct screenings evaluations formulating and carry out daily intervention plan documentation

orientation

conscious awareness of who you are, where you are, and what time it is.

Preventative Strategies for Student with IEP

consistent structure early notification to students when schedules/routines change inclusion of the student in the decision making process encouraging parent participation

OT practitioner working with the family is using the

consultative role

In the ICF, culture is a ____ factor in human function

contextual

This occurs whereby a single occupation is selected from within a category, such as choosing to be a nurse following a period of considering a career in healthcare

crystallization of vocational choices

For this class, illness is not merely the presence of disease but also reflects the social and

cultural interpretation of well-being

The presence or absence of specific skills, traits or characteristics is

culturally influenced

A young African American girls is adopted by Caucasian parents, what would her culture be? What is her race?

culture would be Caucasian Race- African American

The OTA is responsible for informing the OT of changes in the student environment and providing

current data regarding his or her performance

This shape of thermoplastic material is stronger and better able to handle externally applied forces

curved or contoured

This grasp is used to hold soda cans, pan handles

cylindrical grasp

specific language impairment

do not have cognitive, social, sensory, or motor problems that would adversely affect language acquisition. Pragmatics are difficult to master.

Parents have the right to ____, that i, voluntary mediation and impartial hearing to resolve differences with the school that cannot be resolved informally

due process

A zone of proximal development refers to:

Task that are in a stage of near-readiness

Refers to the process of instructing and helping others acquire information

Teaching

Stress occurs when forces on an object are applied opposite each other

Tension

Discriminative index

That which distinguishes between individuals or groups on specific dimensions such as the acquisition of developmental milestones

Why is public policy important to health care professionals

The ICF reflects the importance of public policy at local, national and international levels in their discussion of environmental contexts

Evaluation

The OT team attempts to discover the nature of the client's problems

Screening

The OT therapist obtains data to determine the need for evaluation

Who has the overall responsibilities with regard to documentation including evaluations results, the intervention plan, modifications to the intervention plan, outcomes, transitions, and discontinuations

The Occupational Therapist

Conformability

The ability of a thermoplastic material to fit immediately into contoured areas the more conformed a splint to a joint, the better the pressure distribution should be

Negotiability

The ability to access a feature of the environment and use it for its intended purpose in a manner acceptable to the person

Negotiability

The ability to operate switches doors sinks and so forth

Independent/Individualistic

The individual is encouraged to purse self-initiated interest and to be responsible for his or her own behavior. The individual's performance serves as the measure for success or failure in a task. Individual excellence is emphasized

Which is true of the infant in the 3 months

The infant is gravity dependent The infant has the first social smile The infant head lags in pull to sit

In the ATNR pattern

The limbs on the face side extended and the opposite limbs flex

psychomotor functions

The mental functions of control over physical and motor skills.Include: ability to originate (plan), initiate (begin) movements, monitor and adapt or adjust motions in progress, perform learned tasks automatically w/o conscious direction, and pace, limit or end movement based on activity demands. EX: Allow the individual to drive a car while listening to a conversation (all of basic control involved in driving is subconscious)

T/F In a step-down nursery or PICU, and OT is required for supervision

True-. Supervision may not be need in subacute, long term or home care setting- clients in those setting are typically more medically stable

T/F A red wound is a healthy wound

True-presense of granulation tissue and is normal

Intense sustained drive to achieve self-selected but usually poorly defined goals

Type A

Consciously controls anger, optimistic

Type B

Personality greater risk of cancer

Type C

Distressed personality type, negative emotions and to inhibit self-expression

Type D

The natural process of aquiring skills ranging from simple to complex

Typical Development

Williams v Toyota Motor

US supreme court claims limitations as " major life activity of performing manual task, the central inquiry must be whether that claimant is unable to perform that task associated with his/her specific job

echolalia develops

about nine months

Understanding the person schema provides the therapist with the knowledge of what personal traits are

acceptable and culturally supported

The role schema that is based on educational or athletic achievements

achieved status position

This arch of the hand allows the DIP, PIP and MCP joints to flex

Longitudinal arch

Disadvantages of parenting

Loss of freedom Financial strain worries over health, safety, well-being Risk of bringing children into a world plagued by crime, war, and pollution Fear children will turn out badly, through no faulth of one's own

The acquisition of motor skills, it is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for responding

Motor learning

Digit and Thumb Extension

Move Digit or thumb through ROM 1. Start - elbow of testing extremity is resting on table with humerus slightly flexed and forearm in neutral. MCP are in neutral when measuring MCP Flexion when measuring MCP flexion. 2. Fulcrum- dorsal surface of the MCP joint that is being measured 3. Stable arm- midline and dorsal surface of the metacarpal of the digit being measured 4. movable arm- midline and dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the digit being measured 5. ROM (negative # decfit) write as 0

Digit and Thumb MCP flexion

Move Digit or thumb through ROM 1. Start - elbow of testing extremity is resting on table with humerus slightly flexed and forearm in neutral. MCP are in neutral when measuring MCP Flexion when measuring MCP flexion. 2. Fulcrum- dorsal surface of the MCP joint that is being measured 3. Stable arm- midline and dorsal surface of the metacarpal of the digit being measured 4. movable arm- midline and dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the digit being measured 5. ROM 0-90 6. client moves the testing extremity through maximal MCP flexion

Digit and thumb Hyperextension

Move Digit or thumb through ROM Client is sitting with feet on the floor 1. Starting- elbow of the testing extremity is resting on the table with humerus slighly flexed and forearm in neutral 2. Fulcrum- dorsal surface of the MCP joint that is being measured 3. Stable arm- Midline and dorsal surface of the metacarpal of the digit being measured 4. Movable arm- midline and dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the digit being measured. 5. ROM-0-30 6. Ending postion- client moves the testing extremity through max MCP hyperextension

The OTA has complete responsibility for preparing certain reports delegated by the

OT

Who can fabricate a splint?

OT practitoners PT practitioners Certified Orthotist Dentist Pedorthist

The OT is legally responsible for ALL aspects of the

OT process

Medical based OT practitioners are either OT or

OTA.

Activity Demands

Objects used and their properties Space Demands Social demands Sequencing and timing Required actions Required body functions Require body structures

The fundamental principle of OT is to promote optimal performance in each are of

Occupation: -play/leisure -ADL -IADL -social participation -education

Splinting to Facilitate Therapeutic Outcomes

Occupational Performance Client Satisfaction Role Competence Adaptation Health & Wellness Prevention Quality of Life

Memory

Often turns translucent good for serial splints difficult to make small adjustments

Assessment

Often use comprehensive strategies and tools to delineate strengths and needs, develop appropriate intervention plans and strategies, and determine change in individuals

Evaluative assessment strategy

One that measures the magnitude of change on an individual overtime on a specific dimension

The important "first word" typically uttered at about

One year of age

What did Olmstead vs LC ruling mean for therapy

Opened up opportunities for OT and PT practitioners to serve more individuals with disabilities in community based programs as the states scramble to put together Olmstead compliance plans

______ and ______ which are the primary earmarks of an aging skeletal system

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Bone loss that exceeds that of "normal" aging is called

Osteoporosis

Musculosketal Pathologies observed with increase aging

Osteoporosis degenerative joint disease/arthritis degenerative disk disease thoracic kyphosis Paget's disease polymyalgia rheumatica hip, wrist and vertebral compression fractures

Three characteristic phases of psycho-social development

Phase 1- early adolescence, middle school years 10-13 Phase 2- middle adolescence, high school- 14-17 Phase 3- late adolescence, college/work- 17-21

allophones

Phones that make up one phoneme ("All the phones")

Referral

Physician or another legally qualified professional requests OT services for the client

A person's ability to adapt to the environment in normal life situations or life crises

Physiologic age

The person's ability to adapt to the environment in normal life situations or life crises

Physiologic age

What are the precision grasps pattern

Pincer Tripod, or Chuck Lateral

A conditions where the blastocyst implants too low in uterus is called

Placenta previa

What is a major type of barrier that prevents employment for the disabled

Policy disincentives and the lack of physical access

Restrained Formal Communication

Public communication style is often quiet and controlled, with limited emotional tone

Express/Overt Communication

Public communication style openly expresses moods and feelings in additions to content

In june of 1997 IDEA was amended and reauthorized and is now known as

Public law 105-17

The ability to think in a manner less contrained by the need to find a single answer has been termed

adaptive cognition

Throughout childhood and across adult life , a person's sense of self continues to evolve, but the process is most intense in

adolescence

Changes in the structure of cartilage appears to begin in the

adolescent years

Despite is many challenges the process of giving birth and becoming a parent is a powerful source of

adult development

De Quervains tenosynovitis

affects APL affects EPB most common diagnosed wrist in athletes

Longer life expectancy will lead to a greater percentage of people experiencing the normal

age-related physiologic changes in musculoskeletal system

Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood

ages 20-40 ages 40-65 ages 65 and older

Middle Adulthood

ages 40-65

The most commonly used and abused psychoactive substance is

alcohol- particularly in adolescence and young adulthood

Morphostatic Family Theory (Form (form-maintenance)

all family systems are organized with recognizable loops and rules. Verbal or nonverbal .Examples include meals, bedtime, expectations for bathing, greeting or departures, and affectionate naming

With healthy aging, individuals will remain independent in _____

all of the ADLs

Perforations

allow air circulations reduce weight should NOT be stretched Cut pattern OUTSIDE of perforation holes

Dropout splint

allows motion in one direction while BLOCKing motion in another

Tensile strenght

amount of long axis force a muscle or tendon can withstand dictates activities and exercises

Cyanosis

an infant who turns blue because of insufficient oxygen

language acquisition device (LAD)

an innate mechanism that is activated through linguistic input from caregivers.

language impairment

any problem in the comprehension or production of language

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

any recipient of federal aid ( including school) cannot discriminate when offering services to people with disabilities

Transdisciplinary Collaborative style

approach involves collaboration among various disciplines, one team member is usually designated to intervene directly and other team members act as consultants

The term usually refers to the area from shoulder to the elbow, or the hummorous

arm

A role schema assigned to a person according to race, gender, or age

ascribed-status position

In the ____ stage of learning, the learner makes connections to previous experiences

associative

Osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease are characterized by

atropohy and degeneration of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of the subchondral bone and joint capsule

Assessments are influenced by

attitude pain response coping mechanism locust of control

The transitional years from adulthood mark aperiod of increase

autonomy affiliation with peers risk taking behaviors

Development

the changes in performance that are heavily influenced by maturational processes

psycholinguistic theory-semantic base

the child's cognition is the framework for linguistic development. That is, development of the cognitive domain is an important requisite in development of the linguistic domain.

metacognitive executive functions

the control, or oversight, functions of thought

The results of cross-linking fibers is

the fibers no longer glide easily with respect to each other, contributing to decrease in mobility of these tissues and increased stiffness in the movement of joint structure

Referential meaning

the meaning of the individual words, or the word knowledge we possess.

relational meaning

the meaning of the message is the sum of its parts.

abstraction

the mental function of considering something as a general idea, quality or characteristic.

attention

the process of detection and orienting to important or desired environmental stimuli. -a mental function that allows a persom to focus om something while simultaneously excluding less important information. -is mediated by the CNS

Because documentation is part of the legal record and may be used in court,

the services that the OT practitioner documents must accurately reflect the treatment given

Morphology

the study of word structure, including alterations that change word meaning.

dialect

the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

Normative life cycle events

the usual or expected transitional events

Syntax

the word order of our language.

