Combo with "APUSH Chapters 1-35 Review" and 10 others

Korematsu v US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Hepburn Act

1906 commission could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads

NAACP

1908 organization founded by Du Bois and others, mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African-American children, nation's largest civil rights organization

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law (1922)

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

America First Committee

1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war.

Destroyer deal

1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (_______ were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Voting Rights Act

1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States who ended reconstruction by removing federal troops, disputed Tilden/Hayes election resulted in the Compromise of 1877.

Liberty Party

1st Abolitionist party, eventually merged with Free Soil party.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

John C. Frémont

1st candidate of the Republican Party, helped overthrow Mexican rule in CA. Military leader and first candidate to openly run an anti-slavery platform.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed.

Bull Run

1st real battle of Civil War, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side (July 1861)

Treaty of Wanghia

1st treaty between the United States and China; US got most favored nation status and extraterritoriality (Americans accused of crimes in China would be tried in America before Americans); allowed American trade with China to flourish and opened opportunity for American missionaries, because our goal was trade we got lots of good trading opportunities.

Shays's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Leyte Gulf

A 3 battle Sea Clash between Japan and America in 1944 where America won all 3 battles; Japan lost 60 Naval Ships in this clash

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Major Strikes after WW1

A Boston police force attempted to unionize and Calvin Coolidge fired then to recruit a new force.

Great Compromise

A compromise that proposed two houses of Congress; one where a state's population would determine representation and another where all states were represented equally

Okinawa

A Japanese island that was needed for bomb and burn attacks on the Japanese mainland; this island was very well defended

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Iroquois Confederation

A confederation of 6 Indian tribes who had joined together to fight Heron tribes, which they had defeated

Frank Norris

"The Octopus" on tyrannical power of rail companies, "The Pit" on grain speculation

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

..., French engineer who advocated an American canal through Panama and helped instigate a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia.

KKK

..., Hated not only blacks but also jews, catholics, immigrants, and groups believed to represent "Un-American" values.

Bernard Baruch

..., He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Lebensruam

..., Idea that Germany was too crowded and needed more living space, Hitler promised space by invading Europe and Russia

Wounded Knee

..., In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered

Al Capone

..., United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

Marcus Hanna

..., Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.

Rough Riders

..., Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

George Dewey

..., a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Open Door note

..., a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China

the Great White Fleet

..., a group of US warships which took a world tour from 1907-1909 to show the world that the US was an emerging power

Bruce Barton

..., a leader of the advertising industry and author of a new interpretation on Christ in The Man Nobody Knows

Harlem Renaissance

..., a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Francis Townshend

..., an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

..., an influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.

Gentleman's Agreement

..., an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

A. Mitchell Palmer

..., attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States. President during the civil war, fought for slaves right. He preserved the Union during the U.S. Civil War and brought about the emancipation of slaves.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president, from IL. Republican, antislaveries expansion, and became president right as secession began.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 Conflict between the Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great lakes area

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Boston Massacre

1770, street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

General Cornwallis

1783 - 1805, British military and political leader. Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution. Led British forces during the American Revolution. The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown. in 1781.

Free-Soil Party

1848-A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery, alliance between abolitionists as well as racists who just didn't want black people near them in the territories. Nom'd Martin van Buren for presidency.

California Gold Rush

1849, when a bunch of people rushed to california after the discovery of gold. Suddenly, it was hugely populated, and wanted to be admitted as a state pretty much ASAP but it wanted to be free. Slave states got mad.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850-Treaty between US and Britain where both agreed to not claim exclusive rights to any potential canal in Panama.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852 book by Harriet Beecher Stowe showing the horrors of slavery. Got huge fame, even Queen Victoria read it, and spread the abolitionist cause, which of course pissed off the southerners.

commissions

1869, first one established to regulate RR. Early one were advisory, only making stats and publishing reports. Later cracked down on fair rates and rebates, ie Illinois.

Australian (Secret) Ballot

1888 Massachusetts adopted system of issuing ballots printed by the state and requiring voters to mark their choices within the privacy of a curtained booth

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman,this man became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, he took up the cause of strict constructionists, advocating limited federal government.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Mobilization

A race against time for the US...could it obtain this in time to save the Allied powers from the coming attacks from the German soldiers?

Teapot Dome scandal (1921)

A tawdry affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which implicated President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption.

Sugar Act of 1764

A tax imposted by the British Parliament, which was enforced indirectly. It was used to raised money so that colonist could help pay off the debt of the French and Indian War.

Tea Act

A tax on tea by the British Parliament on the colonies passed in 1773 because the British East India company was facing bankruptcy.

Horizontal Integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. It is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth

Gospel of Wealth

Advocated for by Andrew Carnegie (rich due to steel), it was the belief that the rich had an obligation to serve society (donating to just causes, creating public institutions, etc.).

The Wagner Act (1935)

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, it clarified the rights of workers and created a board of oversight for relations between management and labor; workers were permitted to bargain collectively. Pro Union.

Hirohito

Although Japan "unconditionally surrendered", they had one condition- to let Hirohito remain their emperor, letting them keep their "exalted ruler" and some of their native land

Caleb Cushing

American Diplomat, negotiated the 1844 treaty of Wanghia.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Battle of Midway (1942)

American Planes destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers as they moved toward American owned Midway islands becoming a defining moment in the pacific.

Washington Irving

American author best known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle; Along with James Fenimore Cooper was among the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe.

Pearl Harbor

American base in Hawaii, bombed by the Japanese on Dec. 7, 1941, killing and wounding thousands, raised a new sense of National Pride in America

Battle of Coral Sea (1942)

American carries sent planes against the Japanese troops, forcing the to turn back from an invasion of Australia.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Panay

American gunboat bombed and sunk by Japanese in 1937; Japan apologized and sent $ to victims' families; unwilling to go to war, US forgave easily

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

writ of assistance

A general search warrant used by the British customs officials to hunt for smuggled goods.

Hessians

A german solider who faught for the british in the revolutionary war

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (1932)

A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

credibility gap

A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

A landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregan, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace.

Proclamation of 1763

A line drawn by the British government that forbade the colonists from settling on western lands won after the French and Indian War.

Radio

A new invention that helped stimulate mass attention to sports and entertainment while spreading the reach of advertising

Republican (Party)

A new political party organized as a protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act

"King Andrew"

A nickname given to Andrew Jackson because he was a strong president who used the office to forcefully pursue his own agenda; given to him by his many political opponents that feared his use of power.

Constitutional Union Party

A party who basically just wanted to keep the union together in the election of 1860, nominated John Bell as their candidate.

Geneva Convention (1954)

French Indochina divided into Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Also divided Vietnam into North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

X, Y, Z Affair

French minister Talleyrand solicited loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures, Adams charged that agents had insulted America's honor. Federalist-controlled Congress cut off trade with France and authorized American privateers to seize French ships after this event

Talleyrand

French minister who demanded $250,000 before he would negotiate with American ministers, known as the XYZ Affair

1893 Turner's thesis

Frontier will keep moving W until no more.

Sherman's March to the Sea

General Sherman led some 60000 troops on a march south across Georgia; burned cities and destroyed everything in his path; killed civilians, destroyed crops. Sherman believed in total war.

Stephen W. Kearney

General in the Mexican-American conflict who captured Santa Fe in 1846 with seventeen hundred troops. They faced no opposition, and joined the Bear Flag Republic.

Submarine Warfare

Germany's one hope for challenging the large RAF was with the new naval weapon, the submarine. They set up their own blockade and threatened any ships with submarine warfare if they tried to cross the barrier.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire/Turkey

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.

Boston Massacre

An event that killed five Boston colonist by British troops. It was sparked by a colonial rebellion in result of British taxes and the British opened fire.

Muscle Shoals Bill

Bills that would allocate funds to dam the Tennessee River and provide employment, is vetoed by Hoover

Virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party

Result of the Gold Rush

California had enough people to become a state

Sweatt v. Painter

Case that ruled that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after John Marshall, handed down the Dred Scott decision, southerner, pro-slavery.

William H. Seward

Chief among the Young Guard; staunchly against slavery Said Americans must follow "higher law"

Berlin Wall

Constructed by the Soviet Union under Khrushchev to stop East Berliners escaping communist regime. JFK did not stop the construction but proclaimed US support ofr its citizens in 1963.

1940 election

Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Republican - Wendel Wrillkie (lost by almost 5 million votes). The issue was the New Deal, about which there was a major debate.

National Recovery Administration (1933)

Directed by Hugh John, this agency set up a system of codes of business practice, including giving fair wages and work hours. Businesses and labor unions who followed such codes could advertise as such (symbol: Blue Eagle) and thus gain more membership. Was limited in success.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

Bacon's Rebellion

Disgruntled Virginia (Chesapeake) colonial farmers attempted to overthrow Gov. Berkeley in 1676 because of economic hardship and perceived failure with Indian raids and lack of women that could be married.

Saturday Night Massacre

Dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

Puritans

Dominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay Colony

Malcolm X

He was an advocate of black power and was the figurehead of the Nation of Islam for some time. He was greatly influential in getting people to believe in black power and self-defense, as opposed to King's peace.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

Henry Stimson's notes sent to Japan and China. They stated that the US would not recognize any treaty or agreement that would limit China's territory, encroach on US' rights in China, upset political situation in China, or hinder the Open Door Policy.

1877 poll tax

Imposed in GA. Annual. Aimed to lessen votes from impoverished blacks.

Fisk and Gould

In 1869 plotted to "corner the gold market", but needed the Treasury to stop selling gold in order for their plan to work. Worked on Grant and directly with Grant's brother in law. "Black Friday" (September 24) they bid the price of gold up.

Four Freedoms speech

In an address known as the ________, FDR proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech and expression, Freedom of worship, Freedom from want, Freedom from fear

Albany Plan of Union

In an attempt to bring the Iroquois into the Seven Years' War and deal with other military affairs, this proposal, drafted by Benjamin Franklin, presented the idea that colonial defense problems should be handled by a royally-appointed president-general and a federal council of delegates chosen by the colonies. It was rejected by the colonies and the Iroquois remained neutral during the war.

First New Deal (1933-35)

The first part of Roosevelt's economic policy, this one was a bit more fiscally conservative and more experimental than its successor.

Daniel Webster

Leading American statesman during the Antebellum Period; leader of the Whig Party, opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party; spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry; served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of State for 3 presidents; successful lawyer; member of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Battle of Britain

July 1940-Dec 1941; air war between GER and GB

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Anschluss with Austria (1938)

March 12, 1938 - After the Austrian leader resigned under growing Nazi pressure, German troops set up a government called the ________, which was a union of Germany and Austria.

Matthew C. Perry

Military leader, who in 1853 persuaded Japan to sign the treaty of Kanagawa and reopen communications to the West.

Hull House

Most significant settlement house. In Chicago. by Jane Addams.

Huey Long (The Kingfish)

Nickname "Kingfish"; Senator of Louisiana. He pushed his "Share Our Wealth" program, which would make "Every Man a King". Long planned to run against FDR in the 1936 elections, but he was assassinated.

Little Rock Nine

Nickname for the nine black teenagers integrated in Central High School in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve.

Politics after the mexican war

No one wanted to address the issue of slavery,because they both had support in the north and south

Title IX

No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

Korea (1950)

North Korean army invaded the South over the 38th parallel in June. Security Council and US Congress authorized a police action but did not declare war. General MacArthur was able to push back the North Koreans to the Chinese border, but was unable to repel more offensives. MacArthur wanted more resources to win the war and take China. Truman did not give him more.

booster

One who promotes a person or enterprise, especially in a highly enthusiastic way

Cash and Carry

Only way that Europe could buy American war materials in World War II. They would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and they could only purchase the munitions with cash.

In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of

Oregon and Texas

1894 Pullman Strike

Outside Chicago. Pullman Palace Car Company. Protest wage cuts, high rent, and layoffs that happened due to the depression. ARU led by Debs joined by refusing to handle trains with Pullman sleeping cars. Strike extended to W and paralyzed it. Cleveland used injunction. Sent troops. Hella violence. Debs jailed; 1895 In re Debs upheld bc Congress upholds injunction.

Dec 7, 1941

Pearl harbor attack; holiday time, Sunday morning

breakers

People to whom slaves were sent to be beaten into submission.

Dry farming

Plow foot-deep furrows and fill with dust mulch to loosen soil and retard evaporation. Allows farming in arid W.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Pointed at the Middle East. Allowed Middle East nations to ask for aid from the US against aggressors.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy that was introduced on December 2,1823 that asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries and the that US would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

Nazi Party

Political party founded in 1919, taken over by Hitler

Florence Kelley

Political reformer who was a former resident of Jane Addam's Hull House, she became Illinois's first chief factory inspector and one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions, also a leader of the National Consumers League

John Winthrop

Promoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "city upon a hill"

Covenant

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

Covenant

Puritans' term for their belief that Massachusetts Bay had an agreement with God to become a holy society.

Separatist

Radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches

Roger Williams

Radical founder of the most tolerant New England colony.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical white abolitionist. Published the liberator and founded American Antislavery Society with the goal of ending slavery NOW.

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's speech 1937 that proposed strong US measures against overseas aggressors (Japan)

Overland Trail

Route taken by thousands of travelers from Mississippi Valley to Pacific Coast in last half of 19th. Six months.

Invasion of Poland (1939)

September, 1939 - Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Oliver H. Perry

Served in the war of 1812 and earned the title of "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie.

1883 Pendleton Act

Signed by president Arthur. Reform civil service. Made a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive examinations and appoint office holders for merit.

1877 Munn v. IL

Supreme Court support Illinois's constitution- RR are public highways, and gov can pass laws to maximize rates and prevent rate discrimination. Supreme Court says that private property with public interest must be public for common good.

Ida Tarbell

The History of the Standard Oil Company 1901

nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Brinksmanship

The US would push the aggressor nation against a democratic country to the brink of nuclear war, forcing it back down in the face of American superiority.

Massive retaliation

The US would unleash its nuclear arsenal on any nation that threatened it.

Withdrawal of troops from Haiti

The United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, when 330 US Marines landed at Port-au-Prince on the authority of then President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to safeguard the interests of US corporations. It ended on August 1, 1934, after Franklin D. Roosevelt reaffirmed an August 1933 disengagement agreement. The last contingent of U.S. Marines departed on August 15, 1934 after a formal transfer of authority to the Garde.

King Phillip's War

The War Between the Puritans and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians

WCTU

an organization led by Frances E. Willard that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.

OPEC

an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum

boycott

an organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product.

xenophobic

anti-foreign; Japan until the 1840s

The slave codes of the American South

anyone with a trace of african ancestry as black

The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau

argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States.

Daniel Webster

argued for the North; opposed to slavery's expansion

John C. Calhoun

argued for the South and for states' rights; wanted slavery to be left alone, the runaway slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance kept intact

NEUTRALITY

attitude the US took in response to the war between GB and FR

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million "senior citizens" with his fantastic plan of each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month. Also, this was a mathematically silly plan.

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Sixteenth Amendment

authorized the US government to collect an income tax

South in 1840

cotton exports are a big deal, thinking that britain really needs them. a lot rested on the southerners. cotton was half the value of exported goods.

southern farmers

cotton farming and slaves were a distant dream. many never owned slaves. among the stoutest defenders of the slave system

Eli whitney

cotton gin and mass production of us army rifles. got the idea that a machine would simply make one part and it would fit together later. Tried to get rid of slavery, made it worse

New foreign trade

cotton was huge, wheat eventually came back after the british repealed the corn laws in 1846. generally exported agricultural good and imported more then we gave.

Winston Churchill

courageous prime minister who led GB's lonely resistance to Hitler; involved with the secret Atlantic Conference

TVA

created in 1933 in order to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression

All of the following statements about the election of 1860 are accurate EXCEPT: a. The Republicans won control of the presidency but not Congress b. No candidate received a majority of the popular vote c. The popular and electoral votes were divided among four candidates d. Lincoln won election because of the split in the Democratic party e. A major consequence of the election was that several southern states seceded from the Union

d. Lincoln won election because of the split in the Democratic party

Free soil party

supported the wilmot proviso and were against slavery, advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads. appealed to everyone foreshadowed republican party

democratic nomination convention of 1852

deadlocked, the second dark horse democrat candidate franklin pierce known as the fainting general. the whig candidate was winfield scott old fuss and feathers

Nineteenth Amendment

dedicated efforts of women during WWI persuaded Wilson to adopt woman's suffrage amendment, guaranteed woman's right to vote in all elections

Samuel M. Jones

delighted Toledo's citizens by introducing a comprehensive program of municipal reform, free kindergartens, night schools, public playgrounds

The nineteenth century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote

democracy

The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote

democracy.

The slave codes of the American South

denied anyone with a trace of african ancestry as black

Personal Liberty Laws

denied local jails to federal officials

Recall

enabled voters to remove corrupt or unsatisfactory politicians from office by majority vote, mostly western states

William and Mary

ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies

National American Woman Suffrage Association

founded by Carrie Chapman Catt, drove to win votes for women at the state level before changing strategies and seeking a suffrage amendment to the US Constitution

Irish

thousands fled from the english and the irish potato famine to america, swarmed to larger cities and lived in awful conditions, americans were harsh,NINA resented the blacks because they were cheaper work

GETTYSBURG

three-day battle in PA; turning point

Stephen Douglas

threw a wrench in the railroad plans

Clipper ships

tiny fast ships made a killing by hauling high valued cargo. eventually were useless, in battle.

depreciate

to decrease in value; from an economic standpoint, this is the decrease in the buying power of money, which followsd inflation (the increase in the cost of living)

desert

to leave official government or military service without permission

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

transcendentalist author who promoted "civil disobedience

Sufferers for insanity

treated cruelly as if they were cursed with unclean spirits. dorothea dix went around preaching of reform

free blacks in the north

treated unkindly not very welcomed. several places forbade their entrance didnt mind the race, hated individuals

Jackson on work

wanted higher wages, 10 hour work days, and tolerable work conditions. demanded public education for kids. and the end to jail for debts

christian reformers

wanted traditional values back, even though it was transformed by the market economy.

Francisco Pizarro

was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include activities that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations

Richard Wright

was an American author of powerful, sometimes controversial novels, short stories and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes. His work helped redefine discussions of race relations in America in the mid-20th century.

interchangeable parts

widely adopted by 1850 and became the basis of modern mass production and assembly methods

William Taft

winner of the 1908 Presidential Election; foreign policy was dollar diplomacy

Other Issues

women activists also campaigned for other things, like educational equality, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reducing discrimination in business, recognizing women's rights to property

Family life

women were the center, gave moral strength. families grew smaller some form of secret family limitation was used even though birth control and contraception were taboo and primitive.

Woman workers

worked 12-13 hours a day. usually farm girls carefully supervised escorted from from church to their company. usually single, when they were married they left their jobs to raise children

DOROTHEA DIX

worked to reform the treatment of the mentally ill

Sir William Berkeley

governor in VA, kin with Bacon, wanted Indian/European hostilities to cease—angered frontiersmen by taking strict measures in granting land and trading in order to minimize Indian and European quarrelling

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

president tyler

gracious and kind lone wolf, ended the independent treasury system denied clay his fiscal bank also denied the Whig tariff twice

1873 Timber Culture Act

grants homesteaders 160 more acres if they promise to plant trees on 40 of those acres within 4 years.

Richard Nixon

he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soldiers from South Vietnam

JAMES MADISON

he was sued by one of the "midnight judges

"Bull" Connor

he was the chief of police of birmingham, alabama during the civil rights movement. his use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

Stokely Carmichael

head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization

America First Committee

headed by Charles Lindbergh; isolationist group advocating that US focus on continental defense and non-involvement with WWII

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)

This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.

Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

This act federally established minimum wage and overtime pay.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Civilian Conservation Corp (1933) or CCC

This was a New Deal Program that provided work for young men through projects such as road construction and flood control.

Kellog-Briand Pact

This was a fifteen nation pact agreed that all conflicts should be settled by peaceful means and that war was to be renounced. The US Congress demanded a right of self-defense and that America should not have to act against countries that broke the treaty. The pact lacked effectiveness and it failed to enforce measures.

Creationism

This was a fundamentalist view Protestant Christians supported as a way of prohibiting the teaching of evolution in schools. They hoped to protect a literal understanding of the bible.

Proclamation of 1763

This was a move by Britain to forbid American settlers from moving westward into Native American territories in the Ohio Valley

Declaration of Rights & Grievances

This was adopted by the First Continental Congress and it promised obedience to the king, but denied Parliament the right to tax the colonies.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

This was an act that created the minimum wage law, established a rising minimum wage and reduction of the work week, and provided time-and-a-half for work over that period of time.

Good Neighbor Policy

This was established by Herbert Hoover to create good relations with Latin America. It took much of the American military out of these countries. It also nullified the Roosevelt Corollary.

Immigration Act

This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

National Industrial Recovery Act

This was passed on the last day of the 100 days, as a pillar of Roosevelt's assistance program. The goal was to help businesses self-regulate and aid in employment. Created the National Recovery Administration.

Prohibition

This was the 18th amendment to the constitution which prohibited alcohol. The Volstead act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for violations. It led to bootlegging, corruption of public officials, and speakeasies. The 21st amendment repealed it.

Lusitania

This was the British Passenger ship that the was sunk by Germany, carrying American citizens. Wilson protested but remained neutral with the 1914 Proclamation of Neutrality.

The Great Depression

This was the depression that began months after Hoover was elected because of the Stock Market Crash. Decline in American economy meant less money spent on loans and products from other countries. Foreign powers were not able to pay debts back to the US. American exports dropped and the Depression started.

The Trent Affair

This was the first major crisis with Britain after a union warship north of Cuba stopped the British steamer the Trent and removed 2 confederate diplomats destined for Europe. The British government was extremely upset and demanded an apology and the prisoners be set free.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.

Social Darwinism

made by HERBERT SPENCER. survival of the fittest. Darwin's evolution applied to human life. gov intervention is futile. elite used this to oppose reform.

Industrial revoultion

made impersonal ownership and attracted people to slum like hovels hours were long pay was small meals were tiny. everything was gross

Pearl Harbor

major American naval base devastated in a surpise attack in Dec 1941

Between 1861 and 1864 the cost of goods in the south experienced

major shortages b/c of union blockade

free blacks

many free blacks in the south were mulattoes and usually the emancipated child of a white man and his black mistress. some were blacks who purchased freedom liked blacks as individuals, hated the race

the election of 1852

marked the end of the whig party,

Mountain whites

marooned in valleys of the appalachian mountains. civilation hardly passed them. older speech independent small farmers hated rich farmers and their gangs of blacks

Child Labor Act

measure favored by settlement house workers and labor unions, prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old, found to be unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart

Child shapping

not just broken but shaped as decent people and independent individuals

CLARA BARTON

nurse in the Civil War; known as the "angel of the battlefield

Womens jobs

nursing, domestic service, and sometimes teaching

Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South

occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves.

