Combo with "AP Gov - Ch. 14" and 4 others

Eisenhower: Popularity

"Hidden hand" strategy emphasized his feelings toward not needing to be flashy with his agenda. He used it to his benefit during the McCarthy case. The McCarthy case was set about by a crazy drunk and centered around the ideas of McCarthyism (aimed at communism, red scare witch hunts) which employed bullying tactics and was ruining the lives of many. Edward R. Murrow attacked McCarthy to make a public case, then this president got the senate to televise the McCarthy hearing. McCarthy caused a young corporal of being a communist, broadcasted on TV people saw the true nature of McCarthy and his "movement" lost support

Active-Positive

(Adaptive) -Self confident -Flexible -Creates opportunities for action -enjoys exercise of power -does not take himself too seriously -optimistic *Highest success rate as President

Passive-Positive

(Compliant) -seek to be loved -easily manipulated -low self-esteem is overcome by ingratiating personality -reacts rather than initiates -superficially optimistic

Active-Negative

(Compulsive) -Power as a means to self-realization -expends great energy on tasks but derives little joy -preoccupied with whether he is failing or succeeding -low self-esteem -inclined to rigidity and pessimism -highly driven -problem managing aggression *Lowest success rate as President

Passive-Negative

(Withdrawn) -responds to a sense of duty -avoid power -low self-esteem -compensated by service to others -responds rather than initiates -avoids conflict and uncertainty -emphasizes principles and procedures and an aversion to politicking

20th amendment

- (Lame Duck Amendment) shortened period between presidential elections and inaugurals

Presidents that have been impeached

-Andrew Johnson (violation of the Tenure of Office Act) -Bill Clinton (perjury)

Eight Personality qualities defined by Rossiter

-Bounce (extra energy) -Affability (concern for welfare of the people) -Politics skill -Cunning -Sense of history -Newspaper habit (curiosity to know what people are thinking and asking about his administration) -Sense of humor -Other (intelligence, moderation in views, friendliness, eloquence, achievement, the look of a winner)

Three roles of the President

-Chief legislator -Party leader -Chief diplomat --Recognizes foreign countries (by sending ambassadors)

Constitutional Powers of President

-Commander in chief -Commission officers of armed forces -Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses -Convene Congress in special sessions -Appoint officials to lesser offices -Make treaties -Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials -Approve legislation

Executive Agencies

-Heads appointed by president with consent of Senate -Heads "serve at the pleasure of the president" Eg. Commission on Civil Rights, EPA, Postal Service

Independent Regulatory Agencies

-Heads appointed by president with consent of Senate -Serve fixed terms -Eg. Federal Reserve Board, FTC, FDIC, TVA, FCC

Qualifications for being President

-Natural born citizen -35 years of age -Resident of US for at least 14 years

Three ways to organize White House Staff

-Pyramid (assistants report through a hierarchy to a chief of staff) -Circular (cabinet secretaries and assurances report directly to president -- used by Carter) -Ad hoc (task forces, committees, informal groups of friends and advisors deal directly with president -- used for a while by Clinton)

Conservative policies of President Reagan

-SDI -Increased military spending -Decreased spending on social welfare, education, etc. -Trickle-down economics/Supply-side economics -strict constructivist interpretation of Constitution -Dis-regulation of economy -Support for inter nation groups fighting communism (eg. Contras, right-wing Guatemala groups)

FDR: Four Major Contributions

1) Adds to crisis powers 2) Forges intense emotional bond w/ voters 3) Promoted shift to pro-governemnt values 4) Oversees expansion of government and president and presidental power

Eisenhower: Domestic Policy

1) First convinced his colleagues to not dismantle the New Deal 2) Gets behind the creating of interstate highway system 3) Civil Rights Act of 1957 4) Little Rock High school integration

Government's 4 Strategies to Rescue the Economy

1) The government acts as a consumer, spending money as emergency action. 2) The government acts as an investor. This is done when the Treasury and Federal Reserve put money into banks (TARP). 3) The government acts as a lender and pumps money into banks on a short-term basis. 4) The government serves as a guarantor of loans and bad assets.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. It serves as an early examples of public appeals.

Impoundment

A decision by the president not to spend money appropriated by Congress, now prohibited under Federal law (but not testing in Supreme Court)

initiative

A device that allows groups to propose laws that the public will vote on in the next general election, thereby bypassing elected officials is a(n)

Executive Agreement

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval (must be related to previously negotiated treaties)

OPA served as...

A formal liaison to national, state, and local party organization: Congreressional campain committees. It was a two way stree which allowedWhite House to mobilize political support and monitor relevant political issues. Also used tied to promote the president legislative agenda bu building support for presidential initiatives and mobilizing opposiion to programs the predident did not supoort,

Alexander Hamilton

A one person governor chose be electors and granted vast powers and lifetime tenure

Gergen showed that...

A successful president was one that immediately established a clear and simple agenda and used his legislative agenda around only 4 majors issues.

FDR was the first president elected for _____.

A third term

Pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

"Great Presidents"

Abraham Lincoln George Washington FDR Woodrow Wilson Thomas Jefferson Andrew Jackson

Abraham Lincoln's Message to Congress in Special Session

Abraham Lincoln nomined for pres. by recently formed Republic Party - carried every free state Pledged to not attack the rights of slave owners in the southern and boarder states Opposed extending slavery beyond its existing boundaries Seven deep south states seceded Called congress into special session - took actions byond legal authority trusting that Congress would readily ratiy them which they did

12th amendment

Added the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots

Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

Addressed more like a sermon than a political speech Reminded citizens that at time of first inauguration 4 years earlier "all dreaded war, all sought to avert it" and "neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration it has already attained" Instead of pointing out the difference between the N and the S Lincoln pointed out the similarities Claimed that all were guilty - judgment belonged to God Malice towards none, charity for all

Journalist focus on 4 areas of coverage

Administration scandals Internal Dissension A public gaffe or tactical blunder The ebb and flow of electoral contest and public opinion polls

Truman: The Soviet Union

After the establishment of NATO in 1949, this president was faced with other issues. Claiming to have detonated their first atomic bomb, the Soviet Union became Americans #1 threat. The public blamed this president for this, saying that it was under his watch that spies infiltrated the US and stole the plans to make the atomic bomb. Therefore the Soviet Rise = this presidents political decline. NSC-68 marked the end of the Cold War and established financing for national security thereby creating a national security state.

Executive Office of the President

Agencies that perform staff services for the president but are not part of the White House

is unaffected by voter registration laws

All of the following are true of voter turnout in American politics EXCEPT that it

22nd amendment

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

Independents

Among the youngest group of Americans today, the majority describe themselves as

Impeachment

An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

The Pendleton Act

An effort to reform the federal civil sevice by replacing the spoils system under which government employees were hired and fired by the varuous political party after each election, with a merit system, in which personal decision would be made non politically and according to qualitfication

Line-item veto

An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature -Unconstitutional for US President (although used for a short time by Clinton as Enhanced Rescission)

Executive Privilege

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

party identification

An individual voter's psychological attachment to one party or another is called

Presidential Succession Law of 1947

An order of succession is a formula that determines who inherits an office upon the death, resignation, or removal of its current occupant.