Title III of ADA provided privately owned places of public accommodations must allow access for

their customers with disabilities to the goods, services, facilities and advantages they offer to the public. Ex Theaters Dr's office golf courses hotels retail establishment day-care gas-stations hospitals

OTAs are responsible for providing services within

their established level of competence

41-46 mos

they begin to consider perspective of the listener

Physical maturation and psychocial development shape an adolescent's capacities to

think, relate and act as a future adult

t/F Tenderness/pain/firmness along vein should be documented

true

For Transdisciplinary team to be effective, the team members must

trust and respect each other so that they are comfortable with role realease

A major goal in working with families is establishing a _______ , particularly with key members

trusting relationship

Static progressive splint

type of dynamic splint incorporate the use of inelastic components such as hook and loop tapes, outrigger line, progressive hinges Allows CLIENT to adjust the line of tension

This term refers to the 5th digit

ulnar

Instead of trying to establish some sort of linear cause and effect relationship, instead try to simply

understand the relationships amoung events, peopel and situations

Pediatric medical care system comprises a group of individuals who form a complex and

unfied whole dedicated to caring for children who are ill

When meeting a family for the first time, it is important to be interested in learning about the

unique ways in which the parents have been adapting to their child's disability

FHAA makes it ___ to refuse to allow a person with disabilities to make reasonable modifications to dwelling or a public common area at person own expense

unlawful discrimination

Documentation is used for many purposes including

updating others on client status justifying the necessity for OT services explaining request for supplies and reimbursment

Individual vs group sessions

used to encourage frequent team member collaboration. It allows for informal and impromptu communication between two or three team members

Sensorimotor approach

used to inhibit or facilitate normal motor responses whose central nervous system has been damaged

Bio-mechanical Approach

uses kinetics and forces acting on a body

Reverse mainstreaming

uses with student who have difficult transitioning from one are to another, where the regular education students come into the special education classroom during certain courses

Drapability

varies among material as well as time heated Gravity Difficult for beginners require light, stroking motions low drapability-firm pressure

Gloves should be used by OT practitioners when there is a possibility of coming into contact

with infected material or exposure to body fluids

Bone loss appears to be mediated by gender, for ____, bone loss accelerate after ___ as a result of decreasing levels of ___ within the body

women menopause estrogen

Past events are associated with present events and declines with age

working memory

Is culture a learned behavior?

yes

Skeletal maturity is often reached by

young adulthood

The human body becomes mature in late adolescence and its at peak performance fromthis age through

young adulthood

T/F Medicaid recipients pay premiums for health care benefits

false- do not

T/F Oral motor awareness and exploration almost always involve food

false- do not involve food at all

T/F WeeFIM is the only diagnostic tool needed

false- it is not meant to be the only diagnostic tool

T/F It is not important for therapist to be advocates fot their profession in the state or federal level

false- it is very important

T/F Toys must be sterilized after each child

false- must be properly cleaned

T/F Only an OT practitioner can conceive of all the potential positive outcomes and all the ways to achieve those outcomes (equafinality)

false- no individual can

T/F Crises , which are brought on by overwhelming stress, are always negative

false- not always negative

T/F"Trying harder" is a a great way to get families to adjust their routine

false- rarely works. Changing the process, the goals, and the timeline are reasonable adaptations to current family functioning

A person is likely to express a desire to one day become a teacher, doctor, athlete or superhereo

fantasy period- last age 11 or 12t

Presbyastasis can lead to individuals developing a

fear of falling - FOF

Personal Context

features of the person such as age, gender, socioeconomics status and educational level

Title IV of the ADA requires closed caption for

federally funded public service announcements

Oral motor development refers to

feeding sound play oral exploration

Head, hands and ___ reach their adult size earliest

feet

9 to 12-13 weeks

fetal period begins head continues to grow faster than rest of the body

Though CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid) oversees the medicare program, it contracts with ___ to handle the actual claims for benefits

fiscal intermediaries

palmaris longus

flexion *median nerve

flexor carpi radialis

flexion radial deviation *median nerve

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexion ulnar deviation *ulnar never

Rehabilitation approach

focuses on abilities rather than disabilities and facilitates returning person to maximal function using their capabilities

Sociolinguistics Theory (Muma)

focuses on the cultural aspect of language.

The OT practitioner is an agent

for bringing new information into the system

Supervision

for pt who can usually perform the activity w/o assistance by additional personnel but not consistently.

The hallmark of psycho-social development is the quest

for self- identity

OTA's responsibilities include

formulating and carry out daily intervention documentation

the IEP provides the

framework for positive behavioral support

Early Childhood

from 18 motnhs through 5 years of age

Middle Childhood

from 6 years of age until the onset of puberty ( 12 years of age for females and 14 years of age for males)

Frequently a hand based thumb immobilation splint is applied to a persons with ____, which involves the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MCP joint

gamekeeper's thumb

Functional development of the structures will occur throughout the entire __________ period and even after birth

gestational

Family Systems Theory is a

group of ideas that describe the many ways that individuals in families are connected across time and space, and its implications for the families with who practitioners work are far reaching

Inactivity accounts for _____ of the functional decline that occurs between age 30-70; age associated changes are ascribed to the other half

half

Osteoarthritis of CMC joint of thumb

hand based thumb immobilization splint

Gamekeeper's thumb

hand-based thumb immobilization splint

What lets you reach into your backpack for a pencil without turning your head around to look?

haptic awareness

hearing impairment

has significant impact on language

Therapist must verify client's understanding of precautions

have client repeat instructions Role play with client Verify at each visit

Elastic tension dynamic splint

have self-adjusting or elastic components (wire, rubber bands, or springs)

Culture provides group mmembers a mechanism to

judge behavior construct reality make decisions regarding life issues

What lets you know how to control your legs to sit smoothly?

kinesthetic awareness

Finklestein's test

maneuver often used to test for De Quervain's tenosynovitis

Studies have found that adverse childhood experiences can affect one's ability to develop

mature coping skills and emotional strength necessary for successful and satisfying performance of adult roles and responsibilities

voice disorders

may be due to vocal abuse, a specific medical condition, or psychogenic factors.

Autism

may be non-speaking or have echolalia.

Language impairments in adults

may be the result of CVA or other disruption of the blood supply to the brain. -may have sensory and/or motor deficits, memory problems, poor judgement, etc. -may hav motor speech disorder possible swallowing trouble.

How is gestational age measured?

measured in weeks either from the first day of pregnant woman's last menstural period (LMP) or from the moment of conception.

Screening and evaluations include

medical history general observations gross motor function cognitive function visual and perceptual function fine motor function sensory function ADL function summary and recommendations frequency long term goals short term goals

gustatory perception

mental function involves in distinguishing the diferences in taste, such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter stimuli, detected by the tounge

The nose and olfactory system has been shown to deteriorate with age in ______adulthood

middle

The period of ___ adulthood is one in which th ephysiologic effect of aging begin to manifest

middle

Different cultures predict different responses to events. This difference in expectations can lead to

misinterpretations of responses during a social exchange or event

The desire outcome of motor learning is permanent change in

motor behavior or skill as a result of practice and experience

Multidisciplinary Collaborative style

multiple professionals evaluated the child and make recommendations. Assessment, goal setting and direct intervention may be carried out by each professional with minimum of integration across disciplines

With practice the rhythm progresses into a

munching pattern, which involves an up and down jaw movement

Between ages of 50 and 70 it is estimated that approx 30 % of _____ will be lost

muscle strength

Normal age related changes begin approximately at the age of 40, with a decrease in ______ vision happening in everyone

near

What happens in Middle Adulthood

normal age related changes in physical functioning begin more sophisticated level of thinking is adopted changes in the family system begin to occur may begin to experience their mortality begin to have asense of panic that they have not met their life goals

AMA adds to the definatin of culture by indicating that cultural experiences and knowledge are

not shared with those outside the group

Non normative life cycle events

not the usual or expected transitional events

Age related decrease in strength is related to

number of skeletal muscle fibers reduction in the number muscle motor units reduction of the cardiovascular system

speech disorders

occur very frequently and the etiology is such is unknown

Goodness of fit

occurs when the individual's temperament supports the demands and expectations of the environment

The medical intervention plan is an outline

of activities and task that are used during treatment sessions

Medicare plays a key role in the provision of OT services a major source of health-care reimbursement for

older adults and individuals with disabilities

Personal traits identified in others and predicts the social interaction between individuals based on expected behaviors

person schema

At 4-5 months the infant demonstrates a reflexive ______ when given a soft cracker

phasic bite-release pattern

Young Adulthood where optimal

physical functioning and intellectual reasoning prevail major decision regarding significant relationships career choices are contemplated keen sense of identity prevails

Contact Guard Assistance (CGA)

pt can usually perform the activity but have significant likelihood of requiring physical assistance for support and balance.

This law mandates services for preschoolers with disabilities and provided the impetus for the development of early intervention services for infants and toddlers from birth to 3 years of age

public law 99-457 EHA

State and local govt example of where the must provide access under ADA

public universities voting parks and recreational programs

Main reason for leaving home?

purse a job attend postsecondary education and training getting married cohabitate

Splint design must be based on

scientific principles

Circular rotary chewing develops between the __ and ___ third year of life and allows toddlers to ea almost all adult food

second and third

It is well accepted that adults are strongest physically during the ____ and ____ decades

second and third

Physiologic changes are compounded by the ____ lifestyle often adopted during this time

sedentary

Dressing includes

selecting clothes and accessories appropriate for the weather putting clothes on sequentially fastening and adjusting clothes and shoes

Refers to the characterisitics and traits a person assigns to self

self schema

One dimension of cognition in the AOTA's practice framework is

self-regulation, the ability to control and monitor one's behavior and emotions relative to the situation and social cues

Oral skills develop concurrently and are closely related to the overall development of

sensorimotor skills

It is beleive that common changes in perceptual function in aging are secondary to changes in the

sensory systems, interfering with accurate sensory registration, difficulties with divided attention and difficulties encoding information in the working memory

Normal development is

sequential and predictable

With a stroke of governmental pen ( changes in policies)- helath care professionals can find an area of practice

severely curtailed or expanded by budget constraints, new systems of reimbursement, regulatory reform, appellate court decisions, and other policy changes

Ethnicity refers to

shared traits customs language religion ancestory

This type of stress happens when parallel forces are applied in an equal and opposite faces of a structure

shear

As skin ages, the epidermis thins and flattens making it more susceptible to

shearing stresses, which can lead to blisters and skin tears

Function of catilage

shock absorber provide surface for sliding and rolling between joints foundation for bone growth and development

Free Morphemes

signal a specific meaning

holophrases

single words and is expected up to about 18 mos

process skills

skills used by the individual in managing and modifying actions en route to the completion of daily life task. Include the ability to maintain an effective rate of performance, use tools, and use goal-directed actions to handle tools effectively to complete the desired task.

Generally , ___ is the tissue that least tolerates pressure

skin

Low stress, high stress and repetitive stress can all cause this injury

skin breakdown

Reaction time, coordination of complex movements and use of feedback to adjust movements dynamically all ___ with normal aging

slow

Protein synthesis, while at its peak in the early years, begins to decline with age, thereby diminishing the ability of muscle mass to be sythesized. This age related decline in muscle mass and thereby muscle strength is referred to as

sarcopenia

psycholinguistic theory-structural base

says that the mental operations of the mind are used in the generation of utterances.

Palpate muscle on _____ for comparison

each extremity/ Promixal and Distal

Because ___ is a critical daily living skill essential to the child's survival, growth, health and well-being, it falls within the OT practitioner's domain of concern

eating

Role schema may be based on accomplishment such as

educational or athletic achievements

For a child to be eligible to receive OT services in the public school setting, the services and goals must be

educationally relevant

These types of bandages have potential to apply high amounts of stress and may lead to constriction of the vascular and lymphatic system

elastic bandages

A developing human is known as an ____ until 8 weeks following conception

embryo

ADA prohibits discriminatory practices in areas related to

employment transportation accessibility telecommunications

Illness

encompasses the particular ways in which a pathology or impairment interferes with everyday function.

Infection control is the responsibility of _____ OT practitioner who must follow universal precautions when working with any client

every

Stress is completely normal and necessary for

evolution (morphogenesis) of the family systems

A feature of form-evolving (morphogentic) aspect of living system is their capacity to

evolve along different paths and yet arrive at a given destination

OT practitioners should also be aware that success with a family is an

evolving process

During middle adulthood, bone loss will begin to _____ bone formation due to the process of remodeling

exceed

The likelihood of families following through with intervention plans depends on the extent to which those plans are constructed to fit within families

existing routines, beliefs, and patterns of family life

The embryonic period

extends into the eighth week after conception -all major body structures are formed -developed human characteristics- fetus

extensor carpi radialis brevis

extension radial deviation *radial nerve

extensor carpi radialis longus

extension radial deviation *radial nerve

extensor carpi ulnaris

extension ulnar deviation *radial nerve

What lets you know when clothing is touching your body?

somatic awareness

By 24 months, children can hold a spoon and bring it to the mouth with the wrist

supinated into the palm-up position

Language is a multifaceted behavior that is under constant change due to

technology, dialects, for example

marked by consideration of one's personal skills, capacities, and values

tentative period- begins age 13/14 - goes to late adolescence

motor planning

the ability of the brain to conceive, organize, and carry out a sequence of unfamiliar actions.

emergence awareness

the ability to analyze and monitor a situation to analyze what the strengths or weaknesses are

cognitive flexibility

the ability to consider alternatives and change strategies to a problem.

problem solving

the ability to interpret information, act on it, and self-correct

initiation

the ability to start a task and is an aspect of temporal organizational in the OT framework

Central Nervous System

the brain and the spinal cord

T/F children are now developing type II diabetes

True

T/F high school seniors who smoke every day are 10 times more likely to use cocaine regularly than our seniors who don't smoke on a regular basis

True

T/F the cessation of smoking after a CVA is widely recommended to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and the current stroke

True

T/F the screening process should be brief and the test used be easy to administer by variety of people

True

T/F the terms screening evaluation and assessment and examination are commonly used interchangeably

True

T/F unlike ADLs, there are some changes in IADLS in the older adult

True

T/F who have disabilities are more likely than ever to be in regular early childhood and educational programs

True

Max Assist

pt can perform 25-49% of the activity

Mod Assist

pt can perform 50% of the activity

Min Assist

pt can perform 75% of activity

Stand-by

pt can sometimes perform w/o assistance of additional personnel, but not consistently. Needs closer supervision.

