Combo of 20-42

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

"Ohio Idea"

1867 - Senator George H. Pendleton proposed an idea that Civil War bonds be redeemed with greenbacks. It was not adopted.

resumption

1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation; helped get America out of recession

Wabash case

1886 Supreme Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

Pullman Strike

1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

William F. Cody

"Buffalo Bill"; most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen

Horatio Alger

"Holy Horatio"; born a Puritan and interested in New York newsboys; formula: virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth and honor (survival of the purest - nonsmokers, nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars)

Henry J. Kaiser

"Sir Launchalot"; famous for his speedy shipbuilding; one ship was built in 14 days

big-stick diplomacy

"Speak softly and carry a big stick,"; International negotiations backed by the threat of force

Thomas J Jackson

"Stonewall" Jackson who earned his name and fame from holding his troops steady at Bull Run, but was shot by a Confederate sniper at Chancellorsville on accident.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

"Wobblies"; started to make all America one big union; radical; included unskilled workers and foreign-born workers; did not support the war; had terrible working conditions (if they protested they could be beaten, arrested, or run out of town)

"ABC" policy

"anybody but Carter"; spread by democrats and republicans

Erwin Rommel

"desert fox"; german officer in battle of El Alamein

Glasnost

"openness"; introduced free speech and political liberty to the Soviet Union

Détente

"relaxed tension" with the two communist powers: Russia and China

Perestroika

"restructuring"; meant to renew the Soviet economy by adopting free-market policies

Theodore Dreiser

"social novelist"; from Indiana; wrote Sister Carrie (poor working girl in Chicago and New York, becomes mistress, elopes with someone else, makes an acting career)

Works Progress Administration

$11 billion was spent on building public facilities, wanted to curb unemployment and improve the nation's infrastructure

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

(1901) that gave the U.S. the okay to go solo.

Granger laws

(GC) , Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Oliver H. Kelley

(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

Indian Territory

(Oklahoma) where the 5 Civilized Indian Tribes were sent by Andrew Jackson

injunction

(law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity

Battle at Fort Sumter

-Union General- Anderson -Confederate General- Beauregard Island fort at the mouth of Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. Southerners opened fire on the fort on April 12th, 1861, kicking off the Civil War with a bang. The fort was forced to surrender, due to it's low level of supplies, and the fact that it's cannons weren't pointed at the Southern forts (why point cannons at your own forts?). In response to this, Lincoln called for a naval blockade of the South and issued a "call to arms" for people to join the military. These actions caused Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee to secede.

Battle of Antietam

-Union General: George McClellan -Confederate General: Robert E. Lee -Location: Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland -Southern goals: invade all the way to Pennsylvania, to get European powers to support them, boost morale, get the fighting away from Virginia in time for the harvest -Northern goals: don't lose (just came out of being beaten at Bull Run) -Union won which kept Europe out from supporting the South, McClellan gets fired (had the chance to wipe out a large amount of the Confederate Army but didn't take it), North lost more men due to McClellan's non-aggressiveness

Battle of Bull Run

-Union General: Robert Patterson and Irvin McDowell -Confederate General: Beauregard and Stonewall -Union plan was to march to Richmond and take the confederate capital, quickly ending the war -Confederates ended up holding off the north and won the battle -North lost because they were too cautious and were split up by the southern army, Jackson held his own against the north even though he was outnumbered. -McDowell retreated, south mistakenly didn't pursue them, even though they could have captured the northern army -set the tone for the rest of the war to be long, hard, and bloody

Battle of Vicksburg

-Union General: Ulysses S. Grant -Confederate General: Pemberton -Location: Warren County, Mississippi -Northern goal: cut the South in half down the Mississippi River and control it , finishing off the "Anaconda Plan" -The North won, the "Anaconda Plan" was finished, and Grant got recognition as the best general in the Union

Battle of Gettysburg

-bloodiest battle in the Civil War -Union General: Meade -Confederate General: Robert E. Lee (sub-generals: Ewell, Longstreet, and A.P. Hill) -Southern plan was to get the high ground between Washington D.C. and the Union Army, force the Union to charge them, then shoot down at them while they're out in the open, then go to Lincoln and try to negotiate a peace treaty -Union ended up with the high ground -Pickett's Charge: Pickett (South) is sent with about 15,000 on a suicide charge at the front of the Union lines in hope to break them, lots of Confederates died -North won, and the South wouldn't take the offensive again for the rest of the war

Alabama

-warship built by Britain and sold to the Confederacy, violating Britain's neutrality law. Technically it wasn't armed when they built it, and the South put guns on it but still, it's bad. Charles Sumner and William Seward were mad at this and went to Britain demanding $2 billion or Canada. Eventually, they settled on $15.5 million, with America paying $1 million back due to it's illegal blockade of English trading in the Caribbean. Decided cash over annexing Canada due to America's debt from fighting the Civil War.

Fourteen Points

1) abolish secret treaties 2) freedom of seas 3) removal of economic barriers among nations 4) reduction of military weapons and equipment 5) adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of native people and the colonizers

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1. banned the use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites 2. prohibited discrimination in public places 3. allowed federal funds to be withheld to places that practiced discrimination 4. banned discrimination of any kinds by employers and unions

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power.

Coxey's Army

March to DC for better working conditions.

United Negro Improvement Association

Marcus Garvey, relocate blacks to native homeland, sponsored black enterprises to try and keep black's money in their hands, usually failed

Open Door notes

Message delivered by John Hay in the summer of 1899 to the nations of the world, begging them to respect Chinese rights and influence in the spirit of fair competition.

William J. Simmons

Methodist preacher who revived the KKK in 1915

braceros

Mexican workers who legally came over the border to work on farms out west; wanted to stay after the war but we didn't want them here

John W. Davis

1924 Democratic candidate, lost to Coolidge (republican conservative)

Robert LaFollette

1924 Progressive candidate, lost to Coolidge (republican conservative)

Dust Bowl

1933 drought that caused soil to be loose and easily picked up by the wind resulting in immense dust storms

House Committee on Un-American Activities

1938-1975: an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, when abolished functions went to House of Judiciary Committee, anti-communist investigations not directly linked to Joseph McCarthy.

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Border States

Missouri, Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware (and WV seceded from the seceders) Held a majority of south's population and industry, held slaves but remained (mostly) loyal to the north

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Frances Perkins

1st female cabinet member as secretary of labor

The Birth of a Nation

1st full length movie by Griffith, about civil war/reconstruction, glorified KKK, stunned viewers w/ battle scenes

Sheppard-Towner Act

1st major federal welfare for women/children's health

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1st nuclear weapons agreement

Charles Lindbergh

1st to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, represented the anti-Jazz age b/c he actually accomplished something & everyone else was just getting drunk

Jeanette Rankin

1st woman to serve in either house of Congress (she was in the House)

Immigration Quota Act

2% of groups U.S. population in 1890 could enter America, new immigrant out, old immigrants in, no Japanese immigrants, Canadians/Latin Americans not included in this

James A. Garfield

20th President: 1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system)

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, as Rep, fought corruption. As President, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Draft Riots

25% of people in New York City were Irish and German immigrants, and these people hated African Americans, as they competed with them for the same low-paying jobs. Then, the draft came, and these people were mad that they were being forced to fight for the freedom of these people that they hated. Some immigrants were fresh off the boat and didn't even know what the Civil War was about.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' (1858-1919)

James Meredith

29 year old air force veteran who tried to apply for classes at the University of Mississippi; the University wouldn't let him register so JFK sent down 400 federal marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him in one class

Leyte Gulf battles

3 battles between Japan and U.S. where Japan tried to destroy our supply lines; U.S. won all three

Watergate Scandal

5 men were caught trying to bug the Democratic party's headquarters; Nixon also forged documents to make the Democrats look bad, used the International Revenue Service to harass innocent citizens named on the White House's "enemy list", burglarized the office of the psychiatrist who treated the man who leaked the Pentagon Papers, and had the CIA and FBI cover up their tracks

London Economic Conference

66 nations met in 1933 to discuss and combat international depression; tried to establish an exchange rate

pool

A 'pool' is an informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low. The Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroads publicly publish their prices and it outlawed the pool.

Jacob Riis

A Muckraker, this man is famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. Wrote "How the Other Half Lives".

Thaddeus Stevens

A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.

Ex Parte Milligan

A United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.

The Jungle (1906)

A book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrendous and downright gross conditions of the food-packaging industry of the time

grandfather clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Nye Committee

A committee established to investigate the "merchants of death"

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Colored Farmers National Allinace

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

"swing around the circle"

A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.

Haymarket riot

A dynamite bomb threw when Chicago police broke forth to a protest of workers, 1886 - Downfall of the Knights; 8 anarchist bombed while protest occurs, 1 suicide, 4 sentanced to death 3 long terms, let go by Altgeld

Lincoln Steffens

A famous Muckraker, this man published "The Shame of the Cities" in "McClure's" Magazine, an article exposing corrupt alliances between corporations and local governments

Ida Tarbell

A famous Muckraker, this woman published a devastating but factual exposé about the Standard Oil Company

Civil Rights Act

A federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Battle of Wounded Knee

A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing Indian men women and children.

My Lai Massacre

My Lai was sheltering 250 Viet Cong's so U.S. soldiers came in to clear out the village; found women, children, men instead of soldiers; Lieutenant Calley was in charge & said round everybody up & kill them

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP's leader of their Legal Defense Fund

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

A horrific incident involving a fire that erupted in a locked factory, killing dozens. This case had the effect of increasing government regulation of factory safety conditions.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAACP; founded by W.E.B. Du Bois in order to achieve complete equality for blacks

Warsaw Pact

NATO but for communist countries

US v. Northern Security Company (1904)

A legal case that resulted in the dissolution of the trust between the Union Pacific and Northern Pacific Railroads. Also led to the dissolution of the company from which the case gets its name.

"radical" regimes

A loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They were opposed during the war by moderates and after the war by self described "conservatives" in the South and "Liberals" in the North.

"Exodusters"

Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the re-institution of slavery.

10 percent plan

A model for reinstatement of Southern states that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Henry Kissinger

National Security Adviser who announced that North Korea is willing to work on the settlement

scalawags

A native white Southerner who collaborated with the occupying forces during Reconstruction, often for personal gain.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South after the Civil War and became active in Republican politics, especially. so as to profiteer from the unsettled social and political conditions of the area during Reconstruction.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Redeemers

A political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party.

Andrew Johnson

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote.

Roscoe Conkling

A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.

Jane Addams

A prominent progressivist woman, notable for her establishment of the Hull House in Chicago. She was a strong promoter for the advancement of women's rights and the reduction of child labor.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

John Muir

A rather eccentric man who is notable for his push for conservationism on a national level.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret organization in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired powers of blacks and to oppose carpetbaggers from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings.

national parks

A series of public reserves, established for conservationist purposes.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A setback for progressivists, it was ruled in this case that a law enforcing a 10-hour work day for bakers was unconstitutional.

Maine

A ship stationed near Cuba which exploded on February 15, 1898. The explosion was blamed on the Spanish, and provided a reason for starting the Spanish-American War. Evidence to the contrary was ignored in the rush to War

Cross of Gold speech

A speech that supported bimetallism by William Jennings Bryan that was delivered at the Democratic National Convention in 1896. This speech swept the Democrats off their feet and as a result, Bryan was on the fifth ballot.

Manchurian Railway crisis

A staged event involving railroads that was used by Japan as a pretext for invading Chinese Manchuria.

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America that took place in Pennsylvania. Notable for Roosevelt's forcing of the coal corporations to cooperate with the strikers.

mestizo

Native American + Spanish/European = mestizo

Roosevelt Panic of 1907

A sudden economic downturn which was blamed on the president's reckless economic policies.

Nez Perce

Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada.

Sharecropping

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves. The system called for dividing the crop into three shares — one for the landowner, one for the worker, and one for whoever provided seeds, fertilizer, and farm equipment.

Wisconsin model

A system that describes an individual's social mobility.

"fourth party system"

A term used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy

Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

A woman's organization devoted to the prohibition movement.

closed shop

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

"Great Society"

New Dealish economic and welfare measures to transform the American way of life; poverty relief, education aid, healthcare, voting rights, conservations, urban renewal, economic development

Teller Amendment

Act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish rule, Cuba would be granted its freedom. It prevented Cuba from turning hostile towards the U.S.

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Buffalo Soldiers

African-American soldiers that formed one-fifth of the frontier soldiers after the Civil War, nicknamed for the resemblance between their hair and the buffaloes'.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Agreement in 1903 Agreement that gave the United States unending sovereignty over a 10 mile wide canal across the Isthmus of Panama

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

"contra" rebels

Nicaraguan rebels who fought against the anti-U.S. government

Sandinistas

Nicaraguan revolutionaries

Thirteenth Ammendment

Amendment that abolished slavery in the United States, was preceded by the Emancipation Proclamation

Nicholas Cutinha

American GI; machine gunner & his company started combat mission by Gia Dinh (north of Saigon); company attacked; single-handedly kept the enemy at bay

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

General Douglas MacArthur

American general who commanded attacks against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines

Panay

American gunboat that Japan bombed and sank in Chinese waters; killed 2 Americans and injured 30; Japan apologized immediately and paid America so we let it go

Nguyen Cao Ky

American instructed Vietnamese officer

"Saturday Night Massacre"

Nixon fired his prosecution and his attorney general and deputy attorney general because they wouldn't agree with firing the prosecutor

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's VP used to attack the anti-war supporters; later forced to resign because he received money from Maryland contracters

"silent majority"

Americans who still supported the war effort

Theodore Dreiser

Among the more prominent "social novelists", this man is famous for writing "Sister Carrie"

Shanghai Communiqué

Nixon's meeting with China where they agreed to "normalize" their relationship

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy to take 540,000 troops out of Vietnam and start to help South Vietnam by giving them money, weapons, training, and advice to fight their own war

Henry A. Kissinger

Nixon's security adviser (secretary of state in his second election) who met with Vietnam officers to discuss peace arrangements; "peace is at hand"

Nixon's Farewell Adress

Nixon's speech before he resigned; he admitted he did bad things but said he always thought what he was doing was for the best of the country

"Checkers speech"

Nixon's speech where he denied he had done anything wrong

James Gibbons

An American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Richmond from 1872 to 1877, and as Archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 until his death in 1921. Gibbons was elevated to the cardinalate in 1886, the second American to receive that distinction.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Alexander Stephens

An American politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

An act passed which allowed the Federal Government to inspect and ensure the quality of meat products in the United States.

Morril Tariff Act

An act that superseded the low tariff of 1857 by increasing the existing duties about 5-10 percent, boosting them to about the moderate level of the Walker Tariff of 1846. These rates were soon pushed sharply upwards by the necessities of war.

Pure Food and Drug Inspection Act (1906)

An act which called for the regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

An act which took federal funds that were collected from national land sales and put them to use funding large-scale irrigation projects.

Desert Land Act (1877)

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

Freedmen's Bureau

An agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, Jobs, fair treatment, and education.

Gentlemen's Agreement

An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped. The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children.

Fourteenth Ammendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

Fifteenth Ammendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibiting the restriction of voting rights "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

"Bloody Shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson - moving a ton of Indians in the Indian Removal Act, a bunch of them died

Comstock Law

Anthony Comstock wanted to stop all moral threat. he collected dirty pictures and pills/powders he said abortionists used.

Gettysburg Address

November 19, 1863 Abe Lincoln was not the key speaker and was not popular at the time because he had lost so many men used this message to unite the north by talking about the Declaration of Independence not the Constitution "KEEP THE UNION TOGETHER" "gov of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth" People in the north started to think about just ending the war Lincoln said "they will not die in vain" we have to finish this war or all these men will die in vain and without cause

Kennedy's assassination

November 22, 1963 → JFK is in Texas for re election campaign; Arrived in Dallas, Texas airport greeted by Texas Gov. Connally & his wife; Parade route had been released to the public beforehand; They turn the corner by Texas School Book Depository & man shoots from 6th story window; Connelly & JFK were shot → JFK died; Went to Parkland Memorial Hospital & JFK was announced dead at 1pm; Lyndon Johnson was new pres.