Andrew Jacksons First Message to Congress

Andrew Jackson - First outsider president Lacked extensive experience in national affairs ONly briefly a memeber of Congress General who defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans First president West of the Appalachian Mountains Jackson won 1828 - First president of the Democratic Party Majority consisted of the common citizens - farmers, mechanics, and laborers of the South and West Used up first annumal Messahe to Congress to state officaly his view that the first principle of our system is that the majority is to govern propsals offered: Direct popular election of the presient A single 6 year presidental term Restoration of power to the states Intended to give government jovs to the common people Defended the spoils system - would ive efficiency, industy, and intergrity in the government

King Caucus

Andrew Jackson's term for the new Caucus Attacked by critics as elitists and unrepresentative of the part rank and file

The Federalist Papers, Nos. 69-73

Answer to Cato, George Masons, and other Anti-Federalists Stresses the virtues of the presidency and the restraints the Constitution places on the office John Jay Alexander Hamilton - Nos. 69-77 - articles that deals with the presidency James Madison Was published in newspapers articles under the pseudonym "Publius"

Opponents of the constution

Antifederalists

The Pacificus-Helvidius Letters: Hamilton

Argued for broad constrctionalism - pwoer of the presdient extends beyond what is explicitly state in the constitution

Removal Power: Roger Sherman

Argued that Congress had the power to assign the removal in any way it saw fit

Removal Power: Madison

Argued that presidents couldn't be held accountable for executing laws if they couldn't remove officials who were impeding their efforts

The Pacificus-Helvidius Letters: Madison

Argued that the pwoer to make the neutrality act fell withing the treaty making and war making powers - should be legislative power

Presidency Defined and Launched

Article II of US Constitution 400+ Words (relatively short) Vagueness was purposeful - wanted there to be room for interpretation by president No limitation of interpretation - would let the presidency grow in terms of problem solving

office

As opposed to interest groups, political parties are composed mostly of ______ seekers

Reporters for wire services are also important

Associated Press (AP) United Press International (UPI) They provide covereage of the president for newspapers across the country

Why do reputations change?

Because the nation is constantly reinterpreting the past. The president illustrate that change, actings as a lens to the American people.

Jackson's View of Veto on Bank

Believed banks were unconstitutional and also made clear that he regarded his opinion that the ban was bad for the country as reason enough to cast a veto

George Masons Dislikes of Presidency

Believed the absence of constitutional council chose by House of Representatives would lead to the president to be unsupported by proper information and advice -- generally be directed by minions and favorites Unilateral pardon power Exclusion of the house from treaty making VP for dangerously bending the executive and legislative pwoers

Wilson and Gouveneur Morris

Both of PA, convinced convention to create a stron presideency - reasuring the Washington would be the first resdient

Resources and Opportunities

Both of these can affect policy making. The first is a type of political capital which a presidents can effectually "spend" to gain policy advantage. However, once the capital is spent it often cannot be gained back. The second allows for the president to formulate an affective agenda and consist of two metaphorical windows: scheduled and unscheduled opportunities. Scheduled opportunities happen with the annual cycle or presidential messages, congressional calendar, and/or action-forcing deadlines. There are two big opportunities to set the agenda; 1) when Congress begins new session 2) when Congress returns from Recess. Unscheduled opportunities focus on events or changes in political conditions and often come without a viable solution, therefore, they are not included in the agenda.

Removal Power: VP John Adams

Broke tie in favor of presidential removal, approved by Washington

Lord James Bryce, Why Great Men are Not Chosen President

Bryce wrote at a time when industy was expanding rapidly in the US attracting much of the best ability both for thought and for action into the buisness of developing the material resources of the country

CIC (Coalition Information Center)

Builds public support for president

What were the attempts to fix?

Bush tried issuing a $29 billion stimulus package aimed at single banks and firms, unfortunately it did not work. TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program) allowed Treasury Department to spend $700 billion to stabilize the economy but it was rejected by republican votes in the House of Rep. Then, 2 days after the largest one-day-sell-off in the history of the market, Senate approved a modified version of the bill.

Cable provides additional TV outlets for the presidents

C-SPAN covers many speeches

The Cuban Missile Crisis: JFK's letter to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (1962)

CIA plan to arm, train and transport 1400 Cuban exiles to Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro... Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba houses SU nuclear weapons US forms a naval blockade around Cuba so that SU can not deliver supplies Soviets would remove missiles in exchange for a public pledge not to invade Cuba

The Pacificus-Helvidius Letters

Came from tensions between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson along with political allies in Congress Madison and Hamilton had just recently been coauthors of the federalist papers Letters focused on whether the president has the authority to issues proclamation of neutrality without the approval of congress

FDR: The Media

Came to an understanding with the media to NOT depict his Polio. The reason being that he thought it would give an image of a cripple and undermine the precedency. The main significance is that the news media actually went along with it. The only other president that came to an understanding with the news media was Kennedy, which had to do with personal affairs.

Causes of Cuban missile crisis?

Castro had an ally in Moscow: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. During the summer of 1962, the flow to Cuba of Soviet weapons-including nuclear missiles-increased greatly. President Kennedy responded with a warning that America would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. Then, on October 14, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba, and some contained missiles ready to launch

Office of Political Affairs

Chagned from presdient to presdietn

LBJ's "equality of Result" Speech (1965)

Championed the civil rights act of 1964 & enacted the voting rights act of 1965 Leads to mandating of affirmative action

James David Barber

Characterized presidents based on their energy level (active or passive) and their attitude toward their job (positive or negative).

Federalist Papers: 70-73

Chief virtue of the presidency "Energy" unity gives the presidency decision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch along with vigor and expedition

Intial admiration and respect for the presdient is established in childgood

Children view the president as "powerful" and "benevolent" - a "good" person

25th amendment

Clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.

John Kessel

Classified domestic policy areas to create the point that the president can only do a limited number of things. Much less than demanded of him. His domestic policy is broken down into four areas: Social benefits, civil liberties, natural resources, and agriculture.

Bully Pulpit

Coined by Teddy Roosevelt, inlne with stewardship theory, opportunity to speak out on any issue

What was Obama's main priority during his first term?

Combat the recession

Rhetorical

Commanding

The McGovern-Fraser Commission Report

Commission that would improve the conditions of how nominees were selected and led to the establishment of a party committee to examine current rules and make recommendations. (Changes in Democratic Party Rules) Result: more primaries. The Republicans later adopt these same rules. Transformed the presidential nominating process. all convention delegates be chose in an open, participatory process (primary)

Consittution: Roger Sherman

Committee style executive elected y Congress for the sole purpose of carrying the will of the legislature into effect

United States v Curtis Wright Export Corp. (1936)

Congress passed a joint resolution allowing the president to determine the level of sales of arms to two countries at war (Bolivia and Paraguay - Chaco War taking 100,000 lives and jeopardizing south American peace) Roosevelt prohibits all sales of arms Curtis Wright caught exporting weapons, claimed that congresses appointment of power to the president was unconstitutional Sutherland argues that states do not have the right to deal with international affairs.. belongs to the president Conclusion was that the president may not have even needed congresses permission to ban sale of arms to Bolivia and Paraguay

Articles of Impeachment against Andrew Johnson

Congress tried Johnson after he acting in defiance of the Tenure of Office Act by firing Stranton and appointing Gen. Lorenzo Thomas 1st 8 articles delt with various aspects of Johnson's violation of the Tenure of Office Act One article accused him of ciolating another law when he gabe an order to a generl in the field 2 other laws charged that johnson's inflammatory speeches in the 1866 congressional election campaing had sought to bring Congress into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach Ended up 1 vote shy of the required 2/3 majority to impeach

Macroeconomic policy

Consists of 2 strategies to regulate economic activity: 1) Fiscal policy - consists of either making a budget deficit or a budget surplus 2) Monetary police - primary goals are to hold down the rate of inflation, establish and maintain full employment, and achieve a steady rate of economic growth.

James Madison's Defense of the President's Remove Power

Constitution didn't specify the remocal of executive power President should have a department for foreign affair,s treasury, and war Secretary of state shall be removed from office by the president of the US acting alone

George Washington's First Inaugural Address

Constitution doesn't make provision for the inauguration but Washington set precedent Washington was unanimously voted for by electors John Adams was VP Did not use address as an occasion to exercise his constitutional power to make a recommendation of particular measure to congress

The Constitution

Created an unprecedented executive - previously executives were too powerful or too weak. Also no example of an effective and accountable repuvlican executive.

White House Press Office

Created in 1933 by FDR, maintains day-to-day contact with the reporters assigned to cover the White House

Andrew Jackson

Created the spoils system

Executive Reorganization Act of 1939

Created under the FDR administration, its goal was to create an Executive Office of the President. It moved the BOB to EOP and added legislative clearance to budget clearance. It also gave more staff to the president.

