COMM 111 Final Exam Review

According to your textbook, which of the following statements is true?

Both a public speaker should not substitute emotional appeal for evidence and reasoning and emotional appeal is usually inappropriate in a persuasive speech on a question of fact.

As your textbook explains, a speaker who assembles a speech by copying word for word from two or three sources is committing what kind of plagiarism?

Patchwork

According to your textbook, questions of policy

both usually contain the word "should" and also involve questions of fact and value.

Nonverbal communication is based on a speaker's

both vocal delivery and bodily actions.

What, according to your textbook, is the term for anything that impedes the communication of a message?

interference

According to your textbook, the specific purpose statement for a speech should be

limited to one distinct idea.

According to your textbook, persuasion is a psychological process in which listeners engage in a __________ with the speaker.

mental dialogue

Which of the following words is the most concrete and specific?

movie star

In an informative speech, the speaker acts as a(n)

teacher.

You have found statistics on the Internet that you would like to use in your speech. Before you do, you need to make sure that

they come from a credible author or sponsoring organization. you can find the date on which they were published, posted, or updated. the statistics are recent enough to make them reliable for your speech.

According to your textbook, the questions listeners ask when judging an informative speech include

Is the information communicated clearly? Is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience? Is the information communicated accurately?

Which organizational pattern is especially effective for persuasive speeches that seek immediate action by listeners?

Monroe's motivated sequence

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation is called ______________.

Visualization

Which of the following are you least likely to find in a speech conclusion?

a credibility statement

Which of the following is an instance of informative speaking?

a doctor explaining how antioxidants affect the body

As your textbook explains, the speaker's message consists only of what the speaker says with language.

False

Global plagiarism occurs when a speaker takes material from several different sources and presents it as his or her own.

False

Models are the best type of visual aid for presenting statistical information.

False

Which of the following is a factor to consider in situational audience analysis?

attitude toward the topic

According to your textbook, which of the following is a demographic characteristic of a speech audience?

religious affiliation

According to your textbook, "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills" in an example of

repetition.

Good speech delivery

sounds conversational even though it has been rehearsed.

The major reason Monroe's motivated sequence is such an effective way of organizing persuasive speeches that seek action from listeners is that it

follows the process of human thinking.

Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points? I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers. II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every 10 years will do much to help solve the problem.

problem-solution

Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose "To persuade my audience to support stricter drug testing for college athletes"?

problem-solution

"To inform my audience about the steps in creating a rooftop garden" is an example of a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

process.

"To inform my audience about the three stages in a job interview" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

process.

"To inform my audience what steps to take if they become victims of identity theft" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

process.

Which of the following words is the most general and abstract?

writing

According to your textbook, the strongest source of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking is

the speaker's sincerity and conviction.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

True

Public speakers need to take their ethical responsibilities as seriously as their strategic objectives.

True

Research has shown that using visual aids can increase the audience's retention of a speaker's message.

True

As your textbook explains, when giving an informative speech to a general audience, you should take special care to

avoid being too technical.

When using visual aids in a speech, you should

display visual aids only while discussing them. maintain eye contact with listeners when showing visual aids. avoid passing visual aids among the audience.

A persuasive speech exploring the truth or falsity of an assertion is known as a speech on a question of

fact.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? We've been using pennies for more than two hundred years. We can't get rid of them now!

appeal to tradition

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? The Travelers Insurance Company has been in business since the Lincoln administration. That tells you it has to be a top-notch insurance company.

appeal to tradition

Using evidence is especially critical in a persuasive speech when your target audience

opposes your point of view.

"Our mission is to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve humanity" is an example of

parallelism.

According to your textbook, a speaker who attempts to establish goodwill in the introduction of a speech is aiming to convince the audience that he or she

has the best interests of the audience in mind.

The central idea of a speech should be

written as a complete sentence.