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Assassination of Lincoln

April 14th, 1865 American Cousin Ford's Theatre -Herold and Booth burned out of barn 12 days later -secret service created, presidents exact plans aren't released anymore -Sic Semper Tyrannis -George Atzerodt wassupposed to kill VP Johnson he chickened out he was executed -Lewis Powell was supposed to kill sec of state, Seward impersonated as doctor and went through the servant, body guard and his son slashed his face and throat but Seward survived -Michael O'Laughten supposed to kill Ulysses Grant but Grant was visiting his son in NJ, he was supposed to be at ford's theater. he was still convicted -Samuel Mudd helped Booth after hurt -Samuel Arnold was tied to kidnapping plot, the original plot was to kidnap Lincoln and take him to Richmond to bargain but it changed to killing because lost the war -John Suratt brought all these people and plans together and wasn't executed -Mary Suratt had helped Booth enter the theater she had the house where they planned all of this

Orval Faubus

Arkansas Governor; said he couldn't keep order if he had to enforce integration; He put Arkansas National Guard in front of Central High School in Little Rock & told them to turn away the 9 black kids that were supposed to go to school there

John Ashcroft

Attorney general; pushed for the USA Patriot Act

Black Monday

October 19, 1987; the stock market crashed 508 points; biggest single day drop in history

Maximilian

Austrian born "Emperor" of Mexico, put in power by Napoleon III his cousin

Schenk v. US (1919)

Background: In 1917 the Espionage Act was passed as the US entered into WW1. This made it so that someone could be arrested if they were doing something against the US war efforts, or in support of an enemy nation. In 1919, Schenck, a member of the Socialist party, began distributing pamphlets to soldiers who were inducted into the military by the Daft, urging them to not go out to war. During the trial, Schenck focused his defense off of the First Amendment, saying that he had a right to freedom of speech. Decision: The Court unanimously decided that Schenck was guilty, saying that his actions provided a "clear and present danger" to the people of the US.

Weeks v. US (1914)

Background: Police entered the home of Fremont Weeks and seized papers which were used to convict him of transporting lottery tickets through the mail. This was done without a search warrant. Weeks took action against the police and petitioned for the return of his private possessions. Decision: The Court held that the seizure of items from Weeks' residence directly violated his constitutional rights. The Court also held that the government's refusal to return Weeks' possessions violated the Fourth Amendment. To allow private documents to be seized and then held as evidence against citizens would have meant that the protection of the Fourth Amendment declaring the right to be secure against such searches and seizures would be of no value whatsoever. Exclusionary Rule: Evidence seized in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible in court.

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette(1943)

Background: The West Virginia Board of Education required that the flag salute be part of the program of activities in all public schools. All teachers and students were required to honor the Flag; refusal to salute was treated as "insubordination" and was punishable by expulsion and charges of delinquency. Decision: The Court decided that compelling public schoolchildren to salute the flag was unconstitutional. The Court found that such a salute was a means of communicating ideas and could be regarded as "compulsory unification of opinion", in violation of thee 1st Ame

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Background: A fight erupted in a train car between a group of white men and black men. Upon arriving in Scottsboro, Alabama, the incident was reported to the sheriff. Additionally, two white women claimed they were sexually assaulted by members of the group. All nine black men were arrested and charged with rape. At their trial, two out-of-town lawyers were appointed to represent the "Scottsboro boys", and were not allowed time to meet with their clients. All were found guilty and 8/9 were sentenced to death. The Scottsboro boys sued on the grounds that they had inaqequate legal counsel, while Alabama claimed that the right to legal counsel as stated in the 6th Amendment applies only to federal courts. Decision: The Court overturned the convictions of the boys and ordered that a new trial be held. Under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, the Court ruled, anybody facing the death penalty had the right to legal representation, and that the 6th amendment applied to state courts as well as federal Courts.

Dred Scott (1857)

Background: Dred Scott was a slave whose owners took him across the Missouri Compromise line to live in a free state. He sued his owner for his freedom. Decison: In a majority opinion written by Justice Tanney, the Court decided that the Constitution was written by and for white people, and only applied to white people. Thus, slaves were to be considered property, rather than people, could not sue in a court of law (rendering Scott's case null). Implications: Slave owners could take their slaves into any state or territory, regardless of it's "free" or "slave" status. The MI Compromise was unconstitutional.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Background: Homer Plessy, a black man, was arrested for sitting in a "white" car on a train. He sued, claiming that Louisiana's segregation laws violated the 13th and 14th amendments. Decision: The Court ruled that segregation was constitutional, given that facilities for blacks and whites were "separate but equal".

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Background: In 1942, FDR issued Executive Order 9066, banning all persons of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed to be "critical to national security". This area included the entire West Coast. Japanese people living in this area were to be sent to internment camps for the duration of the war. Fred Korematsu was arrested and convicted after refusing to leave his home in CA. Decision: Court ruled that "pressing public necessity" justifies the suspension of the civil rights of a specific race of people, in favor of U.S.

Marbury V. Madison (1803)

Background: In his final days of office, John Adams appointed a large number of judges in order to secure Federalist power in D.C. after his presidential defeat. James Madison, Jefferson's new Secretary of State, was ordered not to deliver the signed papers which would make their appointment official. Marbury, one of the appointees, sued Jefferson. Decision: The Court ruled that the appointment of the judges was unconstitutional. Important because this was the first case that created the power of judicial review for the SCOTUS. Judicial Review: the power of the SCOTUS to interpret the Constitution and render acts of Congress constitutional or unconstitutional.

Gitlow v. New York (1825)

Background: Jonathan Gitlow, a socialist, was arrrested in NY for distributing his "Left Wing Manifesto" under the Criminal Anarchy Act. His book advocated for the violent overthrow of the government. Gitlow sued the state on the grounds that his literature did not actually lead anybody to commit violent acts against the government. Decision: The Court ruled in favor of NY, and postulated that free speech under the 1st amendment can be limited in times of "clear and present danger".

Ex-Parte Milligan (1866)

Background: Lambdin Milligan of Indiana was arrested for conspiring to storm a Union military base. His plan was to liberate the POWs there and lead a raid on the federal weapons arsenal. He was tried in a military court and sentenced to death. Decision: Court rules that civilians could not be tried in military tribunals during peacetime, given that civilian courts were in working order.

McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)

Background: The Bank of the United States was a private finance corporation which served as a repository for federal funds. It had an agreement wherein it loaned money to the federal gov. instead of paying taxes. The state legislature of Maryland passed a tax on the Bank. Decision: The Court ruled in favor of the Bank, stating that no state could tax a federally incorporated institution. Also, the Court upheld the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article I of the Constituion.

Gibbons V. Ogden (1824)

Background: The state of New York had granted Aaron Ogden the rights to all steamboat shipping on the Hudson River. When Ogden found out that a rival steamboat operator, Thomas Gibbons, had been using this route, he filed an injunction. The NY Supreme Court ruled that Ogden had exclusive rights to the waterway; Ogden then appealed the decision to SCOTUS. Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that NY's deal with Ogden violated the Commerce Act of 1793, and that Congress alone (not states) could regulate interstate trade and navigation.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon vs. Berkeley - Virginia - Berkley was helping out the Indians and the colonists didn't like that so they rebelled, took over Jamestown. Bacon died and the rebellion died with him,

Abu Ghraib

Baghdad prison where prisoners were being mistreated

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger said lands in Wyoming, Alaska, Montana would be open for development, Pinchot disagreed, Taft fired Pinchot, unpopular decision

J. Pierpont Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Billy Graham

Baptist preacher and televangelist

Indentured Servants

Basically slaves. Rich people would pay to take poor people to America sand the Poor people

Little Big Horn

Battle in which Colonel George A. Custer and the Seventh Cavalry were defeated by the Sioux and Cheyennes under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana in 1876.

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Shakers

Believed in celibacy, no sex, no reproduction . Go ask your parents for more info.

anarchists

Believers in the concept of a government-free world.

Poor Richard's Almanac

Ben Franklin's first literary work that included weather predictions and appealed to colonists during the time

Hillary Clinton

Bill Clinton's wife; head of a task force to redesign the medical-service industry; first female senator of New York

Black Teusday

October 29, 1929; the day when the market crashed and millions of stocks were sold

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built the New York Central Railroad System

Colin Powell

Bush's Secretary of State

Colin Powell

Bush's Secretary of State that warned him about invading Iraq

Condoleezza Rice

Bush's national security advisor

The Bay of Pigs Invasion

CIA trained the Cubans in Guatemala to start Cuban revolt; completely failed; An airstrike failed to take out Cuba's air force; Cuban troops were more prepared then the trained rebels; Kennedy's advisers told him to use American planes to provide cover to the rebels, but he accepted defeat

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Called for blacks to stop using the bus system until the company changed segregation policies

Pol Pot

Cambodian dictator who killed over 2 million people

Second Wave of Immigrants

Came from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries like Italy and Ireland, note most immigrants flocked to Roman Catholicism.

First Wave of Immigrants

Came from the Northern and Western parts of Europe such as Ireland and Germany.

Andrew Young

Carter's UN ambassador

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness

Father Coughlin

Catholic Priest that had radio show discussing social justice (about Great Depression), pro-FDR then anti-New Deal, silenced by higher up clergy

William Rahnquist

Chief Justice during Clinton's impeachment trial

Earl Warren

Chief Justice; tried to get Congress to address the issues; people tried to impeach him

Salvador Allende

Chile's elected Marxist president; CIA worked to undermine him and his presidency; died during an army attack against him

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese revolt against foreigners in China, put down by British forces

China

Clinton denounced Bush not cutting off economic sanctions with them after the protest that killed lots of civilians but later he realized we needed their trade and passed a China trade bill

Somalia

Clinton sent the military there to keep the peace, but rebels killed over a dozen Americans; he reinforced the troops at first, but quietly removed them

Democratic Leadership Council

Clinton's program that pointed the democratic party away from its traditional beliefs of anti-business, doves, champion-of-the-underdog, pro-growth, strong defense, and anti-crime policies

Madeline Albright

Clinton's second term secretary of state

Rough Riders

Colorful voluntary group of soldiers led by Teddy Roosevelt.

George Dewey

Commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. His victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain, from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies.

Foraker Act

Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular gov't and in 1917, granted then US citizenship. Worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, + more

insular cases

Constitution didn't have full authority of how to deal with islands (Puerto Ricans & Cubans subject to American rule, but didn't have all rights)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge's secretary of state, Kellogg, won the Nobel Peace Prize for having 62 nations sign this to outlaw war

Engel v. Vitale

Court ruled that religious prayer in public schools was unconstitutional b/c of first amendment

Dawes Plan

Dawes came up with a plan for Germany/Britain/France to pay off their debt, U.S. loaned money to Germany, Germany makes payments to Britain/France then they pay it back to the U.S., it never worked

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat candidate in 1912 election, progressive and had support from William Jennings Bryan

Arsene Pujo

Democrat chair of the House committee, concluded that the "money monster" was rooted in the banking system (The National Banking System had faults/was corrupt)

1916 Election

Democrat: Wilson (current president); won because "He kept us out of war" (he leads U.S. into war 5 months later) Republican: Hughes

1912 Election

Democrat: Wilson; won because the Republicans split Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party): Roosevelt Republican: Taft (current president) Socialist: Debs

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic candidate in 1928, Irish/Catholic/drinker, not popular, ran against Hoover & lost

Election of 2000

Democratic nomination: Al Gore Democratic VP: Joseph Lieberman Republican nomination: George W. Bush Republican VP: Dick Cheney Green Party: Ralph Nader Lieberman was the first Jew nominated to a national ticket on a major party Gore was trying to attach himself to the Clinton prosperity but distance himself from the scandal Cheney was former secretary of defense under Bush Sr. Bush promised the surplus would go to tax cuts, school vouchers, reliance on "faith based" institutions to serve the poor, and social security reforms Gore wanted more modest tax cuts targeted at the middle and lower class and to use the surplus to pay off the national debt, increase social security, and expand medicare

Election of 1992

Democratic nomination: Bill Clinton Clinton's VP: Al Gore Republican nomination: George H.W. Bush Bush's VP: Danforth Quayle Third party independent: Ross Perot Clinton promised to stimulate the economy, reform the welfare system, and overhaul the health-care system Bush said the Cold War ended under his presidency and he led the leadership role in the Persian Gulf Perot focused on the deficit problem

Election of 1972

Democratic nomination: George McGovern Republican nomination: Nixon McGovern promised to get all American troops out of Vietnam within 90 days; good for antiwar and minority people, but alienated the working-class backbone of his party Nixon waved a bloody shirt in a sense that he bragged that he wound down the Vietnam war

Election of 1960

Democratic nomination: JFK Republican nomination: Richard Nixon JFK won because lots of the stuff was televised and he looked better than Nixon and that was appealing to the people

Election of 1964

Democratic nomination: LBJ Republican nomination: Barry Goldwater Goldwater did not believe in civil rights and thought the military should choose when to use nuclear weapons; he attacked federal income tax, social security program, TVA, civil rights legislation, nuclear test-ban, and Great Society

Election of 1964

Democratic nomination: LBJ Republican nomination: Barry Goldwater Goldwater opposed civil rights, thought military commanders should decide when to use nuclear weapons

Election of 1988

Democratic nomination: Michael Dukakis Republican nomination: George W.H. Bush Democrats firstly nominated Gary Hart but he was dropped because of sexual misconduct, then they nominated Jesse Jackson, the first black presidential candidate, but he didn't make it Bush believed in tax cuts, strong defense policies, tough on crime, opposed abortion, and economic expansion

boll weevils

Democrats that supported Reagan

Department of Commerce and Labor

Department established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs. Later split into two departments for better management.

William Jennings Bryan

Dominant democratic seaker and author of the "Cross of Gold" speech. He runs for president multiple times but never succeeds.

James J. Hill

Driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder"

"policy of boldness"

Dulles wanted Eisenhower to regulate the army and navy (decrease) and build up an air fleet of super bombers (SAC) with nuclear bombs

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Dutch Contributions During Colonial Times

Dutch East India company. Trade.

Democratic nomination riot

Once Robert Kennedy was shot, Democrats stormed to the Democratic convention to get a new candidate they liked; they were not let in and started rioting; the new Democrat nomination was pro-war, leaving them no anti-war possibilities

The Man Without A Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldiers journeys in exile. Book was widely read in the North, greater devotation to the union.

Leland Stanford

One of the "Big Four" tycoons who became president of the Central Pacific Railroad and later went on to become governor of California.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Egypt's president; wanted to build a dam in the Nile, but didn't have enough money; offered to have it owned by stockholders (britain and france)

Collis P. Huntington

One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney- used to separate cotton from its seeds making it easier to make into fabrics, helped the the start of the textile industry

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Engineer who got the price of the canal holdings dropped from $109 to $40 million

agencies made to protect the environment

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), Clean Air Act of 1970, and the Endangered Species Act

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under control of radical republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort & actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Sierra Club (est. 1892)

Established in the late 19th century, this conservationist club was devoted to the preservation of nature's beauty.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Marcus Garvey

Established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to build up black self-respect and economic power by encouraging them to buy shares of small black-owned businesses

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI director

Atlantic Charter

FDR and Winston Churchill met on a warship where they discussed common problems, like Japan; drafted ideas for post-war time - opposed imperialistic annexations, no territorial changes, gave people the rights to choose their own government, disarmament, and a new League of Nations

"bombshell message"

FDR called the London Economic Conference and scolded them for trying to create an exchange rate; the countries were shocked and this ended the conference

Court-packing Plan

FDR wanted six more judges onto the Supreme Court, made a lot of people mad because it would stunt the power of the supreme court and make FDR a dictator

Hundred Days

FDR's first hundred days in office were full of bills passed into laws, called "Alphabet Soup" b/c they were all acronyms (TVA, CCC, WPA)

New Deal

FDR's plan to fight the Great Depression

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Teheran conference

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met and decided on a simultaneous assault on France from the Soviets from the east and and Allied assault from the west

Thorstein Veblen

Famous sociologist/economist. Wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class".

Benito Mussilini

Fascist leader of Italy

Pendleton Act

Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions

Thomas Edison

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.

Apache

Fierce tribes hailing from Arizona and New Mexico, they were considered to be the most difficult Indians to subdue. Led by Geronimo, whose eyes blazed hatred of the whites, they were pursued into Mexico by federal troops using the sun-flashing heliograph, a communication device, which impressed the Indians as "big medicine." Scattered remnants of the warriors were finally persuaded to surrender after the their women had been exiled to Florida. They ultimately became successful farmers in Oklahoma, where they raised stock instead of raiding settlements

Jim Fisk

One of the two millionaire partners, who were notorius in the financial world. He provided the brass while the undersized and cunning Gould provided the brains.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Burning of Richmond

Only 100 mi from Dc Each side wanted to take each other's capital Sheridan broke through Confederate army and took Richmond Confederates retreated the gov started burning gov docs so union couldn't found out Everyone was trying to leave the city so a lot of looting going on and drinking People in Richmond were glad the Union came because the confederates burned all of their stuff

James Buchanan Duke

Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market

Philip Armour

Founder of the American meat-packing industry. Targeted in Upton Sinclair's muckraker novel The Jungle due to the absence of federal inspections resulting in tainted meat and eventually the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Reconstruction Act

Four statutes that were created for Reconstruction: Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was readmitted to the Union, required congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union), confederate states must give voting rights to all men and all former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment.

