comm exam 2

TRUE OR FALSE: research shows that shared social networks are one of the strongest predictors of whether or not a relationship will continue or terminate.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Interestingly, group members are not as likely to designate or recognize an emergent leader that they perceive to be exceedingly more intelligent than them

TRUE

what would NOT be interpersonal communication

a brief exchange with a grocery store clerk who you don't know wouldn't be considered interpersonal communication, because you and the clerk are not influencing each other in significant ways.

monopolizer

a group member who makes excessive verbal contributions, preventing equal participation by other group members. In short, monopolizers like to hear the sound of their own voice and do not follow typical norms for conversational turn taking

speech of tribute

a longer and more formal version of a toast that establishes why a person, group, or concept is worthy of praise. Speeches of tribute can honor a group, organization, or concept but usually focus on one person

Step 2: Analyze the Problem

During this step a group should analyze the problem. - this step focuses on the "why." At this stage, group members can discuss the potential causes of the difficulty. Group members may also want to begin setting out an agenda or timeline for the group's problem-solving process

If I told you that I think my move from the city to the country was a good decision...

I would be sharing my thoughts, because I included a judgment about my experiences

problem question

Once the problem has been analyzed, the group can pose a problem question that will guide the group as it generates possible solutions. "How can citizens report suspected ethical violations of city officials and how will such reports be processed and addressed?"

Sexual interference

generally involves a friend engaging with another friend's romantic partner or romantic interest and can lead to feelings of betrayal, jealousy, and anger

performing stage of group development

group members work relatively smoothly toward the completion of a task or achievement of a purpose. Although interactions in the performing stage are task focused, the relational aspects of group interaction provide an underlying support for the group members. Socialization outside of official group time can serve as a needed relief from the group's task

nominal group technique

guides decision making through a four-step process that includes idea generation and evaluation and seeks to elicit equal contributions from all group members. -Silently and individually list ideas. -Create a master list of ideas. -Clarify ideas as needed. -Take a secret vote to rank group members' acceptance of ideas

Task Leader

has a high group status because of his or her maturity, problem-solving abilities, knowledge, and/or leadership experience and skills and functions primarily to help the group complete its task. This person may be a designated or emergent leader, but in either case, task leaders tend to talk more during group interactions than other group members and also tend to do more work in the group

Friends with benefits

have the closeness of a friendship and the sexual activity of a romantic partnership without the expectations of romantic commitment or labels

Primary emotions

innate emotions that are experienced for short periods of time and appear rapidly, usually as a reaction to an outside stimulus, and are experienced similarly across cultures. The primary emotions are joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust

Emotion sharing

involves communicating the circumstances, thoughts, and feelings surrounding an emotional event. Emotion sharing usually starts immediately following an emotional episode. The intensity of the emotional event corresponds with the frequency and length of the sharing, with high-intensity events being told more often and over a longer period of time

Environmental factors

lead us to have more day-to-day contact with some people over others. For example, residential proximity and sharing a workplace are catalysts for friendship formation. you may have had early friendships with people on your block because they were close by and you could spend time together easily without needing transportation

secondary groups

less frequent face-to-face interactions, less emotional and relational communication, and more task-related communication than primary groups. [9] While we are more likely to participate in secondary groups based on self-interest, our primary-group interactions are often more reciprocal or other oriented. For example, we may join groups because of a shared interest or need

Individualistic cultures

like the United States and most of Europe emphasize individual identity over group identity and encourage competition and self-reliance

joker

person who consistently uses sarcasm, plays pranks, or tells jokes, which distracts from the overall functioning of the group. In short, the joker is an incompetent tension releaser. Rather than being seen as the witty group member with good timing, the joker is seen as the "class clown." Like the insecure compliment seeker, the joker usually seeks attention and approval because of an underlying insecurity

One-upping

quick reaction to communication from another person that escalates the conflict. If Sam comes home late from work and Nicki says, "I wish you would call when you're going to be late" and Sam responds, "I wish you would get off my back," the reaction has escalated the conflict

Receptive friendships

a status differential that makes the relationship asymmetrical. Unlike the other friendship types that are between peers, this relationship is more like that of a supervisor-subordinate or clergy-parishioner. In some cases, like a mentoring relationship, both parties can benefit from the relationship. In other cases, the relationship could quickly sour if the person with more authority begins to abuse it.

relationship schemata

We also enter into new relationships with expectations based on the schemata we have developed in previous relationships and learned from our larger society and culture. It is blueprints or plans that show the inner workings of a relationship. Relationship schemata guide us in how we believe our interpersonal relationships should work. Even though we experience our relationships as unique, they are at least partially built on preexisting cultural norms.

factors that influence the formation of friendships

environmental, situational, individual, and interactional

three primary sources of conflict in a friendship that stem from internal/interpersonal causes and may lead to voluntary dissolution

sexual interference, failure to support, and betrayal of trust

emotional contagion

the spreading of emotion from one person to another

we may communicate needs or wants by saying something like...