Egalitarianism

Decision making is done through negotiation between memebers and individual freedoms are included in the process

Function Assestments

Dellon Modification of Moberg Pick up test COPM AMPS DASH

Deprive (an organ or body part )of a nerve supply , as by surgically removing or cutting a nerve or by blocking a nerve connection with drugs

Denervation

To deprive ( an organ or body part) of a nerve supply, as by surgically removing or cutting a nerve supply, as by surgically removing or cutting a nerve or by blocking a nerve connection with drugs

Denervation

If there are 2 people assisting pt, they are automatically assigned

Dependent (1)

_____ is one of the most widespread causes of activity limitations experienced by the elderly

Depression

Projects that may assist teachers and students in programs for the OT and OTA

Design a fine motor kit for a classroom of 1st graders Develop games associated with spring p. 51 box 4-4

Criterion - referenced tests

Designed to measure performance on specific tasks -most academic tests are criterion referenced

What is the key ingredient for intervention success

Developing a trusting and collaborative relationship

Genpredictable eral Principles of Development

Development is sequential and predictable Maturation and experience affect development Development involves changes in the biologic, psychological and social systems Development occurs in two directions horizontal and vertical Development progresses in order in three basic sequences 1. Cephalad to caudal 2. Proximal to distal 3. Gross to fine

Metabolic/ endocrine Pathologies observed with increase aging

Diabetes hypercholesterolemia obesity kidney failure

What allows cells to become sprecialized, is a its peak in younger individuals but begins to decline in the aging adult

Differentiation

Public Law 93-112, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation act

Discrimination against people with disabilities when offering services is prohibited

The intent of this act was to provide adequate education to all :handicapped children" and assist states with providing these services

Education for All Handicapped children Act of 1975

This law was consider the most important legislation related to children's services at the time

Education for All Handicapped children Act of 1975

The ability to process novel information

Fluid intelligence

Passive Acceptance

Focus on accepting circumstances and situations as part of a natural choice

Active Achievement

Focus on controlling circumstances and situations to benefit the individual

The radius and ulna are included in this upper extremity

Forearm

Adolescence

From Puberty until the onset of adulthood (usually 21)

Infancy

From birth through 18 months of age

Gestation and Birth

From conception to the moment at which the neonate can survive on its own without placental nutrients

The part of ADL, includes movement in bed, transfers or moving the body from one surface to another, wheelchair mobility, and ambulation with or without walking aids

Functional mobility

A person's perception of and identification with being either masculine or feminine

Gender Identity

Periods of Develoopment

Gestation and Birth Infancy Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence

Developmental theory that states that the process of occupational choice follows a developmental progression that begins in childhood and spans into the early adult years

Ginzberg Developmental Therory

___ show an increase in motor performance ealier around age 14

Girls

One of the leading causes of blindness, damage the in optic nerve, most common is the open-angle

Glaucoma

Performance Patterns

Habits Routines Roles Rituals

The individual performing an occupation benefits from patterns such as

Habits, routines, roles and rituals

_____ is the single most important component of infection control

Hand washing

In humans, the ability of cells to divide and replicate is limited to some genetically predeterminjed amount reffered to as the ____, which is approximately 50 replications for individual human cell.

Hayflick limit

Leading health indicators

Health concerns selected to represent the trends in population health in the United States

Developing, Managing and maintaining routines for health and wellness promotion, such as physical fitness, nutrition, decreasing health risk behaviors and medication routines

Health management

______ elders are found to provide more financial and emotional support to their children

Healthy

Personality therory emphazes the notion of "fit" between one's personality and career selection

Hollands's personality type

The decrease sensitivity to taste that occurs in the gustatory system

Hypogeuia- "g- gustatory" {g- that taste awful")

The decreased sensitivity to smell that occurs in the olfactory system

Hyposmia (S- sweet smell)

5 Titles of ADA

I employment II State and local gov, serices and transportation III Public accommodations IV Telecommunication V Misc Provisions

Age related decline in muscle mass and therby muscle strength is

sarcopenia

figurative language

"throw" a party

Reason's Families are important

* A family has a significant environmental influence on a young child's life and development * Interventions with children inevitably affect family * Laws and current service delivery models promote a family centered approach * Professional organizations, including the AOTA, have identified the areas of competency and created recommended guidelines for working families

A developmental theory

* Attempts to explain a series of observation of change over time *Canbe disproven

Documentation guidelines that may be used to ensure meeting the therapist legal and ethical obligations

* Date all entries for accurate sequencing of the treatment *Document length of treatment with times and treatment codes/descriptions * Document missed treatments including a reason why missed *Document at the time of treatment so that the entry will completely and accurately reflect treatment session *Document using specific facts rather than general terms *Include all supportive documentation such as physician treatment orders or consents for release of information *Do not criticize another health care provider in written record *Do not change a legal record after the fact without clarifying the time and anture of the change

Strategies for working with adolescents with cognitive impairments

* Identify how each teen learns best. Ask the teen, family, or teachers * Identify strengths and build from existing skills *Offer specific choices *Select activities that match the teens abilities, needs, and interest. Offer activities that are age related but within performance level *Break down activities into simple steps that are achievable, but a challenge *Keep instruction simple *Present only one instruction or step at a time *Increase instruction only if the client consistently follows current instruction *Present directions systematically * use any methods of instruction (verbal or visual, demonstration, visual cues, step by step diagrams) *Help client develop and learn a new skill in a familiar setting before using the skill in novel setting *Give specific feedback with concrete examples * Be consistent and use repetition * Do not introduce variety without reason

Categorically needy individuals that States must cover

* Low income families w/ children * Individual receiving SSI * Pregnant women, infants and children less than specified % of the federal poverty level * Qualified Medicare beneficiaries

Wrist Extension

* MOVE WRIST IN ROM - before placing * Client sits with both feet on the floor 1. Goniometer- volar surface of the wrist 2. Stable arm parallel to the radius 3. Movable arm parallel to the third metacarpal 4. Place wrist in extension- plam parallel to ceiling 5. ROM 0-70

Wrist Flexion

* MOVE WRIST IN ROM - before placing * Client sits with both feet on the floor 1. Goniometer- dorsal surface of the wrist 2. Stable arm parallel to the radius 3. Movable arm parallel to the third metacarpal 4. place wrist in flexion- (palm parellel to floor) 5. ROM 0-80

Ulnar Deviation

* Move wrist ROM- towards pinky (5th) finger*. testing extremity is resting on table with humerus abducted, elbow flexed, forearm pronated. Forearm is placed on the table with palm flat. Wrist in neurtral 2. Goniometer- fulcrum -base of the third metacarpal, over the capitate bone 3. Stable arm- midlline of the forearm 4. Moveable- midline of the 3 metacarpal 5. Move hand towards pinky (5th) finger 6. ROM 0-30 7. Ending max ulnar deviation

If states provide services for the medically needy, what are the minimum

* Prenatal care and delivery of services for pregnant women *Ambulatory services to individuals undera ge 18 and individuals entitled to institutional services * Home healthcare to individuals entitled to nursing facility

The International Classification of Function is?

* Published by the World Health Organization * Designed to provide information and datea on outcomes of rehabilitation * A summary of matrix of factors influencing functional outcome after a disease

Essential communication skills

* Solution focused curiosity and interest * Collaborative goal setting * Acknowledgement * Continuity

Expansion of the OT services now include

*Assessing family interest, priorities, and concerns *Observing and gathering information about the daily routines of children and families in their homes and in the class room * Gathering and sharing information with families about development and intervention strategies * Implementing therapy in collaboration with parents, caregivers, and general educators

Medicaid can optionally cover at State level

*Medically needy aged blind or disabled individuals *Members of families w/ dependent children who have too much income and or resources to be eligible for cas assistance but not enough for medical cost *Aged and disabled persons with income less than 100% of the poverty level *Institutionalized persons with incomes no greater than 300 % of the SSI federal benefit rate

What is true about perception?

*Pereception involves memory *Sensation is possible in the absence of perception * Perception gives meaning to the sensory environment

Global Mental Functions

*Underlie the other mental activities and include consciousness, energy and drive *These functions are crucial to all human activity and are important predictive factors in rehabilitation outcomes

The Fetal period

- extends from the nineth week to birth

Orthosis

-"a force system designed to control, correct, or compensate for a bone deformity, deforming forces, or forces absent from the body" (Mosby's Medical Dictionary

Babbling/Cooing

-At about 3 months of age, the infant begins to "coo." -At about 5 months of age, the infant begins to babble. -Infants all over the world use the same sounds (phonemes) when they babble. -At around nine months of age, babies begin to babble more in the sounds specific to their language. --Will begin to babble only the phonemes of the child's native tongue at about 1 year of age -Babbling seems to be a biologically programmed stage of language development.

Two-word stage

-Around their second birthday, infants begin putting words together to construct simple "sentences." -Two word sentences showing an appreciation of the rules of grammar -Children move beyond the two-word stage at around 2-1/2 years of age. -Language production and comprehension increase dramatically thereafter—children may have a production vocabulary of over 10,000 words by school age.

Skinner believed language was the result of learning through: (behaviorist/nature)

-Association : linking certain sounds with certain people -Imitation -Rewards or punishments

What are some examples of the barriers to employment

-Eligibility requirements for federal disability income benefits -Limited knowledge and or skills of employers to implement job accommodations -attitudinal barriers of employers -lack of skills in self advocacy for individuals with disabilities

One-word stage

-Long before babies become accomplished talkers, they understand much of what is said to them. -Comprehension vocabulary (the words they understand) is much larger than their production vocabulary (the words they can say). -Around their first birthday, infants produce their first real words — usually referring to concrete objects or people that are important to them -Child uses one word to convey a complete thought or idea -During the one-word stage, babies use a single word and vocal intonation to stand for an entire sentence.

Boutonniere Deformity

-PIP is flexed and DIP is hyperextended -forceful blow to the finger -RA -splint

Motherese

-People in every culture use a style of speech called motherese, or infant-directed speech, with babies. -Motherese is characterized by distinct pronunciation, a simplified vocabulary, short sentences, a high pitch, and exaggerated intonation and expression

Norm referenced

-Standard point score -evaluate individual performance against great -may or may not be related to therapeutic or instructional content -normal distribution of scores -requires diagnostic skills -not sensitive to effects of therapy -not concerned with task analysis -summative

perception

-a sensation based mental function. -the brain's ability to recognize and interpret sensory information.

What are barriers to function

-a spouse who is overly protective, which can create a helplessness role or dependent role

facilitators to function are

-a spouse who promotes independence, like in the home when he/she encourages participation in household roles

RA (hand)

-a systemic disease -inflammatory joints -splints

Thought functions

-according to ICF, thought functions are specific functions related to the presence and development of ideas. -the control of thought in terms pace, content, and form.

mallet finger

-also called dropped finger -results from hyperflexion of the extensor digitorium -Stax splint or oval 8 splint

gamekeeper's thumb

-also called skier's thumb -injury to the ulnar collateral ligament -sports injury or falls -splinting -surgery may be considered

A comprehensive procedure will involve one or more of these methods

-chart review -parent/family report -interviews -naturalistic observation -clinical observation -standardized tools

The process of gathering information involves

-chart reviews -interviewing and family members and other primary caregivers teachers and health professionals involved in the care of the child -observing the client in a natural setting -Family reports -direct testing using standardization objective measurement tools or clinical observations

Noam Chomsky argues that

-children have a predisposition to learn language -A person's brain is hard wired to learn vocabulary and the rules of grammar -"universal grammar"—a basic understanding of the common principles of language organization -At birth, infants can distinguish among the speech sounds of all the world's languages. -By 10 months, they distinguish only the speech sounds that are present in the language to which they have been exposed.

TBI

-children with TBI will often go off task and lose focus

swan neck deformity

-chronic inflammation of the PIP joint -DIP is flexed and PIP is hyperextended. -may occur with Parkinson's, RA, CP, CVA

For a person to assume the SICK ROLE and be free from blame for her condition, these four conditions must be met

-indiv is exempt from normal social roles (work) -the sick person cannot be expected to get well by and act of will. -because she cannot will herself well, she will be "taken care of." -the person must be active in expression of and in behaviors supporting her desire to get well -the person must seek and comply with the expectation of technically competent help.

trigger finger

-involves the tendons used to flex the finger -more common in women -in thumb of small children or infants -oval 8 splint

Neglect and Abuse

-lack of maternal interaction has an extremely negative effect on language development. -Pragmatics is often a significant problem. -problems with conversational skills

Noam Chomsky's position (nativist)

-language acquisition device & universal grammar -critical period -overgeneralization

The purposes of an arena assessment are to

-obtain an integrated holistic view of the client -determine the interrelationship of skills across domains -decrease handling of individual by multiple professions -decrease repetitive questioning of the family or client

Therapists must apply knowledge of items when considering a splint

-occupation -pathology -physiology -anatomy -psychology -reimbursement -bio-mechanics -aesthetic

boxer's fracture

-occurs at the metacarpal neck, usually in the little finger -casting -occurs when hitting something hard, ie., wall or another person

extensor tendon injuries

-on the dorsal side of the hand -minor cuts -jamming a finger -splinting

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

-pressure on the medial nerve -numbness in the thumb and digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 -may be associated with diabetes -causes may be from typing or using computer -splinting -rest

The ICF classifies three types of environmental factors

-product and technology -natural environment and human made changes to the environment -support and relationships

Augmentative/Alternate Communication

-provides communication in a form other than expressive speech output. -runs the gamut from simple picture boards to speech synthesizers via computer output -ASL- American Sign Language

Some psychomotor mental functions following brain injury or disease are

-psychomotor retardation -agitation-exess movement without direction -posturing/catalepsy-spontaneous maintenance of postures. -echopraxia/echolalia-mimicking other's speech or movement. -stereotypy-repetitive, non-directed motor activity.