Rhineland and Saar Valley

France demanded it from germany because it had lots of coal; made people angry so they said the Saar would remain under the LoN of 15 years and then it would be determined what to do with it by popular vote

Napolean III

French leader who decided he was going to take over Mexico, thinking that because the United States was involved in the Civil War, they wouldn't be able to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, which kept European nations out of conquering American lands

Adlai E. Stevenson

Gaining the support of Truman who did not want to run again, this man of Illinois was the clear choice to be the democratic candidate in 1952. Unable to produce a war record like Eisenhower, he was solidly defeated everywhere but the deep south, gaining only 89 electoral votes

stock watering

Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value

"protection money"

Gangsters were forced to pay so they wouldn't be killed, harmed, or have their property destroyed

Long Drive

General Term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming

reconcentration

General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau understood very quickly that the key to a Spanish victory over the insurgents was to strip the guerrillas of their abilities to live off the land and camouflage themselves in groups of civilians.

George B. McClellan

General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant, thirty-four year old West Pointer. He was a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac. He consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered him. He was overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone. He fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle.

Shay's Rebellion

George Washington - small scale revolution, showed how weak the Articles of Confederation were and that the US needed a stronger central gov't

Herman Talmadge

Georgia governor; said that his state would not tolerate desegregation

25th Amendment

Gerald Ford replaced Agnew as the VP

Lusitania

German U-boat attack on British cruise ship that killed 128 Americans, made citizens call for war

"enigma" codes

German codes that said where the U-boats were; codes broken by British code-breakes

"wolf pack"

German submarine strategy; traveled in groups

El Alamein

Germans were trying to take the Suez Canal; Allies attacked them and drove them back to Tunisia; turned the tide of the war against Germany

Sussex Pledge

Germany gave the U.S. this pledge saying their U-boats wouldn't attack without warning, retracted this when they realized that defeats the purpose of a surprise attack

Battle of the Bulge

Germany had a secret army that attacked Allies in the Ardennes Forest; they were going for the Allied Belgian port at Antwerp; Allies were pushed back but once supplies arrived, Allies won

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey

moderate republicans

Group of Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be re-admitted into the Union as simply as possible

radical republicans

Group of Republicans that believed the South needed to atone more painfully for its sins

Paxton Boys Rebellion

Group of Scots-Irish men in Pennsylvania along the Susquehanna River who rebelled against Indians after the French and Indian war and killed a bunch of Indians

Delgado v. Bastrop ISD

Gus Garcia lawsuit in Texas; made segregation of Mex-Amer children in Texas illegal

John Wilkes Booth

Guy who shot Abraham Lincoln

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Harding and Coolidge increased the tariff to 38.5% (and could up to 50%) to protect the U.S. from cheap European goods but this meant Britain couldn't pay back the WWI debt

Harry M. Daugherty

Harding's attorney general, crooked small-town lawyer. sold pardons and liquor permits scandal

Charles R. Forbes

Harding's chief of the Veterans Bureau, stole $200 million while building veterans hospitals, spent 2 years in jail

Herbert Hoover

Harding's secretary of commerce, later becomes president in 1928, "Rugged Individualism"

Albert B. Fall

Harding's secretary of interior, schemer/anti-conversationalist, later involved in the Teapot Dome scandal

Charles Evans Hughes

Harding's secretary of state, suggested a ratio of ships at 5:5:3 (U.S. to Britain to Japan) at the Washington Conference

Andrew Mellon

Harding's secretary of treasury

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel that exposed the inhumanity of slavery. Led to Civil War. Its the negroes fault.

Samuel Tilden

Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

James B. Weaver

He was a general during the Civil War. He was chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist party. He was a Granger with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting three percent of the popular votes which is really a large number for a third party candidate.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Yasir Arafat

PLO leader who met with Yitzhak Rabin and agreed on self-rule for the Palestinians in Israel

Thomas Dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

John Muir

Helped Roosevelt with conservation because he was a well known spokesperson for Mother Nature

Gifford Pinchot

Helped Roosevelt with conservation because he was the head of the Division of Forest; said public lands in Wyoming, Alaska, Montana would NOT be open for development (conserved)

"Richardsonian"

Henry H. Richardson; born in Louisiana and educated at Harvard and Paris; architect, distinctive, ornamental style; style called Richardsonian; high vaulted arches; Marshall Fields in Chicago

"trickle-down" philosophy

Hoover's idea that putting money into the railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations would restore financial health, and unemployment would be received on the bottom; congress put $2.25 billion into these prjects

"code talkers"

Indians who used their native languages to communicate for the Allies during war time; could not be interpreted by Germans or Japanese; Comanches and Navajo indians mainly

Reinhold Niebuhr

Influential liberal protestant clergyman who crusaded against what he percieved as the drift away from Christian foundations for over five decades after WWI.He was vehemently against fascism, communism, and pacifism, and divided the world into "children of light" and "children of darkness."

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Iron tycoon from Ohio who helped to elect McKinley with his strong endorsement, "I love McKinley". Served as kingmaker and campaign manager, trying to make the focus of the election the tariff.

Elijah Muhammad

Islam preacher who inspired Malcom X

Taliban

Islamic fundamentalist that ruled Afghanistan

6-day War

Israel attacked Egypt; by the end, Israel occupied many new territories

Wagner Act (AKA the National Labor Relations Act)

It guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management

Social Security Act

It set up a payment plan for old age, the handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents. The payments were funded by taxes placed on workers and employers, then given to the groups above. Socialistic...

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Italian immigrants accused of murder, based less on evidence and more on strikes against them (Italian, atheist, anarchist, draft dodgers), they were tried, convicted, executed = face of red scare

Fiume

Italian port shared with Yugoslavs; wilson said that it should go to the yugoslavs and that made italians angry

United States Steel

J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. U.S. Steel maintained the labor policies of Andrew Carnegie, which called for low wages and opposition to unionization. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union that represented workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania plant was, for many years, broken after a violent strike in 1892. Limited clashed over contract negotiations in what has become known as The Homestead Strike.

U.S. Steel

JFK and U.S. steel agreed to a noninflationary wage agreement; they almost immediately broke their promise and raised prices; Kennedy yelled at them and they backed down, but he lost support from big business

tax cut bill

JFK reduced taxes and gave that money to big businesses to get their support back after the U.S. Steel issue

Jack Ruby

JFK's "avenger" who shot Oswald on TV

Robert Kennedy

JFK's brother who was appointed as attorney general; later ran for the presidency and was shot; made many changes to the FBI

"déterite"

JFK's policy to coexist peacefully with Russia

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863 Right after Battle of Antietam He picked right after this battle because south was backing off. Europe would now support north and not south. It freed Slaves in the Confederacy but did not completely abolish slavery motivated Union soldiers by making it a war over slavery Weakened southern labor force blacks would rebel and join union army Leads 13th amendment

Shandong Penninsula

Japan had control of this penn. in china and some german islands; they agreed on giving back the peninsula eventually but keeping it for now; made china angry

Battle of Midway

Japan tried to take Midway Island where they could attack Pearl Harbor or the U.S.; U.S. destroyed four of their naval carriers, forcing them to surrender

"kamikazes"

Japanese suicide pilots

"suicide cliff"

Japanese that survived the "Great Marinas Turkey Shoot" jumped off a cliff

Haiti

Jean-Bertrand Aristide was run out of power by a military coup; Clinton sent 20,000 troops to return him to the presidency; he was run out of power again in 2004

Harper's Ferry

John Brown slave rebellion, though the slaves would help him revolt once freed, they didn't and rebellion was put down

Open Door Policy

John Hay- The US trying to force Chinese to trade with everyone, resulted in the Boxer Rebellion

Congress of industrial Organizations

John L. Lewis, head of the United Mine Workers, organized it, admitted the unskilled

William Seward

Johnson's Secretary of State who engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia.

Great Society

Johnson's term to describe his goals, series of major legislative initiatives that continued through his second term; Major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare, voting rights, conservations, urban renewal, economic development

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Journalist who was notable for, pre-1900, attacking the Standard Oil Company with his book "Wealth Against Commonwealth"

Benny Goodman

King of Swing, his big band made jazz popular with white audiences (he was white); first mixed race jazz group

Wiliam F. Cody

Known better by his stage name Buffalo Bill, he was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory ,now the American state of Iowa, near Le Claire. He was one of the most colorful figures of the Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. He received the Medal of Honor

Watts Riot

L.A., August 11, 1965- police pulled over a black man for drunk driving, crowds gathered- suspect started to resist officer, officer panicked, took out and used riot baton; Set off 6 days of riots-national guard had to come; a thousand people were injured with 34 dead; violence spread to other cities

escalation

LBJ and his advisers thought that using this tactic by increasing their attack force steadily would make them back down; in reality North Vietnam matched all of their attacks with matching intensity

Big Four

LBJ's four major legislative Great Society goals: aid to education, medical care for the elderly and indignant, immigration reform, and new voting rights bill

Hudson River School

Landscape, Nature painters school.

38th Parallel

Latitudinal line that divided North and South Korea at approximatly the midpoint of the peninsula

Chief Jospeh

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

John L. Lewis

Leader of the of a bunch of unskilled workers moving to effective Unions under the National Labor Relations Board

Terence Powderly

Led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

Lee vs Grant Lee knew he was going to lose so the best choice was to surrender Southerners wouldn't be held on trial for treason let them keep their horses and sidearms he gave food rations to the south and south army These 2 guys had a mutual respect for each other there was no hatred for each other

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's second term VP, he was a war democrat put on the ticket to get votes

Huey Long

Louisiana senator (critic of depression), said to take $5,000 from rich people and give it to poor families, assassinated b/c they thought he would turn into dictator

Manila Bay

MacArthur captured it in the Philippines

Iran conflict

Pahlevi was overthrown Iranians conquered the U.S. embassy in Iran and took its members hostage and demanded the exiled shah back who fled to America for medical treatment Iran stopped producing oil OPEC raised oil prices USSR went into Afghanistan to get involved in Iran Carter put an embargo on grain and technology going to Russia and said they should boycott the Moscow Olympics Carter proposed Rapid Deployment Force Ended SALT II treaty Carter sent a group of commandos to rescue the hostages, but due to an equipment mishap, they had to desert the mission; on the way back, 2 aircrafts crashed, killed 8 commandos

Yitzhak Rabin

Palestine's leader who met with Yasir Arafat and agreed on self-rule for the Palestinians in Israel

Manuel Noriega

Panama's dictator; Bush sent troops into Panama to capture him

hard/sound money

Paper money backed by gold; extremely important during late 1860's and early 1870's (Panic of 1873). Creditors wanted disappearance of greenbacks

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

Dawes Severalty Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.

Dingley Tariff bill

Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Oral Roberts

Pentecostal Holiness preachers and televangelist

Corazon Aquino

Philippine rebel who overthrew Fernando Marcos, the dictator; supported by the U.S.

contraction

Policy which decreased the amount of money per capital in circulation between 1870 and 1880

Liberty League

Political Party during FDR's presidency didn't like the "socialist" direction the New Deal was taking America.

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Warren Commission

Pres. Johnson ordered President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of using economic interests as an inconspicuous way to bind other nations to the US

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Theodore Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1901-1909, this man with a mythic reputation was notable for his corollary of the Monroe Doctrine and for being the first real progressivist president.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Britain

Wade-Davis Bill

Program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin, this man wrested control from the corporations and gave it back to the people

initiative

Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves

The Fundamentals

Religious traditionalists wrote 12 pamphlets that started Fundamentalism

Election of 1956

Rep nom: Eisenhower Dem nom: Stevenson Ike won easily

Thomas Reed

Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.

Alfred M. Landon

Republican candidate for president in the 1936 election. Governor of Kansas. He was a moderate, accepting some new deal plans, but was against the Social Security Act, thought it was socialistic

Charles Evans Hughes

Republican candidate in 1916 election, changed his position depending on the audience

William Howard Taft

Republican candidate in the 1908 election, was endorsed by Roosevelt, was slightly progressive; Ran again in 1912 against Roosevelt and won

Billion-Dollar Congress

Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Election of 2004

Republican nomination: Bush Republican VP: Cheney Democratic nomination: John Kerry Democratic VP: John Edwards Kerry was a Vietnam War hero who turned against the war Kerry's war record was questioned during the campaign; portrayed as inconsistent on issues, including the Iraq War High voter turnout gave Bush a sizeable popular vote but a narrower electoral victory

Election of 1952

Republican nomination: Eisenhower Democratic nomination: Adlai E. Stevenson Eisenhower's VP is Richard Nixon, gets into a scandal early on; however, he was a rough and tumble guy; said the government cultivated corruption, didn't do enough in Korea, and were not tough enough with communism

Election of 1976

Republican nomination: Gerald Ford Democratic nomination: James Earl Carter Gerald Ford was campaigning against the Nixon scandal and people didn't like how he pardoned Nixon Carter was a dark horse; "I'll never lie to you"

Election of 1968

Republican nomination: Richard Nixon (VP: Spiro T. Agnew) Democratic nomination: Hubert Humphrey Independent nomination: George Wallace (VP: Curtis LeMay) Robert Nixon was supposed to be the Dem nomination but he was shot to death by an Arab Wallace was super racist and said blacks should be "put in their place"; gained support from the deep south

Election of 1996

Republican nomination: Robert Dole Dole's VP: Pat Choate Democratic nomination: Bill Clinton Clinton's VP: Al Gore Third party independent: Ross Perot Robert Dole was a boring WWII veteran

election of 1980

Republican nomination: Ronald Reagan Democratic nomination: Jimmy Carter Independent: John Anderson Edward Kennedy also battled for the democratic nomination but a young women drowned when a Kennedy car went off a bridge and he lost popularity Reagan won easily because Carter was not popular at all

election of 1984

Republican nomination: Ronald Reagan Democratic nomination: Walter Mondale Democratic VP: Geraldine Ferraro, first female running for major political office Mondale was Carter's VP so no one trusted him or liked him

election of 1944

Republican nomination: Thomas E. Dewey; relentless prosecution of the war and creation of a new international organization Democratic nomination: FDR; VP fought for between Henry Wallace and Harry Truman; Truman won FDR won because wanted someone experienced for the war

Election of 1940

Republican nomination: Wendell L. Willkie; used to be a democrat but switched parties; opposed to the inconsistency of New Dealism, said FDR was a dictator, liberal, and said the New Deal was too extravagant and inefficient Democratic nomination: FDR; wanted to retire but thought if a war was coming, the U.S. needed someone experienced Willkie agreed with FDR's interventionism but not his tactics; they both promised to stay our of war and strengthen our defense

Stalwart

Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant and Roscoe Conkling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, who supported civil service reform.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Fulton J. Sheen

Roman Catholic preacher and televangelist

Newlands Act

Roosevelt passed this to irrigate the west with projects like Roosevelt's Dam and resovoirs

Yosemite National Park

Roosevelt said this land should be "multiple-use resource management", dammed up the Hetchy Hetch Gorge

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's handpicked successor. Taft was a Republican lawyer from Ohio and was associated with the "Old Guard" or very conservative politicians. He favored protective tariffss and trust regulation.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political philosophy in the 1912 election

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where T.Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

Allies

Russia, France, England, Australia

Columbia University

SDS tried to get them to cut ties with military research, and African American group tried to halt construction of a gym

Robert Moses

SNCC leader, Harvard grad, inspired people with his humility and soft-spoken voice

Iraq crisis

Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait goals: get oil to pay for their war with Iran, get rid of Israel, capture all the Persian Gulf we supplied Iraq with weapons during the Iraq-Iran war UN Security Council told him to get out of Kuwait (he didn't) economic embargo didn't work so Congress approved use of force "Operation Desert Strom" ended the conflict in 4 days

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran; all joined to control the oil

"Operation Desert Storm"

Schwarzkopf's tactic to attack Iraq firstly through air raids and then suffocate them from the ground with lots of troops

Richard Ballinger

Secretary of Interior, said public lands in Wyoming, Alaska, Montana would be open for development

Richard Onlney

Secretary of State under Cleveland, he was authorized by the President to deliver a message to London that the British were ignoring the Monroe Doctrine in their attempt to dominate Venezuela.