As you present your speech, you notice that many of your listeners have interested looks on their faces and are nodding their heads in agreement with your ideas. According to your textbook, these reactions by your listeners are called

feedback.

The three guidelines presented in your textbook for ethical listening are:

Be courteous and attentive. Avoid prejudging the speaker. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Having spent two years working in a television newsroom, Madison decided to give her informative speech on that topic. Because she knew a lot about it and was comfortable speaking to an audience, she didn't spend much time preparing. As a result, her speech was poorly organized, ran overtime, and did not have a clear message. Which guideline for ethical public speaking discussed in your textbook did Madison fail to live up to?

Be fully prepared for each speech.

As your textbook states, it is usually a good idea to write your entire speech on PowerPoint slides so your audience can read along with you.

False

Which of the following questions should you ask about the sponsoring organization of an Internet document?

Is the organization economically unbiased with respect to the issue? Is the organization objective in its research and fair-minded in its statements? Does the organization have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship?

According to your textbook, visual aids are most effective when they are

both integrated with the rest of the speech and explained clearly and concisely.

According to your textbook, persuasive speakers have an ethical obligation to

both learn about all sides of an issue and present their evidence fairly and accurately.

Studies have found that public speakers will usually be more persuasive when they

present evidence in specific rather than general terms.

Here are the main points for a speech about the methods used by Feng shui consultants. I. Feng shui consultants use light cures to redirect energy. II. Feng shui consultants use sound cures to generate new energy. III. Feng shui consultants use weight cures to bring feelings of stability. IV. Feng shui consultants use living cures to nourish life and growth. These main points are arranged in __________ order.

topical

Damon began his persuasive speech about wildfires in the western United States by giving examples of destructive fires in recent years. As he described the fires, he used PowerPoint to display images that enhanced the impact of his words. What method for gaining attention and interest did Damon use?

using visual aids

According to your textbook, "uh," "er," "um," and similar expressions in a public speech are referred to as

vocalized pauses.

The study of bodily motion and gestures is part of a subject called

kinesics.

Which of the following is recommended by your textbook as a method for generating emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?

Develop vivid examples.

Martina wants her audience to understand the fear and isolation experienced by people in the military who are victims of sexual assault. In additions to strong supporting materials, she has decided to use words with connotative meanings because they will help her

arouse an emotional response.

Rosalie will be giving a persuasive speech on organ donation and wants to distribute organ-donor cards to her listeners. When should she distribute the cards?

after she has finished speaking

"The flickering light of the fire revealed the fearful faces of the campers" is an example of

alliteration.

Each of the following is mentioned in your textbook as a tip for using statistics except

avoid using statistics found on the Internet.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? There can't be anything wrong with cheating on exams if 75 percent of college students do it.

bandwagon

As your textbook explains, ethnocentrism means

believing one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

"The task is heavy, the toil is long, and the trials will be severe" is an example of

both parallelism and alliteration.

Alisha began the introduction of her speech by saying: Like typical new parents, Paige and Iain Lochlan were thrilled when their son Lincoln was born. But their elation soon turned to fear as Lincoln began to miss important milestones. As an infant, he didn't make eye contact, and a year later he showed no interest in learning how to walk or talk. It wasn't long before Paige and Iain got the diagnosis every parent dreads—their child has autism. What kind of supporting material did Alisha use in her introduction?

brief example

According to your textbook, inflection refers to the

changes in the pitch of a speaker's voice.

The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it is more powerful. II. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it is more reliable. III. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it requires less land.

comparative advantages

Which of the following strategies is least likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

concentrating on your stage fright

According to your textbook, transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts are examples of

connectives.

"When Edward Snowden let the cat out of the bag, he ruined our country's intelligence system" is a poorly phrased central idea for an informative speech because it

contains figurative language.

One of the ways speakers analyze audiences is by looking at traits such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; and group membership. According to your textbook, what is this called?

demographic audience analysis

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? We have only two choices. We can either adopt a year-round school system or raise a nation of second-rate intellects.

either-or

Visual aids can be very useful to a speaker because they

enhance the clarity of a speaker's ideas.

