Combo with "APUSH Ch. 24 An Affluent Society,1953-1960" and 2 others
First Indochina War
(1946-1954) -By 1950s, US was playing 4/5 of the cost of the war btwn French military effort to preserve their African empire & Ho Chi Minh´s nationalist forces (American anticommunist effort) -Vietnamese win
JD Salinger, ¨Catcher in the Rye¨ (1951) & Blackboard Jungle, Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
- highlighted the alienation of at least some young people from the world of adult respectability
C. Wright Mills
- sociologist who challenged the self-satisfied vision of democratic pluralism that dominated mainstream social science in the 1950s
Eisenhower Doctrine
-(1957) pledged United States to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab nationalsim
Mendez v. Westminster
-1946 California Supreme Court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated -In response, the state legislature repealed all school laws requiring racial segregation
segregation
-1950 -17 Southern and border states & Washington DC required racial segregation of public school
Massive Retaliation
-1954 Dulles´ updated version of the doctrine of containment -declared that any soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union
Orval Faubus
-1957 governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas used the National Guard to prevent the court-ordered integration of Little Rock´s Central High School -Eisenhower dispatched federal troops to the city
Levittown
-1st built on 1200 acres of potato fields on Long Island -William and Alfred Levitt became the most famous suburban developers -more than 10,000 houses were assembled quickly from prefabricated parts and priced well within the reach of most Americans (soon home to 40,000 people)
Martin Luther King Jr
-26 year old pastor of a Baptist church who became the national symbol of the movement for racial justice as a nonviolent crusade -master at appealing to the deep sense of injustice among blacks & to the conscience of white America -most celebrated oration: ¨I Have a Dream¨ Speech of 1963
Key premises of American foreign policy during the Eisenhower years...
-Any Soviet attack on one of our allies will result in a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union. -We must be prepared to negotiate with the Soviet Union. -The United States will intervene in the Middle East--militarily, if necessary--to ward off the threats of communism or Arab nationalism in the region.
Features of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s philosophy...
-Blacks and whites must work together to combat segregation -The civil rights movement should always fight racial injustice on a nonviolent basis -the civil rights movement is a crusade, not merely to improve the lot of blacks, but, more broadly, to redeem the soul of America
Congress of Racial Equality
-CORE -one of the ¨big four¨ civil rights organizations, along w/ NAACP, SCLC & SNCC -founded in 1942
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on a city bus to a white rider, as required by local law -her arrest sparked a year-long bus boycott; the beginning of the mass phase of the Civil Rights Movement in the South
Autherine Lucy
-Eisenhower failed to act in 1956 when a federal court ordered that Autherine Lucy be admitted to the University of Alabama when a mob prevented her from registering & the board of trustees expelled her
¨rollback¨
-Eisenhower refused to extend aid to the Hungarian rebels, an indication that he believed it impossible to ¨roll back¨ Soviet domination of eastern Europe
Modern Republicanism
-Eisenhower´s name for his democratic agenda -aimed to sever his party´s identification in the minds of many Americans with Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and indifference to the economic conditions of ordinary citizens
Billy Graham
-Evangelist who used radio and television to spread the message of Christianity and anticommunism to millions
Confederate Battle Flag
-Georgia´s legislature incorporated it into its state flag as a symbol of defiance in 1956 -Alabama & South Carolina soon began flying it over their state capitol buildings
Earl Warren
-Governor who signed the measure to repeal all laws requiring racial segregation in schools -became convinced after ww2 that racial inequality had no place in American life
¨An American Dilemma¨ (1944)
-Gunnar Myrdal suggested that the challenge to racial inequality would arise in the north, where blacks had far greater opportunities for political organization than in the south
1956 Suez Crisis
-Israel, France, & Britain invaded Egypt after the country´s nationalist leader nationalized the Suez Canal, jointly owned by Britain and France -Furious, Eisenhower forced them to abandon the invasion
Eisenhower´s Farewell Address
-January 1961 -warned against the drumbeat of calls for a new military buildup
first televised debate
-Kennedy bested Nixon -won a narrow victory in November by only 120,000 of 69 million popular votes
¨missile gap¨
-Kennedy warned that Republicans had allowed a ¨missile gap¨ to develop in which the Soviets had achieved technological & military superiority over the US
peaceful coexistence
-Khrushchev called for ¨peaceful coexistence¨ with US in a 1956 speech which raised the possibility of an easing of the cold war
Nixon/Khrushchev ¨kitchen debate¨
-Moscow exhibition became site of a classic Cold War confrontation over the meaning of freedom -2X during first day Nixon & Khrushchev engaged in unscripted debate about the merits of capitalism and communism -1st debate took place in the kitchen of a model suburban ranch house, the second in a futuristic ¨miracle kitchen¨ with a mobile robot that swept floors
Richard Nixon
-Republicans chose vice president Richard Nixon as their candidate to succeed Eisenhower in the presidential campaign of 1960
John F. Kennedy
-Senator from Massachusetts and a Roman Catholic who Democrats nominated for presidential campaign of 1960
Describes Rosa Parks in the years prior to her December 1, 1955, arrest...
