Comm 2206 chap 4
Silence; Lying (Benevolent lies not malicious); Equivocation (Equivocal language : Two or more plausible meanings); Hinting (Seeks to get desired response from other person)
Alternatives to Self - Disclosure
Catharsis; Self - clarification; Self - validation; Reciprocity; Impression formation; Relationship maintenance and enhancement; Moral obligation
Benefits of Self Disclosure
● We strive to construct multiple identities Impression management is collaborative ● Impression management can be deliberate or unconscious
Characteristics of Impression Management
endorse certain attributes
can have an impact on your self - concept
Self - esteem evaluations begin at a young age and have a powerful , cyclical effect on....
communication
Self - Disclose the kind of information you want others to....
disclose to you
Self - Fulfilling Prophecy: first form....
expectations of ourselves , others , or events
It is an inclination to be valuable by making others feels important to receive recognition .
express inclusion
Self - Fulfilling Prophecy flowchart
first form expectations of ourselves , others , or events. Second , we communicate these expectations. Third , people respond to these cues and adjust their behavior Fourth. our expectation comes true and is confirmed. Finally , we have closure and our behavior strengthens the initial belief
needing to receive affection does not automatically denote an urge to....
give affection to others
Increase depth and breadth....
gradually
Social psychologist Will Schutz postulated that one's self - esteem is affected by how....
one's interpersonal needs are met
We decide whether we are superior or inferior (which influences your self-esteem) and similar or different (which influences your self-concept) by comparing ourselves to what social scientists call....
reference groups
a mirroring of others ' judgments
reflected appraisal
everyone's self - concept is to some degree a...
reflected appraisal
Two complementary theories describe how interaction with others shapes the way individuals view themselves:
reflected appraisal and social comparison.
Reserve intimate disclosure for on - going...
relationships
having a high need to give and receive power are not usually found in the same....
same person
I don't think sports are for you
self - concept
You play piano so well !
self - concept
diminish certain attributes
self - concept
reflects not only your appearance but other aspects of who you are
self - concept
the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself . Imagine a mirror that reflected not only your appearance but other aspects of who you are - your typical emotional states , special talents , likes , dislikes , values , roles , and so on
self - concept
Self - Disclose the kind of information you want others to disclose to you; Increase depth and breadth gradually; Take things Reserve intimate disclosure for on - going relationships; Monitor Reciprocation
self - disclosure guidelines
How you feel about these qualities determines your ___________
self - esteem
an expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true is the...
self - fulfilling prophecy
Messages from parents , of course , are an early and important influence on the....
self concept
your ______________is a reflection of the messages you've received throughout your life - both in person and via social media
self concept
Beyond family members, many other people shape the______. Teachers, friends, romantic partners, and even some acquaintances can all leave an imprint on how you view yourself—sometimes for better, sometimes for worse
self-concept
How we send and create messages and how we react to messages are tied directly to our...
self-concept
Messages from parents, of course, are an early and important influence on the...
self-concept
the most significant part of one person's___________ might consist of social roles, whereas for another it might be physical appearance or accomplishments
self-concept
others' messages shape one's _______ and ______.
self-concept and self-esteem
Supportive parents are more likely than unsupportive ones to raise children with stable....
self-concepts and high self-esteem
to describe a person whose evaluations are especially influential
significant other
the self-image is shaped by the process of_________
social comparison
We decide whether we are _____ or ________ (which influences your self-esteem) and ________ or _________ (which influences your self-concept) by comparing ourselves to what social scientists call reference groups
superior or inferior similar or different
Bart will not be interested in dating me
the Self - Fulfilling Prophecy we first form expectations of ourselves , others , or events
we communicate these expectations...
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Second step
I will not speak to Bart or make eye contact with him
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Second step; we communicate these expectations
we have closure and our behavior strengthens the initial belief
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy fifth step;
When I see Bart , I remember how much he is not interested in me
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy fifth step; we have closure and our behavior strengthens the initial belief
our expectation comes true and is confirmed
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy fourth step;
In fact , Bart is not interested in dating me
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy fourth step; our expectation comes true and is confirmed
people respond to these cues and adjust their behavior
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy third step
Bart believes I am rude and not interested in him
the Self Fulfilling Prophecy third step; people respond to these cues and adjust their behavior
the desire to give attention and understanding to others is fundamentally different from...
the need to receive recognition (need for inclusion)
Beyond family members, many other people shape the self-concept. Teachers, friends, romantic partners, and even some acquaintances can all leave an imprint on how you___________—sometimes for better, sometimes for worse
view yourself
The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when we verbalize a prediction or internalize an expectation that comes true simply because....
we act as if it were already true u
Social psychologist Will Schutz postulated that one's self - esteem is affected by how one's interpersonal needs are met . Those three needs are :
• Inclusion • Control • Affection
reflects not only your appearance but other aspects of who you are
Self-concept
the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Imagine a mirror that reflected not only your appearance but other aspects of who you are—your typical emotional states, special talents, likes, dislikes, values, roles, and so on.