Dawes Act of 1887

offered land and US citizenship to any head of an Indian family who would take up Farming or ranching

Among the features of their religion, american slaves

often incorporated african features into their christianity

JOHN D ROCKEFELLER

oil tycoon who used horizontal integration to increase profits

general Winfield scott

old fuss and feathers strict general

Burned over district

old puritan land that was blistered by sermonizers preaching hell fire and damnation

ULYSSES S GRANT

president whose administration was tarnished by dishonest and corrupt office holders

Nikita Khrushchev

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

Clayton-Bulwer treaty

said neither britain or america could fortify

Ostend Manifesto

said the U.S. would offer $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain rejected it, the U.S. would be justified in taking Cuba by force

Halfway Covenant

Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control of respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.

JOHN C. CALHOUN

VP from SC; said: "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear"

Shaker societies

saw women exercise more power than men

Hate with endgland

strong hate for england still british wrote rude things about the americans and their travel books. british american war faught over words

Laborers power

strongest if they lay down their tools.want higher wages and general rights. lost more strikes than they won

SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left.

FDIC

a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

separatists

a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender.

Henry david thoreau

a poet, mystic, and transcendentalist. wrote walden

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

inflation

an increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money (depreciation of currency)

NASA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

JOHN BROWN

he led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA

DAVID WILMOT

he proposed a Proviso; called for no slavery in land gained in Mex-Am War

STEPHEN DOUGLAS

he proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

AARON BURR

he shot and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

some believed this was the "democratic" way to deal with slavery

Rhineland

strip of land demilitarized according to Versailles Treaty; invaded by Hitler

WILLIAM TRAVIS

the most successful of the Texas empresarios

KU KLUX KLAN

white supremacist group which kept blacks from voting

Langston Hughes

"Poet Laureate" during the Harlem Renaissance and author of The Weary Blues

Theodore Dreiser

"The Financier" "The Titan", portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist

League of Nations

"A general association of nations...for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."

Sojournor Truth

"Ain't I a Woman", black abolitionist who escaped slavery and was also a powerful supporter of women's rights.

William T. Johnson

"Barber of Natchez", mixed-race, former slave but now free, owned 15 slaves himself. An example of one of the VERY few black people to hold slaves.

Stamp Act Congress

"Declaration of Rights and Grievances", petition for relief, appeal to repeal Stamp Act

Anthony Wayne

"Mad Anthony." American general who defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

1851 concentration policy

"One Big Reservation" policy turned into this, which, for the first time, assigned definite borders for each tribe. Native Americans refused this bc they hunt buffalo, which migrate depending on the season.

Dust Bowl and Okies

"______" were poor farmers who moved west to California and Arizona during the 1930s or moved to the crowded cities. This occurred because after two generations of a melange of drought and poor farming techniques these areas, also known as "_______," once fertile land, became waste areas and unusable.

Blitzkreig

"lightning war"; German military warfare tactic

Fugitive Slave Law

"round up" runaways up North and ship them back South

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal", racial segregation was made legal, thousands of blacks lynched in South, Progressives shared general prejudice of times, considered tariff reforms and others more important

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partially to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Townshend Duties

(1767) External/ indirect levies on glass, white lead, paper, and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another wave of protests.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

(1794 - 1877) An American businessman who became very rich in the shipping and railroad industries. He gave money to churches in the New York City area, as well as $1 million to a university that was later named after him in honor of the gift.

Alien and Sedition Acts

(1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people

Treaty of Guadalupe HIdalgo

(1848) Treaty ending the Mexican American War. Mexico gave up claims to Tx, CA, and New Mexico/Utah, and Us gives Mexico 15 million dollars and protections for current Mexicans in the territories.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) Trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by Matthew Perry. First time Japan had opened up to the outside world in centuries, even shipwrecked sailors forced to stay in Japan before that.

Confederate States of America

(1860) A group of eight Southern states that seceded from the Union, beginning with South Carolina, The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; He eventually attacked the federally controlled Fort Sumter on April 12th 1861, marking the first battle of the Civil War. The Confederacy struggled economically during the war, lagging behind the Union's industrialization. This desperately contribute to their defeat.

Five Power Naval Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

The Other America

(1962)-This novel was an influential study of poverty in the U.S, published by Michael Harrington & it was a driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of U.S was living below poverty line.

Immigration and Nationality Act

(1965) This law made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the amount of immigration.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

Court Packing Bill

..., FDR tried to appoint supreme court officials to make the supreme court more democratic in order to pass more bills, unconstitutional

New Deal

(FDR) , , President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. *Helped raise prices, therefore boosting the economy*

Social Security

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Guadalcanal

..., First U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943

Tweed Ring

(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Oklahoma

..., Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889

Charles Lindbergh

..., United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Indian Reorganization Act

(the Indian "New Deal"), which encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions. Not all Indians liked it though, saying if they followed this "back-to-the-blanket" plan, they'd just become museum exhibits. 77 tribes refused to organize under its provisions (200 did).

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

1873 Comstock Law

. No transporting porn. Not successful.

1890 Dependent Pensions Act

. granted pensions to Union army veterans and their widows and children.

Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins Act)

..., (C) immigration restriction based on 2% of the 1890 census

SEC (security and exchanges commission

..., , an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors

Henry Ford

..., 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

the Dawes (Severalty) Act

..., 1887 -law intended to "civilize" Indians by distributing tribal lands to individuals -- Designed to turn Indians into landowners and farmers. -- Emphasized severalty (treatment of Indians as individuals rather than as members of tribes)

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

..., 1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Root-Takahira Agreement

..., 1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

..., 1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Scopes Trial

..., 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Indian Reorganization Act

..., 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Fair Labor Standards Act

..., 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

William McKinley

..., 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Tom Watson

..., A leader of the Populist Party in the South.

Marcus Garvey

..., African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

War Industries Board

..., Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Frederick Jackson Turner

..., American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Frederick Taylor

..., American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

James Weaver

..., American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).

"Cross of Gold Speech"

..., An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Midway

..., An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Empire State Building

..., An office building in New York City, over one thousand feet high. Opened in the 1930s, it was for many years the tallest skyscraper in the world.

Henry Cabot Lodge

..., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

John Pershing

..., Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Twentieth Amendment

..., Constitutional amendment moving presidential inauguration from March to January

Coral Sea

..., Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft

Kettle Hill (San Juan Hill)

..., Cuba, most celebrated victory, cavalry charge up the hill with Rough Riders

Our Country (Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis)

..., In this book Josiah Strong asserted that the "Anglo-Saxon" embodied two great ideas: civil liberty and "a pure spiritual Christianity." The Anglo-Saxon was "divinely commissioned to be, in a peculiar sense, his brother's keeper."

Nez Perce

..., Indian tribe led by Chief Joseph; ordered onto a reservation in Idaho in 1877, they fled instead; after giving up they were removed to a worse reservation in Oklahoma

Red Scare

..., Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Emilio Aguinaldo

..., Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

Platt Amendment

..., Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

fundamentalism

..., Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Birth of a Nation

..., Movie released in 1915 - promoted White supremecy and pro KKK - first blockbuster

the Grange

..., Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

Neutrality Acts

..., Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Homestead Act

..., Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Dingley Tariff

..., Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

Valley Forge

..., Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

William Jennings Bryan

..., Politician who ran for president 1896, 1900 and 1908 under Democrats, was a pro-silverite and Populist leader

Eugene Debs

..., Ran for U.S. President five times as a socialist. The last attempt was made while he was serving time in prison for obstructing the draft of World War I.

Roosevelt Corollary

..., Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Russo-Japanese War

..., Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. He won the Nobel peace prize for his efforts

John Hay

..., Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Andrew Mellon

..., Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Panama Canal

..., Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

USS Maine

..., Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

De Lome Letter

..., Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

"Butcher" Weyler

..., Spanish general; hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps.

Schenck v. United States

..., Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

Queen Liliuokalani

..., The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Teller Amendment

..., This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would never annex it

Foraker Act

..., This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

the Wabash case

..., This court case ruled one of the Granger Laws (laws regulating railroads) unconstitutional. According to the Court, the law was an attempt to regulate interstate commerce which was the responsibility of the federal government.

Food Administration

..., This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Populist Party

..., U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Mary Lease

..., became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Committee on Public Information

..., government organization that produced propaganda to build support for the war

Farmers' Alliances

..., groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, whosent lectures from town to town to educate people about agriculural and rural issues

Alice Paul

..., head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Selective Service Act

..., law requiring men to register for military service

John Lewis

..., long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike

Great Migration

..., movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Anti-Imperialist League

..., objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Carrie Chapman Catt

..., president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration

Warren Harding

..., president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Joseph Pulitzer

..., publisher of "new York World" who used yellow journalism, was very critical of the Spanish

McKinley Tariff of 1890

..., raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

yellow journalism

..., sensationalist journalism

Gold Standard Act of 1900

..., signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

American Expeditionary Force

..., the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI

Espionage and Sedition Acts

..., two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Sacco and Vanzetti

..., were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts.

Automobile: Economic and Social Effects

1) Stimulated steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, and highway construction industries. 2) Created a nation of paved roads. 3) The need for paved roads led to employment for many. 4) Helped increase freedom for young people while lessening parental control. 5) Tourism grew and rural areas became less isolated.

WW1 Causes

1) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary 2) Growing nationalism in Austria-Hungary and France 3) Colonial expansion in Africa and China 4) Military buildup.

US Domestic Measures for WW2

1) War Production Board regulated raw materials 2) Froze prices and wages 3) Income Tax was extended to more ppl 4) US created liberty bonds 5) The gov coul take power over businesses closed by strikes.

Reasons for the US' Entry into WW1

1) Zimmerman Note showed that Germany was untrustworthy and would come after the US 2) Armed neutrality could not protect shipping 3) Germany broke the Sussex Pledge, which protected ships from submarine warfare 4) Russia became a Democratic ally 5) Sinking of the Lusitania and other ships by German submaries angered the US 6) The US had already backed Ally supplies 7) Wilson wanted to protect Democracy for the world

New France

1. French made colonies in Canada

2nd continental congress

1. Sent the Olive Branch Petition 2, Created a Continental Army with George Washington as the leader. 3. Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Gadsden Purchase

10 mil for a part of mexico, troubled a few people, congress approved

John Tyler

10th President, 1841-1845, who took over after William Henry Harrison died. Unfortunately, he wasn't really on board with the Whig's party platform. State's rights, strict interpretation of the constitution, and was anti-protective tariffs,anti-national bank and anti-internal improvements at national expense. Much more Democrat than Whig, never really expected to gain power.

Charles Evans Hughes

11th Chief Supreme Court Justice, he voted to uphold new deal legislation, and he found the NRA unconstitutional.

Zachary Taylor

12th president, 1849-1850. Ex military hero, which is why he won, and a Whig. However, he had legit zero political experience and also had never voted before.

Calvin Coolidge

13th President, assumed office for Harding. Avoided responsibility for Harding's scandals. Reputation for honestly. Believed in leading through inactivity.

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 AD Italian explorer and navigator who, upon exploring the American mainland and the South American coast, concluded that Columbus' discovery was actually a new world. It was named "America" in his honor.

Franklin Pierce

14th president, 1853-1857. Democratic, sort of a puppet president, signed the treaties of Wanghia and Kanagawa.

James Buchanan

15th president, 1857-1861. , (1857-1861) Tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South. Couldn't do anything about secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860, and the next 6 states too.

Charleston

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Whisky Rebellion

1791 congress put a tax on all whisky made and sold in u,s, revolt tested strength of government, farmers grew corn to make whisky, refused to pay tax on it, 1794 western pa, farmers rebelled on tax collector by burning down his home, large angry mob marched through Pittsburgh, washington sent 13,000 troops stop rebellion, people ran away when heard the news.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers.

Jay's Treaty

1794- British and us agreed- British trade w/ Americans and the british leave northwest territory

Pickney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States., (1865-1869) The 13th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1865 and the 14th Amendment is passed by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1868. House of Representatives impeaches the President in 1868 and the Senate acquits the president of the 11 articles of impeachment. In 1868 the President issued a unconditional pardon to those who participated in the southern rebellion. The 15th Amendment is passed in 1869.

Era of Good Feelings

1816-1824; Period in the US political history in which partisan bitterness abated; took place during James Monroe's presidency.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

1848, US paid mexico 15 mill and gained texas, california, utah, and new mexico. officially ended the war with mexico, initiated political warfare in USA

Andrew Carnegie

1835-1919. rags to riches story, son of Scottish immigrants, came to earn one of the biggest fortunes of his time, which he mostly donated to the foundation of thousands of libraries and social institutions; accused of being janus-faced due to his non-intervention in the homestead strike although homestead was one of his factory villages and he generally favored the formation of worker representation (unions).

Gag resolution

1836-44, Resolution in the house that any discussion involving slavery would automatically be tabled, was eventually shut down with the help of ex-president John Quincy Adams.

Aroostook War

1838-1839. Fighting between U.S. and Britain over the Maine-Canada border, mostly lumberjacks fighting each other.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

1845-The autobiography of Frederick Douglas, an escaped slave who became a very prominent black abolitionist.

Wilmot Proviso

1846, David Wilmot proposed no new slavery in the territories. South shut it DOWN, but it basically became the unoffical law governing territorial settlement.

California Bear Flag Republic

1846, Republic of American rebels against West Coast rule. After a month US troops arrived and the point was moot.

spot resolutions

1846-After Polk said that US servicemen had been wounded/killed at Mex border, Lincoln proposed the Spot Resolutions to find out exactly where the men had been killed (on or off US soil).

Walker Tariff

1846-Democratic bill under Polk passed by Sec. Treasury Walker which brought down the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed Tariff of 1842 under president John Tyler.

Lewis Cass

1848 Democratic presidential nominee, outspokenly in favor of popular sovereignty.

Ostend Manifesto

1854 Declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. for the price they asked.

Japanese treaty

1854 beginning of a relationship between the land of the rising sun and the western world

Bleeding Kansas

1856-1861: A period of on-again-off-again mini civil war in Kansas because of the conflict between pro-anti slavery people.

Antietam

1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

13th Amendment

1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

Radical Reconstruction

1867, removed governments in states not ratifying 14th Amendment, made 5 military districts, state must write a new constitution, ratify 14th Amendment, and allow African Americans to vote.

The Gilded Age

1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement, Mark Twain 1873 novel, the title of which became the popular name for the period from the end of the Civil war to the turn of the century. It was widespread political corruption and personal greed. The idea was that the top layer was gilded with gold but underneath everything was bad and corrupted.

vertical integration

1880s and 1890s. Single company owns and controls entire process from manufacturing to selling. ie Carnegie.

Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

1883 - The first federal regulatory commission. Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1890. Louisiana passed a law that forced african americas to sit in a separate train cart. Plessy, a 1/8 african american man, got him self purposefully arrested by buying a first clase ticket, and planning it with the train company. They argued that it violated the 13th and 14th amendment. After loosing in lower courts, the supreme court upheld the lower courts decisions.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President of the United States. (1869-1873) and (1873-1877) The 15th Amendment is added to the Constitution Administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Crédit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of former slaves.

Deism

18th century (1700's) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 coal workers went on strike, Americans feared no col during winter would lead to freezing, Roosevelt called a union leader and coal mine operators to White House, he threatened to have the army take over mines, owners agreed to 10 percent wage increase and 9 hour work day

Elkins Act

1903 strengthened the ICC by giving greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

The Shame of the Cities

1904 caused a sensation by describing the corrupt deals that characterized big city politics, Lincoln Steffens

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Federal Reserve Act

1914 Wilson believed money supply was too inflexible, banks were too influenced by Wall Street, national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Board

Federal Farm Loan Act

1916 federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

Four Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Nine Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928- Made war illegal unless a war of defense (what does that even mean? Another country would have to illegally start a war then!) So as you can see this was not a very effective thang. And as you can see I am tired of making flashcards.

Teapot Dome Scandal

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "____________" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

1930-highest tariff in U.S. history. It raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of international economic depression

Federal Emergency Relief Act

1933, The Act was the first *direct-relief* operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. Law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1933. This unemployment relief act hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Public Works Administration

1933; set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.

Neutrality Acts 1935, 1937. 1939

1935 - Upon the outbreak of war, all American exports would be embargoed for 6 months. 1936 - Gave the president the authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited loans to beligerents. 1937 - Gave the president the authority to determine whether a civil war was a threat to world peace and prohibited arms sales to beligerents. 1939 - allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash and carry basis, thus in effect ending the arms embargo. Furthermore, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed, American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President, and the National Munitions Control Board (which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

USS Panay incident

1937 - On the Yantze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's appologies.

Roosevelt Recession

1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1938 , Union organization of unskilled and skilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955

Sudetenland and Munich Conference (1938)

1938 - Hitler wanted to annex the _________, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitents were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the _______ Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

James Garfield

20th President of the United States. (1831-1881) He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Herbert Hoover

23rd President, had served as Secretary of Commerce and head of the FDA. He had a conservative economic policy and continuation of Prohibition won the election for Hoover. He used the phrase "Rugged Individualism" which called for people to succeed on their own minimal help from the government. Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and lost to FDR.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Woodrow Wilson

28th President, his legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated income tax, and established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices. He initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad workers to an 8-hour day. Led the US into WW1. His 14 points outlined the settlement of WW1.

Warren G Harding

29th President. Nominated by the Republican Party as the dark horse candidate. Represented opposition to the League of Nations, low taxes, high tariffs, immigration restriction, and aid to farmers. Was pro civil rights for all Americans. Promised a 'return to normalcy'. Died and was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd President, he represented new hope for ending the Great Depression. Led Congress through the "Hundred Days." Focused on economic and agricultural recovery and support for the unemployed and elderly. Attempted to "Court Packing" and put in place justices that would support his legislation, but he failed. Mobilized the US for entry into WW2.

Harry S Truman

33rd President of the United States after Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan. Banned racial discrimination in federal hiring and in the armed forces. His doctrine instituted a policy of containing Communism.

George H. W. Bush

41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican, republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

George W Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

James Madison

4th president from 1809-1817; author and "Father of the Constitution;" co-wrote the Federalist Papers and wrote the Bill of Rights; secretly co-authored the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798; as Secretary of State for Jefferson he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, sponsored the Embargo Act of 1807; poorly prepared the nation into the War of 1812; supported the creation of the second National Bank and high tariff in 1815.

self-determination, disarmament, freedom of seas, peace of security, League of Nations

5 specific points of the Atlantic Charter

James Monroe

5th president serving from 1817-1825; presidency marked the Era of Good Feelings, Panic of 1819, and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory; noted for Monroe Doctrine (1823); negotiated the Louisiana Purchase; served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War during the War of 1812 under President James Madison.

1879 Exodusters

6000 blacks seek freer lived as farmers and laborers in Kansas.

John C. Calhoun

68 and dying of tuberculosis, he was slavery left alone and runaway slaves returned to the south. died in 1850 before the debate was ovr

Daniel Webster

68 liver complications, encouraged new slave law with teeth. didnt like slavery but hated the idea of the the us breaking up.

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.

Henry Clay

73 came to give his 3rd great compromise, said the north should enact a better slave law

Pearl Harbor -"A date that will live in infamy!"

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in _________, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Andrew Jackson

7th president; commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815; dominated American politics in the 1820's and 1830's; shaped modern Democratic Party; protector of popular democracy and individual liberty for American citizens but also supported slavery and Indian removal; nicknamed "Old Hickory."

Travel in the new states

8000 miles from the capitol, the sea route was too long and the wagons were slow and dangerous. the south was eager to produce the railroad to the west. north wanted nebraska to start the railroad, south wanted texas or new mexico

Wm. Henry Harrison

9th president of the United States who died days after elected into office; gained national fame for leading US forces against American Indians in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; general in the War of 1812, his most notable contribution was the victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Boston Massacre

A 1770 street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured.

Lusitania

A British passenger liner that was torpedoed and sunk on May 7th, 1915. 128 Americans were killed, and this crisis greatly challenged the US neutrality and peace.

The Alabama

A Confederate ship built in Britain and armed after it left port so it was not considered a warship when it left port. Displayed the main foreign intervention in the war, and because it never landed in a Confederate port it yielded Britain the naval base of the Confederacy.

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

William T. Sherman

A Union general and friend of Grant that was given command of the push to the sea. One of the more competent Union generals, he secured the deep south by a total war policy.

Paxton Boys

A band of Pennsylvania frontiersmen that descended from Philadelphia in 1763, to demand tax relief and financial support for the defense against the Indians.

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Schenck v. United States

A case involving a man who had been imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. In 1919 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that a right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety.

Viet Cong

A communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

The Liberator

A vehemently anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison which brought attention to the cause of abolition.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term used to describe white southerners that supported Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Scalawags worked together with the Freedmen and carpetbaggers to take control of the government.

Fourteen Points

A detailed list of war aims presented by President Wilson: 1) Recognition of freedom of the seas 2) An end to the practice of making secret treaties 3) Reduction of national armaments 4) An "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims" 5) Self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian empire. 6) "A general association of nations..for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"

Trust

A device to centralize and make more efficient the management of far business operations. Stockholders can exchange stock certificates for trust certificates which pay dividends. Rockefeller made the first major trust, standard Oil trust in 1882.

Proclamation of 1763

A document that forbade settlers to advance beyond the mountains that divided the Atlantic coast from the interior. This was made because the British government knew that English colonist were advancing into tribal lands and that the Indian tribes were fighting back, so in fear that the fighting would escalate, they made this. However, in the end, this failed. White settlers continued to swarm across the boundary and claim more and more land in the Ohio Valley.

Stalwarts & Conklingites

A faction of the United States Republican Party toward the end of the 19th century. Led by U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling—also known as "Lord Roscoe"—Stalwarts were sometimes called Conklingites. Other notable Stalwarts include Chester A. Arthur and Thomas C. Platt, who were in favor of Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877), running for a third term. They were the "traditional" Republicans who opposed Rutherford B. Hayes' civil service reform. They were pitted against the "Half-Breeds" (moderates) for control of the Republican Party. The only real issue between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds was patronage. The Half-Breeds worked to get civil service reform, and finally created the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. Stalwarts favored traditional machine politics.

homestead

A family home or farm with buildings and land sufficient for survival

McNary-Haugen Bill (1924-1928)

A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928.

Tenant Farming

A farmer who rented parcel of land, had his own tools and work animals, and owned the crop itself; would turn over pat of crop to landowner -> could eventually purchase land and rise to status of independent farmer.

Fort Sumter

A federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina where the Confederacy army first opened fire on the Union troops (April 12, 1861).

