COMM 102 Exam 4
What is Health Communication?
"The way we seek, process, and share health information." (DuPre p. 11) Communication focused on health. Aims to arrive at the best possible solution for all involved and built around goals.
Weiss' six provisions of relationships
(1) Belonging and a sense of reliable alliance. (2) Emotional Integration and stability (3) Opportunity to talk about yourself (4) Opportunity to help others (5) Provision of Physical SUpport (6) Reassurance of Worth and Value
Why is Health Communication important?
1. Communication is crucial to health care success 2. Effective use of mass media helps increase health education and minimize unhealthy portrayals 3. Communication vital for coping and confidence for patients and providers 4. Effective communication saves time, money, and resources 5. Communication is vital at the organizational level for efficient operation 6. Health industry full of opportunities
Groupthink and why it's undesirable
A lack of critical evaluation of proposed ideas or courses of action resulting from high cohesion or high conformity pressures Keeps people from voicing their true opinions Can keep good ideas from being implemented
Health Communication Culture
A major predictor of health communication effectiveness May influence behavior and decisions Traditional diet, social orientation, etc. About the communication, it has to be targeted at segments of the larger population.
Cultivation Theory
A media effects theory created by George Gerbner that states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world. The theory also states that viewers identify with certain values and identities that are presented as mainstream on television even though they do not actually share those values or identities in their real lives (Griffin, 2009).
Synergy
A type of communication that requires listening, communication, and trust. It means opening yourself up to new possibilities, and it will help you work together with other people to create effective and harmonious relationships.
Sense of Urgency
At the point where they must receive attention
Task-oriented vs. relational-oriented groups
Are we doing something or interacting with each other? A team is a task-oriented group where the members are particularly loyal to each other and dedicated to take task (p. 649) This can be done virtually as well
Compromising of conflict management
Both parties give something up or find an agreeable third alternative
Level 1
Building Basic skills (speaking and listening, writing, etc.)
Fear Appeals work on who?
Copers (Who are not anxious by nature) and Sensation Seekers (Younger audiences who are "thrill" and "experience" driven)
Level 2
Developing Special Competencies skills
Core assumptions of organizational communication
Communication is central to the very existence of the organization. Communication is a dynamic process. Communication is complex and cognitive. Communication can and often will go wrong. Misunderstandings characterize communication in organizations.
Cultural odorlessness
Communication/media designed not to be identified as from one specific culture
Interdependence
Conflict happens when the relationship matters
Storming
Conflicts emerge as roles are performed and ideas shared Remember - conflict can be productive!
Level 3
Cultivating Strategic Expertise skills
Spillover effects
Demonstrate that personal and work lives cannot be easily separated
What is culture?
Different concepts and rules with regard to relationships and how they work
Conflict
Discord or a barrier that two interdependent people perceive and communicate
Five styles of conflict management
Dominating, Integrating, Compromising, Obliging, Avoiding
Ethnocentric bias (Enthnocentrism)
Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture
Integrating of conflict management
Find a solution that integrates both sides
Individualism
Focuses on the individual and their own goals and achievements
Life cycle of groups
Forming, Storming, Norming
Obliging of conflict management
Give up one's position to satisfy another
Perception
How we make sense of what we see and hear Incompatible goals
Biomedical model
Illness can be explained, identified, and treated via physical means
Dominating of conflict management
Impose one's will onto another
Duck and Rollie's breakup model
Intrapsychic Process, Dyadic Process, Social Process, Grave dress Process & Resurrection Process
Three kinds of friendly workplace relationships
Information peer relationships, Collegial peer relationships, Special peer relationships
Health Communication's goals and outcomes
Informing, influencing, and motivating audiences about health issues Effectively conveying messages about treatment/etc. to patients Increasing awareness of health risks and solutions Generating better health outcomes for individuals and the community Offering care and support for patients
Factors that lead to Conflict
Interdependence, Perception, Incompatible goals, Incompatible means, Sense of Urgency
Avoiding of conflict management
Just ignore or get around the conflict altogether - change the subject, etc.