According to your textbook, if you quoted Harvard business professor John B. Matthews on the strengths and weaknesses of U.S. business schools, you would be using __________ testimony.

expert

When Julia Wang quoted former U.S. Social Security Commissioner Dorcas Hardy in her speech on reforming the Social Security system, she was using what your textbook calls __________ testimony.

expert

"Our current gun control laws are all bark and no bite" is a poorly phrased central idea for a persuasive speech because it is

expressed in figurative language.

A speech that is fully prepared in advance but that is delivered from a brief set of notes or a speaking outline is called a(n) __________ speech.

extemporaneous

In a speech about valley fever, a potentially deadly disease that has reached serious proportions in several southwestern states, a speaker said: After being plagued by asthma attacks in Hawaii for six years, Lori Crown hoped to find relief by moving to the dryer climate in Bakersfield, California. A few months after arriving in Bakersfield, Crown was suffering from severe headaches, swollen feet, painful bumps on her hands and legs, and a prolonged fever. The diagnosis—valley fever. To combat the disease, Crown has to take fluconazole, an antifungal drug that costs $685 for a one-month supply of pills. Although the drug helps, Crown still gets painful headaches, frequent fevers, and debilitating fatigue. "It's so frustrating," Crown says. "One day I'll feel fine, then I'll be in bed for the next three." Most days she wishes she had stayed in Hawaii. According to your textbook, what kind of supporting material is used in this statement?

extended example

Audience-centeredness means that public speakers should

keep the audience foremost in mind throughout the speechmaking process.

According to your textbook, what are the three primary factors to consider when assessing an audience's disposition toward a speech topic?

knowledge, interest, and attitude

According to your textbook, when you are in a formal speaking situation the most effective way of gaining the initial attention of your audience after you walk to the front of the room is

looking directly at the audience without saying a word.

According to your textbook, persuasive speakers have an ethical obligation to

make sure their goals are ethically sound. learn about all sides of an issue. present their evidence fairly and accurately.

According to your textbook, when is it appropriate to cite an abstract of a magazine or journal article in your speech rather than locating and reading the full article?

never

"To inform my audience about the history of the lie detector" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)

object.

The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. A growing body of research shows that e-cigarettes pose a health risk to young people. II. The risk can be reduced by banning e-cigarette advertising and eliminating the sale of e-cigarettes to minors.

problem-solution

According to your textbook, the three criteria for judging the reliability of research documents located on the Internet are authorship, sponsorship, and

recency.

According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective? So, first, to what extent will you be protected by wearing a seatbelt?

signpost

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? If we give students vouchers to attend private schools, it won't be long until the entire public school system is eliminated.

slippery slope

"To inform my audience about the contributions of Navajo code talkers to the U.S. military during World War II" is an example of a

specific purpose.

"To inform my audience about the history and rules of curling" is an example of a

specific purpose.

"To inform my audience about the history of the Congressional filibuster" is an example of a

specific purpose.

Which of the following is discussed in your textbook as one of the six major guidelines for effective informative speaking?

Relate the subject directly to the audience.

Which of the following does your textbook recommend for conducting a research interview?

Show up on time. Keep the interview on track. Keep to the agreed time limit.

What does your textbook advise regarding the ethical use of emotional appeals in a persuasive speech?

Use emotional appeals to supplement your evidence and reasoning.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Councilman Stewart's recommendations for a wind farm might work, but do you want to take advice from a man who was caught cheating on his wife?

ad hominem

Jia's persuasive speech contained the following statement: The decline in the U.S. bat population has reached critical proportions. Since 2006, more than six million bats in 33 states have been killed by a fungus called white-nose syndrome. The shrinking number of bats has serious consequences, not only because bats eat insects that are harmful to trees and crops, but also because they eat mosquitoes, such as those that carry West Nile virus. Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy did Jia address in this excerpt?

need

The specific purpose for Yaoling's persuasive speech is "To persuade my audience that humans have an ethical responsibility to prevent the extinction of animal species." According to your textbook, Yaoling is speaking on a question of

value.