Olive Branch Petition

A final attempt by moderates in the Continental Congress to prevent an all-out war with Britain.

filibustering

Adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country

Sons of Liberty

A group of American Patriots during the Revolutionary War. They rebelled by using violent attacks against the British crown and Loyalists.

Bonus Army

A group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given a "bonus" from the government for their services. In 1932 the deadline for the veterans was pushed back by the government thus causing the group to march onto Washington to demand their money. Excessive force was used to disband these protesters, and because they were veterans and heroes of this country, Hoover's popularity plummeted because of it.

Paxton Boys

A group of frontiersmen that murdered Native Americans. This group took law into their own hands because they didn't feel the Pennsylvania government was protecting.

National Woman's Party

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

The Bonus Army

A group of unemployed veterans who marched on Washington. They sought additional payments from Congress. Hoover had the Senate kill a bill that would have provided additional payment, and half of the veterans took the government's offer of transportation back home. The remaining veterans took shelter in shacks near the Anacostia River to draw attention to their cause. Hoover called in the Army and had the remainder of veterans removed from Washington. Made people think Hoover didn't care about the poor.

Fort necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Dust Bowl

A horrible natural disaster in which Midwestern dust from millions of acres of dry, arid land (which in-part got that way from the tilling of the area) was blown up into the air and carried as far as Boston. Caused much suffering.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Reservationists

A larger group led by Senator Lodge who said they could accept the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the covenant.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A leading Senate Republican who faced Wilson with determined hostility.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting held October 1765 in NYC with delegates from 9 out of the 13 colonies. There the Declaration of Rights was written and told the hat only colonies could tax themselves, they had the right to trail by jury, all Rights of Englishmen, and the Parliament could not tax the colonist.

The Association

A military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units in Pennsylvania and erected two batteries on the Delaware River.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate democrat, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He didn't actually believe slavery would spread in the territories, but he unpopularized himself with both sides of the debate and eventually lost the 1860 presidential election.

Iwo Jima

A much needed island for American Bombers that was quite a difficult task to secure but has the famous photograph of the soldiers raising the American Flag in triumph

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

fugitive

A person who flees from danger or prosecution

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Migrant Mother/Dorothea Lange

A photograph taken by Government paid photographer, captured the true essence of The Great Depression

Willim Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Roscoe Conkling

A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.

"Spoils system"

A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party.

responsorial

A preaching style when the congregation calls out amens and other affirmations as the preacher preaches, adapted from some African ringshout dances.

manifesto

A proclamation or document aggressively asserting a controversial position or advocating a daring course of action

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

Seventeenth Amendment

A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect two senators for 6 year terms by popular vote. Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government.

George Creel

A progressive journalist who took charge of a propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the heroism of the US "boys" and the villainy of the Kaiser.

Charles Coughlin

A radio priest who was anti-Semetic and anti-New Deal. He catered away some support from FDR.

the Northern Securities case

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

A relief effort for the unemployeed with immediate relief goals looked for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States after Lincoln's election.

merchant capitalists

A rising class that prospered from the expansion of foreign trade in England amid the growing distress caused by enclosures. They helped create the domestic cloth industry that allowed them to begin marketing finished goods at home and abroad. Important because their fantastic profits gave them a powerful urge to continue expansion, leading them to go to the New World or to fund colonies there.

Albert B. Fall

A scheming conservationist who served as secretary of the interior under Warren G. Harding, Fall was one of the key players in the notorious Teapot Dome scandal.

Manhattan Project

A secret research and development project of the US to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the US the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era. Led by Robert J Oppenheimer.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification; Ordinance declared by the power of the Sate itself that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war".

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas for the IL senate. Douglas=pro sovereignty, Lincoln=anti-spread of slavery, very republican. Both through black people were inferior.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Townshend Acts

A series of new duties enacted by Parliament on widely used colonial products, this legislation established the vice-admiralty courts to enforce British trade laws.

Underground Railroad

A series of safe houses by which abolitionists could take runaway slaves to freedom, headed by Harriet Tubman. Really pissed of slave-owners, for obvious reasons.

Strikes; Race Riots

A series of strikes in 1919, the first of which took place in Seattle...a peaceful riot for higher wages among shipyard workers and other employees, more strikes took place in Boston; race riots and racial violence increased after the war as soldiers returned home and competition for jobs and housing grew.

Palmer Raids

A series of unexplained bombings caused the attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer to establish a special office to gather information on radicals.

Crisis Papers

A series of works by Thomas Paine written between 1776 and 1783 during the American Revolution. These papers were written in a language common people could understand it increase American morale.

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who wrote in the 1850s: "Women, like children, have but one right, and that is the right to protection. The right to protection involves the obligation to obey."

Tariff of 1857

A tariff passed just before the panic of 1857 which lowered rates to 20% under southern pressure. Of course, this made it even worth for the North, who was the worse-hurt side during the panic.

Zimmermann Telegram

A telegram intercepted by British intelligence sent by Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, that proposed Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

truce

A temporary suspension of warfare by agreement of the hostile parties

Literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

mikado

A title of the Japanese emperor used by foreigners

Ostend Manifesto

A top-secret dispatch, drawn up by American diplomats in Europe, that detailed a plan for seizing Cuba from Spain

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Transcontinental Railroad

A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah. The Central Pacific laborers were predominantly Chinese, and the Union Pacific laborers predominantly Irish. Both groups often worked under harsh conditions.

Adolph Hitler

A very crude leader that took advantage of a disillusioned and depression-stricken nation. After the Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for WWI, Hitler lead the nation into WWII under the "big lie." He was a manipulative and feared dictator that vented his anger on the Jewish Nation.

Copperheads

A vocal group of Northern Democrats who opposed the American Civil War and sympathized with the South.They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection. "Peace Democrats" who supported the war to save the Union.

Yellow Dog Contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

politically, the confederate constitution: A) was almost identical in many respects to the consitution of the united states B) gave states the right to secede C) allowed states the right to abolish slavery D) gave the president and vice-president four-year terms E) did not allow anti-secessionists to serve in the confederate government

A) was almost identical in many respects to the constitution of the united states

The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act A. intensified the debate over slavery B. upset Southerners as much as Northerners C. was readily accepted by Northerners in the spirit of compromise D. All of the Above E. None of the above

A. intensified the debate over slavery

Theodore Dwight Weld

Abolitionist author, wrote "Slavery as it is" which in turn inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South Carolina senator provoked a physical assault by Brooks that severely injured him neurologically.

American Colonization Society

Abolitionist society in which the main goal was to free slaves and send them to Liberia.

John Brown

Abolitionist, first in bleeding Kansas, but more prominently at Harper's Ferry where he became a martyr for the cause.

In the election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

Accused of delivering atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets. Executed in 1951.

Kansas-Nebraska

Act wrecked the Compromise of 1850 and created deep divisions within the Democratic Party.

Intolerable Acts

Acts passed in response to the Boston tea party. Included the Boston Port Act, restrictions on town meetings, a new Quartering Act (soldiers in homes), etc. The most intolerable of the IAs that the British imposed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party was the closing of the Boston Port and the Quartering Act lodging British soldiers in private homes. These Acts Prompted the summoning of the First Continental Congress

Force Acts (1770-1771)

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Fourteen Points

Address delivered by Wilson to Congress trying to inspire Allied Forces to fight harder for the sake of Democracy

The National Recovery Administration

Administrative bureau established under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. This oversaw the creation of fair competition codes. They abolished child labor, created minimum wages, and capped hours for workers.

Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazis)

Adolf Hitler's Nazi party came into power in 1933 and clamped a dictatorship on Germany. His racist views targeted all non-white Christians who expressed anti-German ideas. He pursued a militaristic and expansionist foreign policy, evident in his plan to raise a half million man army and expand German borders to Russia.

Hiram Revels

African American minister who was elected to serve in the Senate; one of the first blacks to serve in the Senate.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Urban Migration

African Americans rapidly began moving North to seek jobs in cities, deteriorating race relations, destruction of cotton crops by boll weevil, job opportunities in cities

Ethiopia

African nation invaded by Mussolini in 1935

Millard Fillmore

After Taylor died in 1850, Fillmore became the 13th president and passes the Compromise of 1850. Other than that, generally deemed unremarkable.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

After Truman allied himself with European countries, Stalin formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Caused the US and the Soviets to compete in an arms race. In 1952, the US developed its first hydrogen bomb.

Internment Camps

After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a witch-hunt of sorts. About 110,000 Japanese Americans were sent to the camps, while 2/3 of them were native born Americans. None were actually guilty of plotting against America, and while the U.S. hid the internment camps from history for a long time, they finally told the world in 1988 and gave $20,000 in reparations to each survivor.

Reconstruction

After the Civil War. President Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln's plan after his death. Union troops sent to the South to keep the people under control. Former slaves could vote, blacks elected to public office. When the Northern Troops left, the southerners ignored the rights of blacks.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

After the Kansas-Nebraska act, this group financed Northern non-slavery people to move to Kansas to keep it a free state.

Compromise of 1877

After the disputed Presidential Election of 1876, Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South.

War Agencies

Agencies that helped propaganda, and the sending of supplies to British forces on the war front.

Federal Housing Administration (1934)

Agency that stimulated the housing industry by granting loans to home owners.

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

Nonimportation agreements

Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

1902 National Reclamation Act

Aka Newlands Act. Majority of profits from public land sales in arid Western states fund irrigation projects.

Half breeds

Aka mugwumps. Reformers for lower tariffs, limited fed gov, and civil service reform to end political corruption. Helped elect Cleveland in 1884.

Crispus Attackus

Alleged leader of radical protesters killed in Boston Massacre

1877 Desert Land Act

Allowed individual to obtain 640 acres at $1.25 per acre if they irrigate it within three years. Invited fraudulent irrigation ie just buckets of water.

Vertical Integration

Allows other companies in the same industry to survive and compete in the marketplace. One company buys out all the factors of production, from raw materials to finished product.

Carpetbaggers

Also known as Yankees, the carpetbaggers were people who moved to the south from the north during the reconstruction era. Most carpetbaggers had economic and political interests, causing distrust among the southern community.

"Roosevelt recession"

Although the economy improved in 1936 and early 1937, it once again fell back in mid 1937, when industrial production and steel output declined, and unemployment statistics increased. Some of the major factors of this recession were federal policies that greatly reduced consumer income.

15th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution stating: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Results of WW1

America emerged as the political and economic leader of the world. In the US, European demand for goods led to inflation, which strengthened the American economy but increased prices. Workers in America led several major strikes because of these increased prices. European states went into decline, Germany was devestated by the conflict.

Isolationism (1935)

America's policy after WW1, mainly because its citizens had felt the harsh effects of the conflict. Isolationist acts include the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the imposition of higher tariffs.

Through novels such as "the last mohicans, James fenimore cooper examed the significance of

America's westward expansion

Stephen Decatur

American naval officer notable for his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812; first American celebrated as a nation military hero who had not fought in the American Revolution.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

American proposal to aid the British. Offered to give the British American supplies in exchange for payment after the war. Put the US on the allies side. Evolved into Cash and Carry, where Br and Fr ships could come into US ports and buy anything they could carry.

Caroline

American ship carrying supplies to insurgents attacked by the British on the Canadian frontier, set on fire, sank, provoking a bunch of mini-fights between us + Brits.

Black Warrior

American ship seized by Cuba

Henry Clay

American statesman who represented Kentucky in the Senate and the House of Representatives where he served as Speaker; served as Secretary of State from 1825-1829; leading war hawk and played a significant role in leading the nation in the War of 1812; invented the American System; opposed the annexation of Texas, Mexican American War, and Manifest Destiny; nicknamed The Great Compromiser; member of the Great Triumvirate along with Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

William Walker

American who installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. Legalized slavery, but was eventually overthrown by surrounding Central American countries. He was killed in 1860.

Attitudes and Motives

Americans were well aware their country was changing around them, becoming nation of mixed ethnicity, middle-class Americans were alarmed at corruption and widening income gap, Jim Crow Laws, women's suffrage

Nativists/ know nothing party

Americans who wanted restricted immigration

John D. Rockefeller

An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. Often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

William Penn

An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Declaratory Act

An act pushed through by the new prime minister in England, Rockingham, and it confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The colonies were too busy rejoicing over the repeal on the Stamp Act that they barley noticed this new declaration of Parliaments power.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

An agreement between Britain and America concerning any future Central American canal

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery faction in the US Congress involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories; prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30 inches north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

Dawes Plan (1924)

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.

AAA (agricultural adjustment act)

An attempt to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

National Labor Relations Board

An independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks.

Hawaii

An island in the Pacific, had sugar and a good port, annexed by USA

Political Machines

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and business in exchange for political financial support. The political machine seized control of local government in major cities such as NY, Philly, Boston, SF. The political machine was organized like a pyramid.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

1828 Election

Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams; John C. Calhoun is Jackson's Vice and also served as Quincy Adams' Vice; Jackson won in a "landslide."

Presidential Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstruction which was less severe than Radical Reconstruction and only required that southerners swear allegiance to the Union and that states denounce their secession and ratify the 13th Amendment.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved not obey human or divine law.

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds because they felt like the South just wanted to create more slave states.

Dust Bowl

Areas of American prairie states that experienced ecological damage. Mismanagment of grazing land and severe winds swept unprotected soil into the dust storms. Led to both economic and health hardships for many.

Smith Act (1940)

Arrested advocates of overthrowing the government.

Freeport Doctrine

As a result of the Freeport Question and the Dred Scott decision, the doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property, or basically, popular sovereignty could still stop it. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election in 1860.

Pools (Railroad)

Associations of competing railroads "for the purpose of a proper division of the traffic at competitive points and the maintenance of equitable rates that may be agreed upon." Congress prohibited pooling agreements between railroads with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

Harriet Tubman

Conductor on the underground railroad rescued over 300 slaves, nicknamed Moses.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Atlantic Charter

August 1941 - Drawn up br FDR and Churchill with eight main principles: Renunciation of territorial agression No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government Access to raw material for all nations World economic cooperation Freedom from fear and want Freedom of the seas Disarmament of agressors

Nazi-soviet Non-Agression Pact (1939)

August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Granted Western Poland ot Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact.

Burning of DC

August 24,1814 (during the War of 1812); British Army occupied Washington DC and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg; Facilities of the US Government (i.e. White House and Capitol) were largely destroyed.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, abolitionist.

Charles Lindbergh

Aviation pioneer who became a cultural hero of the 1920s, Outspoken isolationist, yet was pro war effort after the attacks on Pearl Harbor

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital

In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided A) by radicals and moderates within their ranks. B) over whether or not to use violence. C) by calls for Northern and Southern separation. D) over the question of female equality. E) All the answers are correct.

B

all of the following slave states remained in the union EXCEPT: A) kentucky B) Arkansas C) maryland D) missouri E) delaware

B) arkansas

the admission of california into the united states was a divisive national issue became: A) westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before california B) california's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states C) most of californians opposed entry into the united states D) california adopted a constitution that allowed slavery E) lawmakers believed california gold would upset the currency and cause inflation

B) california's entry would upset the nation's numerical balance of free and slave states

the first state to seced from the union in 1860 was: A) alabama B) south carolina C) georgia D) mississippi E) virginia

B) south carolina

the crittenden compromise found its greatest support in: A) republican senators B) southern slaveowners C) president abraham lincoln D) abolitionists E) the western territories

B) southern slaveowners

all of the following were radical republican EXCEPT: A) abraham lincoln B) thaddeus stevens C) charles sumner D) benjamin wade E) none of these answers is correct

B) thaddeus stevens

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Ballinger opened public lands in Alaska for private development, when Pinchot criticized him, Taft fired him, Progressives protested

JP Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons".

Banking Failures

Banks were unable to collect loans because of the Great Depression. Banks could not return money to depositors, leading to bank closures. FDR responded by closing all banks and instituting the Emergency Banking Act which gave him the power to reorganize insolvent national banks.

Dienbienphu

Battle which was fought between pro-communist Vietnamese and Democratic United Sates and France. This battle lead to the leave of the French, and Vietnam divided into two. Communist North Vietnam lead by victorious Ho Chi Minh, and pro-Western government South Vietnam lead by Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon. Vietnam remained a dangerously divided country. (pg. 919)

Russian Revolution

Begun on March 15 when Russian revolutionaries overthrew the czar's govt and proclaimed a republic. This helped Wilson decide to declare war.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Began in 1763 with Natives in the Great Lake region after their victory in the French and Indian War. The British won and created the Proclamation of 1763 to prevent further conflict.

mundane

Belonging to this world, as opposed to the spiritual world

James Blaine

Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state and played an important role in the Pan-American Conference. The charming and popular man was the Republican nominee for president in 1884 who lost to Grover Cleveland. His candidacy was hurt by charges of corruption with the railroads exposed in the Mulligan letters.

Atlantic Charter

Between Churchill and Roosevelt, stated that there would be no territorial changes, reaffirmed that the people can choose their form of government, and to abolish dictators, declared disarmament and peace of security

FDR's Court Packing

Bill proposed by FDR that gave presidents the power to add a new federal judge for those who did not retire at a certain age. Was a reactions to the Supreme Court's new deal rulings. Lost some influence because of this.

H Ross Perot

Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner.

Martin Delany

Black abolitionist who visited West Africa in 1859 to see where African-Americans could relocate.

Harriet Tubman

Black abolitionist, runaway slave who founded the Underground Railroad.

Buffalo soldiers

Black cavalry who helped fight Indians in Sioux Wars.

Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831

Black preacher Nat Turner led an uprising in which about 60 virginians were killed, but the gov/people quickly shot him down. Scared southern whites about the loyalty of their slaves.

Nat Turner

Black preacher who led an uprising in VA in 1831.

Dred Scott

Black slave who had lived in free territory and unsuccessfully sued for his freedom.

General Braddock

Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington says that blacks must work for their rights. Gain land and then prove that you're worthy of owning it. Accept Jim Crow. DE JURE. DE FACTO. v. Du Bois Niagara Movement.

Tea Boycott

Boston patriots organized this to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Samuel Adams

Boston propagandist who was a zealous defender of the common people's rights and organized underground propaganda committees (committees of correspondence)

Hitler-Stalin Nonagression Pact

Both sides wanted to take over Europe, so they made a pact to both invade Poland but not to attack each other.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died by friendly fire in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Bribery scandal involving President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albery Fall. Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction. He leased reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to two major business owners in exchange for cash payouts. The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was imprisoned for bribery, making his the first cabinet member to go to jail.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister, took lead of warning the world of the Nazis

Trenton and Princeton

British army settled for the winter; Washington crossed the Delaware river and successfully attacked on Christmas Eve; drove the British away when British reinforcements arrived

(John Maynard) Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption.

STONEWALL JACKSON

Confederate General who was mistakenly shot and killed by one of his own men

George Grenville

British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act also passed the Sugar Act and the first Quartering Act

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was carrying ammunition but also American passengers and was sunk by a German U-Boat; Americans were outraged

Retreat of Dunkirk

British retreat after Ger attacks France

West Africa Squadron

British ship squadron which stopped illegal slave ships and released thousands of Africans who had been kidnapped after the slave trade ended.

president abraham lincoln believed the main objective of the union armies was to: A) occupy confederate territory B) free southern slaves C) destroy confederat armies D) control confederate ports E) capture richmond

C) destory confederate armies

Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT A. the U.S. was destined by God and history to expand in size B. the United States should create a vast new "empire of liberty" C. U.S. expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada D. the growth of the U.S. was not selfish but altruistic E. None of these answers is correct

C. U.S. expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada

The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South B. was made with England C. advanced the interests of Southern railroads D. fulfilled the treat ending the Mexican War E. cost the U.S. government $25 million

C. advanced the interests of Southern railroads

The 1854 Ostend Manifesto A. enraged Southern slave-owners B. was directed at limiting England's influence in the Caribbean C. was part of an attempt by the U.S. to acquire Cuba D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands

C. was part of an attempt by the U.S. to acquire Cuba

1878 Bland Allison Silver Purchase Act

Called for partial coinage if silver. Vetoed by Hayes bc he thought gold standard is only sound currency, but veto passed by Congress.

1892 Homestead Strike

Carnegie and Frick cut wages 20% at steel plant of same name. Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers (AFL branch). Pinkerton. PA govna sends state troops. Anarchist Berkman attempts to kill Frick. Carnegie in Scotland during this event. RESULTS: Carnegie loses reputation as workers friends and question whether industrialization might cause social upheaval and class tensions and war.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie claims that the rich must help the poor.

1892-1954 Ellis Island

Castle Garden before this. Wood burned down--BRICK. 1891- brand new restrictions imposed to weed out America's undesirable. six-second exam. buttonhook eyes.two minute questionnaire- go to Board of Inquiry if you fail. no more than 3% turned away annually.

(Charles) Coughlin

Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air.

1862 Homestead Act

Causes widespread immigration to W. Provides 160 acres to those who move W in exchange for $10 and promise to cultivate land for 5 years.

1865-1876 Sioux War

Causes: Gold miners invade Sioux land and fed gov announced plans to build Bozemsn Trail through their land. Red Cloud v. Fetterman. Red kid lured him into woods and creamed him and all 82. Caused debate over Indian policy.

Industrial Changes in the 1920's and Effects

Change from steam to electric power allowed more intricate designs, replacing the need for human laborers. Scientific management strategies were employed, leading to the more efficient use of workers. Major research and development project reduced production costs and products. Expanding industries included automobile, electricity, chemicals, film, radio, commercial aviation, and printing. Led to overproduction in the late 20's.

Dismissal of Parliament

Charles I's political action of 1629 that led to persecution of the Puritans and the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Charted by Congress and Hoover to loan money to railroads and financial institutions. Meant to keep basic institutions in business. Accused of assisting the wealthy.

1859-1864 Chivington Massacre

Cheyenne and Arapaho tired of fighting gold miners. Chief Black Kettle brings 700 to Sand Creek in Colorado. Chivington and friends attack them while they sleep. Black Kettle tried to stop by holding up American flag then white flag. didnt work. RESULTS: Colorado and E protest. Congress makes treaty with two trices but they still give up land on Sand Creek.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Chicago-based architect who pioneered the Prairie School of Design (organic architecture- "Form and function are one")

1886 Haymarket Riot

Chicago. Police intervene when workers continually protest for 8-hour work day. Shot 2 McCormick Harvester workers. Nest day protest meeting for 2 dead workers- dynamite bomb thrown at police. Caused strengthenin of police forces. Although bomb thrower in unknown, Chicago police arrest 8 anarchist and execute half. 1 committed suicide. The rest were pardoned by 1893 govna. RESULT: public opinion turned against unions.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

Chinese U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advancements into China

1864 Nits make lice

Chivington said this to justify the Killing of the women and children so that they cant naturally reproduce.

Chivington

Colonel who led Colorado militia in massacre named after him.