Decision Downloading
Many decisions are made by small groups of people (at the top or otherwise) and must then be downloaded or passed on to other employees (p. 178)
Cohesiveness
People working together in unison
Examples of Involuntary relationships
Parent-Child, Siblings, Grandparent/Godparent-CHild, Colleagues, Distant Relatives, Co-Workers, Neighbors, Classmate, Teacher-Student
Examples of Voluntary Relationship
Partners/Spouses, Best Friends, Acquaintances, Activity Partner (Workout Buddy)
Support Groups
Primary Purposes: Advising, comforting, raising consciousness and spreading information. Features: Loosely defined Voluntary participation Members come and go as needed Often based on emotional support and fellowship. Examples: Alcoholics Anonymous Cancer survivor groups Study groups
Advisory Groups
Primary Purposes: Aimed at specific tasks, goal is to provide the "best solution" to a problem. Features: Specific and restricted membership May have structure, may have an agenda Discussion is open and informal Built on weighing evidence and alternatives Critical evaluation of proposals encouraged. Examples: Homecoming committees Juries Review boards
Creative Groups
Primary Purposes: Evaluating concepts or creating new ones. Features: Membership is usually invited Lack of structure Lack of critique of member ideas - actively discouraged Generate as many ideas as possible (brainstorming). Examples: Focus groups Development teams Brainstorming groups
Formal Groups
Primary Purposes: Task-oriented, focused on outcomes, often structured to run an organization. Features: Restricted or delegated relationships Mandatory attendance Clear structure and agenda Voting, formal rules for behavior and procedure. Examples: Congress Student government Board of Directors Board of Trustees
Duck's relationship filtering model
Relationships go through a series of filters. Sequence: Appearance, Behavior and Nonverbal Communication, Roles, Psychological Similarity, Friend/lover/etc. who makes it through
Jargon
Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
Collectivism
Stresses the benefits of groups and working harmoniously rather than individual advancement or achievement
Organizational Communication
The "process of creating, exchanging, interpreting, and storing messages within a system of human relationships" (Modaff, Dewine, and Butler, 2008, p. 3)
What are the components of Fear Appeals?
The Message, the Audience, and the Recommended Behavior
Forming
The group comes together. Group members reduce uncertaintyassociated with new relationships and tasks Negotiate roles and start forming group cohesion (p. 657) Outside charges reduce uncertainty (i.e. this task gives us something to focus on)
Secondary Groups
Those groups that represent casual and more distant social relationships (Examples: Classmates, fellow employees)
Primary Groups
Those groups that share close personal relationships (Examples: Friends, family)
Social Relationship
Those relationships we have with interchangeable people, or people to whom we are not by necessity closely tied to
Personal relationships
Those relationships with specific and irreplaceable individuals
Polychronic (Focuses on societies)
Time is a straight line. (Do one thing at a time Arrive at appointments early Use time efficiently and make best use of it)
Monochronic (Focuses on societies)
Time is open-ended and flexible (Punctuality is less important Meals and leisure activities can take longer Focus on building relationships)
Intersectionality
To acknowledge that we each have multiple cultures and identities that intersect with each other. Because our identities are complex, no one is completely privileged and no one is completely disadvantaged.
The Fear Appeal
To suggests that fear motivates individuals to take action about health issues. Pathos-based in nature and include Compelling threat of physical or social harm Evidence that the intended audience is particularly vulnerable Solutions that are easy to perform and effective.
Biopsychosocial model
Views illness not just as a physical phenomenon but also influenced by feelings/environment/etc.
WIFM
What's in it for Me? Employees may be more receptive to change
WIFO
What's in it for the Organization? Employees may be less receptive to change
Incompatible goals
When we seek different outcomes
Incompatible means
When we want to achieve the same goal but differ on how to do so
Social loafing
Where some members contribute less to the group than others in the hopes others will pick up their slack
Can people move back and forth?
Yes. (Coworkers can be friends, etc. Can be part of two groups at the same time in the same activity)
Serial construction of meaning model
commonality of experience, mutuality, equivalence of evaluation, sharing of meaning
Norming
group solidifies its practices and expectations Increases in stability, productivity, and cohesion Consensus about what roles are played and why