William H. Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia in 1867. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Dean Acheson

Secretary of State; accused of knowingly appointing 205 communists into U.S. government positions

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State; made the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State; promised to "roll back" communistic gains; created "policy of boldness"

Edwin M Stanton

Secretary of War, not best buds with Lincoln because he wanted direct control over Union armies

Salmon P Chase

Secretary of treasury. Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War—1861 Radical Republicans resent expansion of presidential power & desire emancipation

Nelson W. Aldrich

Senator; added increases to the lower tariff bill; Payne-Aldrich Bill broke Taft's campaign promise & split the Republican Party

muckrakers

Sensationalist journalists in the 20th century who used their public influence to reveal corporate corruption

Nuremberg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

The Jungle

Sinclair's book that made congress pass the Meat Inspection Act

Serbia

Slobodan Milosevic unleashed ethnic cleansing against Albania; the NATO forces air-raided Serbia until Milosevic agreed to accept the NATO peacekeeping force in Albania

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist Party candidate in the 1908 election

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist party, got 6% of the popular vote in the 1912 election, it was a sign of the times

States that Seceded

South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina Tennessee.

Yuri Gagarin

Soviet's first person in space

Sputnik (I and II)

Soviets launched first satellite into space; Sputnik II had a dog on it

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish General in Cuba who herded many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps so they could not help the insurrectos. Called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps

Dupuy de Lome

Spanish minister, in Washington, he wrote a letter where he called President McKinley weak and bitter. The letter was stolen and delivered to Hearst, who played it up using yellow journalism.

People's Party (populists)

Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers

William Howard Taft

Successor of Roosevelt; Different views than Teddy, but still a progressivist; Passed Sixteenth Amendment

Fundamentalism

Supported traditional beliefs about Jesus; Said that the Bible was from God so it cannot be inaccurate; Took the Bible very literally and said every story actually took place

Coxey's Army

Supporters of Ohio populist Jacob Coxey who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed; although this group had no effect whatsoever on policy, it did demonstrate the social and economic impact of the Panic of 1893.

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme Court Case that resulted in laws protecting women workers

Lochmen v. New York

Supreme Court Case upheld a ten hour law for factory workers

U.S. vs. Wong Kim

Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment

Arab/ Israel conflict

Syrians and Egyptians made a surprise attack on Israel to get their territory back from the six-day war; U.S. airlifted military supplies to Israel and then negotiated a cease-fire

crop-lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

New Nationalism

TR's plan, leave good trusts alone/control bad ones, pushed for female suffrage/social programs

dollar diplomacy

Taft passed this, Americans invested in foreign countries to make money, invested in Far East/Latin America and made the U.S. strong/made money

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1913)

Tariff passed by the Taft Administration whose purpose was to lower tariffs, a goal that it miserably failed to achieve.

John T. Scopes

Tennessee banned teaching evolution in public schools, he taught evolution which started to Scopes Monkey Trial

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

Alain Locke

The New Negro - celebrated the blossoming of African American culture

Peninsula Campaign

The Peninsula Campaign was the Union's grand plan for victory early on in the war. The basis of this plan was to capture Richmond so as to stop the war as early as possible. McClellan's invasion of Virginia failed cuz he's stewpid and too cautious.

Charles Sumner

The Republican idealist who pushed for black suffrage during Reconstruction as a principle of black freedom and racial equality

Sioux Wars

The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana segregation law on the theory that as long as the accommodations between the racially segregated facilities were equal, the equal protection clause was not violated. The Court's ruling effectively established the constitutionality of racial segregation and the notion of "separate but equal."

Roosevelt coalition

The Time Period between '32 and the 60's where the democratic party was the majority

Operation Wetback

The U.S. sent over 1 million Mexicans back to Mexico after the bracero program

Union Party

The Union party included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Taft-Hartley Act

The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.

National Banking Act

The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency

Manifest Destiny

The belief that America was destined to spread from sea to shining sea.

pacifism

The belief that peace is always the best answer to a given situation.

Louis Brandeis

The first Jewish man to be appointed to the Supreme Court, this man is notable for his earlier influence in the case Muller v. Oregon and for writing "Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It".

Harvard College

The first college in the united states

"16 to 1"

The idea held by those who supported the Gold Standard. It was based on the idea that 16 oz. of Silver should equal 1 oz. of Gold as far as value although the real value was about 32:1. This was still a rallying cry of a majority of the Democratic Party.

martial law

The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and emergency

US Steel

The largest steel company of the US, created by J.P. Morgan by merging Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel and several other steel companies together; at the time, the largest corporation in existence.

New South

The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

Red Summer

The summer of 1919; called this because of all the blood shed over racial turmoil in Omaha, Tulsa, D.C., and especially Chicago

Jim Crow

The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. Were written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.

safety-valve theory

The theory is that when hard times came, the unemployment who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west, took up farming and prospered.

William McKinley

The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.

Boston Tea Party

There was a tax on tea that Americans didn't like. We dumped a bunch

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903. flew the first airplane for 12 seconds over a distance of 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, N.C.

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

William KcKinley

This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.

Fitzgerald

This Side of Paradise - some people say this invented the flapper era, The Great Gatsby - focused on wealthy, sophisticated Americans

17th Amendment (1913)

This amendment allowed for the direct election of senators

Platt Amendment

This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.

National Grange

This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to the farmer's collective plight

gospel of wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine- pamphlet written by Paine to get colonists involved in the cause for Revolution

conservationists

Those who believe that the preservation of forests and other such places is of utmost importance.

Pony Express

Took place during the Transportation / Communication revolution. Mail delivery service that was quickly outdated by the telegraph

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Treaty with Britain (1850) said the U.S. couldn't control the isthmus route alone.

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Security Treaty

U.S. and Britain agreed to help if Germany invaded again

Big Two

U.S. and Britain; two superpowers of WWII

Raymond A. Spruance

U.S. carrier officer

Ruben James

U.S. destroyer that lost over 100 American lives when it was sunk by Iceland

Greer

U.S. destroyer, shot at by German U-boats; U.S. declared a shoot-on-site policy (which is exactly what Hitler was trying to avoid)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. general and later president of the U.S.

Norman Schwarzkopf

U.S. general during the Iraq crisis

UN Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC)

U.S. group that inspected Iraq's weapons

Geneva Conference

U.S. imposed peace on Laos in 1962

Charles Francis Adams

U.S. minister to England during the Civil War who kept the pressure on the British government to pay for destroyed shipping.

Chester Nimitz

U.S. naval commander; helped win battle of midway

International Energy Agency

U.S. oil organization to counter OPEC

Populist (People's) Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies, formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

"Good Neighbor Policy"

U.S. removed military from Nicaragua and Haiti

Cuban Missile Crisis

U.S. spy plane found missiles on Cuba; Kennedy decides in response to the missiles that the United States would do a "quarantine" (not called a blockade b/c = an act of war) around Cuba and demanded that Khrushchev dismantle the missiles; Krushy demanded at first that that in return for the removal of the Cuban missiles, that the US remove the quarantine and not invade Cuba; Krushy the next day after the first demand, demanded that the US remove the missiles from Turkey in exchange for the removal of the ones in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

U.S. spy ships spotted silos in Cuba that were going to hold Soviet nuclear missiles; we put a naval "quarantine" on them; they removed the missiles in turn for an agreement to not attack Cuba and to end the quarantine (and later the removal of our missiles in Turkey)

"Atlantic Community"

U.S. wanted to be economically and militarily united to European nations

Iran-Contra deals

U.S. would sell Iran weapons if they would help us get back American hostages, then, we would use the money from the weapons to give to the contra rebels

Vietnam cease-fire

U.S.: agreed to take their troops out and got 520 prisoners of war back North Vietnam: kept 145,000 troops in South Vietnam (really just a disguised American retreat)

George Pickett

US army officer who became a general in the confederate states army during the american civil war. he is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's charge.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIW)

USSR's fifteen republics all loosely confederated under this

Election of 1864

Union Party= Lincoln (War democrats and republican party) platform: Finish the war with the same guy Lincoln gains support from soldiers Lincoln ends up winning HUGE Andrew Johnson as VP for border states tide of the war changes War was almost over saw he gained support Peace Democrats=Maclellan platform: this party obviously wanted peace, but Maclellan didn't he wanted war people who were tired of fighting the war "Old Abe removed McClellan, McClellan removed Abe"

William T Sherman

Union army general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south. led march to destroy all supplies and resoures, beginning of total warfare. He set out from Chattanooga TN on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went across the state of Georgia into SC and then into NC He destroyed everything the enemy might use to survive The march broke the will of the South to fight

Oliver O Howard

Union general known as the "Christian general" because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety. He was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era.

Trent Affair

Union warship stopped a British ship on way to England and arrested 2 Confederate diplomats-James Mason and John Slidell Britain prepared for war against US-sent troops to Canada Lincoln decided to release Confederates because he did not want to fight a two front war He said Captain of Union Ship acted without orders

Chinese Exclusion Act

United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

George A. Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn

Frederick Jackson Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

Andrew Carnegie

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)

Samuel Gompers

United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

University of California at Berkeley

University said the students couldn't pass out civil rights leaflets They said their right to free speech was being challenged Police came to arrest one of the leaders & the students surrounded the police car so it couldn't move Board stepped in → said that the leaders of the group were responsible and filed charges against some of them Many students were arrested, some went on strike

Eugene V. Debs

Very influential pro-labor man; Led the Pullman Railroad Strike; Much-later he, under the banner of the Socialist Party, ran for the presidency -- while locked in prison.

Dr. Hector Garcia

WWII vet who organized a group that would protect the rights of Latino veterans = the American G.I. Forum

Felix Longoria

WWII veteran; funeral home reused to bury him

election of 1920

Warren Harding - rep. candidate (opposite of wilson) Calvin Coolidge - rep. vp nomination James M. Cox - dem. candidate (strongly supported league) Franklin D. Roosevelt - dem. vp nomination Harding wins because his platform "Return to Normalcy" appeased many americans and he appealed to both pro and anti leaguers

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy

John P. Altgeld

Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Watchdog administrative agency that required stock markets to operate more cleanly, less like a casino more like a supermarket

Jay Cooke

Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression

Dixiecrats

Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats.

pork-barrel bills

When congress votes for an unnecessary building project so that a member can get more district popularity

Millerites

William Miller - Believed that Jesus' second coming would happen in 1843, obviously that didn't happen so that lost a little bit of credibility

"solemn referendum"

Wilson's belief that the 1920 elections should contain a direct vote by the people on the LoN

New Freedom

Wilson's plan, made up of liberal and progressive policies, supported small businesses, wanted to bust all trusts

Underwood Tariff Bill

Wilson, reduced tariff rates on imports and started a graduates income tax

Federal Trade Commission Act

Wilson, set up a position appointed by the president to investigate trusts, goal was to stop unfair trade practices

Federal Reserve Act

Wilson, this law made the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw 12 regional federal banks and the board could issue paper money (regulation)

Century of Dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson. Basically the Uncle Tom's Cabin of Native Americans

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

George W. Norris

Zealous Senator from Nebraska, who had the vision of the Tennessee Valley Authority

"yellow peril"

[aka Yellow Terror] color metaphor for race that originated in late-19th with immigration of Chinese laborers. term refers to skin color of East Asians and the belief that mass immigration of Asians threatened white wages and standards of living

"Air Force One"

a "707" made specially for the president

Allen Ginsberg

a "beat" poet who voiced the opinions against authority and the "establishment"

Emmett Till

a 14 year old black kid who was lynched for leering at a white woman

Winfield S. Hancock

a Civil War general who appealed to the South due to his fair treatment of it during Reconstruction and a veteran who had been wounded at Gettysburg, and thus appealed to veterans. he was chosen by the Democrats

spheres of influence

a European nation controlled a coastal city and its surrounding area. The European nation held exclusive trade rights for that city and area (for example, Britain's control of Hong Kong).

Solidarity movement

a Polish union that got rid of communism in Poland; followed by getting rid of communism in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Romania

James G. Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Kearney

a U.S. destroyer that had 11 men killed by a U-boat

Oliver Hill

a Virginian lawyer who was also a very successful civil rights lawyer; he and his team won $50 million in higher pay and better educational facilities for black students and teachers

Mississippi troubles

a black and two whites were beaten to death and buried and 21 people were arrested; white judges would not convict them

Medgar Evers

a black civil rights activist who was shot

UN Security Council

a body of 5 great powers (which can veto resolutions) and 10 rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces

Black Power

a call to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community... to begin to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations and support those organizations

Council of National Defense

a civilian council created by Wilson for people to study problems of economic mobilization

Jackson State Uniersity

a confrontation between students and police left 2 students dead and 11 wounded

trust

a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service

Charleston

a dance with jazz full of kicks and pivots- also characterized the wildness of the times

"Mississippi Freedom Democratic party"

a democratic party for the rights of blacks that was denied its seat at the national Democratic convention

American Federation of Labor

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 -- The AFL of the AFL- CIO...

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a fire broke out inside a factory, and due to locked doors and safety violations, 146 workers died

Khmer Rogue

a force of communists in Cambodia led by Pol Pot

Containment Doctrine

a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary .

"teach-ins"

a form of strike used by campus students

Atomic Energy Commission

a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

a government lending bank and was given half a billion dollars designed to provide relief to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organization, railroads, and hard-pressed local governments; no individual loans

Lost Generation

a group of people who were disconnected from their country & its values

Credit Moblilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

a kind of "dictator" put in place by the U.S. in Iran

William Hope Harvey

a lawyer, author, and politician who backed the idea of use of silver; that idea later incorporated itself into the People's Party and Democratic Party; he also founded the Liberty Party; Liberty Party's presidential candidate in 1932

"Million Mom March"

a march on Washington to show support for new anti-gun measures

Camp David

a meeting between Khrushchev and Eisenhower where the talked about evacuating Berlin

Black Panthers

a militant, violent black rights group

"New Isolationism"

a mood of caution and restraint in regards to foreign affairs

Bowling for Columbine

a movie made by Michael Moore that supported gun control

Kennedy Round

a name for his tariff negotiations to promote American-European trade; Geneva conference

"pink collar ghetto"

a name for the women who worked in the service, secretary, clerical fields

"counter culture"

a name for the young, rebellious youth of the 70s

Salvation Army

a new denomination of religion that came from England; gave out free soup

Gifford Pinchot

a notable conservationist who headed the federal Division of Forestry.

Hydrogen Bomb

a nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium

talented tenth

a phrase made popular by Du Bois in an article published in The Negro Problem in 1903. In the essay, Du Bois issues an argument for the higher education of African Americans.

company town

a place where practically all stores and housing are owned by the one company that is the only employer. The company provides infrastructure (housing, stores, transportation, sewage and water) to enable workers to move there and live.

imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

plutocracy

a political system governed by the wealthy people

Malcom X

a preacher for black rights (and an Muslim); inspired by Elijah Muhammad

League Covenant

a promise to make the LoN a part of the final treaty

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

a propaganda group that appealed to interventionists by appealing for direct assistance to the British and to isolationists by appealing for direct assistance to democracy

rebate

a refund of some fraction of the amount paid

"To Secure These Rights"

a report written by Truman when he found out about the military veteran lynchings; wrote to end segregation in federal civil service and equality in armed forces; congress resisted and Ike didn't really care about racial issues so nothing really happened

"sexual revolution"

a revolution of young people who wanted sexual liberties; introduced the pill

Littleton, Colorado

a school shooting at Columbine High School by two students killed 12 other students and a teacher

Jim Crow Laws

a set of laws followed by blacks which governed all aspects of their lies and controlled where they could go, where they could eat, their education, etc.; kept them economically inferior and politically powerless

Inter-American Conference

a special conference attended by FDR in Buenos Aries to get other Latin American countries to like the U.S.

Kenneth Starr

a special prosecutor that was hired to investigate Clinton's scandals

Waco, Texas

a standoff between federal agents and Branch Davidson fundamentalists ended in the destroying of he Branch Davidson's compound and many of their deaths, including women and children

trust-busting

a term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies, or "trusts," that violated federal antitrust law.

weathermen

a terrorist group of Americans inside the U.S.

"sit in" policy

a type of strike performed by blacks where they would refuse to move until they got service; used in restaurants, transportation, employment, housing, and voting

David G Farragut

a union admiral remembered for running a blockade of torpedoes while taking mobile As Grant pushes toward the Mississippi River, a Union fleet of about 40 ships approached the river's mouth in Louisiana This commander seized New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Natchez

Teamsters

a union that used gangsterism, fraud, and brass-knuckle tactics to get what they want

Alliance for Progress

a vast cooperative effort to satisfy the basic needs for people in North, Central, and South America for homes, work, land, health, and schools; pledged $20 billion over 10 years to promote economic development and social reform = prevent revolts

megalopolis

a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)

Moscow-Washington "hotline"

a way of communicating in case of crisis

Jack Kerouac

a writer who voiced the opinions against authority and the "establishment"

24th Amendment

abolished the poll tax in federal elections

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

abolished the quota system; doubled the number of immigrants allowed into America, but set limits on how many are allowed from the Western Hemisphere; it also said close relations to Americans didn't count toward the total number of immigrants allowed

vertical integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

horizontal integration

absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

"don't ask, don't tell" policy

accepted gays and lesbians in the armed forces by did not acknowledge their presence

Anita Hill

accused Clarence Thomas of sexual assault

O.J. Simpson

accused of murder and looked guilty but was acquitted, most likely because some police involved had been known to be racist

John Dean III

accused top White House officials of obstructing justice by covering up the Watergate scandal

Arnold Schwarzneggar

actor elected governor of California

Lillian Gish

actress who specialized as a delicate heronie

Equal Pay Act

added to Fair Labor Standards Act; employees doing same work in the same place had to be payed the same

James G. Blaine

advocated the "Big Sister" policy toward Latin America. The idea was to get Latin American countries behind the leadership of the U.S. To that end, he led the Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C.