Budget of Accounting Act of 1921

Created under the Harding administration as a way to make the government operate more like a business. It created the Bureau of Budget (BOB) which was later renamed the Office of Management and Budget (MOB). This required the president to submit an annual presidential budget with "price tags" attached. This gave a comprehensive outline of the president's agenda.

What causes an economic meltdown?

Crisis in U.S. mortgage market which triggered massive stock losses in fall of 2008. Rise in oil prices which caused food prices to increase. Banks committed to badlands (defaults due to mortgage increases) which halted new loans to businesses.

90 percent

Currently, about what percentage of African Americans describe themselves as Democrats?

Article II of the Cnstitution

Deal with the executive: President is elected by an electoral college Pres. has a 4 year term Empowered to recommend legislation to Congress Appoint with the senate's advnace and consent judges and executive officials Command army and navy Negotiate traties Issue pardons Congress can impeach and remove a president for committing acts of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors Presidential oath Restriction on the ability of Congress to change the salary of an incumbent president

Article I

Deals with COngress. THe source of the president power to veto congressional legislation. No changes made since the convetion in 1787 have change the fundamental design of the presidency besides the invention ofa two-term limit

Ex Parte Milligan

Deals with the president's claim to emergency powers in wartime beyond those that are enumerated in the constitution Supreme Court ruled that the president can claim emergeny powers in the heat of war but no on later reflection Milligan was arrsted on charged of conspiracy to help confederate prisoners escape and rejoin the army - was sentenced to hang Supreme Court ruled in Ex Parte Milligan in favor of Milligans claim that the commission had no constitution authority to try him and he was ordered to be released

Myers v united States

Debate of Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution Frank Meyers was fired by President Woodrow Wilson - Effort to make executive branch more responsive Urged that the meaning of executive power ranted president appointment and removal power of executive Senate has power to reject appointees President has power to reject incumbents Repealed the Tenure of Office Act if 1867 - Unconstitutional because it limited presidents executive power granted to him by the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic Republican candidate, defeated John Adams (federalist). Jefferson wanted a wise, frugal government that retains men from injuring one another and leaves them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry ad improvements.

Enormous variety of medica covereage

Differ in the ways that they deal with executive branch developments. Used to be only 9% of us housholds had TVs Now 87% have TVs White House focuses on bringing attention to the people through media The White House must be attentive to the most influential media figures: Columnists, elite reporters, anchors of the broadcast news, executives of the media organizations

Best way for President to influence legislation

Direct appeal to people (press conference)

Department secretaries

Directing work of the career employees, coordinating the operations of their component bureaus and developing and mainingting links with other federal departments and agencies

Executive Agreements

Do not requie senate ratification, although many are given legislative approval by statute, or joint resolution of congress

Eisenhower: Foreign Policy

Due to a stalemate in the Korean War, a growing antiwar notion was becoming a problem. He was able to achieve a ceasefire in the Korean War and created a dead zone (still exists).

FDR's "Court Packing" Address

Due to congressional hostility (rejecting of laws to combat depression) towards the new deal, Roosevelt request 6 new court position for his appointment Disguises real intentions by claiming he wants to lighten the workload for members over 70 who had refused to retire In fireside chat claims court has been acting as a policy making body rather than a judicial body Court packing came to late but changed the voting trend of Justice Owen Roberts, several retired and roosevelt ends up appointing 9 members before the end of his term, ending his problems with the supreme court

Thee Core Values (Criteria for Evaluating Presidents)

Effectiveness - Does he get the job done? Morality - Does the president do the right thing? Prudence - Does the president do the smart thing?

Success of press conference depends solely on the president

Eisenhower was terrible at press conferences - seemed like he had a lack of knowledge FDR was fantastic at press conferences - Would recommend stories to the reporters

OPA engaged in....

Electioneering - an activity that seeks to influence the outcome of an election. Independent electioneering (SuperPacs & 527s) is protected free speech and so cannot be limited by government.

Presidnets want to suppress informatio nthey feel might....

Endanger the nation Put them in bad light

Cato Letters

Essays by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon First published in 1720-1823 under pseudonym of Cato Purpose: The Letters are considered a seminal work in the tradtion of the Commonwealth me. THe 144 essays were ublished origonally in the Longdon Journal, later in the British Journal, condeming corruption and lack or marality withing the British political system and warningagainst tyranny A generation later their arguments immensly influence the ideals of the American Revolution

Domestic Council

Established in 1970 by Nixon it consisted of the resident, VP, Attorney General, and multiple Secretaries. Its purpose was to be top-level form of discussion which determined policy analogous to National Security Council. It conducted its activity through work groups headed by 6 directors.

Removal Power: State department Bill

Established precedent that every department's principle officers are removal by the president alone

Events that intrigue the public do affect presidential support

Events that "unify" will likely increase support Events that "dramatize conflict" will likely decrease support

Diminishing difference between government and press

Exchange relationship between the president and the press

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending.

Monroe Doctrine: Roosevelt

Expanded the right to intervene if chronic wrongdoing or impotence in a country of the western hemisphere seemed to require such intervention - protest from latin America led to withdrawal of the Roosevelt corollary

Modernized Definition

Expansion of power - Central executive authority - Must be equipped with leverage and power Emergence of mass media capability - Moving away from local papers and to big media

FDR's executive Order on Japanese American Internment

FDR is reelected in unprecedented third term in the midst of WWI, followed by peal harbor and the declaration of war against the axis powers Declared certain areas of the country military areas which could exclude certain people Court sided with the president in the case of US v Korematsu on grounds of wartime necessity

agents of political socialization

Family, group membership and education are examples of

Opposing Ideas of the Executive Branch: Randolph

Favored that three members of the executive to be drawn from different portions of the country

Jackson's Views of the Banks

Favoritism for the Eastern commercial and financial elite excessive power for the federal government Support for the new national republican of Whig party - turned vote rich commercial state against the democrats

George Maddison Objections

Felt that giving the vice-president the power over the Senate will give too much power to the Executive branch Cant vote in Senate Only runs Senate No declaration of rights

Woodrow Wilson: Significance

First president to graduate with a PH.D. from Harvard. He was significant because his proposed doctrine became more successful than Roosevelts and he was the first president to use rhetorical strategies during presidency. He also had a unique look on the presidency believing that it was the presidents job to be the nations tutor, educator, and duty to organize the people. New to the time, his domestic policy agenda later out his entire legislative program which he adhered to quite well. This president would also speak to members of the congress so frequently that they said they felt "violated". However, this strategy worked well in passing his agenda through Congress. He created federal agencies like the Federal Reserve Bank and additional trust busting regulations. All in all, this president got a lot done.

Interstate Commerce Commission

First regulatory agency; abolished in 1995

Interest Groups: Republicans

Focus on buisness and professional organizations

Interest Groups: Democts

Focus on labor unions and civil rights organizations

Dwight D Eisenhower's Little Rock Executive Order

Following Brown v Board of Education, school in little rock moves to integrate school and is met with states national guard to prevent black students from attending, defying federal court orders not to (faubus) Eisenhower sends paratroopers

centralized

Following the passage of the Telecommunications Act in 1996, media ownership in the United States became more

Worst Presidents

Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Ulysses S. Grant Warren G. Harding

Going Public

Gaining citizen support through campaign-like appeals instead of bargaining with other elites

Presidential Imperative

Getting and keeping public support gives the president power.

Symbolic

Gives citizens feeling of political responsibility Gives strong leverage to president

Write of Habeas Corpus

Guarentee against detnetion without legal cause

Federalist Papers: 69

Hamilton argued that in contrast to the British kind, the president is freely elected for a limited term, president can be impeached or removed from office, president veto can be overridden, president can't declare war or raise an army, president can't create offices, and can only fill in offices with approval from senate

Crisis Manager

Handling foreign and domestic issues

Eisenhower: Remembered

He accomplished everything he set out to do. He ended the Korean war without getting into others, balanced the budget, facilitated civil rights, had a memorable farewell address, but would not be known without historians digging behind the scenes.