When Sophia attended the first discussion section for her math class and heard her instructor begin speaking with an unfamiliar accent, she immediately decided, "I won't learn anything from this teacher." Sophia failed to uphold which guideline for ethical listening?

Avoid prejudging the speaker.

According to your textbook, when citing Internet documents during a speech, a speaker should usually identify the

Both author or sponsoring organization responsible for the document and date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

According to your textbook, using evidence in a persuasive speech can

Both increase the speaker's credibility and inoculate listeners against counterpersuasion.

Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement for a classroom speech: "Should juvenile prisons be eliminated?"

It is stated as a question rather than as an infinitive phrase.

What kind of reasoning is used in the following passage? Alton Elementary School in Washington, D.C., has had great success getting kids to eat vegetables at lunch by allowing them to taste-test different recipes before putting specific vegetables on the menu. If that plan has worked at Alton, it can work at other schools, too.

analogical reasoning

"We must come to realize that we are responsible not only for preparing you for the world, but for preparing the world for you" is an example of

antithesis.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? If you really want to lose weight, make sure you use the newest diet on the market. In weight-loss plans, as in everything else, newer is always better.

appeal to novelty

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Of course we should use the latest innovations in testing for high-school students. If the testing methods are new, they will inevitably be better than older methods.

appeal to novelty

According to your textbook, saying "didja" instead of "did you" is an error in

articulation.

The Dean of Students is introducing a new campus policy on alcohol use. After the presentation, he will respond to questions from students, local residents, and reporters. To prepare for this question-and-answer session, the Dean should

ask his staff to anticipate potential questions. write out answers to potential questions. practice the delivery of his answers.

According to your textbook, what kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? United States children raised in two-parent families with incomes below the poverty line have a greater incidence of school absences, lower test scores, and less chance of finishing high school than do children raised in one-parent households with incomes at least 10 percent above the poverty line. We can see, therefore, that it is the economic stability of the family, not its family structure, that determines a child's ability to succeed in school.

causal reasoning

Here are the main points for an informative speech about the history of the @ symbol. I. The first recorded use of the @ symbol was in 1536 to represent units of wine. II. In later centuries, the @ symbol was used to mean "at the rate of" or "at the cost of." III. Today's @ symbol came into use in 1971 in the first e-mail ever sent. These main points are arranged in __________ order.

chronological

If your specific purpose were "To inform my audience of the major steps in an effective job interview," you would probably organize your speech in __________ order.

chronological

If a real estate developer were speaking to a group of citizens opposed to the creation of a shopping center in their neighborhood, the most important objective of her or his introduction would probably be to

create goodwill with the audience.

The most important task when preparing to conduct a research interview is

devising questions to ask during the interview.

According to your textbook, when people in one region of the country say "greazy," while people in another region of the country say "greasy," the difference is a matter of

dialect.

Which of the following is presented in your textbook as a guideline for ethical speechmaking?

Make sure your goals are ethically sound.

According to your textbook, which of the following is a factor in situational audience analysis?

the audience's attitude toward the topic

"Learning how to deal with stress" is a poorly phrased specific purpose for a classroom speech because it

Both is written as a fragment instead of as a full infinitive phrase and does not include a reference to the audience.

The fallacy of hasty generalization occurs when a speaker

Both jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few instances and generalizes on the basis of atypical cases.

Bryn is planning to use visual aids for her informative speech. Which of the following recommendations will she find in your textbook?

Both keep visual aids simple and use visual aids strategically.

As your textbook explains, you should use examples in your speeches in order to

Both personalize your ideas and clarify your ideas.

According to your textbook, when you reason from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you should

Both reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony and avoid drawing conclusions from too few instances.