Continentals

Colonial printed paper money that depreciated greatly and became nearly worthless

Committees of Correspondence

Colonial radicals formed these groups in each town and colony to spread the word of any new English aggression.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony whose government sought to enforce God's law on believers and unbelievers alike

Albert E. Smith

Colorful New York governor who was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1928. His Catholicism and "wet" stance on Prohibition made him a controversial figure, even in the traditionally loyal Democratic South. Although Smith lost the electoral vote to a Hoover landslide, his appeal to urban voters foreshadowed the Northern urban and Southern coalition that would gain Franklin Roosevelt the White House in 1932.

Commitee on Public Information

Comittee created by Wilson with the intention of creating pro-war propoganda, and offered volutary cencorship of the press. Made America believe that Germans were barbaric. Fostered American jingoism.

American Expeditionary Force

Commanded by General John J Pershing; by the summer of 1918 it assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the Western front. (The first US troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the french and british lines)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Commander of the Allies army, led invasion on Hitler in North Africa and France

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the U.S. Army, led in the Philippines, was ordered to Australia secretly, but vowed to return back to the Philippines

Five Power Treaty

Committed the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restricting construction of new battleship class ships. Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific.

Potsdam Conference

Conference held near Berlin in July 1945, between President Truman, Stalin, and British leaders, forcing ultimatum on Japan- surrender or be destroyed

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Committee to advocate nonisolationism, to stay away and defend ourselves from Germany, and to protect GB since they were the only thing in between America and Germany

Smuggling

Common activity in which the colonists engaged to avoid the restrictive, unpopular Navigation Laws.

Banishment

Common fate of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after they were convicted of heresy in Massachusetts Bay.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader that defeated the Nationalists in China. China fell to the Communists in 1949, and Nationalists fled to (now) Taiwan.

Bolsheviks

Communists that started a second revolution in Russia, which ultimately ended in the removal of Russia from WWI.

isthmian

Concerning a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land

vigilante

Concerning groups that claim to punish crime and maintain order without legal authority to do so

cloak-and-dagger

Concerning the activities of spies or undercover agents, especially involving elaborate deceptions

National Defense and Education Act

Congress authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for improvement of teaching the sciences and languages after the success of the Russian Sputnik.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943)

Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strikes. The act authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes.

Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)

Congressional commission created in 1934 to administer the Securites Act requiring full financial disclosure by companies wishing to sell stock, and to prevent the unfair manipulation of stock exchanges

David Wilmot

Congressman who proposed the Wilmot Proviso.

Peter Stuyvesant

Conqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English

1825-1860 Great American Desert

Considered land beyond Mississippi River this name because of dryness.

John Dos Passos

Considered one of the Lost Generation writers, ____ published his first novel in 1920, One Man's Initiation: 1917. It was followed by an antiwar story, Three Soldiers, which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled Manhattan Transfer, was a commercial success and introduced experimental stream-of-consciousness techniques into _____'s method. These ideas also coalesced into the U.S.A. Trilogy (see below), of which the first book appeared in 1930. He also opposed Communism and FDR.

Irreconcilables

Consisting of about a dozen Republican senators, this party could not accept US membership in the League, no matter how the covenant was worded.

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later. Sir Edmund Andros. Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Isolationism

Countries staying out of other countries affairs

Liberia

Country in Africa that many abolitionists wanted to send freed slaves to to get them out of the US, but it was never feasible because most slaves had lost their connection to African culture and were distinctly african-american.

Wagner Act (1935)

Created National Labor Relations board for administrative purposes & reasserted rights to unionize & bargain through reps.

Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922

Created a specific ratio for naval battle ships; US- 5 GB- 5 JAPAN- 3 FRANCE- 1.75 ITALY- 1.75

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Created after the publication of the Jungle by Upton Sinclair; decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines was subject to federal inspection

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958)

Created by Eisenhower to catch up with the Soviets and the space race.

"The Second New Deal"

Created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and expressed in his State of the Union Address in January 1935, ___________________ focused on and enlarged the federal program to incorporate the jobless, to help the unemployed receive jobs, to give assistance to the rural poor, organized labor, and social welfare. Roosevelt wanted to levy heavier taxes on the rich, create harder regulations on businesses, and to incorporate social-welfare benefits.

Federal Reserve Board

Created by Wilson to to oversee a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts

1887 Interstate Commerce Commission

Created by act of same name. It is created to investigate and supervise RR. outlawed rebates and pooling agreements. Not successful..

Federal Trade Commission

Created by an Act in 1914; a presidentially appointed group to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce

National Security Act (1947)

Created the Department of Defense, National Security Council, and the Central Inteligence Agency (CIA). Truman also created a permanent peacetime draft in 1948.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Created the Federal Reserve Bank. Response to the Panic of 1907 and the concerns of business. There was a need for a stable currency supply that grow and shrink with business demands. It divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as the "banker's banks." The Federal Reserve board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve bank would charge.

National Highway Act (1956)

Created the US's interstate freeway system. Also provided for the quick evacuation of large cities, emergency landing of planes, and the transportation of missiles.

National Bank System (Act)

Created to manage all the revenue moving in and out of the treasury; first united banking network since Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank of the United States in 1830.

tenement

Crowded people into small apartments.

During the civil war railroad transportation

Crucial to mobilizing and transporting numerous soldiers Made assemble of large armies Forced commanders to organize campaigns

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

during the civil war, in the confederacy: A) all southern politicians were strongly united in supporting secession. B) formal political parties quickly developed C) president jefferson davis developed a reputation for reckless politcial action D) many southerners resisted efforts by the davis government to exert its authority E) the national government was almost completely impotent in its dealings with the states

D) many southerners resisted efforts by the david government to exert its authority

The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was A. Zachary Taylor's taking of Monterrey B. the Bear Flag revolution in California C. Stephen Kearny's capture of Santa Fe D. Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City E. Nicholas Trist's diplomatic maneuvering

D. Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City

Seventh of March speech

Daniel Webster gave a speech on March 7 wanting a compromise with North and South, and urging the North that popular sovereignty would work because slavery could not exist in the territories.

Don Juan de Onate

De Onate was a Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians. In the Battle of Acoma in 1599 he severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor.

First Continental Congress

Debating body that was pushed forward largely because of John Adams; it was formed in response to the Intolerable Acts. The most important action of the First Continental Congress took to protest the Intolerable Acts was the formation of the Association to impose a complete boycott of British goods. The Congress' reluctance to tax Americans for war resulted in the printing of large amounts of paper currency and skyrocketing inflation.

Dawes Plan

Debt reconstruction plan for Germany after WW1. American banks made loans to Germany, Germany paid reparations to Allies, and Allies paid back the US government. Cycle based on loans from American banks. The plan would play a part in the development of the Great Depression.

Hartford Convention

December 15, 1814-January 4, 1815; New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the US was discussed; the return of status quo ante bellum disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.

Schechter v. U.S. (1935)

Declared the National Recovery Administration (part of FDR's New Deal) unconstitutional on the basis that the NRA gave the executive branch regulatory powers that belonged exclusively to Congress.

Teheran conference (1943)

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

JAMES BUCHANAN

Democrat who won the presidential Election of 1856

Lewis Cass

Democratic Party candidate in the election of 1848

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate and winner of the 1912 election; championed the League of Nations

General Gass

Democratic candidate for 1848 everyone thought he was a jerk reputed father of popular sovereignty

Franklin Pierce

Democratic candidate in the election of 1852; was not a great leader, but had no enemies

(Franklin Delano) Roosevelt (FDR)

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Czechoslovakia

Democratic nation betrayed at Munich Conference

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

Democratic-Republicans said this act was a violation of 1st Amendment rights

Chain store

Department stores become national institution. New concept of browse and buy.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Upper South

Designation used in the Civil War encompassing the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Also were the last states to secede.

Watts

Detroit race riots: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages.

Selective Service Act

Devises by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker as a democratic method for ensuring that all groups int he population would be called into service.

Communist Cuba

Dictator Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro in 1959. At first, people reojiced because Batista was brutal. However, Castro was a communist and looked to the Soviets for help.

Adolf Hitler

Dictator of Germany, secured control of the Nazi Party, made Germany look to him as their last and only hope

The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the criminally ill was

Dorothea Dix.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglas' idea in 1854 for what to do with Nebraska, because he wanted it to become properly settled/potential state. Popular sovereignty BUT split Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska, assuming Kansas will become slave state. HOWEVER this would break the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Douglas doesn't care at all, ends up being passed and creates trauma in Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Dred Scott was a black slave who lived in free territory for a while and attempted to sue for his freedom. The court ruled a) black people are not citizens, b) slaves are property so technically nowhere can be wholly free (Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional).

Niagara Movement

Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks

Buford

Dubbed the Soviet Ark, this ship signified the highest point of the Red Scare following WWI as 249 communists were deported to Helsinki on December 22 of 1919 by Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer following many bombings, especially mail bombings, by people who identified themselves as communists

The "phony War"

During World War II Hitler removed his forces from Poland to focus his efforts in France and Britain. All of Europe fell rather silent at the shock of Hitler's move. This silence and period of inactivity in Europe came to an end when Hitler again moved his forces, and attacked the weaker Norway and Denmark. The period of silence in Europe was known as the phony war.

Albany Congress

During the French and Indian war, Ben Franklin attempted to unify the colonies behind Great Britain in its war against France.

Daniel Webster

During the debate over the Compromise of 1850, northern antislavery forces were particularly outraged by what they considered the "betrayal" of this senator

Red Scare

During the post war era, the anti-german hysteria of the war years turned suddenly into anti-communist hysteria known as ________________.

Half-Breeds

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81, a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South.

reformers

Intelligentm but sometimes just crazy people. wanted rights, better medicine, end to slavery and drinking.

in the emancipation proclamation, president abraham lincoln declared freedom for slaves: A) in the parts fo the confederacy already under union control B) in the slave staes that had remained loyal to the union C) that joined the union military D) througout all states that existed as part of the united states prior to the civil war E) in the parts of the confederacy still in rebellion

E) in the parts of the confedercy still in rebellion

the union's national draft law: A) proved to be unnecessary in the war effort B) severely discouraged voluntary enlistment C) allowed no provisions for escaping service D) saw little in the way of opposition from the public E) resulted in murderous attacks in new york city against free blacks.

E) resulted in murderous attacks in new york city against free blacks

at the start of the civil war: A) the south had a massive reserve of cash B) the south had more combat-age males C) the south had more and better railroads D) the northa was unified by a commitment to end slavery E) the north had a much more substantial economy

E) the north had a much more substantial economy

As president, James K. Polk A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute B. won Congressional approval for the annexation of Texas C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54 40' parallel D. All these answers are correct E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The Supreme Court held in the case of "Dred Scott v. Sanford" (1857) A. that Scott must be freed under federal law B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Germany split into East and West

East Germany turned into a communist state. West Germany still sovereign.

1894 Coxey's Army

Easter Sunday. Leader by same name wanted to put unemployed men to work on road construction. Called for $500 million dollar fund. Marched to Capitol but were stopped when leader was arrested at the Capitol's steps. March was called a "petition in boots."

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California,and grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads, while the south had life really easy.

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return.

assumption

Economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government.

Aswan Dam

Egyptian leader Nasser asked the US to assist in the building of this dam. The US refused, and Egypt seized the Suez Canal. Unbeknownst to Eisenhower, Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt to take back the Suez Canal.

Election of 1864

Election between General George McClellan, the Peace Democrat, and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln won because Sherman had captured Atlanta and Savannah.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Election of 1824- No president received a majority of electoral votes leaving the House of Representatives to select the next president; the House selected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson even though Jackson had received much more votes in the regular election; widely believed that Speaker of the House Henry Clay convinced Congress to elect Adams who then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Emperor Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. _________ is revered as the returned Messiah of the Bible, God incarnate, among the Rastafari movement

iron law of wages

Employers believe that supply and demand, not welfare of workers, determine wages.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 but reinforced in 1850, laws providing for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad, passed after the compromise of 1850.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

Maine

England and The US remade the border of canada and maine

sea dogs

English "Pirates" who attacked spanish ships

Protestants

English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England.

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Puritans

English religious sect who hoped to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice & organization.

Glorious Revolution

English revolt that also led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England in America.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Madison's work on the Bill of Rights; specifically his ideas on Life, Liberty, and Property.

The Pursuit of Equality

Equality was proclaimed in the Declaration and as a result

"Leapfrogging"

Essentially island hopping, pass the large Japanese bases, capture and take over islands in close proximity, and neutralize the Japanese bases through heavy bombings and slowly depriving them of essentials

"Peculiar Institution"

Euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South; popular expression in the legislative bodies.

Munich Conference 1938

European diplomatic conf where GB and FR appease Hitler's demands for Sudentenland in Czechoslovakia

Treaty of Versailles

Every nation that had fought on the Allied side in the war was represented; 1) Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa. it was also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to GB and France 2) Territories once controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland, and the new nations of Czechoslavakia and Yugoslavia were established. 3) Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. This league called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations.

Frederick Douglas

Ex slave who became one of the most prominent black abolitionists, and published an autobiography, founded newspaper The North Star.

100 Days (Congress)

F.Roosevelt's democratic congress who brought out legislation. Congress gave F.Roosevelt blank check power, passed many progressive goals, supported public reliability on banks during depression. FDR's "I'm here!" statement.

Japanese Internment Camps (1942)

FDR authorized the evacuation of Japanese on the West Coast to relocation centers. 120,000 were relocated, two thirds were native born American citizens. Reasons included fear of Japanese sabotage after Pearl Harbor and racial discrimination. In 1988 Congress voted to pay compensation to each remaining internee.

Lend-lease

FDR brought it up, America would be able to lend/rent arms and other war supplies to other nations as long as they would get them back in the end. Started to break the US out of neutrality.

Court Packing Plan

FDR wanted the power to elect one new Supreme Court Judge for every judge over the age of 70, therefore raising the number of justices from 9 to 15

Cordell Hull

FDR's Sec'ry of State who promoted Reciprocal Trade Agreement, low tariffs, and Good Neighbor policy

Harry S. Truman

FDR's VP, took over Presidency after the sudden death of FDR, took part in the Potsdam Conference

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

FDR's Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy doctrine. It withdrew marines from Haiti, the Dominican, and other areas. America stayed out of the Cuban revolution, and America settled with Mexico on American properties in that country.

Fireside Chats

FDR's method of addressing the nation through public radio. Created assurance among the public in the strength of the banks he was opening. Led to people depositing money again.

7th Pan-American Conference 1933

FDR's repudiation of TR's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating good neighbor policy towards L. American countries

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's wife, supported civil rights, women's rights, world peace. Served as a delegate to the UN.

Eleanor

FDR's wife; only First Lady with her own statue in DC, became the most active First Lady ever

1890-1914 Sherman Antitrust Act

FIRST ATTEMPT FOR FED GOV TO REGULATE BIG BUSINESS. Declared restraints on commerce and trade illegal- "combination in the form of trusts or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade." Used against labor unions and RR rather than manufacturers. Did not slow growth of trusts. Made the US the only country to regulate business combinations. Ended by Clayton Antitrust Act.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy; sought to recreate a Roman empire; allied with Hitler in Roman-Berlin Axis; invaded Ethiopia; "Benevolent Dictator"

Adolf Hitler

Fascist leader of Germany; started WWII under the "big lie"- belief that GER was stabbed in the back by Jews in WWI

Gen. Franco

Fascist rebel leader against Spanish Loyalist gov't; helped by Hitler and Mussolini to become dictator of Spain

Benito Mussolini

Fascist, dictator of Italy in 1922

Anarchists

Favor no government; want self governing entities. Government only supports corporations and elite, which make up 1% of the population.

Battle of Buena Vista

Feb 1847 battle:Taylor's army, outnumbered held out in a defensive battle that brought the Americans as close as they came to defeat during the entire war, but Jefferson Davis's Calvary charge create a neutral battle that prevented Mexico from retaking Texas, gave Scott time in Veracruz, and made Taylor an hero.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

Peace Corps

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations

Marilyn Monroe

Female icon of the 1950s and 60s, she could sing, dance, act, and was the most infamous Playboy Bunny

Birth Control

Feminist Margaret Sanger's cause that contributed to changing sexual behaviors, especially in women

Espoinage and Sedition Acts

Fines and imprisonment for persons who made false statements that aided the enemy, hindered the draft, or incited military rebellion. Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform. The supreme court allowed the government to limit free speech when words represented clear and present danger especially during times of war.

Henry Knox

First Secretary of War. He managed Native American relations, passed the bill that made it possible for only the federal government to control native lands, rather than the states.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government's authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.

Atomic Bomb

First created by the U.S., first used on Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945. Killed, wounded or went missing: 180,000. 70,000 killed instantly. Second dropped on Nagasaki, 80,000 killed or missing.

D-Day

First day of the Normandy landings, began invasion of western Europe and began liberation of France from Germany

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Panic of 1819

First major financial crisis in the US that occurred during the end of the Era of Good Feelings; resulted from international conflicts such as the Embargo Act and War of 1812.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First of the many mini legislatures created by the Colonies that started the tradition of Salutary Neglect and home rule.

Gold Plot (Black Friday)

Fisk and Gould made some shady agreements with Grant, trying to take control of all gold by buying all stocks, and bidding the price of gold skyward, cornering buissness people, and forcing the treasury to relwase gold

Trunk lines

For railroad networks that connect Easton seaports to the great lakes and Western Rivers. Shows increase in transportation that allows mass industrialization.

1875 Civil Rights Act

Forbade discrimination on public institutions and gave blacks equal access to these institutions. One of the last efforts of fed gov to enforce equal civil rights.

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy with Latin America, would use economic influence rather than military power

Captain America

Formed from the fear of the Cold War. Fueled American thirst for "Commie hunting."

William Jennings Bryan

Former presidential candidate who led the fight against the teaching of evolution at the 1925 Scopes trial (aka "The Monkey Trial")

Battle of Lake Erie

Fought on September 10, 1813 in Lake Erie during the War of 1812; 9 vessels from the US Navy defeated and captured 6 vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy; ensured American control of the lake and allowed Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh; biggest naval battle of the War of 1812.

1874 Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded by Frances Willard. Largest women's organization in US. Advocated the end of drunkenness. 1898- had 10,000 branches and 500,000 members.

1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association

Founded by Susan B. Anthony. Worked for women suffrage by careful organization and peaceful lobbying. 2,000,000 ppl by 1920.

NOW (National Organization for Women)

Founded in 1966, it called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. It also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

William Penn

Founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies

FDR's "Four Freedoms" Speech

Four fundamental freedoms for everyone in the world: Freedoms of: Speech, Worship, Want, Fear

Big Four

Four heads of state at Versailles...David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the USA. :)

maginot line

France's wall of defense that only faced Germany and stopped at the Ardennes

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); Pierce won landslide

Court Packing Plan (1937)

Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.

David Walker

Free black man who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World and called for a violent end to white supremacy.

Lord Dunmore's decree

Freedom for blacks who joined the British army. Thousands fled plantations to join the royal army.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices. Meant as an update to the Sherman Antitrust Act. Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal. Declared interlocking board of directors of direct competitors illegal. Established Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition. Served as the grounds for many suits against big corporations. Exempted labor unions engaged in illegal activities.

South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Gave mutual military assistance to member nations and hold up South Vietnam's crumbling regime.

Albert Einstein

German born, helped convince FDR to pursue "unlocking the secret of an atomic bomb"

Battle of the Buldge

German counterattack that pushed the Allies back into Belgium. Last Stand of Hitler's armies. Eventually, the Allies returned to Germany, leading to its surrender in May of 1945.

Rhineland

German forces re-militarized ___________ in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the Second World War.

Martin Luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation

Berlin Olympics (1936)

Germany hosted the 1936 ___________ and recieved criticism for only allowing Aryans to compete

Blitzkrieg

Germany's "lightning war" that mobilized large amounts of troops, tanks, and aircraft to overwhelm the enemy

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

I Have A Dream

Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during the March on Washington

higher law

God's law, above the Constitution

Securities and Exchange Commission

Government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the Federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry. It protected investors, listened to complaints, issued licenses and penalized fraud.

FERA (federal emergency relief administration)

Government agency that was a part of the New Deal. It allocated $500 million to relieve cities and states and to help with the unemployment problem.

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting *minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.*

1875 Whiskey Ring

Grant's private secretary Babcock was a part of this group millions of dollars in liquor taxes. Babcock saved by presidents intercession.personal

1876 Secretary Belknap

Grants secretary of war. Impeached by house after taking bribes for sale of Indian trading posts. Avoiding conviction by quitting.

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Preparedness

Greater Defense Expenditures argued for by Roosevelt and small group of Americans.

virtual representation

Grenville's claim that the colonists had virtual representation in British Parliament because MPs represented all British citizens.

Hoovervilles

Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration.

Share Our Wealth Society (1934)

Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey "Kingfish" Long. Long, a populist, criticized FDR for not going more to help those on the lower end of the scale. Proposed radical taxes on the rich.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Alger Hiss

HUAC declared that Alger Hiss had leaked secrets to the communists. He was arrested.

Robert M. ("Fighting Bob") La Follette

Hailing from Wisconsin, "Fighting Bob" La Follette was one of the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. He served in the Senate and in the Wisconsin governor's seat, and was a perennial contender for the presidency, keeping the spirit of progressivism alive into the 1920s.

War Production Board

Halted the manufacture of nonessential items (ex. pa ssenger cars), assigned priorities of transportation and raw materials, imposed national speed limit to preserve gas

Harlem riots of 1935

Harlem's first race riot, sparked off by rumors of the beating of a teenage shoplifter. Three died, hundreds were wounded and an estimated $2 million in damages were sustained to properties throughout the district, with African-American owned homes and businesses spared the worst of the destruction.

Haight-Ashbury

Haven for young people seeking an alternative to the straight world in 1965. Was located in San Francisco

John Dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans. Also he spent all his time with his girlfriend and never hung out with his friends.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want him to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Jonathan Edwards

He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

John Adams

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Gifford Pinchot

Head of the conservationist group and head of the federal Division of Forestry

Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939

Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact; 10-year peace treaty; Russia can keep 1/3 of Poland when Hitler attacks it

Stephen A. Douglas

Illinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850 but then reignited it in 1854

Fire-eaters

Hotheaded southern agitators who pushed for southern interests and favored secession from the Union

Venustiano Carranza

Huerta's Rival who succeeded Huerta as President of Mexico

Compromise of 1850

Huge big deal compromise regarding Slavery. North got: California enters union as free state (now 16 free to 15 slaves), western territory that Texas claimed will now be part of Utah/New Mexico territory (and potentially free), and abolishment of slave trade in dc.

plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops

Hungarian resistance

Hungary overthrew a Soviet puppet gov. in 1956 and its new gov. demanded removal from the Warsaw Pact. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, crushed the resistance. Hungary called for US aid but did not receive any.