De Quervain's tenosyonvitis

-tendons around the thumb become inflamed. -pain may radiate up the forearm -splint (thumb spica)

Intellectual awareness (a component of metacognition)

-the capacity to monitor "self" in relatively "objective" terms. -includes the knowledge about the strategies we employ in our own thinking and knowledge about how our personal thoughts and feelings influence our performance and affect others. -may be considered insight into self

olfactory perception

-the mental function involved in distinguishing differences in smells. -can result in very strong, long lasting memories that are often emotional in nature.

memory

-the registering and storing of information and retrieving it as needed.

Metacognition

-the use of cognitive skills and provides the basis for transfer and generalization of learned skills to daily functioning. -the mechanism through which we plan, organize, execute, and evaluate our day-to-day activities.

intellectual functions

-those skills required for the individual to understand and constructively integrate information from all types of mental functions -develop and change over time

Age related decrease in strength is attributed to ?

1) decline in total of skeletal muscle fibers 2) reduction in type II muscle (fast-twitch) 3) reduction of muscle motor units 4)reduction in the fuction of cardiovascular system 5) reduction of glycoproteins being transported to the muscles 6) The ability of the body to repair nerve damage

Highlights of IDEA or Law 99-457

1) families are mandated co-leaders on state level advisory boards that make recommendations about the way in which services systems are designed 2) family concern, resources, and priorities guide the development of individual intervention plan 3) families play an important role in children's assessment and evaluations 4) families have certain rights to confidentially, record keeping, notification and other procedures related to programs and agencies that serve children

Self- identity has two components

1)- Individual component-who am I as person 2) Contextual component- where and how do I fit into my world

Adult stutus is th eintergration of chronologic age with

1. Cognitive development 2. Physical development 3. societal experience

Super's Stages of Vocational Self

1. Crystallization- Adolescence- consideration occurs of various vocational ideas consistent with one's self concept 2. Specification- Age 18-21-Ideas about vocational interest become more specified 3. Implementation- Ages 21-24- Process of skills training occurs along with experience needed to pursue chosen career 4. Stabilization- ages 25-35- Individual works within desired profession. May make career changes and return to previous stages

Function of steps Leading to Marriage

1. Dating- 2. Courtship- considering marriage, long term goals 3. Engagement- strengthen relationship, prepares fo rmarried life

Tips for providing Intervention in the classroom

1. Develop a good rapport with teacher before providing intervention in the classroom 2. Discuss with the teacher what you would like to do 3. Working in small groups makes intervention less obvious and intrusive 4. Keeping a regular schedule 5. Walk into the classroom at a non-disruptive time 6. Provide intervention as the child participates in the activities 7. Adjust the activities so that a child is successful in those activities 8. Flexibility 9. It may be wise to schedule breaks 10. Be responsible for developing a weekly lesson for the entire class 11. Communicate clearly with the teacher 12. Ask for and accept feedback

Motor development follows 3 basic rules

1. Development cephalad to caudal ( head to tail) 2. Proximal to distal - children develp control structures close to their body before they develop those farther 3. Gross to fine- children gain control of large body movement before they can perform more refined movement

The OT practitioner is must develop communication skills to help family assimilate this new information. To do so, the OT practitioner is guided by these two basic ideas

1. I must acknowledge and accept current family form and function 2. I must ally myself with the systems capacity for change (support the assimilation of the knowledge I bring).

According to the ASHT classification - 6 splints

1. Identification of articular or nonarticular 2. Location 3. Direction 4. Purpose 5. Type 6. total number of joints

# stages of wound healing

1. Inflammatory 2. Proliferative 3. Maturation

Tips for working with parents

1. Listen to parents 2. Present information in layman's term 3. Parents attending IEP meeting may be nervous, but them at ease 4. IEP- begin your report with child's strengths 5. Try to speak to parents before your evaluation 6. Be clear of what has and has not worked inthe classroom 7. Order the list of problems in way that is most important and will not frustrate parents 8.Ask the parents what works and does not work at home 9. Provide suggestions and/or strategies for helping function with in the classroom 10. Follow-up with parents

Three components of successful aging

1. Low probability of disease 2. High cognitive and physical function capacity 3. active engagement with life

Family Systems Theory Concepts

1. Morphostaic 2. Morphogenetic 3. Equifinality

Tips for working with Teachers

1. Most important remember OT in school's setting is to help the child function in the classroom 2.Spend time in the classroom w/o making suggestion or judging the teacher 3. Ask the teacher what he or she see as the problem areas for the child 4.Prioritize strategies for the teacher 5. Provide the teacher with short written strategies and follow-up 6. Respect the teacher's time 7. Emails and short notes are effective means of communication with teachers 8. Help determine good child teacher fits 9. Present yourself to teachers as a resource 10. Help teachers out by using OT resources 11. Provide solutions to teachers concerning children with special needs 12. Use layman's term

Characteristics of ADulthood Process

1. Moving out of the adolescent world whole questioning it and one's place int it.- a process involving sepration, ending, and transformation 2. Exploring the possibilites in the adult world, testing living choices, and consolidating and initial adult identity 3. Forming a dream with a place in the life structure 4. Forming a mentor relationship lasting an average of 2-3 years 5. Choosing an occupation and forming love relationship leading to marriage and family

The Rules of Language have 5 parameters

1. Phonology 2. Morphology 3.Semantics 4. Pragmatics 5. Syntax

Steps of Stages in the OT process

1. Referral 2. Screening 3.Evaluation 4. Treatment planning or intervention planning 5. Treatment implementation 6. Reevaluation 7. Discharge planning

CMC Flexion-MMT

1. Start- Client is sitting with the forearm in supination and digits 2-5 in extension 2. CMC thumb is in extension 3. Motion-client moves the thumb CMC in the direction of flexion 4. Stabilize at the wrist 5. Resistance is applied at the metacarpal for CMC flexion in the direction of extension 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenth 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

PIP/DIP Flexion-MMT

1. Start- Client is sitting with the testing extremity in forearm supination and digit extension 2.motion- Client moves the testing extremity in the direction of PIP/DIP flexion while keeping the MCPs in extension 3. Stabilize at the MCP joints to avoid compensation of hyperextension 4. Resistance is applied with the middle and distal phalanges in the direction of PIP/DIP extension 5. No resistance is applied when testing in the gravity eliminated postion

Digit and thumb oppostion

1. Start- client is sittin with the testing extremity in forearm supination and digits extended 2. Motion0 clients moves in the direction of hand thumb opposition of first and fifth digit 3.Stabilize at wrist 4. Resistance is applied at both the fifth and first digit away from opposition when testing normal or good strengh. 5. poor grading is not completed for this test

MCP Abduction-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting with testing extremity in forearm pronation and digit extension 2. Digits are adducted 3. Motion- client moves the digits in the direction of MCP abduction 4. Stabilize at the metacarpals 5. Resistance is applied to each finger for MCP abduction in the direction of adduction 6, Third digit is tested on both sides 7, No resistance is applied when testing fair strenght

Wrist Flexion-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting with testing extremity on a table in forarm supination, 2. Wrist over the edge of the table in sight extension- Stablize at distal forearm to avoid compensation 3. Resistance is applied to the palm of the hand in the direction of wrist extension 4. No resistance is applid when testing Fair strengths 5. Motion- client moves testing extremity in the direction of wrist flexion 6. Write Grade

Wrist ulnar deviation-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting with testing extremity placed on a table 2. Forearm is in pronation 3. Motion- client moves the testing extremity in the direction of wrist ulnar deviation (pinky side) 4. Stablize at the distal forearm to avoid compensation. 5. Resistance is applied at the 5th metacarpal in the direction of wrist radial deviation. 6. No resistance is applied when testing Fair Strenght

IP Extension-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting with the forearm in supination 2. Thumb IP extension , the joint is flexed 3. Motion -Client moves thumb in direction of extension 4. Stablize at thumb proximal phalange 5. Resistance is applied for IP extension is the direction of flexion6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strength 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

IP Flexion-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting with the forearm in supination 2. Thumb IP flexion the joint is extended 3. Motion- Client moves thumb IP in directin of flexion 4. Stabilize at the thumb proximal phalange 5. Resistance is applied for IP flexion in the direction of extension 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strength 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

MCP Adduction-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting withtesting extremity in forearm pronation and digit extension 2.MCP adduction the digits are abducted 3. motion Adduction 4.Stabilize at the metacarpals 5. Resistance is applied to each finger for MCP in the direction of abduction 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenght 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

CMC Adduction-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting withthe forearm in supination and digits 2-5 extended 2. CMC adduction thumb is abducted 3.Motion- client moves thumb CMc in direction of adduction 4. Stabilize at the wrist 5.Resistances is applied in the direction of abduction6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenght 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

CMC Abduction-MMT

1. Start- client is sitting withthe forearm in supination and digits 2-5 extended 2. Thumb CMC abduction- the thumb is adducted 3. Motion- client moves thumb CMC in the direction of abduction 4. Stabilize at the wrist 5. Resistance is applied at the first metacarpal for CMC abduction in the direction of adduction 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenght 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

Wrist radial deviation-MMT

1. Start-Client is sitting with testing extremity placed on a table 2. Forearm is in pronation 3. motion- client moves the testing extremity in the direction of wrist radial (thumb side) deviation 4. Stabilize at the distal forearm to avoid compensation. 5. Resistance is applied at the second metacarpal in the direction of ulnar deviation 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenths 7.. Grade

MCP extension-MMT

1. Start-client is sitting with the testing extremity in forearm pronation and digit flexion 2. Motion-Client moves the testing extremity in the direction of MCP 3. Stabilize proximal to the MCP joints at the metacarpal to avoid compensation 4. Resistance is applied at the proximal, middle and distal phalanges in the direction of MCP 5. No resistance is applied whe testing in the gravity -eliminated postion

MCP flexion-MMT

1. Starting -client is sitting with the testing extremity in forearm supination and digits 2-5 extended 2. Thumb MCP flexion -thumb is in extension 3. Motion - client moves the thumb MCP in direction of flexion 4. Stabilize at the thumb metacarpal 5. Resisitance is applied at the proximal phalange for MCP flexion in the direction of extension 6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenght 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

MCP Extension-MMT

1. Starting -client is sitting with the testing extremity in forearm supination and digits 2-5 extended. 2. Thumb in MCP flexion 3.Motion -client moves the thumb MCP in the direction of extension 4. Stabilize at the thumb metacarpal. 5. Resistance is applied at the proximal phalange f 6, MCP extension in the direction of flexion 7. No resistance is applied when testing fair strength 8. Poor grading is not completed for this test

CMC Extension-MMT

1. Starting-client is sitting with the forearm in supination and digists 2-5 in extension 2. CMC extension- thumb is in flexion 3. motion- client moves the thumb in the direction of extension 4. Stabilize at wrist 5. Resisitance is applied at the metacarpal for CMC extension in the directionof flexion6. No resistance is applied when testing fair strenth 7. Poor grading is not completed for this test

Cycle of Violence

1. Tension building-breakdown of communication, batter becomes irritable, victim changes behavior to "keep peace" 2. Explosion- Tension becomes unbearable and uncontrollably discharged 3.Calm-Batter apologetic, promises it will never happern again, no abuse takes place

Human learning occurs at the level of the

1. body including innate abilities 2. person, including interpersonal contacts and experiences 3. society

What are the five models used to gather information?

1. bottoms up assessment 2. top-down assessment 3. reaching-based assessment 4. Arena assessment 5. judgment based assessment

The three prenatal periods

1. germinal or preembryonic 2. embryonic 3. fetal

The 4 purposes of splints

1. mobilization 2. immobilization 3. restrictions 4. torque transmission

Cultural Schemas are divided into 4 areas

1. person 2. self 3. role 4. event

Planning information - gathering strategies

1. why do you need to collect the information? 2. what information do you need to collect? 3. how should you collect the information? 4. what does it mean?

Three main types of tactile perception

1. somatic awareness- information about the state of the body (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, etc. 2. kinesthetic awareness-is about movement within the body and changes in limb position. 3. haptic awareness- involved in distinguishing tactile differences in texture, shape, size, and weight.

Splint Fabrication Process

1.Referral- 2.Evaluation- use assestment, COPM, DASH, PRWHE 3.Consider Treatment Options-Biology, cause, course, traditonal treatment 4. Analyze Assessment Findings-pathology and protocols Determine Splint Design 5. Design-desired activities, functions within splint

Wrist Extension-MMT

1.Start- Client is sitting in testing extremity on a table with forearm in pronation 2. Wrist over the edge of the table in slight flexion 3. Stabilize at the distal forearm to avoid compensation 4. Resistance is applied on the dorsum of the hand in the direction of the wrist flexion when testing 5. No resistance is applied when testing fair strengths 6.. Motion- Client moves the testing in the direction of wrist extension 7. Grade

Garnder's 7 learning styles reflecting multiple intelligences

1.linguistic 2. logical/math 3. spatial 4. musical 5. bodily/kinisthetically 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal

Adolescence ages

10-19

Strength increases ___ months after and adolescent height and and weight have peaked

12

Boys the typical time of peak growth is

13 years

By ____ some diagonal jaw movements are added to the munching pattern

7-8 months

Between ____ , the infant begins to independently eat with a spoon

15-18

Transition to adulthood normally considred as between the ages of

16-24

Adulthood spans the spectrum from what society designates as the beginning of maturity at the age of ____ to the end of life

18

two-word utterances

18-24 mos.