JFK: The Man

He had modiste accomplishments but the American people still like him. He was also the first president that people were able to watch on TV.

JFK: Policy Record

He had very little legislation. He passed a tax cut but thats about all he did. He established the peace core, first volunteer program aimed at young people. He had a desire to do really technical things such as put a man on the moon which inspired the American people. The speech he gave before his death holds the "olive branch'' to the Soviet Union

JFK: Domestic Policy

He tried to get MLK out of jail. His Civil Rights movement was moving very slowly. He had modiste legislative agenda and upon his death, Johnson used the sudden support of his policies to pass his own agenda which build on his predecessors plan.

Eisenhower: The Man

He was a well loved and a respected military hero, henceforth both parties wanted to have him represent them however he eventually runs as a republican. He also didn't want to bring huge agendas, so instead brings leadership experience. But what worked against him was a secretive management's style which gave the impression of a "do-nothing" president.

George Mason

Him and "Cato" were the first anti-federalists to publish their objections to the constitution - Oct 1787. Tried to get VA to vote against the ratification. Objected to absence of the Bill of Rights Thought the government would degenerate into a monarchy or a corrupt tyrannical aristocracy

Removal Power: Andrew Johnson

In 1865 Congress enacted the Tenure of Office Act which required the president to secure the Senate's approval to remove an official

the gender gap

In American electoral politics, the difference between men and women in presidential voting is known as

primary elections

In modern American politics, most candidate are nominated to elected office through

representatives in the House and Senate combined

In presidential elections, every state is allocated votes in the Electoral College equal to the number of

liberal or conservative

In the United States today, people often describe themselves politically by using the label

prior restraint

In the case of New York Times v. United States, also known as the Pentagon Papers case, the Supreme Court ruled against

Civil liberties

In this area, the president is most likely to act on issues immediately after election because public support is typically the highest it will be in his term. This area also is made up of highly sensitive issues which revolve around the concept of "fairness".

liberal

In today's terms, someone who generally supports extensive government intervention in the economy is known as

Buckley v. Valeo

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that "money is speech"?

OPA served as a liaison with major supoorters of the president

Included private citizens who had donated money to support the president political activies

While Congress was out of session Lincion unilaterally...

Increased the size of the army and navy Ordered a blockade of southern ports Instructed the trasury to pay $2 million to secrete agents to purchas miltary supplied Imposed new passport to regulations on foreign cisitors Barred treasonable correspondance from being delivered by the post office Suspended write of habeas corpus

Articles of COnfederation

Insufficient powers No executive branch

policies of government

Interest groups or lobbyists tend to concern themselves with

well-educated, upper-income professionals

Interest groups tend to reflect the bias of

Precedents set by Washington

Invented the inaugural address Formed the head of the departments into a cabinet established the principle of the presidential leadership of the executive branch - right to remove officials without consulting senate and asserted president' primacy in foreign policy No president should serve more than 2 terms - accidental

Federal Convention

Issue of unitary or plural executive Purpose of revising of the Articles of COnferation Ended up drafting entirely new plan of government

What did Eisenhower's little rock do?

It showed that he was determined to enforce the supreme courts ruling

Results of Bank Veto

Jacksons successors intitutionalized his practice of vetoing bills on policy as well as constitutional grounds Attitude that the presidents in the peoples main representative in government took hold widely and deeply in the American political system

The Monroe Doctrine

Jame Monroe was a Democratic Republican from VA. Reinforced constitutional authority of the president to take initiative in establishing American policy support of the British. Doctrine = bold assertion of American power and presidential control of foreign policy.

Thomas Jefferson's Letter to the Vermont Legislature

Jefferson strongly objected to the absense of a term limit on the president in the constitution. Wanted term to end at 4 years. He ran for a second term and reelected easily. Decided to not run again eventhough he could have been reelected for a third. Jefferson wrote a letter to the legislature of Vermont statign that he believed no president should serve in offcie longer than 8 years. Constts with what framers had in mind - they believed that the president should always have an electoral incentive to do the best possible job and voters should always be free to reelect or reject the incumbent.

Issues between Jefferson and Hamilton

Jefferson wanted Washington to side with France - had helped in the Revolutionary War Hamilton was a partisan of England - defended Washington under pseudonym "Pasificus" Jefferson was unwilling to attack Washington because he was in this administration. Got Madison to publish articles under the pseudonym "Helvidius" to respond to Hamilton

Attack Journalism

Journalism focused on scandal

Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address

Marked the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in the new nation, first in the world. Also first to take place in new capital city of Washington.

Mediator

Mediate Legislation Thoedore Roosevelt demonstrated this in the war between Russia and Japan Polorized partisan climates can make mediation difficult Bipartisan problems can hurt a presidents mediation

What is the take away?

Modern president are attentive to economic problems

Truman: The Man

Modern presidents look up to this president because he could endure the pain and loss of public support and, in spite of whatever hardships he may have been facing, he continued to talk to the public. In most ways, he is opposite of FDR; short, fat, grumpy, asserting, 'twang, no style or elegance (would wear Hawaiian shirts) emphasizing the fact that he presented himself as an ordinary person. To deal with the stress that came from huge leadership challenges regarding the New Deal, he would write strongly worded letters to people and then put them away in a drawer in his desk; never sent, never read. He had to deal with the loss of public support.

Rhetoric of Presidents today

Mostly spoken, directed to the people

Rhetoric of Presidents in 19th centruy

Mostly written, directed to Congress, were public (available to all) not popular (fashioned for all)

Opposing Ideas of the Executive Branch: James Wilson

Moved that the executive consist of a single person Other delegates were concerned that it would lead to a monarchy

Approval by Statute example

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) under president Clinton in 1994 eliminated most tarifs on trade between Mexico, Canada, and the United States

Truman: Domestic Policy

New Deal to True Deal. This president attempted to cover the issues of civil rights, social security, raising minimum wage, and universal healthcare. However, faced with political confrontations, he was unsuccessful in his civil rights bill, and was forced to issue an executive order integrating US military.

Rhetorical Presidency

New to 20th Century

the broadcast media largely cover stories already broken by major newspapers

Newspapers remain an important source of news because

White House Office of Communications

Nixon created to control flow of info into and out of the white house Four Primary Goals: - Long range communications planning - The coordination of news from all the many departments and agencies of the executive branch - Outreach to local media - Oversight of presidential surrogates Proactive - Responsible for setting the public agenda Jurisdiction has changed over the years

Dates the founding of...

Not the Constitution in 1787, but rather the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which claimed all men are created equal - to Lincoln equality was the proposition to which the new nation was dedicated

The president links Americans with the past and the future

Obama followed the footsteps of Lincoln - eating where he ate, speaking where he spoke, etc.

Presidents travel more now then every before

Obama traveled to 9 foreign nations during his first 100 days

Presidents are using technology

Obama used online social networking to his advantage called "organizing for America". Obama asked the people to send out emails about policies that they supported. Also delivered: Weekly radio addresses on YouTube, Appeared on TV shows, ESPN, Delivered a speech to a music award show on Spanish Language TV Also used the White House website to invite direct citizen communication

Political part outreach is important to the presidency

Office of Public Liaison had been a part of each administration since Nixon This staff relied on the demands of interst groups inside White House and Supoort of interest groups beyond the White HOuse,

Removal Power: William Smith

Only appropriate process for removing the president was impeachment Others: Senate's consent needed for removals

Phases of reporting

Open - press will likely get interviews and questions answered Competition - presidents focuses on common goals and policies. Media focuses on controversies over policies. Detachment - Surrogates manage the news, presidents appear favorable. Media investigates other sources for information.

solidly Democratic to solidly Republican region

Over the last 30 years, the South has transitioned from being a

Washington's First Inaugural Address: 2 Themes

Paid homage to the great author of every public and private good. Urged Congress and the American people to earn the propitious smiles of heaven by acting with justice and magnanimity. Spoke of national unity and dedication to the constitution

Federalist Party

Passed alien and sedition acts in 1798 to stile public criticism of the government and undermine the opposition; Democratic - Republican Party

Presidents now see value of targeting appeals to organize interest groups

People who organize on a particular interest are attentive to the effects of their members

The permanent campaing

Permanent Campaign

Worked to undo federalist policies like....