Rome-Berlin Axis

In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied together in the Rome-Berlin Axis. They were both allied with Japan. They fought against the Allies in World War II.

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed.

Sandanistas

In Nicaragua; they were guerrilla fighters and wanted to get rid of old dictator and put in Daniel Ortega

SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA

In September 1864, General William Sherman's army captured Atlanta and began marching toward Savannah on the Georgia coast. His march to the sea was designed to defeat the enemy's forces, destroy its economic resources, and break its will to resist.

self-determination

In politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence

New immigrants

In the 1880s, increasing numbers of immigrants from south and east Europe fled to the U.S. Poor, non-Protestant (Jews), unskilled. About 8.4 million between 1880 and 1910. Troubled society - can they be assimilated?

Economic structure

Increasingly monopolistic the big got bigger and the small got smaller, farmers sold their holdings to their more prosperous neighbors. many mistakes caused overspeculation hated immigrants

Neutrality Acts (1935)

In the event of war, American exports of military components were to be stalled for six months, which would stop shops that were leaving the US from transporting arms to combatants.

Sons of Liberty

In the summer of 1765, mobs were rising up everywhere in several different colonial cities, this was the biggest of these mobs and they were located in Boston. The men in this group terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps. They also attacked a pro-British lieutenant governeor and destroyed his house.

Election of 1932

In this election, a fresh and energetic Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran against the hapless Hoover. FDR pushed his ambiguous "new deal", and the public ate it up. The election ended in a landslide for FDR.

Seventh of March

In this speech, Webster urged the North to compromise on the issue of California slavery

King Philip

Indian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England

Ernest Hemmingway

Innovative writer whose novels reflected the disillusionment of many Americans in the post-war years

Red Phone Hotline

Installed between Washington DC and Moscow so that they could be in immediate contact.

Nye Committee

Instituted due to public concern over the issue that the U.S. was dragged into WW I, this committee was headed by Senator Gerald Nye. The Committee held hearings between 1934 and 1936 and compiled evidence of involvement of U.S. banks and corporations financing WWI and supplying arms and loans to the Allied nations.

The Glass-Steagall Banking Act

Insured deposits in commercial banks, created the FDIC, and separated commercial and investment banking to reduce risk.

London Conference 1933

International economic conference on stabilizing currency to solve Great Depression

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Investors began to panic during late October 1929, creating tremendous losses in the stock market. On October 24, 1929 the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 50 percent and over 13 million shares of stock were traded. The crash led to the Great Depression.

Second Continental Congress

Involved all 13 colonies and was a response to Lexington and Concord and wrote the Olive Branch Petition, the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation.

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran

Interlocking Directorates

Is a practice in which the same people are placed on a variety of corporate boards, allowing separate companies to be controlled by a small, elite group.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)

It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises.

Reconstruction Act 1867

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters.

Quebec Act

It recognized the religion freedom of Canada's largely Catholic population; the American colonists saw this as a British attempt to disregard the colonies' western land claims and surround them with Catholic allies of the British Crown.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

It urged the various colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials in Boston ordered the letter retracted, threatened to dissolve the legislature, and increased the number of British troops in Boston.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian American anarchists whose trial and execution aroused widespread protest

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian immigrant convicted of murder of paymaster and guard during a payroll robbery in 1920 and sentenced to death - a fish peddler

Nicola Sacco

Italian immigrant convicted of murder of paymaster and guard during a payroll robbery in 1920 and sentenced to death - a shoemaker

Invasion of Ethiopia

Italy attacked, led by Mussolini

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican-born leader who enhanced African-American pride despite his failed migration plans

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815; Final major battle of the War of 1812; Major General Andrew Jackson and his American Forces defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

Invasion of Manchuria

Japan was taken over by a militaristic government that had expansionist dreams. In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of __________ and installed a puppet government. In 1937, Japan declared war against China; China's leader, Chiang Kai-shek, was powerless to stop it.

Yamamoto

Japanese admiral who planned Pearl Harbor Attack; Japan stealthily came in from the North

Iwo Jima/ Okinawa

Japanese islands that were much needed for repairing damaged American warships, taken over, but suffered many losses via the kamikaze fighting (April to June 1945)

Harpers Ferry

John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry, wanted to cause a revolt. It didn't work, and he was eventually caught and executed. but became an abolitionist martyr.

1824 Election

John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives; only election in which the presidency had to be decided by the House because no candidate received a majority of electoral college votes and the only election in which the president with the most electoral votes was not elected president.

Scopes Trial

John Scopes broke the law by teaching Darwinism in school. The case was in the Tennessee courts, and the judge refused to allow expert witness testimony. Scopes was convicted and fired, and fined $100, which was dropped. Caused some states to pass anti-evolution laws.

The Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America. Featured information about the Dust Bowl.

McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy was a Republican Senator who accused many people of being communists. In 1954, his ruthless tactics backfired and he was turned against by other Congressmen.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Lecompton Constitution

Kansas's attempt at a state constitution, gave two options: keep slavery or eliminate new slavery. Of course, free-state got really pissed off and didn't vote, and then when the constitution passed anyways, set up their own government in Topeka. This is why boycotting the elections doesn't work.

The clash of empires

King Williams War and Queen Anne's War were fought between fur trappers and colonies, with both sides getting indian allies. Neither country had a regular force so they carried out guerilla warfare. Spain was allied with France and probed from Florida into SC. The colonies failed against quebec and Montreal but won when they captured Port royal in Nova Scotia. The treaty of Utrecht gave Britain acadia, new foundland and hudson bay, which pinched St.Lawrence settlements, foreshadowing their doom. Salutory neglect followed, making way for revolution

Lyndon B. Johnson

Kennedy's Vice-President, he was Senate majority leader and candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1960. A master politician, he expanded and pushed through Congress his "Great Society" legislation, the most ambitious social legislation since the New Deal.

1885 KoL strike

KoL v. Jay Gould's Missouri Pacific RR. Gould strikes back in 1886 by crushing KoL on Texas and Pacific RR. public opinion turned against them. KoL disbands eventually.

Cyrus field

Laid a cable from newfoundland to ireland, linking america and europe in 1866

Black Codes/Sharecropping

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War. , A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the US to limit basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.

WIlliam Wilberforce

Leader of British abolitionist movement that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of Soviet Russia

NEAL DOW

Lecturer who passed the "Maine Laws" against alcohol

Zimmerman note

Letter intercepted by USA from Germany to Mexico saying if Mexico joins on Germany's side, Mexico will get Texas, New Mexico and Arizona back

J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur

Letters of an American Farmer

Election of 1848

Lewis Cass (Democrat who support popular sovereignty) vs. Zachary Taylor (Whig party); Taylor won

The Second New Deal

Like the First New Deal, it offered sweeping economic changes to aid in relief and recovery. While the First New Deal emphasized central planning, the 2nd New Deal pushed programs to aid particular groups, such as labor organizations. The US tax structure was finessed through various revenue acts. Some New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional in 1935.

Hatch Act (1939)

Limits how involved federal government employees can become in elections. This prevented political parties from forcing federal workers to take part in election campaigns.

Freeport Question

Lincoln asked Douglas if, given the Dred Scott ruling, slavery could ever be outlawed.

House Un-American Activities Committee (1939)

Looked for former Nazis who had made it to the US. Reactivated in the postwar years to find communists.

Coercive Acts

Lord North's attempt to punish Americans for the Boston "Tea Party"; it closed Boston Harbor.

War on Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared this in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

HORACE MANN

MA educator who worked for reform in education

Truman removes MacArthur from command

MacArthur ignored Truman's wishes and demanded an unconditional surrender of the N Koreans. Truman removed MacArthur from command and had him return to the US in April 1951. The 38th parallel continued to divide the Koreans.

Boston 1823

Made a sewage system stopping a lot of places for disease to grow

Klu Klux Klan in the Early 1900s

Main purpose was to intimidate African Americans, who experienced an apparent rise in status due to WW1. Opposed Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. Charged initiation fees and sold memorabilia. Reached 5 million in membership before 1925.

Great Awakening

Major religious revival (1740-1750) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism, opposed established authority and furthered American nationalism.

Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican.

1895 United States v. E. C. Knight Co.

Manufacturing is excluded from Sherman Antitrust Act, so the company that produces 98% of the country's sugar was excluded.

California during the period

Many criminals went, causing crime to fly, robbery, claim jumping and murder. wanted a state government so they drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery

Stamp Act

Many paper goods needed to have a tax stamp. It was imposed by the British on the colonies. The revenue went to pay for the troops station in the colonies.

Manhattan Project

Many scientists, mainly Albert Einstein, pushed to have the secret of the atomic bomb unlocked, govt funded it with $2 billion, industrial teamed up with scientific

Lend-Lease

March 1941 - Authorized the president to transfer, ____, or ____ any article of defense equipment ot any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies without technically becoming a co-belligerent.

CALAMITY JANE

Martha Jane Canary

Border States

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed in the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause.

Great Puritan Migration

Mass flight from the persecutions of Archbishop Laud and Charles I

Salem, Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bay Colony (Salem, Massachusetts); Puritan colony; Winthrop's theory that the settlers would build a godly community that would inspire England to reform the Anglican Church. Winthrop wanted there to be a revival of "piety" in order to govern a nation under God's will. He also condemned economic jealousy; never faced hardships as bad as Jamestown; allowed for more settlers to come

John Adams

Massachusetts leader who successfully opposed compromise and promoted colonial rights in the First Continental Congress

V-E Day

May 8th, 1945, the day that celebrated the official defeat of the Nazis and end of WWII in Europe.

Teheran Conference (1943)

Meeting between the big three, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin. Agreement that Russia would attack Germany from the east as the Allies attacked from the west. Fist time Roosevelt met Stalin.

Yalta Conference

Meeting of the Big 3 to talk about post WW2 Plans. Germany was to be divided into American, British, and Soviet Zones. Poland's boundaries would be revised and free elections would be established. Russia got satellite nations as buffer zones. Russia would help by attacking Japan three months after Germany's collapse in exchange for Sakhalin and Kurile Islands. Agreement was made to hold a conference to form the UN.

War Hawks

Members of the 12th Congress of the US who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812.

at the lower levels of military command in the civil war

Men of similar backgrounds controlled the war Many were graduates of of the US military academy or the naval academy Many were acquainted with each other Imbued with classic 18th century ,models of warfare

1877 Redeemers

Men who came to power after Reconstruction. Three parts: planter class who used to support secession but then support restoration of old order, middle-class who favor industry and commerce over agrarian shtuff and NEW SOUTH (diverse economic development), and professional politicians.

First Continental Congress

Met in response to the Intolerable Acts and involved 12 out of 13 colonies. They organized boycott and wrote the Declaration of Rights.

Pancho Villa

Mexican bandit and Robin Hood; chief rival to President Carranza; tried to instigate a war between Mexico and America

VAQUEROS

Mexican cowboys; influenced the Americans

Charles Townshend

Minister whose clever attempt to impost import taxes nearly succeeded, but eventually brewed trouble for Britain.

F. Scott Fitzgereld

Minnesota born writer whose novels were especially popular with young people in the 1920's

In the 1830s and 1840s abolitionists in the south

Moderates vs. Extremists Believed in immediate abolition, gradually accomplished

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Monopoly killing act; extension of the Sherman Act by lengthening the list of businesses that could be inspected

Settlement houses

Most famous is Jane Addams's Hull House established in 1889. Community centers alleviate burden of urban life. Often ran by women. In order o help the poor, you must live like the poor.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Mussolini and Hitler's alliance, if you draw a line through the two cities, it forms an axis that they believed the world should and would rotate around

Invasion of Ethiopia (1935)

Mussolini was intent on building an African empire comparable to those of the European nations. In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia which did not have a way of stopping him from invading because Ethiopia was such a weak nation without a strong army and a supply of ammunition.

Greenbacks / Bonds

Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold.

Townshend Acts

Named after the British political leader who wrongly believed that this external "tax" or "duty" would be accepted by the colonies.

Star Spangled Banner

National anthem of the US; lyrics come from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

Beer Hall Putsch

Nazi party failed attempt to seize Munich govt 1923; Hitler emerges as a national hero when jailed

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) or AAA

New Deal Legislation that encouraged farmers to decrease their production, thereby increasing their profits. Gave handouts to farmers to not produce.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

CCC (civilian conservation corps)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Works Progress Administration (1935)

New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies.

Civil Works Administration (1933)

New Deal program that was only open for two years. It put people to work with building roads and bridges, construction, etc.

Federal Theatre Project

New Deal project to fund theatre and other live artistic performances in the United States during the Great Depression. It was one of five Federal One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The _____'s primary goal was employment of out-of-work artists, writers, and directors, with the secondary aim of entertaining poor families and creating relevant art.

Al Smith

New York governor who unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1924 and was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1928; his Catholicism and desire to repeal Prohibition were political liabilities

18th Amendment

New constitutional provision, popular in the Midwest and South, that encouraged lawbreaking and gangsterism in large cities; Alcohol banning

Following John Brown's 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry, many Southerner's assumed the

North was dominated by people intent on destroying the south

Compromise of 1850

North: • California admitted as a free state • Texas gave up its claims to lands disputed with New Mexico • Slave trade in D.C. was banned, but slavery was legal South: • Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands • Texas was paid $10 million for land lost • A new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Immigrant association

Offered fellowship to immigrants. Help them make a living and provided important services like insurance. Largest one was deutsch-Amerikanischer nationalBund

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army (1932)

Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed them with tear gas and bayonets.

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in indiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

1st Continental congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

Georges Clemenceau

One of the Big Four, from France

Vittorio Orlando

One of the Big Four, from Italy

Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933)

One of the New Deal's most comprehensive measures, this 1933 act appropriated $500 million to support state and local treasuries that had run dry

Emergency Quota Act

One of the acts signed by Congress that limited immigration. Immigration was limited by nationality to three percent of the number of foreign-born people from that nation living in the US in 1910. Designation restricted only certain nationalities and religious groups. Targeted Italians, Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews.

David Lloyd George

One of the big four, from Great Britain

National Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union

One of the largest reform mvmts. Organize farmers in S and W for decreasing mortgages and RR rates and increasing farm prices. ORGANIZED THE POPULIST (PEOPLE'S) PARTY.

Committees of Correspndence

Organized by Massachusetts in 1772, the __ __ __'s purpose was to keep a close watch on the British and report any violations on individual rights.

Boston Tea Party

Organized by the sons of liberty, the __ __ __ eventually forced the British to pass the Coercive Acts in 1775.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.

Intolerable Acts

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

Free Soil Party

Party that garnered 5% of the Northern vote

Americans With Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.

Emergency Bank Relief Act (1933)

Passed on March 9, 1933, this act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.It was a temporary response to a major problem. The 1933 Banking Act passed later that year presented elements of longer-term response, including formation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

1897 Dingley Tariff

Passed under McKinley admin. Raised average tariff to a record level. Caused question about whether or not tariffs are still useful and/or relevant.

1900 Gold Standard Act

Passed under McKinley admin. Solves currency dispute.

Cheap Money

People who wanted greenbacks and inflation so that they could buy more and could get loans more easily; opponents of those with metallic currency.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Perry got Japan to open up to U.S. to trade

District of Columbia

Place wehre the slave trade was ended by the Compromise of 1850

James Fenimore Cooper

Popular American writer who is most famous for Leatherstocking Tales.

Prime Minister Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and leading advocate of Japanese military conquest during World War II.

James K. Polk

Pres. after tyler, 11th President of the United States (1845-1849), from Tennessee. Committed to westward expansion and led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Watchful Waiting

President Woodrow Wilson followed a policy where he pledged to wait and see whether forces opposed to Huerta would soon overthrow him.

Millard Fillmore

President as of 1850, gladly signed the series of compromise measures that passed congress

President Polk

President during the mexican war

JEFFERSON DAVIS

President of the Confederate States of America

CHESTER ARTHUR

President who signed the Pendleton Act into law

Jimmy Carter

President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

Calvinism

Prevalent Puritan religious belief centered in the New England Colonies that believed only the "elect" were predestined for salvation.

Stamp Act

Prior to the American Revolution, the British instituted the __ __, which taxed all transactions involving paper without colonial consent. No other act outraged all 13 colonies more than this one.

Unlimited Submarine Warfare

Proclimation by Germany that pledged to sink all ships that enetered the large warzone of the coast of the allies, caused America to break diplomatic relations with the Germans. Germany believed that cutting Allied supplies would allow Germany to win the war before a sizeable response by America.

1893 Depression

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

the Bull-Moose Party

Progressive Republican 3rd party led by Roosevelt in election of 1912

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who reformed the system so that the people themselves could vote on candidates would be. Made sure people were given jobs based on merit system

Carol Mosely-Braun

Represented Illinois in the U.S. senate from 1993-1999. First and only African American woman elected to the U.S. Senate.

Who were the Progressives?

Progressive movement came chiefly from middle-class residents of US cities, doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, white-collar office workers, middle managers, took their civil responsibilities seriously, missionary spirit, had strong leaders in Roosevelt and La Follette and Bryan and Wilson

Socialist Influence

Progressives agreed with them on some issues, mostly wanted to distance themselves from radical views held by this other party, some socialist ideas were accepted later

Sedition Act (1918)

Prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the US government.

William Jennings Bryan

Prominent fundamentalist supporter during Scopes trial, died shortly after

Crittendon Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South in 1860. They would have given protection for slavery in all territories South of the 36'30, where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty, and to keep the potential spread of slavery alive. Were unsupported by the president and failed.

John Crittendon

Proposed the Crittendon Amendments, sadly, they failed and the US was torn apart.

Share the Wealth

Proposing "every man a king," each family was to receive $5000, allegedly from the rich. The math of the plan was ludicrous.

Conciliatory Propositions

Propositions made to the colonies like Lord North proposing to the colonies that they could tax themselves at Parliament's demand. But this proposition was a little too late. It arrived in North America right after the war was started.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates. They managed to get it through John Tyler, somehow, even though he was very anti-protective tariffs.

Tariff of 1816

Protective tariff enforced between 1816-1824; formed the basis of the Compromise of 1833, ending the Nullification Crisis in which South Carolina had threatened secession from the US; Introduced by Secretary of Treasury Alexander J. Dallas and advocated by Speaker of the House Henry Clay; Daniel Webster and John Randolph strongly opposed.

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)

Provided for price support to be mandatory on corn, cotton, and wheat, regulated supply and market demand

Espionage Act (1917)

Provided for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operations of the draft.

Public Works Administration (1933)

Provided funding for numerous projects that created many jobs while improving the nation's infrastructure.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter that was banished by Governor Winthrop for teaching antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who challenged the authority of the ministers, exposing the subordination of women in the culture of colonial Massachusetts; tried, convicted, & banished from the colony in 1637.

Stock Watering

Railroad stock promoters inflated claims about a line's assets to sell stocks and bonds in excess of the actual value.

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe

Iran-Contra Scandal

Reagan sent money to the Contra's in Nicaragua with the money he got for selling arms to Iran

SDI (star wars)

Reagan's Star Wars defense system to shoot down missiles while they're in space

Bacon's Rebellion

Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon.

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

John Calvin

Reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed

Diest

Relied on reason and science and a supreme being who created a knowable universe and endowed humans with moral behavior.

Three R's

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism

Quakers

Religious group persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; stressed the need for individuals to repent and urged a personal understanding of truth.

21st Amendment (1933)

Repealed prohibition (18th Amendment)

General Court

Representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay

Preston S. Brooks

Representative of South Carolina who avenged the honor of his uncle by beating Sumner senseless with a cane. Still got re-elected and sent canes.

Mathew Lyon

Republican congressman who attacked Federalist Roger Griswold with fire tongs., arrested under the sedition act

Wendell Wilkie

Republican presidential candidate versus Roosevelt in the election of 1940. He lost, but put up a good "race."

RUTHERFORD B HAYES

Republican winner of the disputed Election of 1876

Teslotes

Required, sworn statements of loyalty or religious belief, resisted by Quakers.

Placer mining

Requires little technology or skill. Separate gold from Ore with wash pan.

1890 Ghost Dances

Restless Teton Sioux turn to these bc of messiah, Wovoka. He said that they would bring back Indian land and cause whites to disappear.

Dwight D. Eisenhower wins election of 1952

Richard M. Nixon was his VP. John Foster Dulles became secretary of state. Dulles advocated brinksmanship and massive retaliation.

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Republicans

Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.

Hudson River Valley

River valley where vast estates created an aristocratic landholding elite in New Netherland and New York.

Recognition of the Soviet Union

Roosevelt felt that it was appropriate to recognize the SU as a functioning government in 1933, if only because there wasn't another governmental power claiming control of Russia.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's plan of dealing with labor, favor neither business nor labor, departure from Pullman Strike

Resumption of the draft

Roosevelt ordered that conscription be resumed in preparation for the possibility of war

Conservation

Roosevelt was enthusiastic about wildlife, efforts to protect natural resources, set aside 150 million acres of federal land as national reserve, Newlands Reclamation Act, National Conservation Commission

Trust-Busting

Roosevelt was first president to enforce Sherman Antitrust, busted Northern Securities Company, took action against Standard Oil and 40 other large corporations, not all trusts were ad

Joseph Stalin

Russian dictator who first helped HItler destroy Poland before becoming victim of Nazi aggression in 1941; transformed RUS into a military power in 15 years

Sputnik (1957)

Russian space satellite that launched in 1957. Congress responded by allocating millions of dollars to schools and universities to prepare students in math, science, and foreign language.

scorch and burn

Russian tactic; used against GER after GER attack June 1941; allowed Ger to conquer land to separate them from supply line and fall in trap of the brutal winter

1882 eight box law

SC. Required separate ballots for separate offces- need to be literate.

Albert B. Fall

Scheming anticonservationist Senator who was appointed Secretary of the Interior under Harding, caught in the Teapot Dome Scandal

Sec. of State Cordell Hull

Secretary of State during FDR's presidency; believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighborism.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

EDWIN STANTON

Secretary of War whose firing led to impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Richard Ballinger

Secretary of the Interior who opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska; criticized by Pinchot

Honest graft

Seeing opportunities and taking them. PLUNKITT.

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws enacted by states.

Caleb Cushing

Sent by President Tyler to China to work a favorable deal to the U.S.

Bases for Destroyers deal

Sept. 1940- British gives US 8 base sites from Newfoundland to S. America; US trades destroyers;

Continental Association

Set up Firts Continental Congress. called for non-importation of British goods, non-consumption of British goods, and the non-exporation of American goods to Britain or its colonies

Congregationalism

Set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Congregationalism was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

Regulators

Settlers in the Carolinas made themselves Regulators, regulated back country for their was no government.

Al Qaeda

Shadowy terrorist network that organized 9/11 and was associated with earlier attacks on American embassies in East Africa and on the USS Cole in Yemen

Creole

Ship overtaken by 130 slaves, and British gave them asylum, upsetting the south.