"Battle of Anacosta Flats"

after BEF riots, two people were killed, so Hoover ordered that the "Bonus Army" evacuate unwanted guests; he hired General MacArthur to make sure this happens; used bayonets and tear gas; a few rioters were injured and their shanty was burned

"phony war"

after the invasion of France; no one involved in the war did anything; broken when USSR invaded Finland

ABC-1 agreement

agreement in which America promised to go after Germany first in the war, even though we wanted to get back at Japan after Pearl Harbor

Tripartite Pact

agreement that brought Japan into the Axis Powers

Compromise of 1877

agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes's election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.

"third basket"

agreements signed by the Soviet Union guaranteeing more liberal exchanges of idea, people, and information between East and West and protected basic human rights

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Reaganomics

aka "supply side" economics; included tax reforms that cut individual tax rates, federal estate taxes, and created new tax-free savings plans for small investors

Special Forces

aka Green Berets; elite antiguerilla military

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

aka Kerner Commission; led by former Illinois governor Otto Kerner; determined that violence was due to smoldering anger of inner-city ghettos

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

aka Star Wars; called for orbiting battle stations in space that could fire laser beams or other concentrated energy to vaporize intercontinental missles

Lee Harvey Oswald

alleged assassin of JFK

Elkins Act

allowed for heavy fines to be imposed on railroads that gave rebates and on shippers that accepted them; passed in 1903

William F. Halsey

almost lost one of the Leyte Gulf battles when he was decoyed away by a Japanese feint

Bland-Allison Act

an 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices.

Sherman Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Russel Conwell

an American Baptist minister, orator, philanthropist, lawyer, and writer. He is best remembered as the founder and first president of Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the Pastor of The Baptist Temple, and for his inspirational lecture, Acres of Diamonds.

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Edward Everett Hale

an American clergyman and author who wrote numerous newspaper articles, historical essays, sermons, short stories, and novels. Writer of "The Man Without A Country"

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Herbert Spencer

an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution before Darwin

Watts

an LA black ghetto; blacks were enraged by police brutality and they looted and burned their own neighborhood of a week; killed 3 whites and 31 blacks and over 1000 injured

Mettachine Society

an advocate of gay rights and sexual tolerance

Treaty of Paris

an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.

Philippine insurrection

an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies, Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

Tet Offensive

an attack by North Vietnam on South Vietnam on 27 South Vietnam cities simultaneously

Frank Conrad

an engineer who helped with the start of broadcasting programs in Pittsburgh

Oklahoma City

an explosion destroyed a federal building, killing 168 people in retaliation for the Waco incident

Iron Curtain

an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy, the divide between east and west Europe (communism and democracy)

Bessemer process

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

Whitewater Land Corporation

an investment deal Clinton was involved with before he was president; led to the hiring of a special prosecutor to look into his affairs

Aimee Semple McPherson

another famous Fundamentalist preacher; She was very theatrical presenter; Build the Angelus Temple in LA; Called "Sister Aimee"; She spoke with the use of the radio to reach almost all of her followers

Zora Neale Hurston

anthropologist, gained fame with her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God

Al Qaeda

anti-american terrorist group

American Protective Association

antiforeign organization; urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns

Sedition Act of 1918

any treacherous act or draft-dodging was illegal

Gerald Nye

appointed to investigate the "merchants of death"

17th Amendment

approved in 1913; established the direct election of U.S. Senators

evolution

argued that higher forms of life had evolved from lower forms of life via random mutation and survival-of-the-fittest; proposed by Charles Darwin;saying things that happened during an organism's life could be the surviving factor (not necessarily genetic mutation). By the 1920's, Darwin's view was largely accepted by scientists.

Duke Ellington

arranger, composer, and band leader

Charles J. Guiteau

assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

John J. Pershing

assigned to an 85 mile stretch north up to French border to lead American army

trade associations

association of people/companies in a particular business organized to promote their common interests

Free Speech movement

at the University of California at Berkeley, a protest broke out against established authority

Title VII

attached to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited sexual discrimination

Sinclair Lewis

attacked American society with savage irony in his books

Iwo Jima

attacked by Japan, but U.S. fought them off

Upton Sinclair

author of The Jungle that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

National Defense and Education Act (NDEA)

authorized $887 million in loans to students in college and started science and language course improvements

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries; also made strikes against government-operated industries a criminal offense; Washington ended up taking over coal mines and the railroads for a short period

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

authorized the president to make treaties with other countries in which both lower their tariffs by as much as 50%; made pacts with 21 countries

GI's

average soldier; "government issue"

INF Treaty

banned all intermediate-range nuclear force missiles in Europe; signed at the third summit meeting

Limited Test Ban Treaty

banned nuclear testing above the ground

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public (theaters, hospitals, restaurants, etc.), strengthened the government's power to end segregation in schools, and started the EEOC

Babe Ruth

baseball player

naval "quarantine"

basically a blockade, but not an act of war

Tonken Gulf Resolution

basically handed LBJ a blank check to use more force in Southeast Asia

Battle of Britain

battle in which Germany tried to make air strikes against Britain a month before a planned attack; Britain's Royal Air Force held them off and led to Hitler postponing the invasion

D-Day

battle in which the Allies attacked Germany on Normandy beach

Okinawa

battle where America took the island from Japan

"Great Marinas Turkey Shoot"

battle where Japan attacked the Marina islands; U.S. used "Hellcat" fighter planes and new technology to take out hundreds of Japanese aircrafts and more carriers; Japan was never able to recover from such loses

Stalingrad

battle where the Russians defeated Germany; turning point for the Soviets

Second Battle of the Marne

battle where the germans were pushed out of France and ultimately ended their winning streak

Calvin Coolidge

became pres. in 1923 when Harding died of illness, he was traditional/old-timey for the 20s, even more pro-business that Harding

Barbara Jordan

became the first black to be elected to the Texas state senate since Reconstruction

Mary Elizabeth Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

new morality

began to take place in the form of higher divorce rates, increased birth control, and more open sex talk. These changes had largely been prompted by the increased independence of women that their own jobs provided.

Good Neighbor Policy

being nice to Latin American countries; we removed our military from many Latin American countries; we were afraid that with a war looming in the future if we weren't nice to them, they may rally themselves with Germany and attack the U.S.

Victoria Woodhull

believed in free love; divorcee, occasional stockbroker, feminist propagandist; with her sister she published Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly; journal charged that Henry Ward Beecher (famous preacher of the time) that he was having an adulterous affair

neoconservatives

believed in free-market capitalism liberated from the government; were very anti-soviet, questioned liberal welfare programs and affirmative action policies, and called for the reassertion of traditional and individualistic values

Fundamentalists

believed in literal reading of the Bible in schools, Scopes Monkey Trial

Emmett Till

black 14-year-old killed for whistling at white woman

"Freedom Summer"

black and white civil rights advocates held a voting registration drive

Martin Luther King Jr.

black civil rights supporter; spokesperson for the protest movement

Paul Laurence Dunbar

black writer; poet; wrote Lyrics of Lowly Life; brought a new kind of realism

The Origin of Species

book written by Charles Darwin that talked about natural selection and explained his theories

Community Service Organizations & Asociacion Nacional Mexico-Americana

both worked for improvements for Mexican Americans

doughboys

boys who went into the war without hardly knowing how to do anything; had very little training

Bernard Montgomery

british general in battle of El Alamein

"Zoot-Suit" Riots

broke out in Los Angeles; American sailors attacked Mexicans and Mexican-Americans

Office of Price Administration

brought down wartime inflation through extensive regulations

Manhattan Project

building of the atomic bomb

capital goods

buildings, machinery, tools, and other goods that provide productive services over a period of time.

Strategic Air Command (SAC)

built up by Eisenhower to expand the passenger airline business

The Great Gatsby

by F. Scott Fitzgerald about the Jazz Age, ruined WWI vet., wife Zelda, period's glamour/senselessness

"Operation Rolling Thunder"

called for regular bombing attacks against North Vietnam

Child Labor Law

called to end child labor; didn't get passed

Chinese Immigrants in the West

came to california, first came because finding of gold, main railroad workers in the west

punji trap

camo pit filled w/ sharp stakes (sometimes poisonous)

internment camps

camps similar to concentration camps where we put Japanese immigrants or Japanese-Americans

Three P's

can be used to describe the 60s: protests against racism and Vietnam war, population bulge, and permanence of prosperity

Korematsu vs. U.S.

case in which the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of Japanese relocation into internment camps

Hopwood v. Texas

challenged university's affirmative action policies

"stoop laborers"

chicanos who worked in the fields in the west

Christian Science

church of christ; scientist; started by mary baker eddy; healing through prayer, not through medical treatment.

Voter Education Project

civil rights groups (like SNCC) started this program to register the South's blacks to vote

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

combat several causes of poverty, including illiteracy and unemployment; Gave poor people a voice in defining housing, health, and education; It also provided $950 million for projects with education and training programs

AF of L-CIO

combined AF of L and CIO; expelled the teamsters from choosing leaders

George B Meade

commanded the union army of the potomac at gettysburg. Was replaced by Ulysses S. Grant. General who commanded the Northern armies, set up north & west of Gettysburg & sustained Confederate assault Confederates took control of the town but Northerners held the high ground on Cemetery Ridge, south of Gettysburg

General William Westmoreland

commander of U.S. army in vietnam requested more soldiers after Pleiku attack

International Business Machines (IBM)

computer giant and set the standards of the "high-tech" age

Munich Conference

conference between european powers and germany; they gave germany the sudetenland of czechoslovakia in hopes that they would stop taking over territories

Potsdam conference

conference where Truman, Stalin, and British leaders met to thee Japan to "surrender or be destroyed"

Office of Economic Opportunity

congress doubled their budget to $2 billion and gave them $1 billion to fight the war on poverty in Appalachia

Robert Bork

conservative who was denied a seat on the supreme court by the new Democratic majority senate

Berlin Wall

constructed in 1961 to keep out East Berliners from West Berlin; "Wall of Shame"

Old Guard

controlled Republican National Committee, viewed Taft as conservative candidate and Roosevelt encouraged his progressive supporters to leave the party

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

convicted in 1951 of giving atomic bomb data found by American scientists to the Soviet Union; only Americans ever executed during peacetime for espionage

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

court ruled that states could put restrictions on access to abortions as long as there was no "undue burden" on the woman

Joseph R. McCarthy

crazy, popular anti-communist; accused Dean Acheson; over time, he accused more and more people; attacked the U.S. Army and took place in a 5-day televised hearing

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

created a free trade zone between Mexico, Canada, and the U.S.

Salk

created a vaccine for polio; secretary of health saw it as "socialized medicine"

Jerry Falwell

created the Moral Majority

Department of Homeland Security

created to protect America's borders and find terrorists

William Jennings Bryan

creation side of scopes monkey trial, bible expert/excellent speaker

Trade Expansion Act

cut tariffs up to 50% to promote trade with the Common Market countries

Welfare Reform Bill

cut welfare grants, required able-bodied welfare recipients to find jobs, and restricted welfare benefits for legal and illegal immigrants

Britain's big four leader

david lloyd george

Havana Conference of 1940

decided that the U.S. and New World countries would uphold the Monroe Doctrine

Port Huron Statement

declaration of principles and goals of the SDS (written by Tom Hayden)

Schechter case

declared the National Recovery Act unconstitutional (businesses hate running any other way than what would be best for them)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

democratic candidate in 1932 election against Hoover, had the people's touch, appealed to the common man, won by a landslide

Macy's/Marshall Field's

department stores that attracted urban middle class-shoppers and provided working-class jobs (many for women); consumerism and showed class division

Sinclair Lewis

depicted small-town America in "Main Street" and 20's materialism/consumerism in "Babbitt"

Maya Ying Lin

designed the Vietnam war memorial

La-drum-Griffin Act

designed to hold labor leaders responsible for financials and bullying tactics; also prohibited "secondary boycotts" and certain picketing

National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities

designed to lift the level of American cultural life

Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs)

designed to overcome any defense by "saturating" it with warheads, several to a rocket

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

developed for space exploration

Big Four

developed of the world's largest, most powerful nations: U.S., Britain, France, Italy

Joseph Stalin

dictator of the USSR

doves

did not support war

J. Robert Oppenheimer

director of the Manhattan Project and later of the Atomic Energy Commission

W.E.B. Du Bois

disagreed with Booker T. Washinton; earned a Ph. D. at Harvard (the first blackish person to do so); demanded complete equality for blacks, both socially and economically; helped found the NAACP; demanded that the talented tenth of the black community be given full as well as immediate access to the mainstream of American life; died as a self-exile in Africa

17th parallel

divided vietnam into two pieces; north: communist south: democratic

conscription

draft; all american men had to insert their names to serve in the military

Half-Breed

during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South. They were half loyal to Grant and half committed to reform the spoils system

Keynesianism

economics says that it's healthy for governments to engage in "deficit spending" (spending more money than they take in).

Norman Podhovetz

editor of Commentary magazine; neoconservative

Irving Kristol

editor of The Public Interest; neoconservative

Tom Watson

elected to the U.S Congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery

termination

eliminate reservations & assimilate Native Americans into mainstream U.S. life

Women's Bureau

emerged from the Dept. of Labor; many women gave up their jobs after the war so it didn't do much for a while

"asymmetrical warfare"

employing traditional warfare and innovative intelligence gathering, economic reprisals, infiltration of organizations, and assassinations

Seventh Pan-American Conferece

enacted the Good Neighbor Policy

Helsinki accords

ended still existent WWI struggles by drawing out the border between Poland and Eastern countries

recall

essentially a form of impeachment; the name for giving voters the ability to remove from office disloyal or incompetent officials

Marbury v. Madison

established judicial review

Mapp v. OH

established rule that evidence illegally obtained can't be used in trials

Human Genome Project

established the DNA sequencing of 30,000 human genes; Bush limited their funding because of religious reasons

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

established to enforce no discrimination for blacks in defensive industries

Rwanda

ethnic violence killed over 500,000 people

Clarence Darrow

evolution side of scopes monkey trial, expert trial lawyer

Booker T. Washington

ex-slave; worked hard to go to school; became the head of a normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama in a really crappy shack; taught useful trades (in order to gain self-respect and economic security); believed that one should make themselves useful in order to go against white supremacy

"modernization theory"

explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations; said that Asia, Africa, and Latin America could become industrial and democratic in they copy the U.S.

Copperheads

extreme Peace Democrats (named after rattlesnakes), were strongly anti-war, hated Lincoln, and fought against the Draft

jingoism

extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy

Billy Sunday

famous Fundamentalist preacher; He preached about the evils of alcohol; held more than 300 religious revival meetings

Jack London

famous for nature writing; wrote Call of the Wild and The Iron Heel

Bob Dylan

famous singer whose songs were for civil rights and his powerful song "Blowin in the Wind" was performed at the march

Louis Armstrong

famous trumpet player

red scare

fear of communism fueled by the Russian Revolution, Eugene Debs following, strikes, and mail bombs

Pleiku

february Viet Cong attack that killed 8 americans & wounded 126

Peace Corps

fed. program established to send volunteers to help developing nations around the world; ex: teachers, health workers, and technicians

"unfunded mandates"

federal laws that imposed new obligations on state and local governments without providing new revenues

Dust Bowl

fertile topsoil blew away (OK, KA, TX) caused by drought, wind, dry-farming, people had to move west to Cali. in search of farm jobs

Gus Garcia

filed a similar lawsuit to the Mendez case but in Texas

Alan Shepard

first American in space

Robert C. Weaver

first black cabinet secretary who headed HUB

L. Douglas Wilde

first black governor of Viriginia

Shirley Chisholm

first black woman elected into Congress/House of Representatives (Democrat)

Carol Moseley-Braun

first black woman in the Senate

Carol-Mosley Braun

first black woman in the senate

Jeannette Rankin

first congresswoman from Montana

Janet Reno

first female Attorney General

John Glenn

first guy to orbit the earth (did it 3 times)

The Jazz Age

first movie with sound ("talkie")

teach-in

first one took place at the University of Michigan in March 1965; 50-60 professors taught a special night session in which issues concerning the war could be aired, thousands of people attended

"707"

first passenger jet made by Boeing Company

Charles Lindbergh

first person to fly across the atlantic ocean in the plane the Spirit of St. Louis

Neil Armstrong

first person to walk on the moon

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

first proposed in 1923, said that men and women should be equal in everything and it was approved by Congress in 1972 but never got passed

Amelia Earhart

first woman to fly across the atlantic

Poor People's Campaign

focused effort by MLK to attack economic injustice

Jim Thorpe

football player; won decathlon and pentathlon in olympics

Portsmouth Conference

formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.