Persuaded Congress to repeal the alien and sedition Acts

Richard Nixon's China Trip Announcement

Political career was a major come back, foundation was anticommunism House of un-American activities committee chair Chinese government overthrown by communists and ended relations with the US Visited china and ended hostility by forging a relationship, playing SU and china against each other Signed an arms limitation treaty with SU

brand-name recognition

Political parties effectively lower the information costs of voter participation because they provide

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer space.

1864 - 1901 Modernization

Post Civil War era Congress is united - Made up of Nothern Senators - Want revenge on South Congress runs the show - Currency affairs, construct modern industrial economy, deal with veterans affairs, social services, interstate commerce President gettign their vetoes overrideen Maintain unity No standout presidents until Roosevelt Real action isnt in presidency - Industrial Revolution

Roosevelt and Wilson believed that presidents had ______ and saw public opinion as an ______.

Powers beyond those specifically enumerated in the constitution Important source of political power

Spoils System

Practice in which a political part, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

Veto Usage Before Jackson

Predecessors believed that the vote should be reserved for legislation that was of doubtful constitutionality

what people want

Preferences reflect

Importance of Public Support for President

President that has 51%+ support will likely pass bills Other countries less likely to make influence on public opinion during president - Issue for Nixon Nixon used Silent Majority speech to win back public support "The more divided we are at home, the less likely the enemy is to negotiate in Paris" - NIxon, Silent Majority Speech Mistakes are more likely to be forgiven Reagan has such high support that media attacks were disregarded by the American people Proffessional policy makers are more accepting of the presidents goals Personally, presidents are more condfident w/ public support

President and the Media

Presidential Media The White House Press Office The White House Office of Communications Presidential Press Conferences Relations Between the President and the Media: Conflict or Collusion?

Presidents have liaisons to help give insight/communicate more effectively toward interest groups

Presidents since Nixon have assigned aids to work with 8 population groups: Business, labor, Jews, consumers, blacks, women, Hispanics, elderly

As approval ratings fall..

Press becomes harder

Three Tributary Streams of Policy

Problems and issues, solutions, political factors

Surrogates

Promote the president's agenda through speaking tours and various social media outlets

Virginia Plan

Provision for a national executive, national legislature, and national judiciary Didn't specify f the executive should be unitary or plural

Press office is _____

Reactive. It responds to questions and needs of White House Press Corps.

Presidents use polling to identity and focus in on specific groups/attitudes

Regan administration used focused groups in 1987-88 to help plan the opresudents State of the Union address Obama used polling on issues like the government bailout

The Tennessee General Assembly's Protest Against the Caucus System

Rise of political parties upset the arrangement of electing a president as stated in the Constitution Rise of political parties also meant that a mechanism had to be developed to nominate the candidates who would request each party in the electron Later 1823 TN was frustrated with the caucus system because Andrew Jackson seemed unlikely to be nominated General assembly published a resolution that condemened that caucus for violating the spirit of the Constitution Democratic Republican caucus 1824 only had 66 if 261 members of Congress attend Tjheir nominnee (Crawford) got third trailing Jackson and Adams Jackson finished first but didnt get the majority of electroal votes Vote went to House of Rep who elected Adams 1824 election marked the end of King Caucus By 1830 parties were nominating candidates at national conventions (has been a feature ever since)

Responce to 2 disputed

Russian claim to exclusive trading rights in an area long the Pacific coast (from bering strait to shore of oregon territoy) Variety of rumored european plans (mostly involving France) to recolonize the newly

Joint Resolution Example

SALT I (First Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) froze the total number of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, but allowed the replacement of old missiles with new ones. However, it did not reduce or prevent qualitative advances in destructive technology, this was instead resolved during SALT II.

The Truman Doctrine (1947)

SU taking over Europe and despite claims, continued to move toward Greece and Turkey Truman gives speech to congress requesting $400,000,000 to aide them

12th Amendment

Separated voting for presidential and VP ensured the confussion of the 1800 election could not recur

Humphrey's Executor V. United States (1935)

Silence about senate's role when removing appointments causes trouble myers said no need for senate consent before removing a postmaster Result: Interstate Commerce Commission and Federal Trade Commission serve to pleasure of president despite neglect of duty being their only grounds for removal Roosevelt asks Humphrey to resign so that he can appoint a new head of the FTC to move forward on New Deal programs, refuses, fired Since FTC was created by congress, removal powers were outside of presidential jurisdiction, thus siding with Humphrey, leaving guidelines for removal up to congress Provoked the president to attempt to pack the court

Polling on the approval and disapproval of the presidnt

Since 1938 Many organization conduct polls on the presidential views and American peiople

Inauguration of the president resembles the coronation of a King

Some occasions even seem "ritualistic" such as The Union Address --- Outlining of the Agenda, People want to touch the president, People want to be in the presence of the President

Begginings

Starts with Roosevelt - How to deal with Industrial Revolution Population Doubles - makes new problems

JFK: Foreign Policy

Successful management of society relations such as the "Cuban Missile Crisis". It took a lot of effort to get the US out of war being as he was not well respected by generals. He gave 64 live press conferences. Ted Sorrison wrote his most famous line "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." There hasn't been a president since that held the presidency in a good light.

Clinton is the only presdient who hasnt had a substantial decay curve

Suggested by polls 48.8% approval by first year; 60% approval second year

Clinton v. City of New York

Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the line-item veto as granted in the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was unconstitutional because it impermissibly gave the President the power to unilaterally amend or repeal parts of bills that had been appropriately passed by the United States Congress.

McCulloch v. Marland

Supreme court ruled that veto was constitutional

Democrats and liberals outnumber Republicans and conservatives

Surveys of journalists have revealed that

4 Functions of the Presidency

Symbol Advocacy Mediator Crisis Manager

Public Attitudes toward the presidency

Symbolic Dimensions of the Presidency Tracking Public Opinion

FDR: WWII

The Neutrality Act stopped this president from engaging Europe. This made the American people happy because they wanted no part of it as we had just gotten out of WWI. At the same time, the British were running out of money to spend on the war and needed help. This president also invited British leaders to his home to appeal to the American people, however, it didn't work. This president decided to sell arms to the British because, although he couldn't directly give them support, he could LEND them support. This created the Lend-Lease Act. This president also used fireside chats to express the real threat of Germany to the American people.

FDR: The New Deal

The New Deal was not a solution to the Great Depression. However it did established important legislation and programs and helped kick start the economy.

FDR: Great Depression

The biggest problems facing this president was the massive unemployment and the lack of respect towards to federal government. To remedy this, this president took 4 actions: 1) Declared a bank holiday 2) Created a bunch of work programs 3) Gave a speech attempting to give people faith in the government (worked) 4) Passed 15 bills which gave money to banks

Rule of Propinquity

The closer (physically) you are to the president, the more influence you have over the president and the decisions he/she makes. Also, those in the room with the president at the time decisions are made have the most influence -Often gives more power to White House Staff over cabinet officers

Removal Power: Hamilton

The consent of that body would ne necessary to displace as well as to appoint - Federalist Papers

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Presidential honeymoon

The first several months of a presidency, when reporters are more forgiving than usual, Congress is more inclined to be cooperative, and the public is more receptive to new approaches.

the Jury Theorem

The idea that a majority of a group is more likely to reach a correct decision than would a single individual who heard the same facts is

Theodore Roosevelt's Stewardship Theory

Way presidents regarded presidency in the 20th and 21st centuries Believed that the president could do anything that the constitution or laws did not forbid President - Steward of the people bound actively and affirmatively to do all he could for the people and not to content himself with the negative merit of keeping his talents undamaged in a napkin

Tafs Literalist Theory

Way presidents regarded presidents in the 19th century Believed that the president could not do anything that the constitution or laws did not permit

Beliefs reflect what people know, and preferences reflect what people want

What is the difference between preferences and beliefs

FDR: Remembered

What made this president so important was his ability to lead country in peril to success again. He brought the power back to the government and brought America out of the depression. He also made a lot of jobs in his New Deal program which helped him forge an unprecedented and special bond with the American people, and, likewise, the American people held an emotion bond to him. The presidents of the US from this president on would be regarded as the "leader of the free world". His greatest achievement was, of course, defeating Hitler.

the ability to raise money

When recruiting candidates, parties typically look for candidates who have an unblemished record and

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Which federal agency regulates broadcast media?

the New York Stock Exchange

Which is NOT a major source of Americans' political values?

to check presidential power

Which is NOT a reason political parties form?

television news

Which news source reaches more Americans than any other single news source?

the Bradley effect

Which of the following is NOT a problem in measuring public opinion?