Franklin pierce

Shy democratic candidate had no enemies won the election

1849 Gold Rush

Sierra Nevada Mountains. Starts mining boom. Individual prospectors. Went from W to E because gold was eventually unattainable. Original California miners were called "yonder-siders."

G.I. Bill (1944)

Signed by FDR and passed to give educational benefits to those who had served in the Armed Forces during WW2. Bill was created to help members of the Armed Forces adjust to civilian life, afford a higher education, buy a house, and restore lost educational opportunities. Promoted volunteerism for the Armed Forces.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium; peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the US and Britain; treaty largely resorted relations between 2 nations to status quo ante bellum; news of treaty did not spread back to American until after the Battle of New Orleans had begun.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth century religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther

Amistad

Slaves rebelled aboard Spanish ship, the Amistad. They steered the ship off cuba but went to Long Island, and John Quincy Adams secured their freedom, so off they went to Sierra Leone.

Underground Railroad

Slaves taken from slave states to the sanctuary of canada

Plymouth

Small colony that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist party's candidate for president five times, former railway union leader who adopted socialistic views after being jailed for Pullman Strike

JOHN C. CALHOUN

South Carolinian who opposed and attacked the Compromise of 1850

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese president that was Catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

Planter aristocracy

South not much of a democracy, more of an oligarchy governed by the few. educated their kids at the highest schools, had most of the wealth in the south keen obligation to the public. dominant

Gadsden Purchase

South wanted to build a railroad in the south, but the ideal land involved crossing the Mexican border. In 1853, we purchased the necessary territory from Mexico.

Spanish Civil War (1936)

Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).

Nicholas P. Trist

State Department clerk who was sent to negotiate peace with Mexico. Actually was recalled before negotiations started, but stayed and organized the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Lower South

States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. All seceded after election of Lincoln and formed Confederate States of America.

William Pitt

Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory.

Scabs

Strike breakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike.

Plantation system

Strove to produce a medieval system, the women handled the house slaves and some were affectionate

King Philip's War

Successful military action by the colonies united in the New England Confederation.

America First Committee

Supported American Isolationism, wanted to protect America before it got involved in any more wars.

ERA

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process. Was strongly protested by Phyllis Schlafly

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Charles Evans Hughes

Supreme Court Justice who was chosen as the Republican candidate for the Presidential election of 1916

US vs Schenck

Supreme Court dealing with Charles Schneck who created a pamphlet opposing the military draft; he was convicted of attempting to obstruct the military. The Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger. This was later limited to violent actions rather than support of these ideas.

1875 Minor v. Happersett

Supreme Court decided that women's suffrage was not a right inherent in the national citizenship guarantees of the Fourteenth amendment. Upholds states' right to deny women suffrage.

1866-1869 National Labor Union

Sylvia united several unions into this, which sought establishment of worker cooperatives. Ended with Sylvis's death.

Jazz

Syncopated style of music created by blacks that attained national popularity in the 1920s

Municipalities

Synonym for cities.

Election of 1912 Campaign

Taft little popularity, Debs too radical, became competition between Roosevelt and Wilson, New Nationalism v. New Freedom

Taft Trust-Busting and Conservation

Taft ordered prosecution of twice as many antitrust cases, declined US Steel merger started by Roosevelt, Bureau of Mines, added tracts to Appalachians as national forest reserves, etc.

Joe Cannon

Taft refused to support Progressives' efforts to reduce the dictatorial power of Congress' Speaker of the House

Midterm Elections

Taft supported conservative candidates for Congress, Progressivism easily defeated candidates endorsed by Taft, Republican party split into conservative Taft faction and Progressive faction

Election of 1912 Candidates

Taft was renominated by Republicans, Roosevelt under Bull-Moose Party, Wilson for Democrats, Debs for Socialists

Triple Wall of Privilege

Tariffs, Banking, Trusts

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram from German secretary Zimmerman to the Mexican President encouraging them to attack the US in the event that America entered WW1.

Bible Belt

Term for area of the South where traditional evangelical and fundamentalist religion remained strong

"Hoovervilles"

Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people. Used in open areas near cities during the Depression. Named after Herbert Hoover to mock his Presidency.

Harlem Renaissance

Term used to describe the growth of African American lit and arts. The center of this movement was Harlem, NY where many African Americans moved during the early 1900s. Southern African Americans brought jazz and influenced the Music scene, and other art forms grew. The Great Depression led to the decline.

campaign of 1844

Texas was the biggest issue the democrats won with james c polk who was a huge expansionist.

Women's Suffrage

The 19th Amendment provided for this which had been defeated earlier in the senate. It was ratified in 1920, because of feminists like Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt who started the movement in the 1860s.

Nuclear Scares

The Cold War scared families and schools. Some homes had bomb shelters in case of an atomic explosion. Schools practiced "duck-and-cover" drills in case of a bombing.

Sussex Pledge

The German reply to the president that promised not to sink merchant or passenger ships without due warning.

NLU

The National Labor Union was the first major union, they wanted an 8 hour day most importantly and an elimination of monopolies.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

The Native American "New Deal"; encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and tradition. Essentially repealed the Dawes Act.

Stock Market

The New York institution in which continuously rising prices and profits were fueled by speculation in the 1920s

Second-Front Controversy

The Russians were suffering heavy casualties fighting the German invasion of Russia. Stalin urged the Allies to open a "________" in the west to relieve the pressure on the Russians. The Allies did so, but only after a long delay.

John C. Breckinridge

The Southern Democrat's Candidate in 1860, was second to Lincoln, pro-slavery expansion.

"Cash and Carry"

The US would help GB as long as the US would not lose its neutrality position

"Share the Wealth"

The ________________ society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

Power of the Purse

The ability of colonial legislatures in the 18c to initiate money bills, specifying the amount to be raised and its uses.

Triple Entente

The alliance between Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belguim, Japan, and the US.

Triple Alliance

The alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

statecraft

The art of government leadership

Manifest Destiny

The belief that America had a G-d given right to take over the entire continent and make it Americanized.

strict construction

The belief that the national government can exercise only those powers that are clearly and specifically stated by the U. S. Constitution.

fugitive slave law of 1850

The bloodhound bill, denied slaves a trial and they couldnt testify any northerners that helped would be punished.

Mason-Dixon Line

The boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, which eventually came to symbolize the divide b/w North and South states.

Mason-Dixon line

The boundary line between slave and free states in the East, originally the southern border of Pennsylvania

Gaspee incident

The colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship.

Whig (Party)

The conflict over slavery after the election of 1852 led shortly to the death of this party

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Propaganda

The control of the newspapers to spread news and stories of the war and the atrocities committed by the German soldiers.

King Corn

The cotton supply ran out in Britain and King Corn was more powerful than cotton, this made it so Britain wasn't able to break blockade to gain cotton.

Black Tuesday (1929)

The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.

black belt

The deep south with the highest #s of slaves. South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Hubert Humphrey

The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans.

Ninth Amendment

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, in July, 1945. Agreed upon a policy for occupation of Japan and Germany, decided the German reparations, and demanded that Japan surrender or be destroyed.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

The Invention of the Radio

The first human voice broadcast in 1906 and first musical broadcast was in 1910, Woodrow Wilson was the first President to Broadcast. It helped break down regionalism and provided news and entertainment.

Eleanor Roosevelt

The first strong first lady who supported civil rights.

Jeannette Rankin

The first women to be elected to congress, who was also a leader among the Peace-minded Progressives.

Social Security Act (1935)

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers

The North

The greatest winner in the Compromise of 1850

Loyalist/Tories

The group of American colonist that remain loyal to the king during and after the American Revolution. When the British lost the war many left the United States.

Harry Hopkins

The head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). A friend and advisor to President FDR. He was very involved in reforms in the Great Depression and in the 30's and 40's in such issues as unemployment and mortgages.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading. To the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare.

compact theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

"virtual" representation

The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from

Fireside Chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Fireside chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Osama bin Laden

The leader harbored venomous resentment towards the US for its growing military presence in the Middle East and its support for Israel in the face of Palestinian nationalism

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the American Revolution.

20th Amendment (1933)

The major effect of this was to severely cut down the "lame duck" period from the presidency.

safeguards for conservatism

The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property; and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with checks and balances among them.

Monitor v. Merrimack

The monitor was the only ship the Confederates had that were strong enough to defeat the Union ships but the Merrimack came just in time to stop it. The South burned it to prevent the North from getting it.

Red Scare

The movement of 1919-1920, spawned by fear of Bolshevik Revolution, that resulted in the arrest and deportation of many political radicals

The Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.

Harlem Renaissance

The name given to the flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s

"Old Hickory"

The nickname given to Andrew Jack for his renowned toughness.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

The organization that proposed leading blacks to Africa

Defense of Ft. McHenry

The poem that later become our national anthem written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Ft. McHenry in the War of 1812.

Democratic (Party)

The political party that was deeply divided by Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

popular sovereignty

The practice of allowing the people in the state to vote on whether or not they will be a slave or free state

topography

The precise surface features and details of a place - for example, rivers, bridges, hills - inrelation to one another

French Revolution

The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799.

Stamp Act

The second of Grenville's revenue measures, it led to the Virginia Resolve and colonial congress.

Second New Deal (1935-38)

The second part of Roosevelt's economic policy, this took more drastic action and was more pro-labor/anti-business.

Missouri Compromise

The sectional agreement of 1820, repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Mayflower Compact

The shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establish a body politic and submit to majority rule.

Battle of Stalingrad (1942-3)

The site of one of the bloodiest battles during WWII. Thousands of soldiers died at the hands of German and Russian armies during the battle of Stalingrad.. The Russians were victorious at the battle, and thus were able to launch a counter-offensive against Germany and drive the Nazis from Russia.

Nativism

The term given to fear of immigrants and Catholics; this led to the rise of the KKK and immigration restriction

John W. Davis

The unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1924. The wealthy, Wall-Street-connected Davis was no less con ser va tive than his opponent, Calvin Coolidge.

"fifty-four forty or fight"

The slogan of people who wanted to annex the entirety of Oregon territory, as opposed to anything smaller. If not, they'd fight. Big slogan in the 1844 election.

Neutrality/Neutrality Acts

The stance America tried to have during the beginning of WWII, not taking a side in the war. The Neutrality Acts specified that no American could legally sail on a belligerent/warlike ship, sell or transport munitions to a hostile, or make loans to a belligerent.

The Grapes of Wrath

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

Powhatan

The tribe that helped the Jamestown colony. They taught them how to plant crops and how to survive.

Fishing & Shipbuilding

The two major nonfarming industries of Massachusetts Bay.

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

The two notable advocates of compromise in the controversy over slavery in 1850

1872 Liberal Republicans

These REpublicans could not tolerate corruption associated with Grant. Broke off and made this party.wanted "honest gov" and "reconciliation" between N and S and laissez-faire with lower tariffs, end to gov subsidies, and hard money. led by Carl Schurz. Greeley died before electoral vote. Conservative toward blacks and etc.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

These were the categories into which the New Deal was split. Relief defined by the acts implemented in the area of aid to the unemployment. Recovery put forth measures that would help aid in the speedy recovery of areas hit hardest by the depression. Reform tried to recreate areas that seemed faulty

Which of the following statements about he poorest class of white southerners is FALSE**

They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) or NIRA

This was a New Deal Legislation that created National Recovery Administration, which prepared codes for fair competition.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods, created because the previous law was ineffective

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

The Social Security Act (1935)

This 2nd New Deal Act was created to protect older workers; funds came from taxes on money earned by employees and paid equally by the employer, and this money supported unemployment programs and offered states matching funds for social services.

Works Progress Administration (1935)

This 2nd New Deal Agency provided jobs and income for the unemployed. Many projects were in construction and community development and were labor-intensive to cut out equipment costs.

Bill Clinton

This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.

Public Works Administration (1933) or PWA

This New Deal Program constructed roads, schools, damns, bridges, and other projects to aid the economy through increasing jobs.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) or TVA

This New Deal agency built a series of damn to provide electricity and flood control, damns gave economic and environmental boosts to an area needed of rehabilitation. It was centered at Muscle Shoals, the location of government plants and dams.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This Tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. Connected Americans to feelings toward isolationism.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

First Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)

This act restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

This act reversed the Dawes Act. Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life. Tribal life was to be recognized as normal.

The Emergency Banking Relief Act

This act was part of FDR's Hundred Days and it provided funds to open some banks and it combined and liquidated others.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (1934)

This bureau returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and provided economic relief. Created a project of works programs for reservations.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

This commission was created as a watchdog for the stock exchange and securities.

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

Resolution on Reconciliation

This document, proposed by Lord North, promised any colony that would provide for its own government and defense virtual immunity from taxation. This plan was rejected by the colonies.

John Jay

This man played an important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution. One of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution. He was also the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.

The First New Deal

This domestic reform program aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices. Many new government agencies were founded. Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased. Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use of deficit spending and for spending on relief. Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

This ended the French and Indian War and gave England all of the French territories in North America.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This entity provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5,000. These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.

court injunction

This forbids workers to interfere with the business of their employer.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

This gave the president authority to take "all neccessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States."

MORRILL LAND GRANT ACT

This law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarded proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical (later engineering) colleges; the grants were awarded at the rate of 30,000 acres for each member that state had in Congress. The law was named after its sponsor, Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont.

Navigation Act

This law passed in Parliament was specifically designed to regulate American trade.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932)

This law that banned "yellow-dog," or anti-union, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.

Declaratory Act

This legislation was a defense of Parliament's sovereignty over the colonies; it was passed to compensate for the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Marcus Garvey

This man advocated African American racial pride and separatism rather than integration. Pushed for a return to Africa. Developed a following and sold stock in steamship line to take migrants to Africa. Convicted of fraud after the line went bankrupt.

funding at par

This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country.

Sons & Daughters of Liberty

This network of lawyers, merchants, tradesmen, and other townspeople organized colonial protests against British regulations.

Grand Army of the Republic

This organization was founded by former Union soldiers after the Civil War. It lobbied Congress for aid and pensions for former Union soldiers. It was also a powerful lobbying influence within the Republican party.

Samuel Adams

This political agitator led the Boston Tea Party and attended the First Continental Congress as a delegate from Massachusetts.

Salutary Neglect

This pre-1763 British policy overlooked colonial violations of Britain's trade laws and allowed the colonies to govern themselves.

"Court-packing plan"

This proposal was announced by Franklin D. Roosevelt allowing the president to appoint new Supreme Court members for each one over 70 years of age, totaling six in all. After Chief Justice Evan Hughes' leadership in expressing their disapproval in this plan, Congress and the American people disapproved of the action as well. This resulted in some New Dealers leaving the president's side and humiliated President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

This provided for the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.) to insure the money in the bank.

21st Amendment (1933)

This repealed prohibition.

Mutiny Act

This required the colonists to help provision and maintain the army, and it was made by the Greenville minisrty to try and increase their authority in the colonies.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This tariff raised the import taxes to the highest levels in history, with the hopes of increasing domestic production. In retaliation, foreign countries set tariffs on American goods, creating a decline in exports and further deepening the economic depression. Another expression of isolationism.

muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

The Treaty of Versailles

This treaty formed the League of Nations to protect territorial integrity and political independence of all members. Germany was held responsible for the war and was required to pay reparations to all the contries involved, they also were forced to demilitarize.

John Lewis and United Mine Workers (UMW)

This union was created by militant leader John L. Lewis in 1890; its methods, based on his stands on increases in pay, safer working conditions, and political stands, reflect Lewis' military style. In 1935 it had about 250,000 members out of which Lewis co-founded the CIO.

RFC

This was Hoover's response to the Depression. Passed in January 1932, this measure loaned billions money to banks and insurance companies and railroads and provided funds for state and local programs providing relief

Select Service Training Act (1940)

This was the first peacetime draft, where men between ages of 21 and 35 were signed into service, and a group of them was chosen for a year of training in the military.

Letters From A Pennsylvania Farmer

This work, written by John Dickinson, protested against the Townshend Acts and questioned the right of Parliament to levy "external" duties to raise revenue in the colonies.

implied powers

Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers

Bonanza farms

Thousand acre farms on Great Plains that rely on machinery.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955.

Pidgin

To overcome communication issues between African Americans, they organized a common language, known as this by linguists.

Millard Fillmore

Took over for President Taylor when he died (was Taylor's VP)

Al Capone

Top gangster of the 1920's, eventually convicted of income-tax evasion

Navigation Acts

Trade laws administered by Great Britain in the 1600's to enforce mercantilism on the American Colonies.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Treaty between US and Britain enacted in 1817; Signed April 28-29, 1817 in Washington DC; provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain; agreement indicated improving relations between US/Britain in the period following the War of 1812; negotiated by Secretary of State Richard Rush and British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Treaty that erased U.S. and British tensions and said neither the U.S. or Britain would take over the area without the other's agreement

The Berlin Airlift

Truman flew supplies into the city for 11 months by air.

Marshall Plan (1947)

Truman's Sec. of State George Marshall. Would give Western Europe massive financial aid to rebuild democratic forms of government.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution that determined the British fate. The Americans defeated the British. The French began an open alliance with the Americans.

Lincoln Steffens

Tweed Days in St. Louis 1902, The Shame of the Cities

Warren G. Harding

Twenty-ninth president of the United States, from 1921 to his death in office in 1923. He began his career as a newspaper publisher before getting elected to the Ohio Senate, where he served from 1899 to 1903. He then served as lieutenant governor of Ohio (1903-1905) and as a U.S. senator (1915-1921) before winning the presidency. His time in office was beset with scandals, many of them the result of disloyalty of designing friends.

King George's War

Two decades after Queen Anne's War, disputes over British trading rights in the Spanish colonies produced a conflict between England and Spain. This conflict soon grew into a greater, much larger European war. The English colonist in America were soon brought into this, and they called labeled it as King George's War. In this period between 1744 and 1748 they engaged in a series of conflicts with the French. The war was finally ended with a peace treaty.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two gunmen robbed a factory and killed two men in Mass. They were Italian immigrants and anarchists and were tried for their murders. Judge Thayer pushed for execution.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Two names used to describe the laws enforced by the British Parliament against the colonies in response to the Boston Tea Party, It shut down the harbor.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

(Frances) Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries.

A. Mitchell Palmer

U.S. attorney general who rounded up thousands of alleged Bolsheviks in the red scare of 1919-1920

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

US Treasury would Have purchased 4.5 million oz silver monthly in exchange for Treasury notes that are refundable for an almost equal amount. non silverites get no free coinage. silverites get most production of silver bought. Reaction to bonanza mines in Nevada that quadrupled silver production.

Pleiku

US base in South Vietnam which the Viet Cong attacked in 1965

Henry Ward Beecher

US clergyman, abolitionist, sent guns to kansas packaged in bibles to conceal them. (Beecher's Bibles).

USS Kearny

US destroyer sunk by German U-boats off the coast of iceland in Oct 1941

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US had a duty to give financial aid to free nations under communist threat. Helped Greece and Turkey thwart communism.

Economic Measures Against Japan

US held all Japanese funds and created embargoes for expanding into French Indochina. Led to failed negotiations between the US and Japan over their presence in China.

Search and Destroy Missions

US patrols searched for hidden enemy camps the destroyed them with massive firepower and air raids

U-2 Incident

US spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

US spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites in Cuba in 1962. JFK ordered the immediate removal of the missiles, but Castro & Khrushchev refused. With Attorney General Robert Kennedy, JFK imposed a blockade. Khrushchev would remove the missiles if the US would not invade Cuba and remove its missiles in Turkey.

Bay of Pigs (1961)

US tried to start a revolution through Cubans, but the Cubans did not want to do anything. Embarrassed JFK.

Red Scare

US worker strikes seemed to be signs of revolution to this country. Fear of revolution was fed by anti-German hysteria and success of the Bolshevik revolution. The fear was at its height when bombs were sent anonymously by mail to public officials.

Atlantic Charter 1941

US.-GB agreement of Aug 1941 to promote democracy and intentions for improvement post WWII; created by Winston Churchill and FDR in a secret conference

California

Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850, the state that was admitted as a free state

Utah and New Mexico

Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850, the states that slavery was left up to popular sovereignty

Okies

Unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s

ULYSSES S GRANT

Union general who accepted the surrender of the Confederate Army

WILLIAM T SHERMAN

Union general who led a destructive "march to the sea"

WILLIAM T SHERMAN

Union general who promised blacks "forty acres and a mule"

DAVID FARRAGUT

Union naval hero who captured New Orleans

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south.

(John L.) Lewis

United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the coal miners strike

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974). Speaker for the America first committee which opposed American Intervention in WW1. Nazi sympathizer.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Henry Kissinger

United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)

Winfield Scott

United States general, a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican-American War (1786-1866) by going into Mexico City.

Joseph McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)

William Fulbright

United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995)

American families in the Antebellum South

Up to one third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members

Social Gospel

Urban Protestant ministers preach that one should focus on life on earth as well as saving souls for the afterlife, society as well as individuals.

Calvin Coolidge

Vice President "Silent Cal" Coolidge became the thirtieth president of the United States when Warren G. Harding died in office. A friend of business over labor, he served during the boom years from 1923 to 1929.

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

VE Day

Victory Day in Europe, where the Allies announced Germany's surrender in Europe.

VJ Day

Victory Day in Japan, this was the day the Allies announced Japan's surrender to end WW2.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

Praying Towns

Villages where New England Indians who converted to Christianity were gathered

American Protective League

Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the justice department for pressuring support of war. Made Americans who didn't buy war bonds look bad. Created an anti-German sentiment.

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists

War of 1812

War between US and Britain; America declared war in 1812 because of trade restrictions, impressments, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and humiliation of American honor.

Iraq War

War in which US successfully took down a dominating dictator and is currently helping them "get back on their feet".

Palmer Raids

When Attorney George Palmer was the target of a failed mail bomb, raids were conducted to weed out the "Communists" and illegal aliens. 4k were arrested but only 556 actually were.

Washington Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Boston Tea Party

Was a reaction by the colonists of the British. The colonist disguised as Indians boarded a British ship and threw tea into the harbor on December 16, 1773.

Quartering Act

Was an act enforced by the British on their North American colonies. It required colonist to provide adequate housing and basic necessities like food to the troops.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

John Sirica

Was the chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. He was the judge of the Watergate break-in case and later demanded Nixon's tapes during the whole fiasco.

American literature

Washington irving (sleepy hollow rip van winkle the sketch book, and knickerbockers history) james finnimore cooper ( the spy leatherstocking tales) william cullen bryant (thanatopsis evening post)

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Franklin Pierce

Weak Democratic president hose pro-soutthern cabinet pushed aggresive expansionist schemes

Townshend Act

Were a series of acts imposed by the British on their North American colonies. They were to get the revenue needs to pay for the colonial royal governors and judges. The Boston Massacre was a result of these taxes.