Between the ages of ______ individuals typically reach the optimal speed of reaction time and attain adult growth of the skeletal, respiratory and cardiovascular system

19-26

Transition to adulthood

20-24

Young Adulthood

20-40 years

Solutions-focused curiosity and interest and collaborative goal setting are skills that are grounded in the central communicative tool known as

Acknowledgment

In ___________ Medicare coverage was extended to younger individuals with disabilities and individuals with permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant

1972

FHAA

1988 Fair Housing Act of Amendments- added individuals with disabilities to the list of people protected from housing discrimination under existing law

Girls usually reach full height ___ years after they begin menstruating

2

Most adults are strongest between

2 and 3 decade

At age _, children eat independently, consuming most meats and raw vegetables

2 years

By age __ refined balance and equilibrium reactions provide children with necessary motor skills to raise their arms to pull shirts over their heads

2 years

Proliferative stage

2-3 day after injury last 2-6 weeks Epithelial Cells migrate to the wound

The forearm through of a splint should measure approx ___ of the forearm

2/3

Hearing is usually optimal in adult at age

20

By ___ , toddle can also efficiently drink from cups

24

By __ , the foundations has been established for all adult eating patterns

24 months

By age __ years, children are more aware of details and can find arm and leg holes easily

3 years

Skeletal muscle mass and function decline slowly between the ages of ___ and ___

25 and 70

What would be the total number of joint for this splint-Elbow flexion immobilization splint type 2 (3)

3 joints as indicated by (3)

Between the ages of 50 and 70 it is estimated that approximately ___ percent of muscle strength will be lost

30

Baby boomers represent

30 % of the populations

A ___% in cell density between the ages of 30 and 100

30- especially in the hip

At ____ children experiment with forks to stab food

30-36 months

By ____ children try to serve themselves liquids and family style serving of food

30-36 months

Peak muscle strength occurs

30ies

Anticipatory Control

Alteration or adjustment of the motor program even before any interaction with the envionment occurs

Finch and Tanzi demonstrate that twins reared apart share less than ___% inherit ability of lifespan

35

ADA

American with disabilities act- promotes civil rights of individuals with disabilities in the mainstream of society in employment, state ad local government services, places of public accommodation, transportation amd telecommunication

As th eidividual enters adulthood, they are typically independent in

IADLs ( clothing care, meal prep,mange money)

Individuals reach peak maturity in their ___ decade, at about their early __

3rd decade early 20 p. 265

The goal of splint wearing is to tolerate stress to the end range of the joint comfortably for

4 hours

Beginning at ____ months a "true sucking pattern ( up and down tongue movement) develops as head and jaw stability appears

4 months

Average growth period last about

4 years

By age they can recognize correct and incorrect sides , use buckles, zippers and laces

4 years

The development of independent dressing skills typically occurs at age____

4-5 years

Energy requirements for aging adults begin to decline after age

40

Tear secreation decrease by up to ____ in older individuals

40

At __ months , the infant has complete head control and more jaw ability

6months

The loss of sensitivity to pain stimuli begins to occur approximately at the age of

50

Adolescents gain approx ____ of their adult weight and ___ of their adult height

50 % weight 20% height

______ is necessary for a person to function independently during occupational performance task

Motor Control

Most people over age ___ are eligible for Part A w/o need to pay premium

65

Late Adulthood?

65 and older

The disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding

Apoptosis

in 200 the average life span is

74.1 male 79.5 female

There are __ carpal bones arranged in 2 rows

8

The fastest growing segment of the population is those over the age

85

Contemporary Task-Oriented Approach

?

Model of Human Occupation and Adaptation

?

Hand preference is typically established by what age

?4? ?2 years?

Interdisciplinary Collaborative style

Approach to treatment is cooperative and interactive Team comprising professionals from several disciplines have frequent direct involvement with the child

What type of play is characteristic opf the preschool child

Associated play Parallel Play Fantasy Play

The developing organism begins to look like human

At the beginning of the fetal period

Complaints of memory impairment with everyday activities and is a very modest loss of memory function in healthy persons aged 50 and older

AAMI- Age-associated memory impairment

A student with disabilities who is not eligible for special education services but requires reasonable accommodations in his or her regular educational program may be eligible to receive related services under this law

ADA

Overweight

A body mass index of 25 - 29 -

Obese

A body mass index of 30 or higher

Client centered means

A collaborative relationship with individuals in the clients environment to assist the client to obtain the skills and make modifications to remove barriers

The concept of disablememnt means?

A disease is not prescriptive of the individual's function in society

Cardiopulmonary system

A key physiologic system in mediating behavior, particularly motor behavior; support characteristically of motor performance such as endurance

Autism is

A kind of pervasive developmental disorder Associated with mental impairment usually diagnosed in early childhood

Physiatrist

A physician who specializes in physical medicine

A student with disability who is not eligible for special education services but requires reasonable accommodations in his or her regular educational program may be eligible to receive related services under

ADA or section 504 Rehab Act

Areas of Occupations

ADL IADL Rest and Sleep Education Work Play Leisure Social Participation

To achieve adult status the individual must have effective strategies for manging

ADL andIADAL task

Sexual activity is ADL or IADAL

ADL- that results in sexual satisfaction

Routines--based assessment

A routines based assessment judges the capabilities of the individual with an everyday routines and activities -assesses participation and environmental factors -identifies those factors that interfere with or promote the performance of a specific functional task within a specific routine

Family-centered intervention is

A standard of care in working in early intervention Designed so family concerns and priorites drive the intervention plan Characterized by family input into assessment of child performance

An intrinsic, non-purposeful pattern that repeats itself is called

A stereotype

disablement model

A theoretical attempt to categorize activity limitations in terms of an individual social and cultural environment

A frame of reference is defined as

A theoretical perspective that organizes approach to client management

Norm referenced tests

A type of standardized test that has been given to a large number of individuals that serve as a normative sample

The first words emerge at about 12 mos in most children

A very important linguistic milestone

Structure involves (chart p. 74)

A. Phonology-sound system B. Morphology-word structure C. Syntax-word order

Pragmatics involves

A. Pragmatics-the rules and conventions for talking

Meaning involves

A. Semantics-the meaning component of language

The TriAlliance of Health and Rehabilitation Professions consists of

AOTA American Physical Therapy Association American Speech and Hearing Association

ADL

Activities of Daily living

Focuses on the problem by attempting to solve the problem, master the situation, or expand resources to deal with the situation

Adaptive, coping (problem-focused)

Systems

Administrative control and organizational mechanisms and are established by governments at the local regional national and international levels

Example of Cognitive learning

Adult learning to dance; older person who had a stroke learning to brush his teeth again Person with LE amputation learning to move around the house

Examples of associative learning

Adult remembering similar movement in previous dance routine; Older person picking up familiar toothbrush Person with LE amputation noticing how nice it feels to be back home

Self advocacy

Advocating for one's needs and rights and the disability rights movement has championed the development of the skilled individuals with disabilities

Inflammatory Stage

After trauma last 3-6 days Vasoconstriction begins during 5-10 mins

PMH

Age Date of injury Hand Dominance Avocation interest Subjective complaints Vocation How injury occurred Functional ability Family/social history treatment received to date Prior injuries habits

Patient's History includes

Age Gender Diagnosis PMH (Past Medical History)

Universal design can be used to create homes that allow people to

Age in place

Public Law 94-142 Education for all handicapped children act (EHA-Education of the handicapped act)

All children have the right to free and appropriate public education

In order to support positive youth development, adults should

Allow increase autonomy with limits

Standardized test

An evaluation instrument that has uniform procedures for administration and scoring

Proposed that language acquisition was a learned behavior under operant control. (operant learning theory) The developing youngster produces various language forms which are selectively reinforced by his caregivers.

B. F. Skinner

Typical Characteristics of Psycho-social Development- Early Adolescence

Being engrossed with self Emotional Separation from parents Decrease in compliance with parents rules or limits Challenging the authority of others Questioning adults opinions Changing mood and behaviors Mostly same-sex friendships with strong feelings toward these peers Demonstration of abstract thinking Idealistic fantasizing about careers Importance of privacy Interest in experiences related to personal sexual development and exploring sexual feelings Self-consciousness display of modesty, blushing, awkwardness about self and body Ability to self-regulate emotional expression Experimenting with drugs

A term associated with healthy individuals who experience brief transitory episodes of cognitive decline

Benign senescent forgetfulness (BSF)

This approach helped a person who had a tendon repair that resulted in flexor contractures of the MCP joint regain full range of motion

Bio-mechanical Approach

Common Myths about parenting

Birth of child will save a failing marriage Children will take care of parents in old age PArents canexpect respect and obedience from their children Having a child gives the parents another chance to achieve what they should have achieved in life Mothers are naturally better parents than fathers Havinga child means that the parents will always ave

Public Law 99-457 Part H

Birth to Three services should be equal in all states and counties

Life Cycle

Birth, Infancy, puberty, adulthood and old age

5 to 8-9 weeks

Bones and muscles begin to give contour to body face and neck appear-human resemblance begins

In the ___ approach, the therapist focuses on identifying problems with specfic performance skills

Bottom-down

This condition is common after a carpal tunnel release, or when the flexor reinaculum is absent

Bowstringing

The embryonic germ layer of mesoderm forms all of the following tissues

Brain

8 weeks

Brain grows faster than the body forehead becomes prominent as a result of proliferation of brain tissue limb buds elongate muscles and cartilage develop sex organs begin to form embryo grows to 30-50 mm in length embryo becomes a fetus

Cardiovascular Pathologies observed with increase aging

CAD HTN Valvular heart disease Left ventricular dysfunction and failure CHF dysrhythmias aortic stenosis aneurysms peripheral vascular disease

The joint of the first digit

CMC, MP, IP

Hand oppostion of first and 5th digits

Client is sitting with feet on the Floor Thumb touches Pinky (1 touches 5) 1. Start- testing extremity is resting on table with humerus abducted to 90 degress, elbow flexed and forearm is supination. 2. ruler measuremetn-located on arm of the gonimeter are used for oppostition 3. measurement is taken from tip of 5 to tip of first 4. measurement recorded in centimeters of opposition (negative)

Other Splint Considerations

Client motivation Clients ability to follow directions Client may require more than one splint

PIP Extension

Client sitting with feet on the Floor Move Digit through ROM 1. Elbow of the testing extemity is resting on the table with humerus slightly flexed and forearm in neutral. The PIPs are in neutral or extension 2. Fingers in "claw" 3. Fulcrum- dorsal surface of the PIP joint is being measured 4. Stable arm- dorsal and the midline of the proximal phalanx of the digit being measured 5. Moveable- dorsal and the midline of the middle phalanx of the digit being measured 5. Write as 0 or negative if defict

Name natural environment barriers

Climate Earthquakes and floods and volcanoes Terrain Rural areas

Measure all wounds in

Cm

During the beginning stages of learning, individuals rely on ___ to guide movement

Cognition

_____ informs occupational performance

Cognition

Disruptions in functional performance due to bereavement

Cognition memory orientation sleep leisure

________ between OT practitioners is essential and is facilitated by the OTA's knowledge of the occupational responsibilities

Collaboration

Collaborating with the family to clarify and develop a common set of goals helps practitioners efficiently and effectively manage the treatment process

Collaborative goal setting

Top-down assessment

Collect information on the icy areas of activity and participation and environment -desired outcomes guide the assessment process -these are statements that describe what the team would like to see happen and individual -can be general or specific statements

Document Skin

Color Temp Texture Muscle atrophy Scarring Edema Skin Thickness Allergies Wounds/sutures

This part of the IADL includes all aspect of sending and receiving information, specifically the ability to use tools to write, and to operate a personal computer, read, type, text, or use a telephone, tape recorder, or special communication device

Communication management

This part of IADL refers to the skills used to move around the neighborhood or community

Community Mobility

7

Complete Independence

Addiction

Compulsive physiological and psychological need for habit forming substance

Virtual Context

Computer or airways, simulators, chat rooms

DASH

Condition specific Measures client's perception of how current disability of upper extremity has impacted function Measures client's functional abilities 30 set questions about function within performance areas Clients rate on 1 to 5 scale current ability level Should be coupled with interview Re-administration post splint fabrication measures client change in functional abilities

PRWHE

Condition specific tool Clients rate pain/function in 15 preselected areas Obtains info about client's functional abilities Broader functional areas than DASH Closed ended questions Should use interview to ID details of function/context

Family members are the ____ in most children's lives

Constant

Policies

Constituted by rules regulations conventions and standards established by government at the local regional national and international levels or by other recognized authorities

Is the background into which something is interwoven

Context

The ____ component is one's understanding of one's relationship to other and the world

Contextual

Typical Characteristics of Psycho-social Development- Middle Adolescence

Continuation of movement towards psychological and social independence from parents Increased involvement in peer group culture, displayed in adopting peer value system, codes of behavior, style of dress and appearance Involvement in formal and informal peer groups such as sport teams, clubs or gangs Acceptance of developing body; sexual expression and experimentation Exploring and reflecting on the expression of own feelings and those of other people Increased creative and intellectual ability Risk taking behaviors underscored by feelings of omnipotence ( sense of being powerful) Experimenting with drugs

What is a biological based problem or condition in which a person's functional abilities have been disrupted?