Moral Majority

formed by Jerry Falwell; spoke out against sexual permissiveness, abortion, feminism, and gay rights

James B. Weaver

former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892).

Florence Kelley

former member of the Hull House; was Illinois' first factory inspector - worked for laws safeguarding the rights of women and children in factories

Merrimack/ Monitor

fought between the two 'ironclads' the Merrimack (South) and the Monitor (North) by the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, as the Merrimack attempted to sink Union ships and break their blockade; ended in standstill, both just left; but North basically won because the Merrimack wasn't successful in sinking any Northern blockade ships

Thurgood Marshall

fought for equal schools in Sweatt v. Painter

Florence Kelly

fought for welfare of women, children, blacks and consumers; moved to Henry Street Settlement ; served 30 years as a general secretary of the National Consumer League

James Farmer

founded Congress of Racial Equality

Congress of Racial Equality

founded by pacifists in 1942; bring about change through peaceful confrontation; leader James Farmer

Clara Barton

founder of the American Red Cross, was a nurse on the battlefield for the Union

Frances Willard

founder of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union; fought against the widespread usage of alcohol

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

gave $1.3 billion in aid to states based on the number of children in low-income homes

19th Amendment

gave all women the right to vote; passed in 1920 after many states had given women suffrage already

Education Bill

gave educational aid to students (did not say schools so as to avoid the topic of religion)

"patients' bill of rights"

gave patients certain rights against medical providers and the right to sue

Madicaid

gave right (insurance) to impoverished people

Medicare

gave rights (hospital and insurance) to old people

Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

gave the Philippines thier independence after a 12 year period of economic and political control; also agreed to get rid of army bases but did not agree to naval bases; 12 year period was to set economic boundaries on them to basically use it against them if they got out of line

France's big four leader

geoges clemenceau

"slush fund"

getting money from political people who want you to win

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

goal of freezing number of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years

Pure Food and Drug Act

goal was to ensure proper labeling and prevent tampering

Grain Stabilization Corporation/ Cotton Stabilization Corporation

goals were to buy up surplus and keep prices high; it didn't work because they bought up too much surplus

Fuel Administration

got americans to save fuel by "heatless mondays", "lightless nights", and "gasless sundays"

Voting Rights Act of 1965

got rid of any tests required to register for voting

Miriam A. Ferguson

governor from Texas

Nellie Tayloe Ross

governor from Wyoming

Hiram Johnson

governor of California; pulled the Southern Pacific Railroad out from influencing politics

Robert La Follete

governor of Wisconsin; progressive; fought to bring power from corrupt corporations and to the people

Henry Adams

grandson of John Adams, wrote a history of the early U.S. and The Education of Henry Adams, his best known.

Nation of Islam

group led by Elijah Muhammad

"Rapid Deployment Force"

group of American draftees who could respond to suddenly developing crises; the draft would include both men and women

Veterans of Future Wars (VFW)

group of Princeton students that tried to get bonuses to be paid to them while they were still alive

Brain Trust

group of academic advisers FDR gathered to help him develop an economic plan in the 1932 election, their plans/programs became the backbone of the New Deal

Women's Christian Temperance Union

group of women that fought for temperance

Screen Actors Guild

group who banished accused communist actors from getting jobs; Reagan was president

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

group who fought for equality for blacks; threatened to march on Washington for equal job and military opportunities for blacks

Jane Addams

had a college education; used her talents to teach and do volunteer work, Hull house (American settlement home); condemned war and poverty; won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Federal Farm Board

had half a billion dollars to lend to farmers seeking to buy, sell, and store agriculture surplus; created the Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton Stabilization Corporation

progressive education

hands-on learning, learning by doing, education for life, Dewey's idea

Association of nations

harding's promise in election of 1920; promised for A league, but not THE league

Carter's Farewell Address

he said he tried to scale down the nuclear arms race, promote human rights, and protect the environment

A. Mitchell Palmer

he vowed to round up the reds to stop the bombs, arrested 6,000 and deported some

Henry Cisneros

head of Housing and Urban Development under Clinton

Robert S. McNamara

head of the Defense Department from being president of Ford Motor Company

Richard Daley

head of the Democratic convention; would not let protesters in; set up a barbed wire fence

J. William Fulbright

head of the foreign relations committee warned the President not to start the Bay of Pigs Invasion, but he went along with it anyway

J. Edgar Hoover

headed Bureau of Investigation

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUB)

headed by Robert C. Weaver

National War Labor Board

headed by Taft; worked to end labor disputes that might effect the war effort

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

headed by William Fulbright; televised anti-war hearings and people realized them were lied to about the causes and "winability" of the war

Harold Ickes

headed the Public Works Administration, secretary of the interior

William Fulbright

headed the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

George Washington Goethals

headed up construction of the panama canal—a modern marvel when completed in 1914. It'd cost $400 million to construct.

Area redevelopment

helped areas w/ long time unemployment

George Kennan

helped draft U.S. foreign policy opposed involvement in Vietnam; Said the war wasn't strategically important to U.S. & we shouldn't be solving other nations problems

settlement house

helped immigrants get accustomed to life in a new place; center of women's activism and social reform (ex. lobbied for antisweat shop law)

United Farm Workers Orginizing Committee (UFWOC)

helped to get better conditions for Chicano "stoop laborers"

Agent Orange

herbicide they dropped on dense jungle to kill the leaves/undergrowth & expose the soldiers

Jackson State College

highway patrol killed two students during a riot

Branch Rickey

hired Jackie Robinson onto the Brooklyn Dodgers team

"Solidarity"

huge Polish labor union that was suppressed by the communist martial-law regime

multipluralism

idea of promoting and celebrating ethnic and racial diversities

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

if the president proclaimed the existence of war, certain restrictions would automatically be put into place; for example, no Americans could sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent ship, or make loans to a belligerent ship

Speakeasies

illegal bars that were operated during prohibition

new immigration

immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe—Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Croatia. They largely came from nations with little democratic traditions. They were usually Catholic, uneducated, and were generally penniless.

NYC Draft Riots

immigrants in NY opposed the draft so they rioted, hate for blacks, fight for the independence of labor competition, didn't like that rich could buy out of draft, straight from boat into war

"Brady Bill"

imposed background checks for gun control; named after James Brady who was wounded and disabled when President Reagan was shot

Project Head Start

improved the educational performance of underprivileged youth

Proposition 209

in California; prohibited affirmative action preferences in government and higher education

Haymarket Riot

in Chicago, labor protest turns into a riot when a protester throws a bomb at police, give labor union a bad rap, anarchist threw bomb

Harry Hopkins

in charge of the Federal Relief Administration, had $3 billion to give to the states, took people's money in taxes to give to another person to buy his vote

Mary McLeod Bethune

in charge of the Office of Minority Affairs, she was the highest ranking black in FDR's administration

Bernard Baruch

in charge of the war industries board

totalitarianism

individual is nothing, government is everything

Martin Luther King Jr.

influenced by Mohdas Gandhi; fought for black equality; started the SCLC

trustbuster

informal name given to T. Roosevelt and W. H. Taft for their devotion to dissolving corrupt, monopolistic trusts.

Hemingway

introduced Stein's term in his novel The Sun Also Rises

Diner's Club

introduced the first plastic credit card

War Labor Board

introduced wage-ceilings; people started rioting and striking through walk outs; government introduced the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Guglielmo Marconi

invented a means of wireless communication using radio waves in 1896

Stokely Charmichael

involved in protest and actively involved in the SNCC

Burton Wheeler

isolationist senator who disliked the lend-lease act

Charles Lindbergh

isolationist speaker of the America First Committee

Food Administration

its job was to get food to America and its Allies; "wheatless wednesdays" and "meatless tuesdays"; very very effective

Jelly Role Morton

jazz pianist from NOLA, encouraged group improvisation- modern sound.

napalm

jelly like substance splattered/burned when dropped from airplanes, stuck to people's bodies & seared off their flesh

Ida Tarbell

journalist who wrote an article exposing the dark dealings of Standard Oil

Henry George

journalist-author; didn't have much formal school but had much idealism and human kindness; wrote Progress and Poverty; said that the pressure of growing population on a fixed suplly of land pushed up property values and gave unearned profits on owners of land; a one time, 100 % tax on those profits would get rid of unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth

Jack Ruby

killed Oswald to avenge Kennedy's death

Sierra Club

kind of like Boy Scouts, goal is conservation

re-education camps

labor camps led by communist regimes

land grant

land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads

Bonanza farms

large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Hanford, Washington

largest nuclear power plant

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

lead by Yasit Arafat; formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

General Douglas MacArthur

lead the "Battle of Anacosta Flats"; used military force to break up the BEF riots

Herbert Hoover

lead the food administration

Ghandhi

leader in India that peacefully lead India to be independent from the UK

Osama bin Laden

leader of Al Qaeda

Fulgencio Batista

leader of Cuba; taken out in a revolt

Anwar Sadat

leader of Egypt who met with Menachem Begin at Camp David; agreed to respect Israel's borders

Kaiser Wilhehm II

leader of Germany, military autocrat, easy for "freedom loving" Americans to dislike & want to side with the Allies

Saddam Hussein

leader of Iraq

Menachem Begin

leader of Israel who met with Anwar Sadat at Camp David; agreed to withdraw troops from the territory gained in 1967 war

Ho Chi Minh

leader of North Vietnam

Boris Yeltsin

leader of Russia; attacked Gorbachev and the USSR; became leader of Russia after USSR was disbanded

Stokely Charmichael

leader of SNCC, preached "Black Power"

Ho Chi Minh

leader of Vietnam; asked Wilson in Paris to support self-determination in southeast Asia; during the Cold War he became increasingly communist

Ngo Dinh Diem

leader of south Vietnam

A.C. McAuliffe

leader of the 101 Airborne Division; refused to surrender at battle of bulge

Dwight Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA

A. Phillip Randolph

leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Medgar Evers

leader of the NAACP (& recruited members and organized voter-registration drives), was shot by Byron de la Beckwith (who was set free in 1964, but later convicted) → in Birmingham

Leonid Brezhnev

leader of the Soviet Union who met with Carter to sign SALT II

Bao Dai

leader of the french republic of Vietnam

James Weldon Johnson

leading writer of the Harlem group, executive secretary for NAACP, wrote God's Trombones

Francisco Franco

led a spanish rebellion against the government with the help of Hitler and Mussolini

George Creel

led committee on public information

George S. Patton

led many highly successful lunges across France

National Women's Party

led marches and hunger strikes; did not support the war or women's participation in it

Fidel Castro

led rebellion in Cuba to overthrow Batista; started selling American property, land, and goods; U.S. boycotted their sugar; they started trading with Russia so we put an economic embargo on them

William D. Haywood (Big Bill)

led the IWW; convicted under the espionage act

Yasir Arafat

led the PLO

Cesar Chavez

led the UFWOC

Jo Ann Robinson

led the Women's Political Council; she was the one who said that they should do a bus boycott

"rule of reason"

legal doctrine used to interpret the Sherman Antitrust Act

Roe v. Wade

legalized abortion

Sixteenth Amendment

legalized income tax, Underwood Tariff Bill laid out the rules

Gulf of Tonkin resolution

let the president "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression"

nonproducers

liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. viewed as by the knights of labor

"Old Right"

lived in the south or the west and were suspicious of federal power

B-52

long-range strategic bomber; came from the design of the SAC's

Horatio Seymore

lost election against Grant; didn't accept redemption of greenback money for maximum value and lost Democratic support

26th Amendment

lowered voting age to 18

China trade bill

made China a full-fledged trade partner of the U.S.

Chautauqua movement

made education available to adults

Espionage Act of 1917

made it illegal for a person to mail or print anything anti-american or promoting the enemy

Boeing Company

made the passenger jet "707"

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

made to assist the indigent aged, blind, and disabled

"Alcan" highway

made to defend Alaska against Japan in case of an attack

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

made to eliminate discrimination in job hiring

Bureau of Investigation

made to fight organized crime

Neutrality Act of 1939

made to help lift the arms embargo; it started that European democracies can buy American goods on a "cash and carry" basis

Alliance for Progress

made to help the poor in Latin American countries by helping them out economically to essentially quiet the talks of communism; considered the Marshall plan for Latin America

Civil Rights Commission

made to investigate violations of civil rights and gave authority to the federal government to protect their voting rights

Committee on Public Information

made to sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilson's war aims; led by journalist George Creel; used posters, art, leaflets, pamphlets, propaganda booklets, novels, songs, etc.

first conscription act

made to train 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves each year

boondoggling

made up jobs, critics saw this as leaning-on-a-shovel and collecting taxpayer money

Middle America

mainstream Americans started voting Republican during the chaos of the democrats

Family Leave Bill

mandated job protection for mothers and fathers who needed time off work for family related reasons

America fever

many immigrants came to America because it was seen as a land of opportunities - political/religious freedom, economic opportunites, abundance of industrial jobs

Generation Gap

many of the youth of this generation were not satisfied with the values of their parents

Women's Stride for Equality

march on the 50th anniversary of women's suffrage

Bataan Death March

march where surviving American troops in the Philippines were marched to a Japanese concentration camp; many died on the march

BEF riots

marched on Washington and set up a giant Hooverville, which was so unsanitary it caused health risks to the citizens; they provoked congress with force after the bill narrowly failed, Hoover gave about 6000 a return fare, the rest refused to leave, leading to the "Battle of Anacosta Flats"

Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930

meant to be a simple protective measure, but went through the senate, full of lobbyists, and had around 1000 amendments added; highest protect tariffs in peacetime history; raised tariffs from 38.5% to 60%; made other countries mad because they had reasonable tariffs; plunged all nations into further into depression and made America more economically isolated

League of Nations

meant to contain an assembly of seats of all nations and a council controlled by the great powers

Kyoto Treaty

meant to limit greenhouse gas emissions, advocating new oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and allowed the VP to make administration energy policy with representatives of several giant oil companies

Washington Conference

meeting between major world powers (not Bolshevik Russia), purpose was disarmament of the countries, kept U.S./Britain from getting far East possessions, made the Four Power Treaty

summit meetings

meetings between Reagan and Gorbachev where they discussed the Soviet's ownership of INFs

Alvin C. York

member of an antiwar religious sect; single-handedly killed 20 germans and captured 132 others

New Left

members believed that problems such as poverty & racism called for radical changes

Equal Rights Amendment

men & women should be completely equal in everything ; didn't get passed

Selective Service Act of 1951

men ages 18-26 could be drafted

"summit conference"

met in New York with the UN Assembly and called for complete disarmament

"2nd summit conference"

met in Paris and couldn't really get it together; a U.S. plane was shot down in Russia; Eisenhower took responsibility and that basically ended the meeting

chicanos

mexican-americans

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

militant organization for black rights

MIAs

missing in action

George Gershwin

mixed jazz elements into more familiar-sounding music, a mixture of jazz and symphony

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

monitored global nuclear activites

March on Washington

more than 200,000 people came from all over the country to show support for the civil rights bill that Kennedy was passing; led by Phillip A. Randolph; MLK gave his "I have a Dream" speech

National Recovery Act

most complex New Deal program, wanted to help the industry, labor, and the unemployed, set up max. hours/min. wage (fair competition), labor unions had right to organize/bargain, no child labor or yellow dog contracts

Al Capone

most famous gangster, from Chicago, was in organized crime for liquor distribution, was jailed for tax evasion in Alcatraz

land-grant colleges

most of the land given from the Morrill Act became these types of schools; usually state universities

Civilian Conservation Corps

most popular New Deal program, young men hired to work in national parks, provided experience, adventure, and money

Michael Moore

movie maker who made the documentary Bowling for Columbine

Rebel Without a Cuase

movie starring James Dean; portrayed the frustrations of young people

"fragging"

murdering someone with fragmentation grenades; American soldiers in Vietnam would kill their commanders in this way

Butternut Region

name for the area consisting of Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana; were at first skeptical of why the Civil War needed to take place, but remained in the Union by Lincoln saying that the war wasn't over slavery, but was about preserving the Union

"merchants of death"

name given to businesses that were blamed with causing the war for monetary gains; they wanted to protect their investments in Britain and France

Charles W. Eliot

named president of Harvard. Symbolically, he changed Harvard's motto from Christo et Ecclesiae (for Christ and Church) to Veritas (Truth).