Leisler's Rebellion

When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York.

The Hundred Days

When President Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to deal with the weak American banking system. Congress passed an emergency act to deal with banking and then continued the session to handle the problems of unemployment and falling farm prices. It launched the First New Deal.

Wilson's Treaty

When Republican senator Lodge opposed the Peace Treaty because it entangled us with other nations. Wilson suffered a stroke, and wrote the democrats to oppose the treaty changes made by Lodge. The Treaty was defeated in the senate, and the US did not join the league, a joint resolution was enacted instead.

Opium War

When china tried to prohibit Opium trade, Brits declared war and won, in turn gaining a ton of rights to chinese trade/etc.

Pearl Harbor

When the Japs launched a sneak attack on the US' Hawaiian base. Japanese aircrafts attacked American ships, meeting little defense. The Japs destroyed all US aircraft, major battleships, and naval drafts. FDR declared war on Japan.

Neutrality

When the war broke out, Wilson immediately put into effect this idea...meaning the US would not fight on either side of the war.

Mesabi Range

Where Minnesota mines provided ore which was then transported to ships on Great Lakes.

Sutter's Mill

Where gold was first discovered in 1848; marked the beginning of the Gold Rush

1863-1869 Promontory Point

Where the first transcontinental road was finished. Union Pacific, Omaha, Grenville M. Dodge. Central Pacific, Sacramento, Charles Crocker. Lands and loans from congress for every mile.

Zachary Taylor

Whig Party candidate in the election of 1848

Winfield Scott

Whig candidate in election of 1852 Nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers"

Zachary Taylor

Whig candidate never held office or even voted used the self reliant fighter. Won, closely watched over by whigs to make sure he was good died in 1850 helping concession on accident

Scalawaggs

White southerners who joined the republican party.

1834 Indian Intercourse Act

Whites cannot entre Indian country wo license.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

American Anti-Slavery Society

William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist society, called for abolition now. Grew to be a very big organization.

Underwood Tariff

Wilson called special session to Congress to lower tariffs, addressed Congress directly, substantially lowered tariffs for first time in 50 years, increased income tax rate

US During the homefront during WW1

Wilson controlled raw matierials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure supplies for war. He appointed Herbert Hoover as the head of the FDA. Wilson oversaw use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping.

Election of 1912 Results

Wilson won easily with 435 electoral votes, Democrats gained Congress, Wilson was a minority president, support for Progressive candidate ensured reforms would continue, failure of Progressive Party to win local office showed it would die out

Edward House

Wilson's chief foreign policy adviser who was sent to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement.

League of Nations

Wilson's grand idea for an international committee to prevent future wars

1914 Proclimation of Neutrality

Wilson's promise to remain neutral in European affairs during world war 1.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's specific peace plan for post WW1. Called for open peace treaties, promoted free trade, arms reduction, and transportation along the seas. Recommended a UN to keep the peace.

Iron Curtain (1946)

Winston Churchill delivered his "Iron Curtain" speech in response to the satellite nations.

Direct Primaries

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette introduced to his state a process of nominating party candidates by majority vote, by 1915 used in every state, limited success in overthrowing boss rule

The Impending Crisis of the South

Written by Southerner Hinton Helper, and claimed that non-slave-owning whites were the worst affected by slavery, because although he was anti-slavery he was also racist.

Abrogation of the Platt Amendment

With the exception of U.S. rights to Guantánamo Bay, most provisions of the ________ provisions were repealed in 1934 when the Treaty of Relations between the U.S. and Cuba was negotiated as a part of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor policy" toward Latin America. José Manuel Cortina and other members of the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940 eliminated the _________ from the new Cuban Constitution.

Francisco Franco

With the help of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, Franco overthrew the Loyalist regime and became the dictator of Spain in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939.

Women During WW2

Women Had to take the roles of men in the workplace during the war. Used "Rosie the Riveter" as a feminist image that represented to growth of women's economic power.

"Rosie the Riveter"

Women who took up jobs outside the home for wages to support the war effort, began the rush of female workers as well as daycare centers

NSC-68

Written by the National Security Council that provided for the use of US troops to achieve containment. (Truman Doctrine allowed only financial aid).

Olive Branch Petition

Written during the Second Continental Congress. It claimed that the colonies did not want to break free from Britain but wanted to discuss trade and tax regulations. The king rejected the regulations.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

The Feminine Mystique

Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker, abolitionist pamphlet advising the immediate overturning of slavery.

South Carolina Exposition

Written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun; Document that protests against the Tariff of 1828 and stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede; led to Calhoun's Doctrine of Nullification which had the same idea as the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

The Draft

Young men were required by law to register for possible military service at age eighteen and signified their personal connection to american involvement in Southeast Asia.

Eleanor Roosevelt

[FULL NAME REQUIRED] FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Huey Long

[FULL NAME REQUIRED] Louisianna Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a "Share the Wealth" plan, which planned to give $5000 to all families. He was later assassinated.

Dr. Francis Townsend

[FULL NAME REQUIRED] This man was a critic of the new deal. He developed the Townsend Plan as a way for the elderly to gain a monthly pension of $200 that must be spent within 30 days.

Mary McLeod Bethune

[FULL NAME REQUIRED] This woman was a leader in the struggle for racial and gender equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The Grapes of Wrath

__________ written by Steinbeck in 1939 illustrates the plight of a dust bowl family.

Tri-Partite Pact

a 10 year military and economic alliance also known as the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis. Japan signed this alliance in September, 1940, with the previously allied Italy and Germany. Each of the signatories pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the U. S.

Neutrality Proclamation

a 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict

Edward Braddock

a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians.

Gaspee Affair

a British ship that enforced the unfair British trade regulation was looted and burned by American patriots.

Father Charles Coughlin

a Catholic priest in Michigan who at first was with FDR then disliked the New Deal and voiced his opinions on radio.

Federal Writers' Project

a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.

Bank of the U.S.

a bank chartered by the US congress on feb. 25, 1791. the charter was for 20 years. The bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed us, which had previously been 13 individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies.

National War Labor Board

a board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

slavocracy

a conspiracy theory where the South was supposedly always seeking to add new slave lands

birth control pill

a contraceptive in the form of a pill containing estrogen and progestin to inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception

MONOPOLY

a corporation that gains complete control of a product or service

duty (duties)

a customs tax on the export or import of goods

yellow fever

a disease transmitted by mosquitoes: its symptoms inclued high fever and vomiting

popular sovereignty

a doctrine that stated that the sovereign people of the constitution should determine slavery. public liked it because is was very democratic

Medicaid

a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

Teapot Dome Scandal

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

The Brain Trust

a group of progressive lawyers, economists and social workers who advised President Roosevelt

U-2

a high-altitude US reconnaissance plane that took photographs of the Soviet Union from June 1956 until one was shot down in May 1960

London Company

a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

Newlands Reclamation Act

a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in Western states

Stamp Act

a law requiring certain goods that were being traded in an out of the colonies to hold a stamp that certified tax on these had been paid; this was first imposed by Grenville and violently opposed, so much so that it was repealed forcefully due to colonist protests and enforcing nonimportation agreements against British goods.

Ralph Waldo Emmerson

a leading transcendentalist writer, and the real founder of the movement. trained as a unitarian minister. encouraged americans to form an intellectual deceleration of independence. a practical philosopher, wrote fresh and vibrant essays that enriched thousands of lives. urged american intellectual patriotism and independence.

My Lai

a massacre of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers during the Vietnam War

Initiative

a method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill, mostly western states

Referendum

a method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots, mostly western states

MELTING POT

a mixture of diverse cultures, languages, and customs

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

a pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other countries) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (___________), an organ of the Soviet Union.

mulatto

a person of mixed African and European ancestry

A. Philip Randolph

a prominent twentieth-century African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing. He was one of several Black atheists involved in the civil rights movement

Progressivism

a reform development in response to desire to improve life in the industrial age, wanted to build on existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through government action, shared goals of limiting big business, improving democracy, strengthening social justice

Underground Railroad

a secret route from "station to station" that led many slaves to the North and eventually to Canada

Wisconsin Idea

a series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, regulation of railroad rates

The south failed to develp a large industrial economy for all the following reasons except***

a shortage of labor

"No taxation without representation"

a slogan that abridged the main complaint of the British North American colonies. They felt if Britain was going to tax them, the needed direct representation in Parliament r it denied their rights.

patronage

a system in which benefits, including jobs, money, or protection are granted in exchange for political support. (not a good system of government- this was something that was fought by the English Whigs)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

a tall, handsome man who was the fifth cousin of famous Theodore Roosevelt and had followed in his footsteps.

tariff

a tax on imported goods

excise tax

a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate)

Town meetings

a town-wide meeting to decide on issues facing the village and choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year, restricted to adult male residents

As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, California had

a very diverse population

Which of the following accurately describes northern politics during the Civil War? a. Democrats challenged Republicans for control of national and state offices b. Republicans were united behind Lincoln's leadership c. The suspension of habeas corpus discouraged many Democrats from voting d. Lincoln had no trouble winning reelection in 1864 e. Copperhead candidates campaigned for equal rights for women

a. Democrats challenged Republicans for control of national and state offices

The thirteenth Amendment guaranteed A) citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves. B) land for former slaves. C) voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the U.S. Army. D) freed slaves the right to vote. E) education to former slaves.

a. citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves

As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because... a. of the South's emphasis on state's rights b. There was such strong agreement on policy in the South c. He did not believe in strong executive action d. Lee's insistance on keeping his army out of politics e. The Confederate Constitution gave him all the power he needed

a. of the South's emphasis on state's rights

Clayton Antitrust Act

act greatly strengthened provisions in Sherman Antitrust for breaking up monopolies, clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

W.E.B. DUBOIS

activist who believe blacks should demand immediate equality

BOOKER T WASHINGTON

activist who believed blacks should work hard to build up resources

boat people

after the Vietnam War, refugees who escaped from Vietnam over water

Invasion of Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France

after the silence of the phony war and invasion of Poland, Hitler attacked and invaded _____, triggering the beginning of the actual war in Europe

Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US

agreed to pay millions to Mexico

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

The American System

aka American Way; mercantilist economic plan based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvement; plan was advanced by the Whig Party, more specifically Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams.

cash-and-carry policy

aka Neutrality Act of 1939; Euro nations (Allies) can buy war materials from US only if they provide transportation and pay in cash

Tariff of Abominations

aka The Tariff of 1828; A protective tariff passed by Congress designed to protect industry in the northern US; southerners labeled it the Tariff of Abominations because of the effects it had on the Southern economy; led to the Nullification Crisis.

Adams-Onis Treaty

aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819; settled a border dispute in North America between the US and Spain; treaty was a result of increasing tension between the US and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power; the treaty ceded Florida to the US, settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River, and firmly established the boundary of the US territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the US paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase.

1892 Populist Party

aka the People's Party. Made by Farmer's Alliance. Ocala platform (demands). wanted free silver. died away when WJB lost the 1896 election.

Rome-Berlin Axis

alliance of Hitler and Mussolini

The compromise of 1850 allowed fort he admission of California

along with a strengthened fugitive slave act

1859 Comstock Lode

although miners rushed to pikes Peak upon hearing of the fresh strikes, there was a bluish black ore in Nevada that was almost pure silver and gold. A drifter of the same name talked his way into partnership in the claim. Richest mining discovery- produced more than $306 million.

Marian Anderson

an African-American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. When the all-white Daughters of the Revolution refused for her to sing at a concert, Eleanor Roosevelt set up a concert for her to sing at on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

Stonewall Inn

an American bar in NYC and the site for the riots of 1969 which are widely considered the start of the modern gay liberation movement

Aaron Copland

an American classical composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. He was instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, and is often referred to as "the Dean of American Composers.".He is best known to the public for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 40s in a deliberately more accessible style than his earlier pieces, including the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kidd, Rodeo and his Fanfare for the Common Man.

Mary McLeod Bethune

an American educator and civil rights leader best known for starting a school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida, that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University and for being an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Zora Neale Hurston

an American folklorist, anthropologist, and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance. Of _____'s four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, she is best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.

William Allen White and Committee to Defend America by aiding the Allies

an American political action group formed in May 1940. The group advocated American military materiel support for Britain as the best way to keep the United States out of the conflict then raging in Europe. Politically, they would be classified as being pro-intervention; that is, they strongly believed the United States should actively assert itself in the War in Europe. The _______ supported the Lend-Lease Act; they opposed the various Neutrality Acts of the late 1930's and sought their revision or repeal. Prominent member: a renowned American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement.

Fascist party

an Italian party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of _____. The party ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under an authoritarian, totalitarian system.

Eighteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920, it prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

an amendment to the US constitution, adopted in 1971 and lowering the voting age from 21 to 18

enclosures

an area that is sealed off with an artificial or natural barrier.

Pueblo indians

an communal village of Latin Americans, Southwest US Indians or Spanish Americans.

enlightenment

an eighteenth-century movement in Western philosophy. It was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. It was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Some classifications of this period also include 17th-century philosophy, which is typically known as the Age of Reason.

Carrie Chapman Catt

an energetic reformer from Iowa, president of NAWSA, argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, enabling them to more actively care for their families in industrial society

The Lincoln-Douglas debates resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: a. Lincoln's emergence as a national political figure b. Increased support for Douglas in the South c. Douglas' reelection to the Senate d. Douglas' attempt to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision e. Increased public awareness of slavery as a moral issue

b. Increased support for Douglas in the South

In the 1860 election, what was the position of Lincoln and the Republican party on slavery? a. Slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately b. Slavery should not be allowed to expand into the territories c. Popular sovereignty would be allowed in the new territories north of 36-30 d. The Dred Scott decision should be supported in the territories but not in the states e. The federal government should act to bring about the gradual emancipation of slaves in the South

b. Slavery should not be allowed to expand into the territories

The Fourteenth Amendment A) required former Confederate states to pay their war debts. B) prohibited ex-Confederate leaders from holding public office. C) guaranteed freed slaves the right to vote. D) met all the demands of the radical Republicans. E) made women as well as blacks U.S. citizens.

b. prohibited ex- confederate leaders from holding public office

After the raid on Harpers Ferry, the South concluded that... a. the raid was an isolated incident b. the US Army could not protect slavery c. Brown should be put in an insane asylum d. Brown had been attempting to defend his right to own slaves e. the North was dominated by Brown-loving Republicans

b. the US army could not protect slavery

Hatch Act

barred federal administrative officials, except the highest policy-making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting.

Charles Evans Hughes

battled fraudulent insurance companies in New York

Theodore Roosevelt

became president at 42, youngest, most athletic, vigor, believed the president should do more than lead executive, thought it his job to set legislative agenda

Origins of Progressivism

began in state reforms of early 1890s, acquired national momentum with Theodore Roosevelt, middle class reformers were eager to adjust to changing times, changed through Wilson and Taft, World War I marked the end

loose construction

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Neville Chamberlain

best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. When Adolf Hitler continued his aggression by invading Poland, Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, and ________ led Britain through the first eight months of the Second World War.

peter cartwright

best known methodist to travel around preaching

Welfare Reform Bill

bill reluctantly signed by Clinton that gave the responsibility of caring for dependent children to states

Southern defenders of slavery made all of the following arguments EXEPT

black codes protected slaves from abuse

Smoking Gun Tape

blank tape where Nixon had erased all evidence. this is the only evidence that links him to the crime

The English Constitution

body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Operation Rolling Thunder

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

Road to War America 1914-1917 by Walter Millis

book that argued against U.S. entry into WWI and said that the U.S. entered the war because of military industry profits and gains

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

book which Lincoln said: "made the big war"

Oregon country

both america and england have holds on oregon, but the americans moved to the williamette valley and eventually handed over oregon to 54 40

Gadsden Purchase

bought the southern chunk of present Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million

RAF

british airforce

Mechanization

british gaining in industrialization, this gradually spread to other lands and america in the next generation. The british were huge competitors because of such small labor. they also enacted laws to forbid exportation of machines

National Recovery Administration

by far the most complicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case outraged public opinion in the North chiefly because it: a. Declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional b. Guaranteed citizenship to free blacks c. Removed restrictions against the spread of slavery into the western territories d. Failed to abolish slavery in the South e. Challenged California's status as a free state

c. Removed restrictions against the spread of slavery into the western territories

Election of 1936

candidates, issues: The candidates included Franklin D. Roosevelt from the Democratic Party, Alfred M. Landon from the Republican party, and William Lemke from the Union Party. The principal issue was how to exploit the New Deal's popularity. In the end, FDR won in a landslide victory.

criminal codes

capital punishments were being reduced and brutal punishments were lowering reformatories, house of corrections, and penitentiaries.

THOMAS NAST

cartoonist whose political cartoons helped capture "Boss" Tweed

war of 1812

caused a buy american campaign so we wouldnt support the enemy. mills were closed down until the tariff of 1816 which controlled the shape of the economy.

US gaining cali through texas issues

caused arguments about slave states

Second great awakening

caused prison reform, the temperance cause, the womens movement, and the abolishment of slavery. Widened the lines between social classes and regions

Walt Whitman

celebrated the liberation of the individual.

Temperance and Prohibition

champions of reform were divided over this issue, urban Progressives recognized saloons were headquarters of political machines, little sympathy to movement, rural reformers believed they could clean up morals by eliminating it

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Board of Trade and Plantations

chief body in England for governing the colonies; the group gathered information, reviewed appointments in America, and advised the monarch on colonial policy.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success.

Municipal Reform

city bosses and corrupt alliances with businesses were first target of Progressive leaders

bank holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Higher education

colleges became denominational, catholic colleges were huge.

Insentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Progressive Philosophy

committed to democratic values and shared in belief that honest government could improve human life, goes back to Jefferson, Origin of Species gave way to cognitive pragmatism of James and Dewey, enabled them to challenge old ways of thinking

Soviet Union

communist nation invaded by Hitler in June 1941 that was also aided by American lend-lease

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

conflict between the revel Fascist forces of Gen. Franco and the Loyalist gov't; severely tested US neutrality; Mussolini and Hitler helped in order to use SP as testing ground for bombs

WILLIAM "BOSS" TWEED

controlled the Tammany Hall political machine in NYC

Wendell Willkie

dark horse Rep Presidential nominee in 1940; lost against FDR; attacked FDR for the third term attempt

Reciprocal Trade Agreements 1934

designed by Cordell Hull to increase American exports; reversed Hawley-Smoot Tariff by decreasing the tariff

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

Socialist Party of America

developed in the first decade of the 1900s, developed to welfare of the working class, public ownership of railroads and utilities, other major industries like steel and oil

Tom L. Johnson

devoted himself to tax reform and lowered trolley fares for Cleveland citizens, fought for public ownership or utilities

Soddy

dirt house made in the west. urghhhhhh

Frederick W. Taylor

discovered ways of organizing people in the most efficient manner, scientific management system, went along with Progressives view of more efficient government

Economic inequality

drastic difference between the rich and the poor, still providing opportunity. General prosperity rose by 1 percent between 1820 and 1860

Alcohol

drinking problem was huge in and caused unsafe environments especially for women and children ruining family life

As the leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis... a. Enjoyed a real personal popularity despite the South's loss b. Was a poor administrator c. Developed a good relationship with his congress d. Effectively articulated southern ideals e. Defied rather than led public opinion

e. defied rather than led public opintion

Commodore Mathhew Perry

got Japan to open itself to trade in the Treaty of Kanagawa

Gold Fever/ California gold rush

early 1848 thousands flocked to cali to get gold. .

Robert La Follette

established a personal following as governor, "Wisconsin Idea"

NRA (national recovery administration)

established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices

Good Neighbor Policy

established and reinforced by FDR to create good relations with L. America; nullied Roosevelt Corollary

Civil Works Administration

established late in 1933, and it was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Many of its tasks were rather frivolous (called "boondoggling") and were designed for the sole purpose of making jobs.

Immigration

europe was getting full and america was the land of opportunity. jammed into unsanitary quarters made america more plural

imprisonment for debt

eventually was abolished

Compromise of 1850

everyone starting to agree, but the "fire eaters" of the south were will opposed to concession. eventually they supported it.

Manager-Council Plan

expert manager was hired by an elected city council to direct the work of various departments of city government

GEORGE McCLELLAN

extremely cautious Union general who was fired by Lincoln

George Bancroft

father of american history

Neal dow

father of prohibition sponsored the Maine law of 1851

Galveston, Texas

first city to adopt a commission plan of government

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

first immigrant restriction passed by Congress

"Black Cabinet"

first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs, an informal group of African-American public policy advisors to United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was supported by the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. By mid-1935, there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies.

Hillary Clinton

first lady of bill clinton, senator for new york, closest a woman has come to presidential candidate

Robert Walpole

first of modern British Prime Ministers; deliberately did not strictly enforce Navigation Acts, in hopes to stimulate commerce

Conscription law 1940

first peacetime draft; trained 1.2 million troops

Norway, Denark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland

five "weaker" countries Hitler attacked before France (after phoney war)

Johnson Debt Default Act 1934

forbade any country that still owed US money from borrowing any more cash

Pure Food and Drug Act

forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs

Dust Bowl

forced many farmers to migrate west to California and inspired Steinbeck's classic The Grapes of Wrath. The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.

Veterans of Future Wars

formed 1936 by a group of Princton U students; anti-war group that mocked the early payment of bonuses to WWI veterans

National Urban League

formed in 1911 to help those migrating from South to northern cities, "Not Alms But Opportunity", reflected emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement

SUSAN B ANTHONY

formed the National Women Suffrage Association

Nye Committee 1934

formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers and bankers were pro-war in WWI soley to make profit; increased anti-war atmosphere and push to pass Neutrality Acts

FREDERICK DOUGLASS

former slave; author, speaker, abolitionist; nonviolent means

1867 The Grange

founded by Kelley. aka the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Want to relieve dullness of farm life with social outlet for members. Constitution anned politics, but it often spported RR regulation. Mostley in Midwest and S.

NAWSA

founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

Benito Mussolini

founded the Fasci de Combitimmento after being kicked out of the Socialist party in 1919. He came into power in the 1920s, and by 1926, Mussolini had transformed Italy into a single-party totalitarian regime. He also pursued an aggressive policy which won him support in every sector of the population.

Joseph Smith

founded the mormon religion and the church of jesus christ of latter day saints. said to have several wives. eventually murdered in 1844

September 11 Attacks

four planes used as missiles; took down the symbol of US financial power, the World Trade Center Towers; the deadliest attack on US soil; it leads to far reaching changes in American life

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies

Emergency Banking Relief Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Prior to 1860, public education in the United States

gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world.

luftwaffe

german airforce

Germans

germany suffered like ireland so they came over, were welcomed easier because they had money. pushed into the middle west because they had the money to. invented the conestoga wagon, the kentucky rifle and the christmas tree. also brought better education

Atlanta Exposition

given by Booker T.Washington, argued blacks' need for education and economic progress was most important, concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages, etc.