The internet is not bound by the same journalistic standards as print media

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the Internet news?

plurality

Which type of electoral system is generally used in the United States?

G.W. Bush praised those...

Who are willing to stand on principle; people not driven by polls of focus groups;...people who stand for what they believe in no matter what the critics may say

They are really an industry

Why are the mass media one of the most unusual political institutions?

Press Secretary

The press is their sole responcibility

agenda-setting power

The referendum, initiative, and recall all entail shifts in the

the equal time rule

The requirement that broadcasters must provide all candidates for the same political office the opportunity to communicate their messages to the public is known as

Rallying Public Support

The rise of the Public Presidency Presidential Appeals Appeals by Surrogates Targeted Communications: Presidents and Interest Groups Targeted Communications: Presidents and Political Parties

ideology

The set of underlying orientations, ideas, and beliefs through which an individual understands and interprets politics is his or her ________

TV anchors are important because...

The size of the audience Public interset

2 Concerns for National Unity

The spirit of the party: motivated citizens and their leaders to concentrate on what divided rather than what united them The inclination among Americans to choose sides in disputes between European powers, especially great Britain and France

The president - and speech writers - know what the citizens want to hear

There are several Common themes which were displayed as "government" itself --- The president, The American People, The Nation

Theodore Lowi's division of politics

There are three divisions which determine the focus and behavior of political actors: Distributive, Regulatory, and Redistributive

Interest groups

These types of groups tend to be only concerned with politics that involve their organization directly and only want to benefit their group with disregard to community as a whole. They seek to influence policy by directly influencing Congress, Courts, and presidency. In order to influence the presidency interest groups will often endorse campaigns and give contributions. An example of one of these types of groups is the NRA.

Redistributive

These types of policies tend to broadcast impacts on society. They involve transfer of wealth and income from one group to another and also require coercion. They are also highly visible to the public and are often linked with social or class issues. They require moderate presidential participation but have extensive Congressional participation which, in turn, creates frequent conflict between the two. Some examples are Social security, tax reform, and health care.

Study Commissions (SCs)

These were heavily used by presidents following Johnson. Their purpose is to study issues and gather outside recommendations. However, they often issue reports which "blur" critical issues and occasionally make findings which "embarrass" the president. An example of this when one of these blamed campus unrest on president during the Nixon administration.

Tulis proposed that the president avoided public appeals in the 19th century because....

They felt that the presidency had a different meaning : Founders thought that government policy should not be subjected to "public opinion"

Presidents pat close attention to syndicated columnists because...

They reach businesses, labor leaders, academics, and lobbyists More people watch TV then read news, the information is limited

Task Forces (TFs)

They were used in the Kennedy and Johnson administration in order to gather policy advice. Kennedy appointed several of these to advise major issues facing the administration which he used to create a basis of New Frontier program. Johnson appointed some of these with the goal of developing programs which operated in secret and provided information regarding his Great Society program. He favored these because they are not tainted by bureaucratic, congressional, or interest group pressures.

Agriculture

This area also involves allocation and the presidents support is limited.

Regulatory

This division of policy affects large segments of society and involves coercion. They tend to be highly visible and controversial and revolve around highly technical issues. Some examples are pollution control, antitrust violations, and occupational safety and health requirements.

Supply-side economics

This idea, established in the 1980s under Reagan, was a mix of the Keynesianism and monetarism economic theories. These economists endorse strict monetary restrain as a means of controlling inflation and believe that fiscal policy can be used to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives. They also believe that an expanded economy will not be inflationary but instead will generate enough revenues at lower rates of taxation to balance the budget. The idea behind this type of economics is that that you can stimulate supply through tax cuts for businesses and investors that provide incentives. The criticisms come from both sides of the political spectrum. Liberals consider it to be another version of the "trickle down" method. Conservatives fear that it would lead to excessive rates of inflation and erode confidence in the monetary system.

Social benefits

This involves allocation of resources. Examples include housing and social security.

Natural resources

This is another primarily regulatory area where the presidents participation is limited.

Distributive

This is the most diffused impact of all three divisions. It affects specific groups of people and provides individualized benefits. It suffers from limited presidential participation but has extensive Congressional participation which relies heavily on logrolling. Some examples are agricultural price supports, public works projects, and research and development programs.

John Maynard Keynes

This man was a British economist who was consulted by Roosevelt in 1934. He established the economic theory of Keynesianism which offered and explanation for success of fiscal stimulus. He observed that a drop in private demand for goods and services causes an economic decline. He believed that the government could stimulate the economy again by increasing expenditures, however, Keynesianism failed to provide solutions to stagflation.

Milton Friedman

This man was an economist who challenged Keynesianism with his own theory of monetarism. Monetarism said that the key to economic stability was in limiting the growth rate of money supply to no more than the growth rate of the economy. Monetarism stated that inflation occurs when money supply demands too rapidly and that fiscal policy and size of budget deficits are subordinate to monetary policy.

BOB

This organization, created in 1921, established that all proposals involving federal funds have to be submitted to it before being sent to Congress thereby granting it central clearance power.

Microeconomic policy

This policy is a term used to describe the governments regulations of specific economic activities. It encompasses antitrust policy designed to prevent business monopolies and stimulate completion. Policies focus on specify industries or an economic practices in service industries designed to affect directly the infrastructure of the economy. The presidents attention is often geared more towards this policy because it is more narrowly focused, however, it cannot replace fiscal and monetary policies as primary means to guide the nations economy.

Truman: Korean War

This president claimed that the invasion of South Korea by North Korea was because of Soviet Union influence, which was actually a misinterpretation of events. Nonetheless, he convinced the American people that we needed to invade Korea without Congressional approval. Congress did not care though because of strong anti-communism views. Presidents following this president would attempt to use what happened in Korea as evidence that they do not need Congressional authorization to send in troops.

Truman: Foreign Policy

This president inherited many problems coming into his presidency, his biggest issue being the national security state. He also inherited the atomic bomb and threatened Japan with it, hoping that they would cut their shit. Unfortunately they didn't and this president was forced to drop the bombs. After the war he puts together an effort to rebuild Europe called the Marshall Plan which had a positive effect on the world. It showed that America wasn't so greedy and self interested and that we were willing to help.

FDR: Significance

This president saw himself as continuing Wilson's progressive society. The vison of other presidents had been too limited to handle the damages of the depression. This president changed the role of the presidency. When at a hospital for Polio, which he got during governeor, he leared a lot about a side of the poor population, which he otherwise was obvlious to. This president would become the model of all 21st century presidents to come. His greatest gift was his ability to get people to believe in themselves; the gift of inspiration.

Woodrow Wilson: Foreign Policy

This president wanted to stay out of WWI (1914-1918; US jointed in 1917) but German u-boats kept messing with us. He was forced to make the US raise, train, supply, and deploy the military in 1917. He drafted 2 million men and the Federal government took over the railroad (for a short time) which caused a huge expansion of federal authority. The US proved to be pivotal in WWI which gave America significant power. Now part of the international stage, this president passed his 14 points which were rooted in democratic idealism - The League of Nations.