-She was a participant in meetings protesting the conviction of the Scottsboro Boys. -She was for many years a secretary in her local NAACP chapter. -She had attended a training session for political activist at the Highlander School in Tennessee.
ICBM
-Soviet success in testing the 1st intercontinental ballistic missile -Kennedy used as evidence that the US had lost the sense of national purpose necessary to fight the cold war
Hungarian Uprising
-Soviet troops put down an anticommunist uprising in Hungary later that fall (1956)
Ngo Dinh Diem
-Staunchly anticommunist Southern leader -urged on by the US to refuse to hold elections, which would almost certainly have resulted in victory for Ho Chi Minh´s communists
¨Protestant-Catholic-Jew¨ (1955)
-Will Hemberg´s influential book which argued that religion now had less to do with spiritual activities or sacred values than with personal identity, group assimilation, and the promotion of traditional morality
Emmett Till
-a black teenager who allegedly whistled at a white woman and was murdered for it
Allen Ginsberg, ¨Howl¨ (1955)
-a brilliant protest against materialism and conformism written while the author was under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs
Southern Christian Leadership Confernce
-a coalition of black ministers & civil rights activists who pressed for desegregation
¨golden age¨ of capitalism
-a period of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment, and rising standards of living that continued until 1973
Prominent features of suburban married life during the Fifties...
-a rise in birth rates -a decline in divorce rates -a growing desire among husbands and wives to find fulfillment through the shared enjoyment of material comforts, recreation, and sexual relations
Elvis Presley
-a rock and roll singer with openly sexual performance style who became immensely popular entertainment celebrity
The Beats
-a small group of Poets and Writers who railed against mainstream culture
Hydrogen Bomb, 1952
-a weapon far more powerful than those that devastated Hiroshima & Nagasaki -Soviets matched this achievement the following year
television
-allowed images of middle-class life and advertisements for consumer goods to blanket the country -by end of the 1950s, 9/10 American families owned a TV set
Checkers Speech
-an emotional, nationally televised, 30-minute address in which Nixon drew attention to his ordinary upbringing, war service, and close-knit family, denying the accusations that wealthy Californians had created a private fund for his family
Thurgood Marshall
-attorney who led the NAACP -argued that even w/ the same funding and facilities, segregation was inherently unequal since it stigmatized one group of citizens as unfit to associate with others
decolonization
-began when India and Pakistan achieved independence in 1947 -followed by Ghana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Angola
suburbia
-by 1960, suburban residents of single-family homes outnumbered urban dwellers and those living in rural areas
¨urban renewal¨
-cities demolished poor neighborhoods in city centers that occupied potentially valuable real estate -developers constructed retail centers, all-white middle-income housing complexes, and state built urban public universities in their place
Ho Chi Minh
-communist leader of Vietnam who modeled his 1945 proclamation of nationhood on American Declaration of Independence
Housing Act of 1948
-declared federal agencies insuring mortgages that barred resale of houses to nonwhites legally when unenforceable -banks and private developers, however, continued to barr nonwhites from the suburbs
Geneva Peace Talks
-divided Vietnam temporarily into North and South regions, with elections in 1956 scheduled to unify the country
¨duck and cover¨
-drills explaining to children how to survive a nuclear attack by hiding under their desks -meant to reduce Americans´ fear of nuclear war