Disease or disorder

This crease is the landmark for the distal edge of the palmar portion of splint intended to immobilize the wrist while allowing motion of the MCPS

Distal palmar Crease

BM I is calculated by

Dividing weight by the square of height in meters

Determining the need for OT therapy in the school

Does the child have and exceptional education need Does the evaluation indicate the need for OT Does the child demonstrate a significant delay in motor, sensory or perceptual, psycho-social or self-help skills Is OT a related service that may be required for the child to benefit from and participate in an educational program Does the child require the specialized skills of the OT practitioner

Questions a Therapist should ask client

Does the splint feel secure do the straps irritate you anywhere does you skin feel hot What activities will you be doing When you move do you experience pain Does the splint feel comfortable after 20-30 minutes

This term refers to the back or the posterior aspect of the hand and forearm in relationship to the anatomical postiiton

Dorsal

Identifying a situation that is worse than your own

Downward comparison

The degree of ease with which a material conforms to the underlying shape without manual assistance

Drapability

Which splint employs elastics, springs, and wire, as well as multipart splints

Dynamic splints

According to the ____, schools are required to provide special, or related, services as necessary for the student to benefit from the educational program

EHA- Education for All Handicapped Children's act

Due to the thin, supple nature of the skin on the dorsal surface of the hand, it is often the location for this common ailment

Edema

When present, friction is increased, joint motion is limited, and tissue has less ability to elongate and compress. Significant exposure to this diagnosis can result in permanent deformity

Edema

T/F The perceived or actual prsence of developmental delays warrents the provision of OT and other rehabilitative services

True

4 weeks

Embryo cells divides into 3 layers Special layer of cells begin to grow into uterine wall where the placenta will form special cells grow and form the amnion ( water sac) heart tube forms blood begins to circulate through embryonic disc tubes toward the end Development of neural systems begins, and neural groove appears Intestinal tract, lungs, liver and kidneys begin to develop Small buds appear on the sides of the body- beginning of limbs by the end of 4 weeks embryo is 4-6mm long, head is forming, body is curled

Psychological Development in Adolescents

Emotional Separation from parents Expolaration of interest, ideas and roles Expermentation related to interest and preferences Formation of personal idenity Identification with a peer group Exploration of romatic relationships Development of a sense of one's ssexuality Developing sexual orientation Establishing occupational for future workers role

Judgment based assessment

Enables therapist to obtain task specific information about an individual from those who see him perform on a regular basis -asking parents and caregivers to fill out the form or answer a series of questions regarding the child's behavior would yield information

The mental process of assigning meaning to the sensory input and characterized by active rehearsal of the information

Encoding

Virtual environment

Environment in which communication occurs by means of computers and absence of physical contact

__ implies that no single past even predicts a systems current form, nor does a specific current event specifically predict a future form

Equifinality

Assistive technology

Equipment or devices designed to help persons with disabilities increase functional capacities or meet the requirements of daily living

____ ____was the first development theorist to propose that acquiring a sense of identity was the foremost psycho-social task of adolescent development

Erik Erikson

What term is used to reflect the influence of race and culture on behavior?

Ethnicity

The evaluation process

Evaluations are used to help make a diagnosis identify atypical development or determine eligibility for services

Organize sequences of well-known situations

Event schemas

Abstract reasoning, inductive and deductive reasoning and cognitive flexibility to devise alternative solutions to a problem

Executive functions

Contains knowledge about world and facts and figures that can be detailed verbally

Explicit memory

0 to 4- 5 weeks

Fertilized eggs decends from fallopian tube to uterus Early cell division occurs with formation of embryonic disc zygote becomes and embryo developing embryo attaches to uterine wall

A Thermoplastic material with high degree of ___- can take stresses repeatedly

Flexibility

____- allows a circumferential splint to open and close without breaking

Flexibility

The thumb can perform the following movements

Flexion extension abduction adduction opposition

"Dog" is a free morpheme that imparts a specific meaning.

If an "s" is added we understand that it means more than one.

What would be the total number of joint for this splint-index-small-finger MP flexion mobilization splint, type 2

If no secondary joints are included in splint design, the joint level is type 0

What is the negative changes in a person's well-being and social position within a cultural group?

Illness

Primary care model

Immunizations, vaccinations, regularly scheduled check-ups, and on-going monitoring of chronic conditions.

Incorporates skills that are practiced and automatic and that primarily involve cognitive or motor components

Implicit memory

American with Disabilities Education Act

In areas of public services, discriminatory practices against individuals with disabilities by employers are prohibited EHA is renamed individuals with Disabilities Education Act- IDEA

Contextual Factors

In the ICF- those factors that influence how a person is able to respond to a given condition these factors are intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic ( environmental)

Disability

Inability to pursue life tasks and roles because of physical or mental impairment

Relationships

Include immediate family extended family friends and acquaintances peers colleagues neighbors

Physical environment

Includes both the natural and man-made features of the space the person occupies

Natural environment

Includes physical features of the outdoor environment such as landforms distances between resources to rain plants animals and bodies of water

_____ cross-linking of collegen fibers is seen with aging or inactivity

Increase

T/F The pulmonary system hasa large ventilatory reserve capacity that can compensate for the structural and physiologic effects of aging

True

Adolescent Cognitive Development

Increase capacity for abstract thinking-logical thinking Advance reasoning- hypothetical deductive reasoning Development of impulse control-emotional self regulation Increased ability to assess risk and consequences vs. reward Increased problem solving skills Improved used and manuipulation of working memory Improved language skills, especially girls Future-oriented plannign and goal setting Increased capacity to cognitively regulate emotional states Emergence of morla reasoning-conventional level of morlaity Greater ability to perceive other's perspectives Focus on role obligations and how one is percieved by others Questioning values of parents and institutions

Self-care skills in preschool child usually develop to the point of

Independence in most self-care ADLS Emerging independence in IADL's

IEP

Individual Education Plan

IEP

Individual educational program

IFSP

Individual family service plan

Mental functions

Innate to humans and include both: 1.) Global functions like consciousness 2.) Specific functions like self-control

In order to receive federal funds for Medicaid the state must provide categorically need individuals with the following minimal services

Inpatient hospital services Outpatient hospital services Rural health clinic services Laboratory and X-Ray services Nursing facility services Home healthcare for Individuals age 21 and older Family planning services Early and periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment for individuals under age 21 Certified midwife services and physician services Certified pediatric and family nurse practitioner service Federally qualified ambulatory services and health center services

A family subsystem

Interacting component parts of members of the family

Which group has a strong connection between members within cultural group and understanding that individual's behavior has an impact on others

Interdependent cultural group

COPM

Interview based Identifies problems in performance areas Identifies a client's perception of their ability to perform in a performance area Identifies a client's satisfaction with their current abilities Can be used with all ages/disabilities Caregivers or family members can answer questions for client if needed Provides objective documentation of splinting effects by pre-post scores

This grasp is helpful in holding flat objects such as books or snadwichers, is NOt present with median and ulnar nerve injuries

Intrinsic plus grip

Affective Domain

Involves feelings, including happiness, sadness, anger, etc, which are all part of the human experience

A yellowish cast to the newborn skin is

Jaundice and an indications of high bilirubin levels

Often used to describe women who demonstrate stronger family bonds and most involved in providing care for their family members

Kin keeper

metalinguistics

Knowledge about the form and structure of language

Takes place within the learner and can be defined as the acquisition of skills or information that changes a person's behavior, attitudes , insights, or perceptions

Learning

Splint Compliance

Listen when client makes suggestion determine if splint is not correct for goal Does it look worn Does it smell Dirty spots Strap looks old or new

De Quervains tenosynovitis

Long forearm-based or radial gutter splint

T/F There is a high correlation between increasing age, decreasing physical activity and increasing disability

True

The primary function of this muscle group is to flex the MCP joints

Lumbricals

Joints of Digits 2-5

MCP PIP DIP

Therapist should fabricate this splint only on hands that have a healthy

MP joint

Third major source of visual disability and is more serious than cataracts or glaucoma because it is least treatable

Macular degeneration

Successful interactions with infants are facilitated

Matching actions to the infants signals ( synchorny)

2

Max Assistance (pt can perform 25-49% of task)

Siblings of infants with disabilities

May get less attention from parents and others

Which following statements about transition

May involve changing roles May be associated with rituals of transition

Sources of data

Medical chart Physician referral Patient Patient's caregiver

The property that describes a materials ability to return to its preheated (original shape)

Memory

4

Minimal Contact Assistance (pt performs 75% or more of task)

Splints and Orthoses are not only to immobilize but to

Mobilize position protect a joint project a specific body part

3

Moderate Assistance (pt performs 50-74% of task)

6

Modified Independence

Typical Characteristics of Psycho-social Development- Late Adolescence

More stable sense of self Strengthened relationship with parents Increased independence in decision making and ability to express ideas and opinions Increase interest in the future, consideration of consequences of current actions Resolution of earlier angst at puberty about physical appearance and attractiveness Diminished peer influences; increased confidence in personal values and sense of self Preference for one to one relationship; starting to select intimate partner Becoming realistic in vocational choice or employment Definition of an increasingly stable value system

The reflex that results when the head is dropped back rapidly is called

Moro response

Research about peer relationship in adolescence shows that

Most peer influences encourage pro-social behavior

The ability to regulate or direct movement

Motor Control

PIP Flexion

Move Digit through ROM Client is sitting with feet on the floor 1. Elbow of the testing extemity is resting on the table with humerus slightly flexed and forearm in neutral. The PIPs are in neutral or extension 2. Fingers in "claw" 3. Fulcrum- dorsal surface of the PIP joint is being measured 4. Stable arm- dorsal and the midline of the proximal phalanx of the digit being measured 5. Moveable- dorsal and the midline of the middle phalanx of the digit being measured 6. ROM- 0-100 7. Ending postion- client move sthe testing extremity through max PIP flexion

One of the most notable physical changes that occur with aging

Muscle atrophy

Agonist

Muscle considered to be the prime mover of a motion

effector system of motor control

Musculoskeletal system; key in executing motor behavior

This law was enacted in 2001 in order to improve teaching standards and the student's learning results

No Child left Behind (NCLB)

0

No activity occurs

Physical Context

Nonhuman aspects of the environment

Wellness

Not only is the absence of illness that includes the motivation to be involved in life to have a sense of control over one's actions and to desire interaction and connection with other individuals and perhaps most prominently wellness enhances our sense of self-esteem and self-worth

Summarize safe guards for children with disabilities provided by IDEA-R

Notifying parents of all proposed actins Obtaining consent to evaluate allowing parents to attend IEP team meetings providing the right to an independent evaluation the right to appeal school decisions in front of an impartial hearing officer

OTAs must be trained in medical-based pediatric therapy to provide services in the

PICU Subacute long-term home care setting

____ and ___ corpuscles, the skin receptors responsible for the sensation of pressure and light touch, show a decline in number with aging

Pacini's and Meissner

The main objective is to feel better through management of emotional response to a stressful situation in order to free oneself of the psychologicl or physical impact

Palliative, copin ( emotion-focused)

These terms are used interchangeably to refer to the front or anterior aspect of the hand and forearm in relation to the anatomical positiion

Palmar or Volar

What are some typical barriers encountered by persons using a wheelchair

Parking, approach, entrance, room layout, lecture areas, campus

Medicare consists of 2 types of insurances

Part A- which covers hospital insurance, skilled nursing Part B- which covers medical benefits, including OT and PT, labs, home health, outpatient

Ignoring a problem and hoping it will go away

Passive appraisal

Perceptual Coping Strategies

Passive appraisal Re-framing Downward comparison Use of spiritual beliefs

Movement involves

Perception motor planning motor execution feedback bio-mechanics

The ability to base one's moral judgement on one's own moral values and moral standards

Post-conventional (Kohlberg)

Physiological loss of accommodation or ability to focus on near objects

Prebyopia( I can not focus on a "p" ia)

Infants born to mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy have an increased risk of

Prematurity lower birthweight irritability and poor skills for attachment

Sensory Vestibular-Pathologies observed with increase aging

Presbyastasis disequilibrium

When complaints of balance problems and dizziness are common and when no other pathologies are noted _______ is the termed used to describe this disequalilbruim

Presbyastasis ( Trouble with my "stasis")

Sensory ear Pathologies observed with increase aging

Presbycusis

This age related impairment that initially causes an inability to hear high-pitched sounds, begins to manifest prior to the age of 25

Presbycusis

Auditory acuity and most common cause of hearing loss in adults

Presbycusis ( can not hear "cu")

Most common visual problem in older adults; loss of accommodation or ability to focus on near objects

Presbyopia

Sensory eye Pathologies observed with increase aging

Presbyopia cataracts glaucoma macular degeneration

Arena assessment

Primarily used an early intervention -the simultaneous observation of a child by various disciplines

Assets

Products or objects of economic exchange such as money goods property and other valuables which individual owns or to which he or she has rights of use

Quality of Life

Promotes fullfillment both basic and complex needs, leading to life satisfaction

PPS

Prospective Pay Systems- ( part of BBA)- amount of reimbursement for a particular service is predetermined, irrespective of actual cost