Woodrow Wilson: The Man

This president was the first example of a president acting like themselves and getting ridiculed and disliked for it. He would sometimes do things against his own best interest and absolutely refused to compromise over the League of Nations. He suffered a stroke, probably due to his own "my way or the highway" idealism, and thereafter his wife did most of the presidential work.

Truman: Remembered

This presidents deep feelings for his actions as justified, in spite of the fact that he was unapproved of, gave him a presidency that future presidents would look back on in admiration. When he thought something needed to be done he would do it. He was also just a regular human being.

Third Stream: Political Factors

This stream consists of things which affect the setting and implementation or the president's agenda. These include: balance of political forces, events within government, national mood, and jurisdiction. 1) Balance of political forces - consist of topics of organized interests. 2) Events within government - include a divided government 3) National mood - determined by the perception among dices makers that consensus exists or is building among various public and political activists for specific government policies. It also reflects influence of social movements. An example of this is civil rights. 4) Jurisdiction - made up of disputes over bureaucratic turf and can delay/prevent action.

First Stream: Policy and Issues

This stream is typically included in the presidents policy agenda and the issues are either serious or highly visible to the public. Some examples of highly visible topics include energy shortages, failing economy, and high rates of inflation or unemployment. If an issue, which does not fall into the above category, is presented by a forceful advocate, the president will appoint them to the administration's domestic agenda. Some problems remain on the agenda because a solution was not found, was unsuccessful, or reemerged. The issues, which are chosen to be addressed, revolve around three major goals of the president: Reelection, historical achievement, and desire to shape public policy.

Second Stream: Solutions

This stream takes several forms: 1) Direct action -- include legislative proposals or executive orders. 2) Symbolic action -- include appointment of a study commission or task force. Each problem may have multiple solutions and a single solution can be applied to multiple problems. 3) No action. Many solutions come from issue networks. Each policy proposal is evaluated by thee criteria: 1) Economic feasibility (cost) - proposals that restrain/reduce spending and are more appealing to a president attempting to balance the budget. 2) Political feasibility - determined by their compatibility with values and interest of other decision makers. They must gain public interest group approval. 3) Technical feasibility (question of workability) - receive less attention then the previous two because, although economically and politically attractive, they are unworkable in practice. Some examples include proposals for welfare reform.

Social Security Act of 1935

This was one of FDRs most successful and important New Deal programs. It gave assistance to people unemployed or too old to work. Essentially, it acted a an economic safety net. Since its establishment other republican presidents have attempted to be-rid of it. Examples are Reagan who wanted to raise the age of eligibility and Bush who wanted to divert a portion of money away from Social Security to invest in index policy.

equality of opportunity, liberty, and democracy

Today in America there is widespread agreement on fundamental political values such as

Failed Precedents

Tried to govern in a nonpartisan manner Concerned about threats to national unity Urged Americans to cultivate religion and morality because they would foster peace and harmony within the US and between US and other nations of the world

Youngstown sheet and tube co. V Sawyer (1952)

Truman committed men and material to south koreas defense without asking for a declaration of war from congress Takes operation of steel companies in fear of protests, grounded with the Taft Hartley Act

LBJs Gulf of Tonkin

Two dominating themes of LBJ's presidency: The Great Society and Vietnam War Maddox and tuner joy were hit with an "unprovoked" attack, resulting in the GOT message by lbj asking for congress's support in aiding south Vietnam House of reps passes resolution & military commitment continually increases

Woodrow Wilson's 14 points (1918)

Understood proper relationship between president and Congress 1. Diplomacy in public view 2. Open waters 3. Free trade 4. Armaments reduction to domestic safety 5. Sovereignty to be established with consent of the people 6. Allowed assistance in the freedom of Russia 7. Restoration of Belgium 8. Freedom and restoration of French territories 9. Reestablishing frontier lines of Italy 10. Allowance for Austria-Hungry to remain it's own nation 11. Stop Occupation of the Balkan states (Romania, Serbia, Montenegro) 12. Turkish Portion assured sovereignty 13. Polish state established for Polish people 14. Leave of Nations against Imperialism, German acceptance of national equality

Reason for Anti-Federalist Essays

Unitary nature of the executive and strong powers made many delegates fear a monarchy like they had overthrown in the revolutionary war.

Presidential Culture

Unrealistic expectations of the presidency based off of past presidential actions and successes

print and broadcast

Until the mid-1990s, there were really just two classes of media:

Presidential Press Conferences

Used for meeting the people Presidents prefer informal interviews with reporters Less control of news = Harder to answer questions Presidents sometimes feeling like they're facing hostile opponents

Andrew Jackson's Veto of the Bank Bill

Veto passed in 1832 to renew the second bank of the US Important because precendt - setting assertion of presidential power Jackson viewed the bank as everything he opposed Henry Clay asked Congress to renew 4 years earlier because thought a veto by Jackson would be a good issue for the Whigs in the election

Constitution also created ______.

Vice Presidency Orignally the second place finished in the presidntial ellection serve as presdient of the Senate Successor to the president shoudl the office become vacent

FDR: End of Depression

WWII (1939-1945) was the boost which the US needed, the spending on the war materials ended the Great Depression.

Opposing Ideas of the Executive Branch: Eldridge Gerry

Wanted to attach a council to any executive the convention decided to create in order to give weight and inspire confidence

During Second Inaugural Address....

Warned secessionists that they wouldn't be allowed to leave the union peacefully First shot by the South at Ft. Sunter Lincoln issued a proclimation that called the various state milita into national service Asked for 75,000 volunteers to execute national laws

George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington did not want to run for reelection but many fear that it would lead to partisan warfare and urged him to run for reelection. He announced his decision 3 months before - forestalled any effort to reelect him and shortened length and reduced divisivness of the campaign to succeed him. Madison first drafted farewell address after the end of his first term Hamilton drafter farwell address at the end of Washington's second term

There is distinction between respect for the president and respect for the presidency

Washington gave the President "Mythical Status"

Clinton Rossiter

Wrote The American Presidency (1960) Argues for strong execute (like a king)

JFK Inaugural Address

Young, democrat, WWII supreme commander, advocate for change and energetic leadership, previous member of house of representatives and two term governor of Massachusetts "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country" Negotiated nuclear test ban with SU, resisted communist aggression in Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam

campaign organization and tactics

_____________ may be a proxy for leadership and management

Political Socialization

`Study of the development process by which people of all ages and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors

Traditional distinction between campaign and governing has broke down

a campaign is adversarial Governing should be largely collaborative Clinton stayed in campaign mode his entire first year

moral hazard

after the person's been elected we can't monitor everything that they do

secret ballot and Australian ballot

allows for split tickets

When President Jimmy Carter declared official legal forgiveness for all the draft evaders of the Vietnam War, he was said to have granted

amnesty

What is the GUlf of tonkin resolution?

an incident where supposedly North Vietnamese gunboats had attacked two American destroyers (Maddox and Turner Joy) in the Gulf of Tonkin, and LBJ used this as a pretext to attack North Vietnam.

Why was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution controversial?

because it gave President Johnson unlimited war powers

median voter theorem

candidates will adjust their opinions on issues based on the majority of views

factionalism

competition of groups

In U.S. political system who oversees the bureaucracy?

congress, the president, the federal courts, the people

Which of the following is NOT one of the President's expressed powers?

declare war

public

educating the public to influence candidate decision

framing

exercise in power and persuasion

lobbying

going directly to the person

19th Century presidents tried to avoid...

going public

polls

how public opinion is measured

President Obama has given speeches following school shootings calling on Congress to pass new gun control legislation. This is an example of what kind of Presidential power?

inherent power, called legislative initiative

Rule of 4

it takes 4 Supreme Court justices to rule in favor of a case in order to take the case

illusion of saliency

making something seem important

gold standard sampling

making sure that everyone is equally represented in the sample

measurement error

manipulation through wording

agenda-setting

mass media are effective in determining what audiences see as newsworthy

bandwagon effect

more people get on as more people believe

adverse selection

not knowing all the information about the candidates

spatial issues

one the you can map in space about people's positions on a certain topic

Writ of certiorari

orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it. The U.S. Supreme Court uses certiorari to pick most of the cases that it hears.