As explained in your textbook, which of the following should lead you to question the objectivity of a sponsoring organization for an Internet document?

Both the organization has a history of bias and inaccuracy and the organization benefits financially by promoting its stance on the issue.

Because a picture is worth a thousand words, it is a good idea to pass photographs among the audience in order to illustrate your point.

False

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? There is no need to change our company's manufacturing process. Our assembly line has worked for the past 80 years, and it will work just fine for the next 80 years.

appeal to tradition

It is possible to disagree entirely with a speaker's ideas but still support the speaker's right to express those ideas.

True

Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

a scientist urging the FDA to ban plastics containing the chemical BPA

In which situation would a speaker be most likely to read from a manuscript?

a speech on international policy at the United Nations

Which of the following would you expect to find in a well-constructed speech introduction?

a statement establishing the speaker's credibility a statement gaining the audience's attention a statement previewing the main points of the speech

Colin wants to find scholarly research on eating disorders. The best place for him to look is in

academic databases.

What are the three criteria discussed in your textbook for assessing the soundness of documents found on the Internet?

authorship, sponsorship, and recency

In the introduction to her speech on volunteering, Fatimah mentioned that she spends a few hours every Saturday morning helping out at the local food bank. By doing so, she was seeking to accomplish which goal of a speech introduction?

establish credibility

The following passage from a speech introduction is an example of _________. After attending a seminar on currency security, I became fascinated by the technology developed by the Treasury Department to prevent the counterfeiting of paper money. I learned more about the subject by reading information from the Treasury Department, as well as by interviewing Donna Marshall, a security expert at Bank of America.

establishing the speaker's credibility

Using __________ is the best way to pull listeners into your speeches.

extended examples

As your textbook explains, the primary purpose of speechmaking is to

gain a desired response from listeners.

To paraphrase is to

give the gist of someone's statement in your own words.

Language helps to shape our sense of reality by

giving meaning to events.

According to your textbook, the preview statement in a speech introduction

identifies the main points in the body of the speech.

As your textbook explains, one advantage of Wikipedia is that

many articles have footnotes, reference lists, and links to other resources.

Examples are especially helpful as supporting materials because they

personalize your ideas.

Hector's persuasive speech contained the following statement: Reducing the problem of bullying will require a combination of measures. To begin with, school personnel need to be trained to recognize the signs of bullying and to respond appropriately. In addition, students need to be reminded that bullying is everybody's problem and that every student has a responsibility to report it to school officials. Finally, parents and teachers need to know how to empower students with appropriate ways to respond when they find themselves victims of bullying. Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy did Hector address in this excerpt?

plan

"To persuade my audience that the National Park Service should reduce the number of camp sites in national parks by 50 percent" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

policy.

"To persuade my audience that the United States should devote more of its resources to ending world hunger" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

policy.

According to your textbook, rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should aim at transforming it into

positive nervousness.

Kobe's persuasive speech contained the following statement: Lowering the drinking age will reduce binge drinking among college students by making alcohol consumption a normal experience rather than a forbidden pleasure. In addition, appropriate drinking behavior can be discussed at parties where adults are present, while peer pressure will help keep students from drinking to excess. Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy did Kobe address in this excerpt?

practicality

If you give a persuasive speech advocating a change in policy, your main points often will fall naturally into __________ order.

problem-solution

The burden of __________ always rests with the persuasive speaker who advocates change.

proof

According to your textbook, you should always combine demographic audience analysis with _____________ audience analysis.

situational

If you were giving a persuasive speech to a general audience arguing that all children should be required to use standard English in the public schools, the most important factor to consider in audience analysis would probably be

the ethnic background of the audience.

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized in __________ order.

topical

Which organizational pattern is used in a speech with the following main points? I. Soda lime glass is used in almost all ordinary glass products. II. Lead crystal glass is used mostly for luxury glass products. III. Heat resistant glass is used for cooking and scientific products.

topical