John Kennith Galbraith, ¨The Affluent Society¨(1958)
-economist who asked what kind of nation neglected investment in schools, parks, and public services, while producing ever more goods to fulfill desires created by advertising
Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, Mohammad Mossadegh
-elected, homegrown nationalists (Guatemala & Iran) determined to reduce foreign corporations´ control over their countries´ economies
Dwight Eisenhower
-emerged from ww2 as the military leader w/ the greatest political appeal -won republican nomination 1952 -defeated the democratic candidate, Adlai Stevenson, for 2 terms
Centerless Western Cities
-ex: Houston, Phoenix, Los Angeles -rather than consisting of downtown business districts linked to residential neighborhoods by public transportation, western cities were decentralized clusters of single-family homes and businesses united by a web of highways
National Defense Education Act
-for the first time offered direct federal funding to higher education -since Soviet success in launching an artificial earth satellite, US focused more on improving scientific education
Social Contract
-hammered out by leading industries, labor and management -unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management´s hands, and they agreed to try to prevent unauthorized ¨wildcat¨ strikes
White and Blue Collar Workers
-in 1956, for the first time in American history, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual workers
Richard Weaver ¨Ideas Have Consequences¨
-insisted that tolerance of difference offered no substitute for the search for absolute truth -warned that the west was suffering from moral decay and called for a return to civilization based on values grounded in the Christian tradition and in timeless notions of good and evil
Hubert Humphrey
-leader of Democratic party´s liberal wing (one of Kennedy´s chief rivals for nomination)
National Liberation Front
-led a full scale communist guerrilla revolt against Diem
Juvenile Delinquency
-mid 1950s panic -Time magazine devoted a cover story to ¨teenagers on the rampage¨ and senate hearings as to whether or not comic books caused criminal behavior among young people
Jawaharlal Nehru & Kwame Kkrumah
-non-communist leaders (India & Ghana) who saw socialism as the best route to achieving economic independence and narrowing the social inequalities fostered by imperialism
Jack Kerouac, ¨On the Road¨ (1951)
-novelist who coined the term ¨beat¨ - a play on ¨beaten down¨ and ¨beautified¨ (or saintlike) -recounted in a seemingly spontaneous rush of sights, sounds, and images its main character´s aimless wandering across the American landscape
¨massive resistance¨
-paralyzed civil rights progress in much of the south
Hans Morgenthau
-political scientist who noted in 1957 that free enterprise had created ¨new accumulations¨ of power, ¨as dangerous to the freedom of the individual as the power of the government had ever been¨
playboy magazine
-reached a circulation of more than 1 million copies by 1960 -offered men a fantasy world of sexual gratification outside family´s confines
Shah of Iran
-replaced Mossadegh and agreed to give British and American oil companies 40% of his nation´s oil revenues -remained in office until 1979 as one of the world´s most tyrannical rulers, until his overthrow by a revolution led by the fiercely anti-American radical Islamist Ayatollah Khomeini
Brown v. Board of Education
-segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th amendment; ¨separate educational facilities are inherently unequal¨
Lyndon Johnson
-senate majority leader who accepted Kennedy´s offer to run for vice president
Jim Crow
-separate public institutions for white & black -signs for ¨white¨ and ¨colored¨ at entrances to buildings, train carriages, drinking fountains, restrooms, etc.