Self-concept
Josh is anxious about being excluded or ignored , and this fear of being left out causes him to value face to - face interactions . Even though your professor randomly placed Josh in the group , it is important for Josh to have a sense of belonging , acceptance and group togetherness
These characteristics match Schutz's profile of the person with a strong need for inclusion
Inclusion; Control; Affection
Three needs affected by how one's interpersonal needs are met
Self - imposed prophecies; Other - imposed prophecies; Observer must communicate
Types of Self - Fulfilling Prophecies
Importance ? Reasonable risk ? Appropriate ? Reciprocated ? Constructive ?
Guidelines for Self Disclosure
People sometimes misrepresent themselves to gain the trust of others; Deception in cyberspace is common; There is not only one honest way to behave in every circumstance; Impression management involves deciding which face (which part of yourself) to reveal
Impression Management and Honesty
We improvise scenes where our character reacts with others
Impression management is collaborative
wanting inclusion from others and give attention and understanding to others
Inclusion typically works in a two ways
Take things a step at a time . Don't jump in before you've tested the ' disclosure waters ' a little bit . Once you decide to disclose information about yourself , you can't take it back . You can't erase the effect it will have on your relationship . Before you disclose information that is dear to you , or that you might feel is guarded information , weigh the risks involved ..
Increase depth and breadth gradually
your self-concept is a reflection of the messages you've received throughout your...
Life
Think about the information that has been disclosed to you . Do you see a pattern in the topics of disclosure ? Do you see a pattern in the depth of disclosure ? Do you see a pattern in the frequency of disclosure ? Do you see a similar pattern in your own disclosure ? Looking at these elements in terms of the reciprocation of information is important in judging whether or not to self - disclose .
Monitor Reciprocation
Brandon may want a positive connection with another group member
Need for Affection
It is likely that Brandon will measure his success by the positive feelings he experiences rather than by what tasks he completes
Need for Affection
It is possible that Brandon could expect massive amounts of interpersonal affection and warmth but he never reciprocates
Need for Affection
Schutz would view Brandon's quest for friendship as a natural bi product of Brandon's need to view himself as lovable
Need for Affection
the need to establish and maintain a satisfactory relationship with others with respect to love and affection
Need for Affection
Her behavior could be an indirect attempt to lead and influence the final product or a blatant move to dominate and direct the result
Need for Control
Shelby has an elevated need to lead the activities of your project team
Need for Control
Shelby wants to create rules to the game
Need for Control
Shelby's actions spring from a self - concept that places a premium on being conscientious and competent
Need for Control
Josh's concern is that he is allowed to play
Need for Inclusion
the inner drive " to establish and maintain a satisfactory relationship with people with respect to interaction and association
Need for Inclusion
their belief for the prediction to have an effect
Observer must communicate
When one person's expectations govern another's actions , whether positive or negative
Other - imposed prophecies
The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self reflection
Perceived self
Public image the way we want to appear to others
Presenting self
Perceived self; Presenting self; Facework
Public and Private Selves
Monitor...
Reciprocation
others against whom you evaluate your own characteristics
Reference groups
Receiving critical signals, on the other hand, can make you feel less valuable, lovable, and capable
Reflected appraisal
To the extent that you have received supportive messages, you have learned to appreciate and value yourself
Reflected appraisal
everyone's self-concept is to some degree a ....
Reflected appraisal
On - going relationships have histories that allow you to judge the appropriateness and effects of disclosure . Intimate disclosures carry the greatest risk , both short and long term , when it comes to relational outcomes . It makes good sense to only disclose intimate information when you are better able to judge the effect on you and your relationships .
Reserve intimate disclosure for on - going relationships
Rejection; Negative impression; Decrease in relational satisfaction; Loss of influence; Loss of control; Hurt the other person
Risks of Self Disclosure
Josh might also have a high need to make contact with others so that they will not feel isolated or lonely
Schutz calls this the need to " express inclusion . " It is an inclination to be valuable by making others feels important (need for inclusion)
the need to establish and maintain a satisfactory relationship with people with respect to control and power
Schutz defined the interpersonal need for control
Consider the type of information you want to share and the type of relationship you have with your interacting partner . Would you want to learn the same thing about them that they are about to learn about you ?
Self - Disclose the kind of information you want others to disclose to you
" Information about the self that is purposefully communicated to another person "
Self - disclosure
the part of the self - concept that involves evaluations of self - worth . Your self - concept might include being quiet , argumentative , or serious . How you feel about these qualities determines your ...
Self - esteem
Your own expectations influence your behavior
Self - imposed prophecies
Reflects your typical emotional states, special talents, likes, dislikes, values, roles, and so on
Self-concept
Verbal and nonverbal ways we act in order to maintain our presenting image and the image of others
Facework
The part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
Self-esteem
describes a person whose evaluations are especially influential
Significant others
evaluating ourselves in comparison with others
Social comparison