One of the most important things a caregivier can do in infant interaction

Provide consistency and predictability

One of the most important things a caregiver can do infant interaction

Provide consistency and predictabilty

This arch is fixed and consists of the distal row of carpal bones

Proximal transverse arch

Radial Deviation

ROM- Move hand toward thumb 1. testing extremity is resting on table with humerus abducted, elbow flexed, forearm pronated. Forearm is placed on the table with palm flat. Wrist in neurtral 2. Goniometer- fulcrum -base of the third metacarpal, over the capitate bone 3. Stable arm- midlline of the forearm 4. Moveable- midline of the 3 metacarpal 5. Move hand towards thumb- meadure 6. ROM 0-20

The distinct biologic attriburtes possed by a group of people

Race

This term indicates the thumb side of the palmar surface

Radial

Client centered care

Reflects recognition concern for the influence of power and relationships

Mortality

Reflects the death rate in a given population

Redefining a situation in ways that make it more manageable

Reframing

Refers to the point where the sensory input is received

Registration

Often cited because it contains language indicating that individuals with disabilities cannot be discriminated against in any program

Rehab Act or Rehabilitation Act of 1973

This approach allowed a person who had a stroke to grasp the walker by using splints that were adapted to assist with grasp

Rehabilitation approach

Attitudinal environment

Relates to observable consequences of customs practices ideologies values norms factual beliefs and religious beliefs

Motor development i the first year of life

Relatively uninfuence by environment as long as environment is supportive

Accessibility

Removing barriers that prevent people with activity limitations from the use of services products and information available in that environment

Examples of Public Policy

Requirements for immunizations school lunches wheelchair accessibility

The process of locating and producing for use,encoded information

Retrieval

_____ material is used for joint stabilization

Rigidity

Relinguishing certain professional duties to other team members

Role release

A person's social position within a culture and the expected behaviors of a person in that position

Role schema

Which of the following family characteristics would facilitate coping behaviors

Routines and roles that somewhat flexible

_____ based materials are the quickest to become brittle

Rubber

SOAP notes

S-Subjective-general statement O- objective- what is done A-Assessment- effect of interventions P- Plan- what will be done

The term coined to describe the role of middle-aged adults who are sandwich between older and younger cohorts in the population

Sandwich Generation

The factor that seems to have the greatest influence on self-esteem in adolescents is

Satisfaction with physical appearance

Advantages of Prefab Splints

Save time an effort Immediate feedback variety of material choices prefer sports brace appearance no waste

What are ways of organizing complex information to help guide thinking?

Schemas

The educational rights of children with disabilities are protected by two additional laws (other than EHA), they are

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act ADA- Americans with Disabilities Act

The ability to subconsciously screen out extraneous information while focusing on important cues is well developed

Selective attention

Changing one's physical apperence to express individuality is an example of

Self-concept

Process of self-evaluation related to other abilities to competencies in physical activities

Self-concept

The person's conviction that he can organize and implement effective strategies to deal with any potential situation that may be novel or unpredictable and have stressful components

Self-efficiacy

____ and ____ governments paly a primary role in the development of public policy, which is expressed through laws and funding mechanisms

State and Federal

Performance Skills

Sensory perceptual skills Motor and praxis skills Emotional regulation skills Cognitive skills Communications and social skills

Healthy people 2020

Serves as a mechanism to identify the health of the US population set goals for the nation's health and provide mechanisms to measure progress

Services

Services that provide benefits structured programs and operations in various sectors of society in various sectors meet the needs of individuals

Set up

Set up

This refers to a person's preference pattern of physical and emotional arousal, and sexual attraction toward others of either opposite sex or same sex/gender

Sexual Orientation

Paul functions of the family

Sexual relations Economic cooperation and protection Legitimate procreation Socialization of offspring Enculturalization of citizens Social control

Which of the following type of memory is dividied into storage and processing

Short-term

Which of the following summaries best descibe the current research on having a sibling with a disability

Siblings feel they have to "grow up " too fast

Social Context

Significant others and larger social group

Adolescent Physical Development

Skeletal growth Growth in muscle mass and strength Growth and maturation of reproductive organs Growth of secondary sex characteristics; pubic and body hair Advance motor coordination skills Boys- Significant increase in muscle mass, onset of sperm production and ejaculation Girls- Development of female body shape, including breast development, menarche

Often reached by young adulthood and is illustrated by the attainmment of maximal or peak, bone mass between the ages of 25 and 35

Skeletal maturity

This is illuustrated by the attainment of maximal or peak, bone mass between the ages of 25 and 35

Skeletal maturity

Reimbursement for PT and OT under Medicare part A

Skilled nursing home health

Race includes the following attributes

Skin color hair type bone structure

____ plays an extremely important roles in families and individual well-being

Social support

Disablement

Sociological concept commonly used to describe the impact of disease or disability on human function

The focus should be on strengths, achievements, and desires rather than the traditional problems and deficits

Solution focused curiosity and interest

emotional functions

Specific mental functions related to feeling and affective reactions, appropriate degree of emotional response within context of environment and society.

Except for ____, these service are available only to special education student

Speech Therapy

Temporal Context

Stage of life, time of day, and time of year

ST is a______ service, which means that a student who does not receive special education services may receive ST

Stand-alone

SAE

Standard American English

Components of IEP

Statement of Child's present level of educational performance Statement of measurable annual goals Description of special education and related services Description of program modifications or support Explanation of the extent to which the child will not participate in regular classroom and IEP activities Projected date for beginning services and educational modifications Transition services Statement of the way that progress toward annual goals are measured Descriptions of methods regularly inform parents of their child's progress

What was the Olmstead vs LC ruling

States could not force segregation of individuals with disabilities into state institution in order to receive services States must provide range of services in the community so society does not prevent individuals with disabilities from participating within the community

Which splints place tissues in a stress-free position to enhance healing and to minimize friction

Static splints

Gateway drugs

Substances that seem to open the entrance to harder drug use

specific mental functions

Such as memory, language and calculation are more esaily quantified than the global functions and are more often a focus of intervention following brain injury. ex: attention, memory, psychomotor control, emotional control, perception, thought, higher cognitive functions, the mental function of sequencing complex movements

The therory that views the process of a career choice as developmental in nature

Super's self-concept therory

The most mature of the fine motor patters is

Superior pincer grasp

5

Supervision or Setup

The following muscles comprise the rotator cuff

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

The 4th embryonic week

The beginning of organogenesis A critical time for the development of the nervous system A time when serious developmental defects can occurs

What is true about play in middle childhood

The child begins to engage in sports Play does not have to be structured Cooperative play emerges

Universal design

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people to the greatest extent possible without the need for a gas station or specialized design

What period is most senstive or susceptible to the effects of toxic substances or abnormal conditions?

The embryonic period

Which period has structural and physiologic refinement of tissue, organs, and systems.

The fetal period

Which prenatal period is the longest and involves the most growth?

The fetal period

Interdependent/Collectivistic

The group members hare responsibility for behavior, and the purit of interest is strongly influenced by group needs. The group performance serves as the measure for success or failure. Group cohesiveness is emphasized

Substance abuse

The overindulgence in and dependent on an addictive substance

Products and technology

The physical items that people come in contact with walk completing their daily activities

normalization

The process represents the successful integration of activity limitations into daily occupations in a manner that enhances function

Morbidity

The rate of incidence of the disease

dynamical systems

Theory has roots in human physics refers to self organization of complex particles states that behavior at any given time is the result of variable interactions of a number of complex ssytems and that behavior is emergent

Union Schools vs Smith 1994

The school did not provide the parents with proper information about alternatives or available resources for their autistic child. The court state that these aspects of IDEA should be enforced

Extending the splint borders beyond the crease will inhibit thumb opposition and palmar abduction

Thenar Crease

Gag-reflex

This reflex protects the infant from swallowing anyhting that may block the airway

This type of prehension is that in which the thumb pad makes contact with pads of the middle and index finger

Three jaw chuck or tripod

Autonomic nervous system

Tied to parts of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system directed by special parts of teh brain and peripheral nervous system

In the ____ approach, the therapist focuses on the client's occupational history and interest

Top- down

1

Total Assistance/Dependent (pt performs less than 25% of task.

Bottoms up assessment

Traditionally therapist have relied on a bottom up assessment -typically measures body level structure and function -leads to a program designed to remediate those deficits

T/F There is a postive correlation between increased participation in recreational activities and higher psychological well-being or more successful aging

True

T/F There is significant neuronal loss subcortical regions of the brain such as the thalamus, forebrain, and hippocampus

True

T/F adolescents who drink heavily or who binge drink are more likely to use drugs than are nondrinkers or moderate drinkers

True

T/F alcohol and tobacco are usually the first drugs that young people try

True

Adolescents who engage in drinking have a higher likelihood of

Transitioning to heavier alcohol abuse and the use of other drugs

T/F A person schema will develop and change as one grows, ages and matures in life

True

T/F Although age-related changes do not necessarily have been associated with disease process, the incidence of chronic disease does increase with age

True

T/F Apoptosis is not readily accomplished in late adulthood

True

T/F By the time infants are born, they will have developed all the body structures they will ever have?

True

T/F Exercise training and physical activity can delay and even reverse some of the effects of disuse and aging

True

T/F Family adaptation is affected by the interaction of family resources ( time, money, friends) and perceptions ( they way events are defined)

True

T/F For a transdisciplinary team to be effective, the team members must trust and respect each others so that they are comfortable with role release

True

T/F Greater Cultural diversity further complicates our defining the stage given that cultures and societeies differ in terms of explaining the appropritae age for leaving school, leaving the home or orgin, beginning a full time job, getting married, and becoming a parent

True

T/F It is normal to see veins on the dorsum of the hand

True

T/F Low probability of disease not only denotes the absence of disease but also recognizes the absence, presence or severity of risk factors

True

T/F Medicare means therapist must write thorough documentation to justify treatment so it can withstand any audits the fiscal intermediaries may undertake

True

T/F Middle age is often characterized as a period of crisis , as the aging adult faces a series of lifestyle changes and demands

True

T/F Movement is essential for activities of daily living, as well as work, educational, and leisure activities

True

T/F Nearly 1/2 of the children in the US under the age 5 years are racial or ethnic minorities

True

T/F No standard or single method for documentating OT intervention exist within the profession

True

T/F OSHA standard regarding blood-borne pathogens requires employers to offer a free three injection hep B vaccination series to all employees who are exposed to blood or any other potentially infectious material during routine duties

True

T/F OT practitioners must have extensive knowledge of medical terminology when working in medical system

True

T/F OTAs must be trained in medical-based pediatric therapy to provide services in the PICU, sub-acute,,long-term,or home care setting

True

T/F Orthosis and Splints are used interchangeably

True

T/F Splints must address all muscles involved in motion

True

T/F Splints that focus on client factors alone do not always treat the functional deficits

True

T/F The Occupational Therapy assistant must ensure that patients remain safe within the health care setting

True

T/F The aging brain remains plastic in that individuals can puurposely continue to gain or retain complex skills

True

T/F The aging process is universal, irreversible, and progressively cumulative throughout the lifespan

True

T/F The normal developmental progression can be negatively affected by atypical experiences and events such as prolonged hospitalization

True

Disadvantages of Prefab Splints

Unique fit is compromised Little control over therapeutic positing of joints Expensive Prefab made for a few specific targets made need to be order time frame

Using a philosophical or spiritual beliefs to make sense of and find meaning in a situation

Use of spiritual beliefs

Client Factors

Values Beliefs Spirituality Body functions Body Structures

Edema is caused by

Venous Thrombosis Subcutaneous fibrosis Lymphatic obstruction

Development progresses in two directions

Vertical and Horizontal

Stage of change

Views four variables -current behavior -the number of quit attempts -the intention to change -the amount of time elapsed since quitting smoking

The ability to maintain attention on a task for a sustained period

Vigilance

Scaphoid fracture

Volar forearm thumb immobilization splint

The functional assessment that is used to describe a child's performance during essential activities; it is used to measure those activities that children can actually carry out and not may merely be capable of doing

WeeFIM

Questions to successfully answer transition to adulthood

What are my goals Who am I Whom should I marry Should I have children What career should I pursue What are my priorities Wat do I value

Grasp reflex

When a finger is pressed into the infant's palm, he/she grasps the finger

Phasic bite-release reflex

When the infants gums are stimulated, he/she may respond with a rhythmic up and down movement of the jaw

Suck-swallow reflex

When the infants lips are touched, the mouth opens and sucking movements begin

Rooting Reflex

When the infants' cheek or lips are stroked, they turn toward the stimulus

Padding placed in a splint to reduce pressure areas should be incorporated during this phase of the splint process

When the splint is being formed

The degree to which individuals commitment to their work-role influences their desire remain a member of the workforce

Work-role attachement

Hand Splinting became important aspect of physical rehab during

World War II

Color classification of wounds

Yellow, Red Black

Fertilization also called conceptionis believed to be complete when the sperm and the ovum fuse into a single cell called the

Zygote

language

a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication.

Pluripotent

a complex multicellualr organism capable of producing all organs and tissues in the body -Primoridal cells that may still differerntiate into various specialized types of tissue elements

This dramatic increase in height, weight and changes in body portion occur as a result of

a complex regulatory process, involving pituitary gland initiation of the release of growth and sex-related hormones from thyroid, adrenal gland, and ovaries and testes

According to Chomsky

a grammatical utterance is first a mental operation

Bradycardia

a heart rate of less than a 100 beats per minute

Malingering

a person who enjoys exemption from work and social demands and either exaggerates his disability or fails to follow through on intervention strategies aimed at returning him to the workforce.

consciousness

a state of awareness and alertness; the ability to remain awake and alert. -without consciousness, the individual remains passive and dependent on others for survival.