Southern Manifesto
-signed in 82 of 106 Southern Congressmen in 1956 -denounced the Brown decision as ¨a clear abuse of judicial power¨ and calling for resistance to ¨forced integration¨ by ¨any lawful means¨
U-2 planes shot down, 1960
-soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over their territory -Eisenhower denied that the plane had been involved in espionage and refused to apologize even after the Russians produced the captured pilot
Third World
-term invented to describe developing countries aligned with neither the US or Soviet Union and desirous of finding their own models of development btwn Soviet centralized economic planning and free market capitalism
Family and the Cold War
-the ability of women to remain at home ¨separates us from the communist world¨ where a high percentage of women worked -feminism seemed to have disappeared form the American life
Sputnik
-the first artificial earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957
Consumerism
-the measure of freedom became the ability to gratify market desires -consumer culture demonstrated the superiority of the American way of life to consumerism and virtually redefined the nation´s historic mission to extend freedom to other countries (by marketing goods overseas)
¨Brinkmanship¨
-what critics called Dulles´ updated version of the doctrine of containment (massive retaliation) -warned of the danger of Dulles´ apparent willingness to to bring the world to an end the brink of nuclear war
Richard Nixon
-ww2 veteran who made a name for himself by vigorous anticommunism -chosen by Eisenhower as his running mate -helped to lay the foundation for the triumph of conservation a generation later by using populist language to promote free market economics
Milton Friedman, ¨Capitalism and Freedom¨
-young economist -identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty
School segregation
40% of the U.S.'s 28 million schoolchildren attended legally segregated schools, and millions more attended where housing patterns and school district lines created segregation not by law. Very few white Americans felt any need to confront the inequality because it didn't restrict them in any way.
League of United Latin American Citizens
A Southwestern group that challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students.
"missile gap"
A belief that the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.
"Standard consumer package"
A home, television set, and a new car were the standard American materials for any common man. 80% of Americans owned at least one car at the time. Most cars were designed to go out of style within a couple years, so it also promoted future purchases.
juvenile delinquency
A mid-1950s panic about "juvenile delinquency" occurred as a result of works such as J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye".
rock-and-roll music
A musical style derided as alarming, overly sexualized, and provocative.
"Checkers speech"
A nationally televised half hour Nixon address, whereas he denied the accusations set against him by drawing attention to his ordinary upbringing, war service, and close family. It rescued his political career and also showed how television transformed politics by allowing candidates deliver a carefully crafted image into Americans' living rooms.
The Beats
A small group of poets and writers who were against mainstream culture.
the Beats
A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture.
Juvenile delinquency
A violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people. There was widespread panic about teenagers making trouble, and showed the generational gap.
"standard consumer package"
Along with a home and television set, the car became part of what sociologists called "the standard of consumer package" of the 1950s.
League of United Latin American Citizens
Courts were left to confront the racial segregation problem with the creation of this league. This league challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students.
Rock-and-roll music
Cultural life during the 1960s was more daring than politics; teenagers danced to rock-and-roll music with clear sexual tones, which made people like Elvis Presley into stars.
housing discrimination
During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, thereby financing housing segregation.
Massive retaliation
Eisenhower's secretary of state (John Foster Dulles)'s updated containment policy. It declared that any USSR attack on an American ally would be faced with nuclear assault back at the USSR. This brought about MAD: Mutual Assured Destruction, and the constant state of "brinkmanship" made both sides very cautious during the Cold War.
"Sputnik"
First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union.
school segregation
For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorney Thurgood Marshall, had pressed legal challenges to the "separate but equal" doctrine, and in the 1950s, attitudes began to shift.
massive retaliation
In 1954, John Foster Dulles announced an updated version of the doctrine of containment. "Massive retaliation," as it was called, declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself.
"Capitalism and Freedom"
In 1962, Milton Friedman published Capitalism and Freedom, which identified the free market as the necessary foundation for individual liberty.
"social contract"
In leading industries, labor and management hammered out what has been called a new "social contract." Unions signed long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management's hands, and they agreed to try to prevent unauthorized "wildcat" strikes.
"Missile gap"
Kennedy pointed to the fact that the USSR already launched Sputnik and developed the first intercontinental ballistic missile that the Republicans had allowed a missile gap to develop. This persuaded many Americans to want to change the power in the 1960 election.
Levittown
Low-cost, mass produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere.
National Defense Education Act
Passed in reaction to American's perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.