Unitarian Faith

god exists in one person and not in the orthodox trinity. denies the divinity of jesus stressed the goodness of people.

Charles grandison finney

greatest revival preachers trained as a lawyer but left to become an evangelist. had huge crowds spellbound denounced slavery and alchohal

Woodrow Wilson

grew up in Virginia during Civil War, first Southerner since Taylor, idealistic, intellectual, righteous, inflexible, believed President should lead actively and appeal directly to people to rally support for legislation

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

group advocating US support for GB in the fight against Hitler

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

group of congressmen that strongly supported strict Reconstruction

Young Guard

group of newer leaders who didnt grow up with the union, wanted to purify and dissolve the union

Ku Klux Klan

group that became prominent in the early 1920s, now resembled the antiforeign nativist movements of the 1850s

United Negro Improvement Association

group that promoted the resettlement of American blacks in their own African homeland

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management.

Douglas's Kansas Nebraska scheme

had to break the compromise of 1820 to get popular sovereignty in kansas and nebraska because it is above the 30 36 line. Southerners were all for it, northerners hated the idea. caused the north and south more drama and led to the civil war, the end of the use of the fugitive slave act

child workers

half the nations industrial workers were children under 10 starved emotionally and sometimes whipped in whipping rooms

starving time

harsh winter between [1609-1610] when there was no food, leaving the settlers to eat anything they could find (cannibalism, dogs, snakes)

ROGER TANEY

he declared that slaves were not citizens in Dred Scott case

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

he delivered the Gettysburg Address

According to the nineteenth-century "science" of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual's skull?

her character and intelligence

Transportation

highways and steamboats invented the steamboat was invented by robert fulton were huge

ANDREW JACKSON

his campaign symbols represented him as a "man of the people

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

his presidential campaign slogan was: "Tippecanoe and Tyler too"

Cuba

huge want in manifest destiny had a lot of slaves the south loved the idea of cuba polk took steps to get it but spain wouldnt have it the south started filibustering, cuba fought back

Social Welfare

improved by efforts of settlement house workers, Jane Addams, Frances Kelley, found the need for support of immigrants and working class, lobbied for better schools, juvenile courts, divroce laws, etc.

Hiram Johnson

in California successfully fought against economic and political power of Southern Pacific Railroad

Visible saints

in calvinism, thos ewho publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives

Kulaks

independent farmers; Stalin ordered Collective Farming (crops go to Russian gov't)

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

radar

initially invented by GB to detect aircraft in the air; eventually used by all belligerent countries in WWII

Gerald Nye

instigator of 1934 Senate hearings that castigated WWI munitions manufacturers as "merchants of death"

Public Works Administration

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

Washington Disarmament Conference

international conference held by Harding in 1921-1922 ; USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan agreed on a set amount of tonnage for their Naval fleets ; increased political stability

Poland

invaded Sept 1939 by Hitler; set off WWII

TELEPHONE

invented by Alexander Graham Bell

TYPEWRITER

invented by Christopher Sholes

Sewing machine

invented by elias howe and perfected by isaac singer, made northern industry a boost.

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph and eventually strung a wire 40 miles from washington to baltimore

LIGHTBULB

inventor Thomas Alva Edison

JOSEPH GLIDDEN

inventor of barbed wire

Mali

is a landlocked country in West Africa.

The 1848 Senecal Falls, New York convention on women's rights

issued a manifesto patterned after the declaration of independence

proclamation of 1763

issued of October 7, 1763 and was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and started that Americans were not permitted to passed the Appalachian Mountains.

Ida Tarbell

journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company

Lend-Lease Act 1941

law that made the US the "arsenal for democracy" by providing supposedly temorary military material assistance to GB

PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS

laws in N states; forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves

the Granger laws

laws supported by farmers that tried to lessen the control of railroads by imposing state restrictions on them, later deemed illegal

Navigation Acts

laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Charles Lindbergh

leader of America First Committee; chief spokesman for US isolationism

SANTA ANNA

leader of Mexico in the Mex-Am War

ROBERT E LEE

leader of the Confederate Army

PGT BEAUREGARD

leader of the Confederate troops at the Battle of Fort Sumter

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's Party

MERIWETHER LEWIS

leader of the expedition to explore the LA Purchase

GEORGE CUSTER

leader of the slaughtered 7th Cavalry

Stephen Austin

leader of the troops at the Alamo

NAT TURNER

led a slave revolt; captured, tried, hanged

In 1836, The Battle of San Jacinto

led to an independent Texas

New Freedom

limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, revive competition by supporting small business

In the 1840's the organized movement against drunkeness in the US

linked alcohol to crime and poverty

Eerie canal/ Clintons big ditch

linked the great lakes and the hudson river idea from governer Dewitt Clinton

1898 Grandfather Clause

literacy test can disqualify black voters, but not white men whose fathers and grandfathers were able to vote before 1867.

Weimar Repubic

name of democratic govt of GER 1919-1933

1890 Ocala Platform/Demands

meeting at this city in FL. Adopted by Farmer's Alliance. These called for creation of sub-treasury system to allow farmers to store crops until they get the best price, free silver coinage, end to protective tariffs and national banks, fed income tax, direct election of senator, and tighter RR regulation.

Havana Conference

meeting where US warned Germany that it could not take over orphan colonies in the Americas

Texas

mexicans threatened war over texas texans were forced to stay under the mexicans flag

National Woman's Party

militant approach, took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, hunger strikes, led by Alice Paul

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act

modest reductions in duties. reduced tariffs. ended McKinley Tariff's popular reciprocity with other countries. Imposed income tax.

New Nationalism

more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, more social welfare programs

Population growth by 1860

more than doubled the population, extremely fertile. intensified slums, causing unclean water, improper garbage disposal and rats. immigration added to this

Harriet Tubman

most well-known "conductor" of the "railroad;" snuck back into the South 19 times and led some 300+ slaves to freedom

Niagara Movement

must fight for Talented Tenth actively with militant action. Focus on equal rights and educating black youth.

"City upon a hill"

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

49ers

name given to those who went to CA in search of gold

Iceland

nation near whose waters US destroyers, namely USS Kearny, came under Nazi submarine attack

Japan

nation that acted against the Washington Naval Treaty in 1934 and walked out of London Conference

Philippines

nation to which the US promised independence in the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

the Hudson river school of painters emphasized in their work the importance of

natural beauty

nicholas p trist

negotiator of the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo on feb 2 1848 expanded all the way to california for 15 mil

President Harrison

new in 1841 whig candidate appointed Daniel webster as secretary of state only did 4 weeks and office

Federal Trade Commission

new regulatory agency empowered to investigate and take action against "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation

Scottsboro Boys

nine black teenaged boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident deal with racism and a basic American right: the Right to a fair trial. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice.

Most White southerners owned ______ slaves

no slaves

Herbert Hoover

nominated again without much vigor and true enthusiasm, and he campaigned saying that his policies prevented the Great Depression from being worse than it was.

Louis Brandeis

nominated for the Supreme Court by Wilson; first Jew called to the high Bench

W.E.B. Du Bois

northerner with college education, "Souls of Black Folk" criticized Washington's approach, demanded equal rights for African-Americans, argued that political and social rights were prerequisite for economic independence

Tax supported primary schools

not funded well, since they were just to educate poor children. said the brats might grow up to be ignorant and had tax supported, became traditional red school house.

James McCord

one of the "plumbers" who worked for the White House to plug "leaks" to the media; he committed illegal break-ins and surveillances. His revelations in 1973 that he was being paid to keep quiet began the unraveling of the Watergate cover-up.

DAVY CROCKETT

one of the "volunteer" heroes at the Alamo

Henry Demarest Lloyd

one of the earliest muckrakers, 1881 wrote "Wealth Against Commonwealth" published in 1894, attacked the principles o Standard Oil Company

Thomas Paine/Common Sense

one of the founding father of the United States and on 1/10/1776 he first published a persuasive argument that Americans should become independent and it was written in a style that the common person could read.

LUCRETIA MOTT

one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention

WAACs/ WACs/WAVES

one of the women's groups that was positioned in the South Pacific during the war

The ideology of free soil included

opposition to the expansion of slavery

League of Women Voters

organized by Carrie Chapman Catt, civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues

Denmark Vesey

originally Telemaque; African American slave brought to the US from the Caribbean; After purchasing his freedom he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the US; Word of his plans got out and at Charleston South Carolina authorities arrested him before the uprising could begin.

George Catlin

painter of native american life. advocate for preservation of nature eventually made the idea for a natural park system

Federal Music Project

part of the Federal government of the United States New Deal program Federal One, employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. People in the music world had been particularly hard-hit by the era's economic downturn. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the ____ researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology.

1887 Dawes (Severalty) Act

passed by Congress. Divided tribal land into small plots to distribute to tribe members. Intended to achieve assimilation- educate Indians and eventually become citizens. Native American culture dimmed.

Muckrakers

people needed to be informed of the "dirty" realities of party politics and the scandalous conditions in factories and slums, middle-class readers loved to read about schemes in politics

Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their

perception of white racial superiority.

STEEL PRODUCING TECHNIQUES

perfected by Kelley and Bessemer

woman reformers

perpetual minors and women awfully changed the idea furthering the lines between lady and girl

Sudetenland

piece of land south Czechoslovakia; betrayed by GB and FR to appease Hitler in 1938 Munich Conference

rendezvous system

pioneers and indians would meet up in a different location every year to trade furs. (mostly beaver)

western landscape

pioneers shaped it and exhausted the areas resources and pushed on leaving barren fields,

sanctuary

place of refuge or protection, where people are safe from punishment by the law

ELLIS ISLAND

place where most immigrants gained access on the East Coast

ANGEL ISLAND

place where most immigrants gained access on the West coast

nonimportation agreement

pledges by colonists to boycott any imported British goods- this greatly damaged the British economy, which eventually led to some concessions on the part of the government (temporary) The mobilization of nonimportation policies against the Stamp Act was politically important because it aroused revolutionary fervor among many ordinary American men and women.

Eisenhower Doctrine

policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country

WILLIAM MARCY TWEED

political "Boss" of Tammany Hall in NYC

Moral Majority

political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality.

mexico deals

polk tries to buy california and new mexico, mexico is angry and doesnt even consider his offer

Western pioneers

poorly fed, ill clad, housed in erected shanties victims of disease depression, and premature death.

Huey P. Long

popular for his "Share the Wealth" program.

Decline of Muckraking

popularity of books began to decline, writers found it difficult to top the last story, publishers were expanding and facing economic pressures from advertisers to tone it down, corporations developed PR groups

SOJOURNER TRUTH

powerful speaker for abolitionism and women's rights; "made a name for herself"

CHARLES G FINNEY

preacher who said that slavery was a "great national sin

Gerald Ford

president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

Westward movement

president andrew jackson expands beyond the appalachian mountains to the west, stories of the west caused more movement

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on TV and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the Berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

JOHN TYLER

president referred to as "His Accidency"; got the job when Harrison died

JOHN ADAMS

president who appointed the "midnight judges"

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

president who favored the lenient Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction

MARTIN VAN BUREN

president who inherited Jackson's economic problems

JAMES GARFIELD

president who was assassinated by an angry office seeker

Johnson Debt Default Act (1934)

prohibited foreign nations in default from marketing their bond issues in the United States. Senator Hiram Johnson sponsored the Act which included a passage that forbade loans to nations in default on their debts.

Neutrality Acts of 1935,1937

prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars

The Wilmot Proviso

prohibited slavery in any land acquired from mexico

Wilmot proviso

prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the mexican war.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

prohibits immigration of Chinese workers for ten years.

Hoover Dam

project as part of a massive public-works program; brought much needed employment to Southwest

court-packing scheme

proposal by FDR allowed president to appoint new Supreme Court justices, totaling 6 in all. (FAILED)

Townshend Acts

proposed to Parliament by Charles Townshend, these were direct taxes on imports on certain goods (including paper, tea, etc.)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

proposed to organize Kansas and Nebraska and move the transcontinental railroad up north

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men. They reforested areas, fought fires, drained swamps, controlled floods, etc.

Meat Inspection Act

provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

publisher of The Liberator; white abolitionist

Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934

put Philippines on the road to independence

men teaching

put a lot of pressure on the hickory stick, eventually became a womens job.

Before the civil war, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the

quakers

George Wallace

racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

1890 McKinley Tariff Act

raised tariff duties 4%. reciprocity provision- president can lower duties if other countries do the same. used duties to promote new industries.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

raised the tariff on most imports, angered Progressives when Taft signed it, even publicly defnded it

Commonwealth vs Hunt

ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were honroable

agrarian

referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bolted down the loyalties of middle class, Democratic homeowners.

Controlling Public Utilities

reform leaders sought to take these out of the hands of private companies, 2/3 of nation's cities owned their own water systems, operation of gas lines, power plants, etc.

Transcendentalists

regarded reason to be the most important human faculty

détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

party loyalty factors

religion, civil war traditions, ethnicity, class distinctions

Methodists and Baptists

repead the biggest harvest of souls . both preach personal conversion. democratic take on religion

17th Amendment

required that all US senators be elected by popular vote, previously had been selected by state legislatures, Senate had become millionaires' club

VA AND KY RESOLUTIONS

resolutions stating that states could void an act of Congress

People of the jackson westward era

restless and young, over half of the population was under 30. manifest destiny.

GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT

restriction limiting Japanese emigrants to US

cabinet

secretaries of the executive departments, the vice president, and other top officials that help the president make decisions and policy

France

seized by Hitler in 1940; pushed the US closer to direct aid to GB

James Gadsden

sent to Mexico to work a deal for the land

Committee for Industrial Organization

set up to organize unions that included all workers in a particular industry

Fair Labor Standards Act

setting up minimum wage and maximum hours standards and forbidding children under the age of sixteen from working.

FRANCES WILLARD

she led the WCTU to ban the sale of alcohol

1968 Democratic National Convention

significant event in presidential election of 1968; demonstrated the confusion and lack of unity among Democrats; outside, protests and police brutality

Black ivory

slave prices rose before the civil war there was a death penalty for slavers man did it in secret.

"Arsenal of Democracy"

slogan coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the British Empire fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting.

Ostend Manifesto

spain england france and the Us met up to discuss the purchaseof cuba, $120 mil offered. this meeting angered the north because cuba would have been a slave state. ruined everything for cuba

admiralty courts

special administrative courts mandated by British rule that were presided over by British judges and had no jury. These were opposed fiercely by the colonists, who saw it as a restriction of their liberties and an imposition on their way of life.

Frederick Douglass

spent years lecturing in England against slavery

William seward

spokesman for younger northern radicals, a strong antislaveryite who was against staying together argued that legislators must obey gods moral code and mans law. meaning that slavery is immoral which cost him his presidential nomination in 1860

camp meetings

spread the great awakening to many people. spread religion everywhere.

The effect of Uncle Tom's cabin on the nation was to

spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

started by Edwin Drake

McClure's Magazine

started by Samuel Sidney in 1893, became major success in running a series of muckraking articles

1886 Wabash Case

states cant regulate commerce extending beyond borders, only Congress can.

Mccormick reaper

steel reaper that could plow through the hardw estern soils.

Brigham young

stern new leader of the mormons aggressive leader and eloquent preacher. eventually moved the mormons to the desert as their new eden, semiarid utah. married 27 r=women and begot 56 kids

Americans and nature

still appreciated nature even though they destroyed it. wild unspoiled nature was left in the west. animated literature and art.

propaganda (propagandist)

systematic program or particular materials designed to promote certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term is used negatively, implying the use of manipulative or deceptive means Samuel Adams was a colonial propagandist who led protests of British policy in Boston.

phony war

term dubbed to the early phase of WWII; period of silence and inactivity in Europe after Hitler moved his forces from Poland and eventually attacked Norway and Denmark

appeasement

term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands

HOME RULE

term of what S Democrats achieved after the Election of 1876

televangelists

term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks

Taliban

terrorist Islamic organization that ruled off and on in Afghanistan

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.

HENRY CLAY

the "Great Compromiser"; shaped the MO Compromise and Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay

the "Great Compromiser;" offered a compromise for the California slavery issue

Cuban Missile Crisis

the 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

the Republican candidate who won the Election of 1860

Warren Burger

the Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

theocracy

the belief in government by divine guidance

John L. Lewis

the boss of the United Mine Workers who also succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) within the ranks of the AF of L in 1935.

British interest in texas

the british were interested in abolishing slavery in texas they thought it could spread through the south and it coukd be a place for free trade

Non-importation Agreements

the colonies agreed to not import certain items, including tea from the British of the British East India Company to cause hardships on the British economy.

monopoly

the complete control of a product or sphere of economic activity by a single producer or business reference examples: Virginia and tobacco, British East India Company and tea

Nineteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

veto

the constitutional right of a ruler or executive to block any legislation passed by another unit of the government

SECTIONALISM

the divided attitude of the country around the time of the election of 1796

Berlin Wall

this was built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

mercantilism

the economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. (This system was embraced by the British and opposed by many colonists who believed they were being used for the mother country's sole benefit). Remember: there were advantages for the colonists as well Note: British mercantilism promoted any form of free market in the colonies, including preventing them from printing their own paper money. One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by inhibiting the development of banking and paper currency in the colonies. British mercantilism enforced restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency.

mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression (thanks to the Dust Bowl), were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Reaganomics

the federal economic polices of the reagan administration, elected in 1981. these policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

JOHN JAY

the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Doolittle raid

the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese Home Islands (specifically Honshu) during World War II. By demonstrating that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, it provided a vital morale boost and opportunity for U.S. retaliation after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

SAM HOUSTON

the first president of the Republic of Texas

SALT I

the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Jeannette Rankin

the first woman in the U.S. Congress. A Republican, she was elected statewide in Montana in 1916 and again in 1940. A lifelong pacifist, she voted against the entry of the United States into both World War I and World War II, the only member of Congress to vote against the latter

Orval Faubus

the governor who opposed the integration of Central High, sent the little rock national guard to keep them out. then gave them no protection at all.

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented, the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt

Antiforeignism

the invasion of immigrants caused prejudices hated the roman catholics

The Supreme court held in the case of Dred scott v. Sandfor (1857) that

the missiouri compromise was unconstitutional

HARRIET TUBMAN

the most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad

railroad

the most significant contributions to the development of the country, cheap fast and reliable. binded the entire union together.

GROVER CLEVELAND

the only president with two non-consecutive terms

popular sovereignty

the people of a territory should decide and issue for themselves

SALT II

the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

the site of the final surrender of the Civil War

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

the system used to help fugitive slaves escape

Federal Arts Project

the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era New Deal Works Progress Administration Federal One program in the United States. It operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. Reputed to have created more than 200,000 separate works, ____ artists created posters, murals and paintings. Some works still stand among the most-significant pieces of public art in the country.

GOSPEL OF WEALTH

theory which suggests that the rich are entitled to their wealth

Ardennes

thick forest on the border of France and Germany

Bull-Moose Party

third party that ran Roosevelt in 1912, Roosevelt felt as strong as a "bull moose"

Shanghai Communique

this "normalized" the relationship between the US and Communist China, it lessened the US commitment to Taiwan

AMNESTY ACT

this allowed former Confederate soldiers to vote and hold office

CHANCELLORSVILLE

this battle was a Confederate victory; Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot

ANTIETAM

this battle was the bloodiest single day in US history

XYZ AFFAIR

this event angered Americans and led to an undeclared naval war with FR

CORPORATION

this is where a number of people own shares in a business

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

this made assisting a runaway slave a jailable offense

ANDREW CARNEGIE

this steel tycoon established libraries to help the disadvantages

headright system

this system encouraged immigration by granting heads of households 50 acres of land per servant he brings

REDEMPTION

this term describes Democrats return to power in the South

William walker

tried to get control of nicaragua for the south, became president and offered refuge for southerners. failed big concern for great britain they feared the US would monopolize

William Walker

tried to take over Nicaragua in 1856

William James and John Dewey

two leading American advocates of pragmatist philosophy, defined "truth", "good" could not be known in fixed shapes, people should experiment with laws and things

Taft, Dewey

two leading Republican presidential candidate aspirants

By the time of the Civil War, Cotton constituted nearly______ of the total export trade of the US

two-thirds

Robin Moor

unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941

The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaways slaves escape was the...

underground railroad

Catharine Beecher

unmarried sister of famous Harriet Beecher Stowe urged women to go into teaching and it eventually became a womans job

burning house analogy

used by FDR in one of his fireside chats to persuade Americans to support Lend Lease Policy

patroonship

vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. Most failed.

Commission Plan

voters elected the heads of city departments as well as the mayor

Prince Henry the Navigator

was an important figure in 15th-century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and the Age of Discoveries. He was the fifth child of the Portuguese king John I and responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes

Securities and Exchange Commission

was designed as a stock watchdog administrative agency, and stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts than as casinos.

In the mid-nineteenth cent, the general European attitude toward american art and leisure

was that american artists had little to offer europe

Alf Landon

was the republican candidate in 1936. This honest and wealthy man from Kansas lost greatly to the Democrat Franklin Roosevelt. He had stressed balancing the budget.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

General zachary taylor

went down to keep texas and mexico under control snd said there was blood spilled causing the beginning of the mexican war

Most "plain folk" of the old south

were subsistence farmers

African-Americans in Progressive Era

were ultimately ignored by Progressive leaders, thought only in terms of the white race, Wilson was a racist who acquiesced to demands of southern Democrats

Virtual Representation

when the colonies argued that the British couldn't tax them without direct representation in Parliament the British government argued they were virtually represented by the king and charter holders

writs of habeus corpus

when the person who is being charged wants proof stating exactly what they are begin charged for and why they are being held in jail. courts must provide this

VICKSBURG

when this city on the MS River was taken, the Confederacy was divided

Kentucky blue grass

when you burn sugar cane it makes a good grass for livestock

Works Progress Administration

which put $11 million on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and hard-surfaced roads and gave 9 million people jobs in its eight years of existence.

Winfield Scott

whig party candidate that repelled the masses

Conscience whigs

whigs against slavery

South during 1850

worried that the balance would be thrown off by california joining a as a free state. angry about the idea of getting rid of slavery in the district of columbia. very angry about the runaway slaves not being returned to the south.

"The Jungle"

written by Upton Sinclair, described the horrors of Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry, public outcry led t new laws

How the Other Half Lives

written on the conditions of tenement life, Jacob Riis, one of the first photojournalism books

Jacob Riis

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" 1890

Pearl S. Buck

wrote a beautiful and timeless novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938.