Occupational Disruption-

a temporary and less severe condition in which a client is unable to engage in meaningful occupation due to unexpected factors

The munching pattern is effective for eating

baby food or other dis-solvable foods

27-30 mos

beginning to produce phrases. Inflections also occur. (alterations to words that change meaning)

habits

behaviors so ingrained in activity and context that they are done without conscious thought.

isolation systems are designed to protect a person or object from

being contaminated or infected by transmissible pathogens

Physical development is the result of significant

biological changes

Prelinguistic period

birth to 12 mos

In the ICF, communication is listed as a

body function and is broadly defined under activities and participation as general and specific features of communication by language, signs and symbols, carrying on conversations and using devices and techniques

Disability status is influenced by the nature of the condition creating impairments in the ICF category of

body structure and function

communication

broad term that encompasses our sharing of thoughts and ideas with others.

Performance Skills are the

building blocks of performance in occupation

A condition where the lens of the eye become opaque, will add to the decrease in light sensitivity

cataracts

Providing OT services in an educational setting requires a shift in thinking and a

change in philosophy from clinical (medical) model.

The size of the spoon's and bowl should match the size of the

child's mouth

1/3 to 1/2 of OT practitioners work with _____; public school system are the _____ largest employers

children 2nd

Total body water content _____ with age which is exhibited intracellular as either dehydration of the cell or decrease in cell mass when hydration is adequate

decrease

Ask families to ____ rather than ____ a situation

descibe rather than explain

The second step in building a trusting relationship is

developing strategies for accomplishing the family's agreed-upon goals

31-34 mos

development of syntax.

This type of tissue can be negativity affected by mechanical stress, has decreased tensile strength and can be change the width of a scar based upon stress placed upon it

healing tissue

Long-term memory

holds past events for indefinite periods of time

Obtaining and maintaining personal and household possessions

home establishment and mangement

This grasp uses only the fingers, and the thumb is often NOt used

hook grasp

What should you be observing

how they carry UE reciprocal arm swing Guarding postures Involuntary movemnt (tics or tremors) pt. answer a question pt follow direction pt have postural asymmetry skin color/texture changes joints -deformity/deviation

The ability to adjust to changing temperatures is compromised within aging individuals as the ______ is altered

hypothalamus

This process of thinking about possibilities without the use of concrete examples is referred to as ____ and is essential for problem solving and arguing

hypothetical deductive reasoning

phenemes

individual sounds and exist only in our minds., basic building blocks of language, unique sounds that can be joined to create words

One of the first steps trusting relationships with key member is to

identify the outcomes family members desire

Outwardly, a person's ____ is visible in his or her values, beliefs, interest, and commitments to work, and the social role he or she assumes such as daughter or parent

identity

anticipatory awareness

ie, anticipating a loud crash.

Pediatric primary model

immunizations, vaccinations, regular schedule check-up, and on-going monitoring of chronic illness

perceptional functions

include the mental processes of matching sensations with meaning, using the individual's sensory environment.

maintained abilities

includes cultural and academic knowledge

The LRE guidelines provided the impetus for development of mainstreaming and

inclusion models ( models in which children with disabilities are able to spend time in a regular classroom)

Medicaid enacted in 1965 a state /federal program that provides basic care

indigent individuals based on low income or their qualifications for public assistance

OT practitioners need the knowledge and skill to work as a member of interdisciplinary teams, which requires

interpersonal, communicative, and collaborative skills

The OTA may assist in the preparation of the

intervention plan document progress report any necessary revisions in the intervention plan based on reevaluation complete the discharge summary in collaboration with the OT

Pain is assessd by

interview questions body diagram rating scale questionnaires

Change is possible only through the _____ and ____ of new information into the system, such as gaining or losing a member

introduction and assimilation

Second-level medical care model

involves follow-up that occurs one a child becomes ill

procedural memory

involves primarily motor skills and is less resistant to deterioration.

second-level medical care

involves the follow-up that occurs once the child has become ill

Third level medical care model

involves the need for hospitalization

Temperament

is genetically driven and has been found to be fairly stable within an individual beyond infancy, but can change.

Sterilization

is used to destroy all forms of microbial life including highly resistant bacterial spores

The screening process

is used to detect whether a child's behavior or skill development is at a level that places him at risk for development of problem concerns or delay

According to Erikson, a person failing to achieve intimacy in young adulthood experience

isolation

Germinal or preembryonic period

last approx 2 weeks from conception untill unicellular zygote period has implanted in the uterus and has become an embryo

Realistic career exploration happens during

late adolescence

Studies show that marriage is most satisfactory in

later lefe

This the strongest pinch pattern is the contact between the thumb pad and the lateral aspect of the index finger

lateral prehension

Pediatric OT services are mandated by

law

Children the right to be educated in the

least restrictive environment and receive other services that may be required for them to benefit from their educational program

The medical record is a

legal document

Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW)

less than 1500 g

Low Birth Weight (LBW)

less than 2500g

Extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

less than 750 g

OT are responsible for

providing the overall framework for medical based services.

Critical stages of the family life cycle are those involving

life transitions; birth, marriage, leaving home, death

Oral motor control relates to the child's ability to use

lips cheeks jaw tongue palate

RA

long forearm based thumb immobilizationn splint

Where will OT find themselves working under Medicare

long-term care facilities home health care programs inpatient or outpatient hospitals free-standing clinics rehabilitation centers private practices

Torque transmission splints may create motion of primary joints situated

longitudinally transversely p. 8 figure 1-2

Successful-aging individuals are consider

low-risk and high functioning

Static Splint-

maintain a position to hold anatomical structures at the END of available ROM, thus exterting a mobilizing effect on a joint

Herzog nonpaid productive activities

maintenance of one's home and possessions volunteer work housework child-care informal assistance to relatives and friends care provided to impaired others

Acne is more common in males or females

males because of testosterone

The privileges and exemptions of the sick role may become objects of a secondary gain that the patient is positively motivated to secure or retain. this is called

malingering.

Documentation is a continuous process that begins immediately

on receipt of the initial referral

barrier free design

one universal standard that remains accessible to all.

Expectations in adulthood are heavily influenced by

one's culture

Thumb immobilization splint prevents motion of

one, two or all thumbs

Any abnormality in the structural development of an infant must have occured during the period of ?

organogenesis (organ formation), in the early stage s of development

Bone loss that exceeds that of normal aging is called

osteoporosis

Reimbursement for PT and OT under Medicare part B

outpatient in hospitals and outpatient clinics outpatient services in home health

Activity demands take into account all of the

parameters of a specific activity

As an environmental context, culture influences all areas of human activity and

participation

Cultures that endorse a stnace of living in harmony with nature or being subjugated to nature represents a

passive acceptance viewpoint

OTA's can assist

pediatric medical based screening contribute to pediatric medical based evaluation

Ovulation typically starts about 12 to 18 months after menche and at the

peek of physical growth

tactile perception

perception of touch

Perceptional functions provide clues to

performance skills.

35-40 mos

period of sentence embedding.

What happens in Late Adulthood?

physical functioning may be a concern physiology are possbibly compounded by chronic illness and disease physchosocial issue may become increasing paramount as the nuclear family nuclear family may not be intact and one must contend with loss of close friends and loved ones. One ponder their life accopmplishments move into retirement devote more timme to leisure activities

Decontamination is a

physical or chemical process of removing or inactivating pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they will not transmit infectious particles

In the school system, the practitioner evaluates the student's performance in the classroom to determine if

physical, emotional, or behavioral aspects interfere witht he student's ability to perform task that are required to be performed by all students

Pediatric medical based OT practitioners use

plau activities to facilitate the acquistion of age appropriate developmental skills

As a result of PPS, the amount of therapy service in long term care-

plummeted and thousands of OT and PT and assistants were laid off

lability

poor regulation of emotion and flattening of affect. -Associated with depression and other mood disorders -May be temporary or persistant

Truth means ( according to the OT code of ethics and ethics standards)

practitioners provide both verbally and in writing is accurate

Havinghurst believes a major difference between adolescence and young adulthood is the removal of

preestablished life goals

Emergence of the zygote marks the beginning of the first 3 ____ periods

prenatal

OT practitioner working directly with a child is using the

prescriptive role

T/F Individual stressful life events such as loss of a job or relationship breakup can trigger a recurrence of

previously unresolved task demands and immature coping patterns

ADA- Americans with Disabilities Act

prohibits discriminatory practices in areas related to employment, transportation, accessibility, and telecommunications

Documentation of treatment is necessary to

provide a record and to justify the therapy

Total

pt can perform 25% or less of the activity

Maturation and experience influence the

rate and direction of normal development

The absence of illness is

refers to Health

When osteoblastt and osteoclast work together to produce new bone

remodeling

How is cultured learned?

repeated exposure to acquire

Serial Static Splinting

requires the remolding of static splint holds the joint or series of joints at the limit of tolerable range-thus promoting tissue remolding

Educators and OT practitioners are required to consider ____ when selecting instructional or interventional practices

research

Elasticity

resistance to stretch is helpful when working with high tone or multiple areas too little elasticity can stretch too easily and become too thin

episodic memory

retrieving and acquiring information that occurred in the past at one particular point in time. -example is prospective memory-remembering to do something in the future. -example is source memory-remembering whether an event actually occurred externally or if it derived from an internal source.

Material that have a high degree___ of are strong and resistant to repeated stress

rigidity

The clear separation of responsibilities between the registered OT and COTA

role delineations

Phonology

rules that govern combinations of phonemes producing meaningful words. Constitutes the struture of language.

Developmental Disability

speech and language delay

This grasp requires an object rest against the palm of the hand and abducted five digits flex around the object

spherical grasp

Promoting good postural alignment is important in the treatment and prevention of

spinal deformities

Direction classification are applicable to articular

splints only

Volar thumb immobilization splint

sprains joint dislocations ligament injuries scaphoid fractures

The hand based immobilization splints provide _____ for the thumb while allowing for wrist mobility

stabilization

The critical task of adolescence is achieving

stable, multidimensional self-identity

Occupational Deprivation-

state in which a client is unable to engage in meaningful occupation due to factors OUTSIDE his or her control.

The most important point about the phases of the life cycle is the fact that moving from one phase to another causes

stress and requires the family to adapt

A ____ ____ base of prenatal deelopment is crucial to understanding many of the diseases, impairments, and developmnetal differencences in children, as well as the behavioral patterns of premature infants

strong knowledge

Normal development of oral motor skills related to eating and feeding involves

sucking from a nipple coordinating suck-swallow-breath sequence, drinking from a cup munching and chewing solid food

Although OTAs assist with developing goals and may attend meeting (IEP). Although OTAs do not not interpret the findings or negotiate changes in levels of service or goals, they may

suggest changes or reevaluations

medical model

this model establishes physicians as the gatekeepers to the label of disability and empowers the to certiy who is eligible for social support services like worker's comp.

vulnerable abilities

those likely to decrease or diminish

Hypertonicity

thumb loop splint or figure 8 wrap splint

No matter the type of documentation, all OT practitioners are responsible for documenting within

time frames formats standard established by practice facility federal law state law payer source various other regulation programs

FAPE- free appropriate public education

to all children from 5-21 years of age

Services included in EHA

transportation PT OT Speech Therapy (ST) assistive technology services psychological services school health services parent counseling and training

Types of records and reports to be written and determined by the

treatment facilities and funding agencies

The olfactory nerve and ophthalmic and maxillary division of the ____ nerve mediate quality of order detection and somatosensory nuances

trigeminal

T/ F If problem solvng skills and decision-making ability are influenced by life experience, then transitioning to adulthood can be conceptualized as a period when major life decisions are made w/o much life experience upon to base them

true

T/ F Research indicates that despite understanding what constitutes healthy behavior, college students believe that they personally would probably never have a drinking problem or have heart attack regardless of how much they exercise, smoke, or eat high cholesterol food

true

T/F A child leaving home is typically a stressful stage of a family transition, requiring a redifining of family roles and rituals

true

T/F Adolescents and young adults have fewer colds and respiratory problems than children do, and are faced with fewer chronic health problems that can occur at later stages of the life cycle

true

T/F Adults self-care demands are most extensive of those at any point in the lifespan

true

T/F Development is dynamic and continuously changing process

true

T/F High homemmaking commitment and high career commitment coexist for men

true

T/F Intimate relationships is virtually impossible for individuals preoccupied with fears of being hurt or rejected

true

T/F The fact they can bounce back from considerable stress and exertion may lead many young people to push their bodies too far

true

Splint Instructions

verbal and written phone in case of emergencies cleaning instructions precautions directions on how to handle pressure point/pain ask about wear at each visit

Dynamical systems theory

views the development of motor skills as emerging from the interactions of many subsystems within a specific task

Veracity, which is based on the

virtues of truthfulness candor honesty

The self-concept as it relates to participation in a particular occupation and evolves through adolescences and young adulthood is termed

vocational self-concept

Factors influencing the retirement experience

voluntary or forced personal satisfaction -health, income, attitudes, and preparedness

Apoptosis is actualy a process of

waste removal

When is an embroyo considered a fetus?

when it developes human characteristics