"end of ideology"
Scholars celebrated the "end of ideology" and the triumph of a democratic, capitalist "consensus" in which all Americans except the maladjusted and fanatics shared the same liberal values of individualism, respect for private property, and belief in equal opportunity.
Montgomery bus boycott
Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest, this boycott marked the beginning of the mass phase of the Civil Rights Movement in the South. It also launched the movement of nonviolent protest.
Montgomery bus boycott
Sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.
Housing discrimination
Suburbia still held onto long held racial discrimination. Federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, therefore financing housing segregation.
"Checkers speech"
The "Checkers speech," named after the family dog, rescued Nixon's political career. It illustrated how television was beginning to transform politics by allowing candidates to bring a carefully crafted image directly into Americans' living rooms.
"End of ideology"
The 1950s seemed to be a peaceful time because of widespread affluence and narrowing political debate. Mass unemployment and economic insecurity seemed to have disappeared and democratic, capitalist states seemed to triumph. Ideological differences were un-American but group pluralism ruled religion.
Iranian coup
The U.S.-sponsored coup that overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953 created resentments that helped lead to Iran's Islamic Revolution twenty-five years later.
military-industrial complex
The conjugation of "an immense military establishment" with a "permanent arms industry" with an influence felt in "every office" in the land.
Military-industrial complex
The dangerous power that Eisenhower had warned about in his farewell address. It was the idea that businesses could only succeed if they were producing war material. Therefore, the only way to success was to constantly creating harmful weaponry, which would come as a threat to world peace.
Sputnik
The first artificial earth satellite launched by the USSR in 1957. The U.S. responded with the National Defense Education Act.
Brown v. Board of Education
This case challenged unfair school policies and unequal funding. It was decided that segregation did lifelong damage to black children and undermined their self-esteem.
National Defense Education Act
This was created in response to the launching of Sputnik. It was the first time that federal funding was used for higher education, even if it was made just to try to equal the Soviet's education.
Brown v. Board of Education
U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal," unconstitutional.
"Social contract"
Unions would sign long-term agreements that left decisions regarding capital investment, plant location, and output in management's hands, while also preventing any unauthorized strikes. Unionized workers were very prosperous and brought benefits to those in nonunion jobs, but many nonunionized workers did not enjoy the same wages, benefits, and job security.
Levittown
William and Alfred Levitt built the first Levittown on Long Island, and it became the most famous suburban area. Over 10 thousand homes were quickly made from premade parts and priced low enough for most Americans. All of this contributed to the shift from rural to suburban life.
Women at work
Women had the pressure to living up to the new freedom's promise. After WWII, they lost most industrial jobs so they were now concentrated in low salary nonunion jobs. Female employment began to rise again, and the modern woman was able to support the family's middle-class lifestyle. However, men were still seen as the family's breadwinner.
women at work
Working women in 1960 earned, on average, only 60 percent of the income of men. Despite the increasing numbers of wage-earning women, the suburban family's breadwinner was assumed to be male, while the wife remained at home.
In the 1950s, Richard Nixon pioneered efforts to transform the Republican Party's image...
from defender of business to champion of the "forgotten man," for whom heavy taxation had become a burden.
The wave of decolonization that began when India and Pakistan achieved independence in 1947, and by which, in the decades following World War II, Europe's centuries-old empires collapsed, witnessed the newly created Third World nations...
resisting alignment with either major power bloc
The principal organization in the Southwest--the equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)--that challenged restrictions on housing and employment, as well as the segregation of Latino students was named...
the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC).
The National Defense Education Act, which for the first time offered direct federal funding for higher education, was passed into law by Congress in 1957 in response to...
the Soviet launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, "Sputnik"
Eric Foner writes, "the either-or mentality of the Cold War obscured the extent to which the United States itself fell short of the ideal of freedom." In this context, to what does "the either-or mentality" refer?
the notion that, in a polarized world, you were either for the United States or for the Soviet Union
M.A.D.
the reality that all-out war would result in ¨mutually assured destruction¨ -made both great powers cautious in their direct dealings with one another
During the 1950s, the mass movement for civil rights found principal support among...
the southern black church.