Battle of Coral Sea

naval battle fought between Japan and America; U.S. won; first battle to be fought only by carrier-based aircrafts

Faith

new american, concrete ship

Henry Cabot Lodge

new chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations; Wilson did not bring him to Europe to work out the treaty, even though he probably should have gone

Agusto Pinochet

new dictator of Chile after Allende died; supported by the U.S.

"New Look"

new foreign policy that condemned mere containment of communism

Religious Right

new group of conservative evangelical Christians

Mikhail Gorbachev

new soviet leader; introduced glasnost and perestroika

Nikita Khrushchev

new soviet premier

"silent service"

nickname for American submarine and destroyed about 50% of Japan's merchant ships

Johnny Reb

nickname for Confederate soldiers

"New Frontier"

nickname for JFK's proposals to improve the economy, assist the poor, and speed up the space program

"Russia's Vietnam"

nickname for Russia's resistance in Afganistan

Billy Yank

nickname for Union soldiers

"movement conservatives"

nickname for the Moral Majority

"Southern Manifesto"

nickname for the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education; The Declaration of Constitutional Principles was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places

Clarence Thomas

nominated African American to the Supreme Court; against affirmative action; his nomination was opposed by organized labor, NAACP, and NOW; was accused of sexual assault but still won the Supreme Court seat; second African American on the Supreme Court

Nazi-Soviet Pact

non-aggression agreement signed by the USSR and Germany; led to germany being able to wage war on Poland and other western democracies without fearing a stab in the back from Russia

Clement L Vallandigham

notorious Copperhead, was a Congressman from Ohio and would denounce the Civil War in Congress and mocked Lincoln, was sentenced for treason and thrown across the line to the Confederacy ("if you like them, join them"), where he was taken as a prisoner of war, this story inspired Edward Everett Hale to write The Man Without A Country

Ku Klux Klan

now they don't like Catholic, Jewish, pacifist, communist, internationalism, revolutionist, bootlegger, gambling, adultery, birth control; basically Pro-White Anglo-Saxon protestant

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Roth v. U.S.

obscene materials had no redeeming social importance

Meuse-Argonne

offensive strategy used by Americans; goal was to cut German railroad lines feeding to the western front

Workingmen's Compensation Act

offered help to federal civil service employees during time of disability

Federal Farm Loan Act

offered low interest loans to farmers

Agricultural Adjustment Act

offered low interest loans to farmers, paid farmers not to farm which reduced supply (artificial scarcity), declared unconstitutional in 1936

Sooner State

oklahoma; thousands of "sooners" illegally went into oklahoma and US military evicted them; oklahoma was opened on april 22, 1889

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

once a forefront of antipoverty and antiwar; later became an underground terrorist group

"hundred-hour war"

once the UN came into Iraq, they took out all Iraq forces in four days

Department of Transportation

one of the Great Society programs

Elizabeth Eckford

one of the kids denied entry into Central High School

Claude McKay

one of the leading poets, Harlem Shadows, voice of protest against the sufferings of African Americans in white society

Al Capone

one of the most infamous, rich bootleggers

conscientious objectors

opposed fighting on moral or religious grounds

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

organization that fought for Palestinian freedom

Farmer's Alliance

organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932

outlawed "yellow dog" contracts and forbade federal courts to issue warnings or orders to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing

24th Amendment

outlawed poll tax

"Declaration of Constitutional Principles"

over 100 southern congressional representatives signed it to say that they opposed the decision in Brown v. Board of Education and they pledged unyielding resistance to desegregation

Causes of the Great Depression

overproduction, overspeculation, people wanting more stuff, credit, labor-saving machines, depression abroad, no international trade, drought in Mississippi Valley

William R. Hearst

owned "Dailey Mirror" tabloid

Georgia O'Keeffe

painter who painted natural objects like flowers, animal bones, and landscapes

Edward Hopper & Rockwell Kent

painters who showed the nation's rougher side through paintings from cities to coal mines, from streets to the barrooms

soft/cheap money

paper money which is not connected to a treasury or gold supply, favored by debtors so their debts could be payed off for lose, when issued caused depreciation

Anne Moody

part of NAACP, sit-ins; jailed and told to never return home; determined to make South a better place for African Americans

Title IX

part of the Education amendment that prohibited sex discrimination in federally assisted educational programs or activites

Racketeering

partaking in illegal activities (i.e. drugs, gambling, prostitution, drinking, etc.)

Morrill Act

passed in 1862; gave a generous grant of public land to states for education

Hepburn Act

passed in 1906; Interstate Commerce Commission was expanded; could now nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates

24th Amendment

passed in 1964: eliminated the poll tax as a voting requirement

The War Powers Act

passed over Nixon's veto and required the president to tell Congress withing 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or "substantially" enlarging American forces in a foreign country

Volstead Act

passed to carry out the 18th Amendment, popular in South and West, bank savings increased and absences form work went down

Geneva accords

peace agreement that split Vietnam

Paris peace talks

peace negotiations between North Vietnam, South Vietnam, U.S., and Viet Cong

march in Birmigham, AL

peaceful marchers were protesting; they were poked with electric cattle prods, attacked by police dogs, and shot with high pressure fire hoses; JFK called this a "moral issue" and promised to fix it

"creeping socialism"

people believed that New Deal policies were becoming socialist

"Hooverblankets"

people had to use newspaper to keep warm

Freedom Riders

people who fought for desegregation

Gold Bugs

people who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold; talked about during cross of gold speech

"doves"

people who opposed the war

"televangelists"

people who preached about their religions on TV: Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton Sheen

"hawks"

people who supported the war

nativism

people who were against foreigners

"white collar"

people who worked in offices and industries

"blue collar"

people who worked with their hands

"draft-dodgers"

people who would buy their way out of the draft or hire replacements; outlawed by new conscription

"meatleggers"

people who would steal and sell wartime, rationed meat, butter, or other rationed goods

Henry Ford

perfected the assembly line, mass production applied to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass corruption

USA Patriot Act

permitted telephone and e-mail surveillance and authorized detention and deportation of suspected terrorists

Hugh Thompson

pilot of helicopter, said to fire at U.S. soldiers if they didn't stop killing people (said this to Lawrence Colburn his door gunner)

"soft underbelly"

plan in which the Allies would attack North Africa and then put pressure on Italy by conquering Sicily

Countee Cullen

poet, best known for his collection of poems called Color

Langston Hughes

poet, short story writer, journalist, and playwright - spoke about the joys/difficulties of being human, being America, and being black

Emily Dickinson

poet; poetry wasn't published when she was alive (only two were and those were without her consent); wrote over a thousand short lyrics on scarps of paper

nativist

policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

"one-China"

policy where U.S. lessened its dependence on Taiwan

"Ohio Gang"

politicians/industry leaders close with Harding, appointed to high office, part of the scandals

deferment

postponed a college student's call to serve

Carrie Chapman Catt

pragmatic and businesslike reformer for women's rights; stressed that women should be allowed to vote because they were responsible for health of the family and education of the kids

"Black Power"

preached by Charmichael; some took it to mean exercising their economic and political rights and to become integrated into American life; others thought they should all get afros and change their names to more African identites

preservationism

preserving something, Roosevelt liked this

Warren G. Harding

president in 1920, not smart, gullible, doesn't have vigor of strong leader, pro-business

Charles de Gualle

president of France; vetoed British application for the Common Market membership; he thought the British joining would just allow the U.S. to get more involved in European affairs; he was the one who ordered NATO out of Vietnam in 1966

Jean-Bertrand Aristide

president of Haiti; run out of power twice

Slobodan Milosevic

president of Serbia who attacked Albania

landmine

pressure of footstep would set off explosive set in the ground

Johnson Debt Default Act

prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing any more money from the U.S.

Lee Harvey Oswald

prime suspect for Kennedy's assassination; former marine and supporter of Fidel Castro

POWs

prisoners of war

National Rifle Association

pro-gun association that battled with Clinton over the need for tougher gun control laws

Jack Dempsey

professional boxer

Department of Energy

program created by Carter; maintained national energy policy of the U.S.

18th Amendment

prohibited all alcoholic drinks

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

prohibited discrimination against Americans with physical or mental disibilities

Eisenhower Doctrine

promised economic and military aid to the Middle East countries threatened by communism

"New Frontier"

promised to revitalize the economy and reform education, health care, and civil rights

Margaret Sanger

promoted birth control for women

Frederick W. Taylor

promoted efficiency in production, workers became more effective due to stop watch technique

Common Market

promoted free trade for European countries

World Trade Organization (WTO)

promoted international trade

"Rosie the Riveter"

propaganda that inspired women to get and hold jobs

"open skies"

proposed by Eisenhower to the Soviet Union; proposed mutual inspection program for both countries; Khrushchev rejected it

"flexible response"

proposed by McNamara; developing lots of military options that could be used based on the gravity of each situation

Seattle

protesters gathered to riot against the economic "globalization" during a WTO meeting

Homestead Act

provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921

provided federally financed instruction and maternal and infant health care

Medicare

provides hospital & low-cost medical insurance to most Americans age 65 and older

Medicaid

provides low-cost health insurance coverage to poor Americans of any age who cannot afford their own private health insurance

mandate

public endorsement; JFK did not have strong endorsement because it was such a close election

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

published Women and Economics, a classic of feminism. She shunned traditional femininity, said there were no real differences between men and women, and called for group nurseries and kitchens to free up women.

Betty Friedan

published the Feminine Mystique

pure and simple unionism

purposed by Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL; he proposed that argued that "the trade unions pure and simple are the natural organizations of the wage workers to secure their present and practical improvement and to achieve their final emancipation."

No Child Left Behind Act

put sanctions on schools that did not meet federal performance standards

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

put serious restrictions on abortion

The Affluent Society

questioned the relation between the public's good and wealth; called for private spending to match social spending

John McCain

rain for the Republican nomination in 2000 and campaigned for finance reform

McKinley Tariff

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Newt Gingrich

ran for Congress and he ran on a policy of getting rid of deficits and reductions in welfare programs

"prime rate"

rate of interest banks charge; raised to an outrageous 20% in the early 1980s

Reagan Recession

recession during Reagan's presidency; some say it was caused by Reaganomics and others say it was caused by the shift to the free market

Trade Expansion Act

reduce protectionism & encourage free trade

water projects bill

reformed the distribution of federal water in the West; put the interests of environment ahead of agriculture

Progressive Party

refused to die out in 1924 so they nominated LaFollette, endorsed by the A of L and socialists, got 5 million votes

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat on a white bus; prompted Montgomery Bus boycott

Orval Faubus

refused to let 9 black kids into school so Eisenhower had military escort them to school (b/c it was a direct challenge to federal authority)

Thoreau

refused to pay taxes because was against the war with Mexico in 1846

Operation Rolling Thunder

relentless bombing campaign that Johnson passed, went on for 3 years

the "three R's"

relief (for the right now: shelter/food), recovery (year or so to get out of depression), reform (ensure it wouldn't happen again)

Election of 1960

rep nom: nixon (VP Henry Cabot Lodge) dem nom: john f. kennedy he was catholic and so lots of people didn't trust him, southerners didn't like him; got support from Catholics, blacks, and workers Kennedy wins

Warren E. Burger

replaced Earl Warren as Chief Justice; Roe v. Wade happened under his court

Immigration Act of 1965

replaced previous quotas with a 20,000 immigrant limit per year from countries outside western hemisphere

Jacob Riis

reporter for the New York Sun who shocked the world with 'How the Other Half Lives', which exposed the miserable lives of the denizens of New York slums

McCarran Act

required all communist organizations to register with the government and to provide lists of members

Philadelphia Plan

required construction-trade unions to establish "goals and timetables" for hiring black apprentices; had to hire a certain quota of minorities

Welfare Reform Bill of 1996

restricted access to social services and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find jobs

Hepburn Act (1906)

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates.

transistor

revolutionized computers

the Rough Rider

roosevelt's election nickname

Sweatt v. Painter

ruled that black and white schools were not equal

Milliken v. Bradely

ruled that desegregating schools could not require students to move across school district lines

New York Times v. Sullivan

ruled that public figures could sue for libel (defaming them or their reputation) only if they did it for "malice" precedent: opened the doors for free criticism of the public actions or private lives of politicians or other officials

Brown v. Board of Education

ruled that segregation in schools was "inherently unequal" and so unconstitutional; ended "separate but equal" decided in Plessy v. Ferguson

Reynolds v. Sims

ruled that state legislators would have to be reappointed according to human population

Griggs v. Duke

ruled that you cannot use intelligence tests or other devices to prevent minorities or women from getting jobs

Hull House

run by Jane Addams; American settlement home; located in a poor area but gave help to the poor in English; child-care, adjustment to big-city life, cultural activities

Gratz v. Bollinger

said accepting a specific number of minority students was unconstitutional

Boynton v. Virginia

said bus station waiting rooms and restaurants for interstate travellers couldn't be segregated

Randolph Bourne

said ethnic groups should interact with each other to create a trans-continental america

Allan Bakke

said he was denied entry into University of California into their medical program because of an admissions program that favored minorities; decided that preferences of admissions could not be given to anyone, majority or minority, but also said racial factors could be taken into consideration when dealing with their overall admission policy

Grutter v. Bollinger

said it's okay to use a more flexible, individually based minority admissions procedure

Commonwealth v. Hunt

said labor unions were legal

Dred Scott Decision

said slaves were property, the 5th amendment said the gov could not limit where you could take your property, there was no such thing as free states anymore, Scott sued for freedom, was in a free state for many years, lost the case

Baker v. Carr

said state legislative districts had to be divided on the basis of "one man = one vote" (all votes carried the same weight) to prevent parties from drawing unfair district lines

Reynolds v. Sims

said state legislative districts not based on "one man, one vote" were in violation of equal protection clause in 14th amendment

Schenck v. United States

said that freedom of speech could be revoked when the nation is in clear and present danger

Gertrude Stein

said that he and the other writers were all a Lost Generation

The Lonely Crowd

said that post war Americans were all conformists

Stimson doctrine

said that the U.S. would not recognize territories achieved by force

Nixon Doctrine

said that we would honor out existing defense commitments, but in the future Asians would have to fight their own wars without American help

The Feminine Mystique

said that women should not be stuck to be housewives; written by Betty Friedan

"dynamic conservatism"

said to be liberal to people and conservative in government

La Follette Seamen's Act

sailors guaranteed good treatment/wages, leads to shipping rates shooting up

conservation

saving natural resources, Roosevelt was all for it

S&L

savings and loan institutions; they got damaged because of falling oil prices

Modernists

saw God as old chum, didn't believe man was born a sinner/in need of forgiveness

Judicial Review

saying the supreme court has the power to decide whether or not a law is consitutional

Donna Shalala

secretary of Health and Human Services under Clinton

John Hay

secretary of state; Created the Open Door Note

Andrew Mellon

secretary of treasury, low tax policy helped encourage economic growth

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de facto segregation

segregation by social conditions like pverty

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

sent volunteers to help people in poor communities

Plessy v. Ferguson

separate but equal, discrimination is okay

Berlin Wall

separated communist and noncommunist Berlin

"tight money"

set in place during the Reagan Recession by the Federal Reserve Board on Carter's watch; instituted higher interest and restricted access to credit in an attempt to lower inflation and prevent recession

Jacob S. Coxey

set out for Washington in 1894 with a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program

Glass-Steagall Act

set up Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured people's money in the bank up to $5,000

Chief Justice Warren

set up an investigation to find out what really happened, but they never really found out

Air Pollution Control Office

set up in Los Angeles to protect the air

Agricultural Marketing Act

set up the Federal Farm Board

Cecil B. Demille

set up the first studio in Holleywood, CA; made romantic comedies and epics

Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

shah of Iran put in place with the help of the CIA; overthrown by Muslim fundamentalists who resented his plan to westernize Iran

"Hooervilles"

shantytowns where the homeless lived

"scud"

short range ballistic missiles used by Iraq against military and civilians in Saudi Arabia and Israel

Deficit-Reduction Bill

shrank the deficit to its lowest point in over 10 years

START II accord

signed by Bush and Yeltsin; committed both sides to reducing their long-range nuclear arsenals by two thirds within 10 years

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

signed by U.S. and Russia where they agreed to not try nuclear explosions in the atmosphere

Charlie Chaplin

silent comedy star; portrayed "little tramp"

Great Garbo

silent film star

"southern strategy"

since Nixon was a minority president, he appointed conservative Supreme Court judges, passed civil rights legislation, and opposed school busing to get southern votes

Public Works Administration

sought to build up public works/infrastructure, started the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River