Which of the following serves as a solution to Congress's collective action problems?

party leadership, committees, congressional staffers

retrospective

past performance

low information

people don't have all the facts, pay attention when it's time to make a decision

issue voting

people vote based on the candidates take on an issue

selective benefits

political entrepreneurs use _______________

Judicial review

practice whereby the president asks senators if they support a nomination from their state power of the courts to declare action of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional

Boumediene v. Bush (2004)

prisoners had a right to the habeas corpus under the United States Constitution and that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was an unconstitutional suspension of that right

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

prohibiting interracial marriage

the President has the expressed power to

receive ambassadors, faithfully execute the laws, appoint federal judges, and command the national military

McCulloh v Maryland

recognizes the "implied powers" of the national government

closed primary

registration necessary (party loyalists)

Appeals for public support that become...

routine

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

ruled supreme court can review acts of congress and or president

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

school segregation

open primary

show up the day of

sampling error

smaller samples risk ____

valance issue

something that everyone agrees on

A man is accused of holding up a liquor store and stealing hundreds of dollars from the cash register. Where is this case heard first?

state-level trial court

What is the truman doctrine?

stated the U.S. would stop the spread of communism, Truman had to reenact the North's invasion of South Korea.

Gave speeches that avoided...

talk of policy

Advocacy

"Agenda Setting" John F Kennefy was good at this and unifying the symbolic and advoavy functions Obama and Bush did not

How many of the nine justices must agree to grant a writ of certiorari?

4

War Power Resolution

1973 Congress passed War Powers Resolution Nixon Vetoed it Required President to consult with Congress before committing to use of American force Section 1 States that the resolution will be called the "War Powers Resolution" Section 2 The purpose of this was to insure that Congress and the President work together to decide on war-time judgment Congress can do this due to article I, section 8 of the constitution, Congress given "necessary and proper" clause The circumstances required for the president to use Commander-in-Chief powers are-- Declaration of war Specific statutory authorization National emergency created by attack on US or territories or armed forces Section 3 The president must consult Congress before engaging in armed conflict and must continue to update/inform/consult Congress until troops are removed Section 4 If there is not declaration of war and the US is engaged-- Into hostile territories or situations where involvement is necessary Into the territory, airspace, or waters of a foreign nation, while equipped for combat, barring supply, replacement, and repair deployments; or In enlarging number of US troops already in foreign territories Pres. required to submit, within 48 hours to Speaker of the House of Rep. and to pres. pro tempore of Senate, a written report saying--- Circumstances requiring US armed forces Constitutional and legislative authority which gave reason for use of force Estimated time of involvement The pres. must provide any information which Congress requests involving the involvement of US troops Whenever US troops are used-- The pres. must continue to report to Congress periodically on status of involvement and duration of conflict no less than once every six months

The public may be able to reshape the presidency

1995-96 Budget Battle Clinton Called the Republicans cut on Medicaid, Medicare, and Social Security "irresponcible" People then blamed the Republicans for the government gridlock and shutdown

Proposed Articles of Impeachment against Richard Nixon

July 17, 1972, five "burglars" were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. Employed by CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President) which Nixon directed His counsel tried to cover it up by obstructing the investigation February 1974 the House Judiciary Committee started considering impeachment for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors" Article I - Approved States that Nixon violated his oath to "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution" States he violated constitutional responsibility to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" Evidence on these action was-- He withheld evidence Condoning perjury Approving "hush money" Interfering with lawful investigations Making false and misleading statements Article II - Approved Stated the pres. misused and abused both executive authority and resources of various executive agencies Including FBI and CIA Discusses cover-ups Covert break-in White House tapes revealed Nixon ordered CIA to tell FBI NOT to investigate Watergate break-in too carefully - Claimed it could jeopardize national security Article III - Approved Charged Nixon with contempt of Congress for not cooperating with House Judiciary Committee's impeachment investigation Because the purpose of the committee's impeachable offences was under the claim "to the manifest injury of the people of the United States" Voted down 2 other proposed articles of impeachment Faulted president for secretly bombing Cambodia - Judge found not criminal Nixon's invasion of income taxes was found to be a personal crime, not political

What ended the Cuban missile crisis?

Khrushchev agreed to remove the missile bases in exchange for Kennedy's promise not to invade Cuba and to remove us missile bases recently installed In Turkey

LBJ's Great Society Speech 1964

LBJ uses jfk's passing as a way to move forward on all of his plans (Most sweeping civil rights act and federal income tax cuts), expecting little resistance due to his death Great Society's main goals: end poverty and racial injustice, advance quality of American civilization

FDR First Inaugural Address (1933)

Last president to be inaugurated on March 4 before change to January 20 Main challenges in the face of the worsening depression: restoring public faith in government and public morale "the only thing to fear is fear itself" anti-business, pro-moral restoration in business over monetary profit takes up bully pulpit, creates fire-side chats "new deal" supports economic prosperity and needs of those in economic distress

Opposing Ideas of the Executive Branch: Roger Sherman

Leave the decision to the legislature which at different times might prefer that a person or persons execute its decision depending on the circumstances

Woodrow Wilson: Remembered

Leaving office in 1921, his ability to use public opinion for his own legislative advantage makes him significant. However, his personality raised major questions on his reasons for action. This president was most certainly a genius, but he let his personal views of the League of Nations and extreme impotence made him go a little nuts. He did however, leave an impressive legacy. Many presidents still regard him as a hero.

Abraham Lincolns Letter to Albert G. Hodges

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation acting on his own authority - freed "all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state" Hodges (editor of newspaper) asked Lincoln why he felt compelled to abandon his pledge to not interfere with slavery where it already existed Lincoln argued that it made no sense to observe Constitutional niceties while the ultimate purpose of the Constitution was under siege "Was it possible to lose the nation an yet preserve the Constitution" Reminiscent of prerogative - check on executive power is elected legislatures subsequent decision to accept or reject the propriety of the executives actions

The Gettysburg Address

Lincoln went to Gettysburg to attend a dedication of the cemetery in which 6,000 casualties of the Battle of Getysburg were to be buried.

Best Remember for...

Louisiana Purchase of 1803 Assertion of Presidential Power

Did not maintain this "public silence"

Made occasional speeches and tours around the country Washington is a famous examples of going on tour

James Madison's Notes of the Federal Convention

Madison was unsure about the executive even though referred to as father of the constitution presented the Virginia plan (along with Edmund Rudolph) which served as the working document of the constitution

States that divide electoral votes based on proportion of popular vote

Maine Nebraska

FDR: Horrible Choices

Many argue that the dropping of the atomic bomb was a horrible choice. In retrospect, more agreed upon horrors came from WWII. One example is the rejection of jewish immigrants. This was due to the fact that anti-semmitism was too great in American for this president to take that political stance. Another example of this is Japanese American Intern Camps which was due to the fact that many believed that Japanese-Americnas gave information to Japan about Pearl Harbor.

Narrowcasting

Targeting media programming at specific populations within society Presidents use this to target specific groups within the society

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions

Theme of Address

The Nation

Rasul v. Bush (2004)

the Judiciary had no jurisdiction to handle wrongful imprisonment cases involving foreign nationals who are held in Guantanamo Bay

priming

the amount of time and space that media devote to an issue make an audience receptive and alert to particular themes

The bill to fund the F35 Joint Strike Fighter, which created jobs in several congressional districts demonstrates the principle of

the distributive tendency

Unitary Executive

the presdient possess the power to control the whole executive branch

Giving speeches on country-wide tours allows for...

the president to "target appeals" of the citizenry G.W. Bush gave a minor address almost every day

prospective

toward future, what is the candidate promising

pluralism

two or more system coexist

President's views of the press

unfavorable and hostile

push polling

use the poll to affect the turnout

rational ignorance

when the cost of education oneself about an issue is not worth the time

Bureau chiefs and media executives help shape the president's public image by determining...

which stories can be covered How they are handled which reporters will cover the White House Who should be represented in "pools" that travel with the president on big events