"sunbelt"

southern states (Florida to California); many black people migrated from these states to northern states

Vostock

spacecraft that carried Yuri Gagarin

"Quarantine Speech"

speech by FDR after Japan attacked China; called for economic embargos on agressors

Interstate Highway Act of 1956

spend $27 billion to build 42,000 miles of highway; helped trucking, automobile, oil, and travel industries; hurt railroads and caused problems with air quality and energy consumption

F. Scott Fitzgerald

spokesmen for Jazz Age, described the period's glamour/senselessness in "The Great Gatsby"

Treasury Department

sponsored parades for the Liberty Loan drives and Victory Loan campaign

"New Right"

sprouted from evangelical Christian groups like the Moral Majority; they were involved in politics, denounced abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and affirmative action, and believed in prayer in schools and penalties for criminals

"victory gardens"

sprung up everywhere from backyards to vacant lots; grew vegetables to feed America during war

exchange rate

stabilizing each nation's currency so it would be able to be exchanged; key for starting up international trade again

sit-ins

started at Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago; lead to a lot of students spending time in jail

Freedom Riders

started by CORE in DC in 1961; designed to test whether or not southern states would obey the Supreme Court's ruling

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

started by MLK Jr. with the goal of mobilizing the power of the black chuches

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

started by MLK and other clergymen; nonviolent protest; shifted focus of civil rights movement to the South

American Legion

started by Teddy Roosevelt in Paris, veterans got together to get wages lost while at war/veteran benefits, they eventually got to Adjusted Compensation Act

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

started by civil rights activists

Jan Scruggs

started funding for a Vietnam war memorial

paperbacks

started in 1940s, sales exceeded hardbacks in 1960 and today makes up about 60% of the market

War on Poverty

started programs to help the poor

War Department

started slogan "work or fight"; threatened unemployed males of being drafted; discouraged strikes

Civil Rights Act

started the Civil Rights Commission

Alice Paul

started the national women's party

War Industries Board

started to organize the economy; disbanded within days after the armistice

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

started when 4 black students refused to move until the were served at a white restaurant; each day they came back with more and more people; they used sit-ins to force equal treatment of blacks; thought the SCLC was too stately and the NAACP was to legal about it

parity

state of being equal especially regarding status or pay, what the blacks wanted

Wabash Case

states can't regulate railroads or interstate trade

Dartmouth College Case

states have to respect the contracts of citizens

"Goddess of Democracy"

statue erected in China modeled after the Statue of Liberty to show their appreciation for democracy

Black Star Line

steamship company that Garvey hired to take followers back to Africa, but corruption and mismanagement occured

War Production Board

stopped unnecessary manufacturing and focused on raw materials and transportation

island hopping

strategy used by the U.S. in the Pacific in which the skipped past some heavily-armed islands and captured islands around it and set up airfields on them to bomb the enemy base

Elkins Act (1903)

strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Helms-Burton Act

strengthened the economic embargo on Cuba

Griswold v. CT

struck down CT law prohibiting use of birth control

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

struggles to get equality for Hispanics

Kent State University

students rioted and the National Guard come in and killed 4 students and wounded many others

Kent State University

students who were against the war found out we were invading Cambodia and they protested, breaking windows and tearing down the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) building; The national guard got called in and when students started throwing rocks at them, they started throwing tear gas at them. After a while, they retreated to a hill and started firing down on the students

Oliver Brown

sued the Topeka, Kansas Board of Education for not letting his 8 year old daughter Linda to attend a white school; Brown v. Board of Education

Gonzalo & Felicia Mendez

sued their school for discrimination → federal district court ruled this unconstitutional

Bootlegging

suppliers of alcohol

Ho Chi Minh Trail

supply route through Laos & cambodia that they passed supplies/troops through

initiative

supported by progressives; argued that voters could directly propose legislation themselves; so as to avoid the corrupt state legislatures

recall

supported by progressives; would allow the voters to remove elected officials, especially those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists

referendum

supported by progressives; would place laws on the ballot for final approving by the people

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

supported the war; supported women's suffrage

hawks

supported war

Muscle Shoals Bill

supposed to build a dam in the Tennessee River but Hoover vetoed it because he thought the government selling electricity in competition with big business was socialistic

Foch

supreme French marshal; "to make war is to attack"

Sandra Day O'Connor

supreme court judge appointed by Reagan; first woman in a high court position

Tet Offensive

surprise attacks on major cities/towns/military bases in south vietnam

Miranda v. AZ

suspect must be given rights before questioning

Gideon v. Wainwright

suspects that can't afford a lawyer have the right to free legal aid

Gertrude Ederle

swimmer; won olympics in freestyle; first woman to swim across the english channel

Dorothy West

tackled the dual themes of being black and being a woman

filibuster

tactic where the senators prevent a vote by refusing to stop talking

Proposition 13

tax revolt in California; they cut property taxes and government sevices

Hazel Wightmas

tennis player

Muckrakers

term by President Roosevelt to describe journalists whose goals were to dig up dirt on major corporations, and expose their dark dealings; spent lots of cash fact-checking articles

"McCarthyism"

term for unfair and ruthless charges against an opponent

9/11

terrorist attack on the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center; a third plane flew into the Pentagon, killing 198 people; a fourth plane was forced by passengers to crash into a field

Coin's Financial School

the 1894 pamphlet that used fiction and over-simplification to promote the cause for free silver

"energy crisis"

the Arab countries put an oil embargo on any countries that supported Israel

Bay of Pigs Invasion

the CIA trained anticommunist rebels to crush the Castro regime; failed miserably because U.S. refused to help besides for the training of the rebels

Chechnya incident

the Chechnyan minority in Russia revolted for their independence, Yeltsin sent in federal troops to break up the protest

Boxer Rebellion

the Chinese rose up to oust/kill foreigners who controlled their cities. 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians were killed.

"Cointelpro"

the FBI's counterintelligence program; the FBI was encouraged to fight the peace movements

Fernando Marcos

the Philippine dictator overthrown by Corazon Aquino

Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson

the Supreme Court challenged sex discrimination in legislation and employment

United States v. Wheeler

the Supreme Court decided that Indian tribes possessed a "unique and limited" sovereignty subject to the will of Congress but not individual states

Bosnia

the U.S. committed U.S. troops to a NATO peacekeeping group; they stayed in Bosnia because they were the only ones that could keep peace and prevent new hostilites

Escobedo v. IL

the accused have to have access to an attorney during questioning

"Civil Disobedience"

the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power

"We Shall Overcome"

the anthem of the civil rights movement → not only a symbol for the movement but a source of pride and determination

black nationalism

the belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the african american community

fragmentation bombs

the bombs threw pieces of their thick metal casings in all directions when they exploded

interlocking directorate

the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals

Tweed Ring

the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing.

"cash and carry"

the country buys it and has to come here and pick it up after paying for it in cash

Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks

the court made it more difficult to prove an employer had practiced racial discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to argue they had been discriminated against

"rights revolution"

the massive amount of acts passed to help many differend groups of people; helped Americans but hurt the government financially

Black Panthers

the militant political party, the black panthers, were founded in 1961 by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton; goals: blacks lead their own communities and fed. gov. to rebuild nation's ghettos

Eleanor Roosevelt

the most political involved first lady up to that time

"unconditional surrender"

the nation would have to agree to everything put forth by the Allies; some people criticized it by saying that it forced the enemy to fight until their last man

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

referendum

the proposed system of placing to-be-passed laws on ballots, allowing the people to vote on them

self-determination

the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government with outside influence

Square Deal

the stated policy of President Theodore Roosevelt, originally promising fairness in all dealings with labor and management and later extended to include other groups.

"Bretton Woods"

the system of currency that functioned over a quarter of a century after WWII before Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard and devalued the money because of inflation

Weathermen

the terrorist group that came from the SDS

pragmatism

the thought that the truth of an idea should be tested by practical consequence

Benjamin Harrison

the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Fords Theater

theater at which Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, while watching Our American Cousin

saturation bombing

these planes could drop thousands of tons of explosives over large areas during an air raid

Yugoslavia

they broke out in "ethnic cleansing" campaigns to get rid of minorities in the country

"massive retaliation"

threatening nuclear warfare as response to enemy aggression

"Crime of '73"

through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

Nelson Mandela

thrown into prison for trying to overthrow the government; once he was released he became president of South Africa

Lend-lease Act

to prevent another post-war depression, FDR said that the countries could just use American arms and return them when they're done; "blank check bill"

"Pentagon Papers"

top secret Pentagon study about the mistakes and deceptions made by LBJ and JFK that provoked the Gulf of Tonkin incident; published in the New York Times

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

torpedo boats attacked the us destroyers 30 miles from north vietnam

SALT II

treaty between U.S. and USSR limiting the levels of lethal strategic weapons; never passed because of the Iran conflict

Treaty of Versailles

treaty that ended WWI; aimed more at punishing Germany

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty

treaty with USSR and U.S. that limited each nation to two clusters of defensive missiles and several arms reduction negotiations

McNary-Haugen Bill

tried to keep the price of farm goods high by the government buying surplus and selling it to other nations, Coolidge vetoed it twice

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

tried to slow illegal immigration by penalizing employers that had undocumented workers and granted amnesty to many of those already here

grenades

triggered by concealed trip wires

Lair rams

two confederate warships with iron sides and large caliber guns being built in Britain Could break though Union blockade Minister Adams warned if they were given to Confederacy that Union would go to war with Britain

Robin Moor

unarmed merchant ship that the germans sank after declaring that they would sink all ships

affirmative action

under LBJ it meant to protect individuals against discrimination under Nixon it meant to protect the privileges of certain groups

"militias"

underground societies of violent citizens who were suspicious of the government

James R. Hoffa

unioner convicted of jury tampering and sent to jail; teamster

Dwight Lyman Moody

urban revivalist; once a shoe salesman; spoke to audiences about forgiveness

guerilla warfare

used by the filipinos; killed over 4000 americans;

cloture

used to limit or end debate and call for a vote

"double mountain" of deficit

used to talk about the U.S.'s federal and international deficit

H.L. Mencken

used wit/biting criticism to jab at almost every aspect of society in his "American Monthly" (also known as "people don't want freedom, they want safety" guy)

"gunboat diplomacy"

using military tactics to get what you want

unrestricted warfare

using submarines to sink all ships in the war zone; declared by Germany in 1917

Pan-American Conference

various meetings between representatives of some or all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere (Canada usually excluded). Between 1826 and 1889, several meetings between American states were held to discuss problems of common defense and juridical matters.

Al Jolson

vaudeville performer in The Jazz Age

School District of Abington Township v. Schempt

very similar to Engel v. Vitale; tried to make a prayer for students; said it was unconsititutional

"Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF)

veterans tried to get the government to give them their bonuses now that weren't due until 1945; had around 20,000 members

V-J Day

victory in Japan Day; day when Japan surrendered and the war was officially over

Malcolm X

viewed white society as oppressive and preached black separation and self help

Italy's big four leader

vittorio orlando

Ernest Hemingway

voice of the "Lost Generation", based his books on his own life, empty/hollow lives of young adults, wrote "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms"

Rough Riders

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War

JFK on civil rights

voted for civil rights measures; during his presidency, he moved very slowly on those rights because he didn't want to anger southern Democratic senators whose votes he needed on other issues; Civil Rights momentum picked up as violence spread

Warren Court

wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against the gov.'s power

Clayton Act

wanted to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act, forbade price discrimination and interlocking directorates, said labor unions are trusts and strikes are legal

America First Committee

wanted to use our resources to defend America; most effective speaker was Charles Lindbergh

James Jeffords

was a Republican senator so upset by Bush's displays that he became a Democrat

Federal Housing Authority

was set up to offer low interest home loans. it got people in homes and put people to work building them.

Vietnamization

was to remove American troops and replace them with South Vietnamese soldiers

James Meredith

wasn't allowed to attend Ole Miss; Kennedy fixed the problem by sending in federal marshals

Destroyer Deal

we gave britain 50 destroyers from WWI and they gave us 8 defensive base sites from Newfoundland to South America

Teapot Dome

when oil was discovered in Wyoming, Fall had put the land under his power to accept bribes for oil drilling rights from Sinclair and Dohemy, Fall was in jail for a year

cultural pluralism

when smaller groups within larger society maintain their unique cultural identities

Sarajevo

where Franz Ferdinand (the Austrian heir-to-the-throne) was assassinated, had a domino effect leading Europe into war

Fort Dien Bien Phu

where Vietnam defeated the french

"reverse discrimination"

where minorities used to be discriminated against, now there is legislation in place to protect them from it

social gospel

where the church take on social issues; science of society and that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Paris Conference

where the countries involved in WWI met to talk out the treaty

silent majority

which were people who supported the war effort (usually law-abiding middle class)

"Redeemers"

white Democrats who used their political power to oppress the Black community

Monica Lewinsky

white house intern that Clinton had an affair with

Phyllis Schlafly

women who led the campaign to stop the ERA

WAAC

women's army

SPARS

women's coast guard

WAVES

women's navy

NAACP

won a victory when the Supreme court ruled that the "white primary" was unconstitutional; undermined the fact that the southern Democrats party was a white person's club

U.S.'s big four leader

woodrow wilson

William James

worked for 35 years on the Harvard faculty; used writings to influence many people; wrote Principles of Psychology -- helped establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology; The Will to Believe & Varieties of Religious Experience - explored philosophy and psychology of religion; Pragmatism (Most famous work) - described America's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Rosa Parks

wouldn't give up her seat on a white bus

Eugene O'Neil

wove dark poetic strategies out of the material of everyday life, showed that American stage could be just a good as European stage

Zimmerman note

written by Arthur Zimmerman, german foreign secretary, who made a secret alliance with Mexico; promised to help them retrieve Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they basically distract us from joining the war

An American Dilemma

written by Gunner Myrdal; criticized how we supported "liberty, equality, and humanitarianism" even though we discriminate against blacks

Progress and Poverty

written by Henry George; undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress; came up with the idea of the graduated income tax—the more you make, the greater percent you pay in taxes.

The Other America

written by Michael Harrington; said federal gov. should have used more funds to fight poverty

The Other America

written by Michael Harrington; showed that 20% of Americans (and 40% of the black population) suffered from poverty; this book brought support for LBJ's Great Society programs

Silent Spring

written by Rachel Carson; exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides

The Stages of Economic Growth

written by Walt Whitman Rostow; showed how we got from traditional society to "the age of high mass-consumption"

Louis D. Brandeis

wrote "Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It", made people want to reform a corrupt banking system

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle" about the meat packaging industry's horrible conditions and wanted to reveal the plight of the workers

Bruce Barton

wrote "The Man Nobody Knows", he was an ad master and said Jesus was best advertiser ever and other marketers followed his steps

Herbert Coley

wrote "The Promise of American Life", inspired TR's New Nationalism plan and agreed with TR's views

Thorstein Vebler

wrote 'The Theory of the Leisure Class', which talked about the rich as "predatory wealth", and said that the rich were more focused on making money then making useful goods

Henry Demarest Lloyd

wrote 'Wealth Against Commonwealth', a book which criticized the Standard Oil Company

Gunner Myrdal

wrote An American Dilemma

Rachel Carson

wrote Silent Spring

Henry L. Stimston

wrote Stimston doctrine

Mark Twain

wrote The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, The Innocents Abroad, and The Gilded Age; hardly had any formal schooling in Missouri; real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens; also wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; captured frontier realism and humor with American dialect

Michael Harrington

wrote The Other America

Michael Harrington

wrote The Other America about the lives of the poor & how even though there were a ton of rich people, ⅕ of the nation was below the poverty line

Walt Whitman Rostow

wrote The Stages of Economic Growth

Lincoln Steffens

wrote a series of articles titled 'The Shame of the Cities', which revealed the corrupt alliances between big business and city government

William Faulkner

wrote hauntingly about southern experience, confused readers w/ choppy stream of consciousness writing technique, wrote "The Sound and the Fury"

Sigmund Freud

wrote psychological theories about sex/violence, said sexual repression led to many ills so sexual gratification was needed

John Kenneth Galbraith

wrote the Affluent Society

Ralph Ellison

wrote the Invisible Man

David Riesman

wrote the Lonely Crowd

Sloan Wilson

wrote the Man in the Gray Flannel Suit; talked about conformity

William H. Whyte Jr.

wrote the Organization Man; talked about conformity

James Baldwin

wrote the book The Fire Next Time which talked about how generations of hate had set blacks apart but made them stronger

Montgomery Bus Boycott

year-long agreement of blacks not to use buses because of Rosa Parks

McCullough v. Maryland

you can't sue the gov. or tax the national bank

"yuppies"

young, urban professionals that came out of the recession

Peace Corps

youth volunteers who helped underdeveloped countries