"My best friend is looking for a job, and I really want him to move here, too."

Examples of communicating to meet self-presentation goals:

-As your boss complains about struggling to format the company newsletter, you tell her about your experience with Microsoft Word and editing and offer to look over the newsletter once she's done to fix the formatting (presenting yourself as competent). -You and your new college roommate stand in your dorm room full of boxes. You let him choose which side of the room he wants and then invite him to eat lunch with you (presenting yourself as friendly). -You say, "I don't know," in response to a professor's question even though you have an idea of the answer (presenting yourself as aloof, or "too cool for school").

speech of welcome

A speech of welcome is similar to a speech of introduction, but instead of introducing an audience to an upcoming speaker, you introduce the audience to upcoming events. If you are asked to deliver a speech of welcome, you're likely a representative of the group that planned or is hosting the event

problem statement

At the end of this stage, the group should be able to compose a single sentence that summarizes the problem called a problem statement. Avoid wording in the problem statement or question that hints at potential solutions.

technical briefings

Briefings that provide instructions like how to use a new identification badge are called technical briefings, and they are the most common type of workplace presentation

Task-leader behaviors can be further divided into two types: substantive and procedural

The substantive leader is the "idea person" who communicates "big picture" thoughts and suggestions that feed group discussion. The procedural leader is the person who gives the most guidance, perhaps following up on the ideas generated by the substantive leader

Ceremonial speaking

-refers to speeches of praise, tribute, and celebration that bring audiences together on special occasions -the speaking that goes on during these events isn't always as planned. One reason for this lack of preparation is that people think they can "wing" a toast, introduction, or acceptance speech. Another reason is that special occasion speeches can "sneak up" on you if the person in charge of the event didn't plan ahead for the speaking parts of the program and has to ask people to participate at the last minute -these speeches are shorter than other speech types. Special occasions are planned events, and a speaker is just one part of a program. -speak about occasion not yourself

lying in initiating stage

We tend to lie more during the initiating phase of a relationship. At this time, people may lie about their personality, past relationships, income, or skill sets as they engage in impression management and try to project themselves as likable and competent. For example, while on a first date, a person may lie and say they recently won an award at work.

Consensus rule

a decision-making technique in which all members of the group must agree on the same decision. On rare occasions, a decision may be ideal for all group members, which can lead to unanimous agreement without further debate and discussion. Although this can be positive, be cautious that this isn't a sign of groupthink. More typically, consensus is reached only after lengthy discussion. On the plus side, consensus often leads to high-quality decisions due to the time and effort it takes to get everyone in agreement.

Companionate love

affection felt between two people whose lives are interdependent. For example, romantic partners may come to find a stable and consistent love in their shared time and activities together. The main idea behind this distinction is that relationships that are based primarily on passionate love will terminate unless the passion cools overtime into a more enduring and stable companionate love.

ABC's of image are...

appearance, behavior, and communication

supporter

characterized by communication behaviors that encourage other group members and provide emotional support as needed. The supporter's work primarily occurs in one-on-one exchanges that are more intimate and in-depth than the exchanges that take place during full group meetings

intergenerational communication

communication between people of different age groups.

Sexual communication

deals with the initiation or refusal of sexual activity and communication about sexual likes and dislikes. [10] For example, a sexual communication could involve a couple discussing a decision to abstain from sexual activity until a certain level of closeness or relational milestone (like marriage) has been reached. Sexual communication could also involve talking about sexual likes and dislikes

family rituals

demonstrate symbolic importance and shared beliefs, attitudes, and values

Collectivistic cultures

like Taiwan, Colombia, China, Japan, Vietnam, and Peru value in-group identity over individual identity and value conformity to social norms of the in-group.

Patterned family interactions

most frequent rituals and do not have the degree of formality of traditions or celebrations. Patterned interactions may include mealtime, bedtime, receiving guests at the house, or leisure activities. Mealtime rituals may include a rotation of who cooks and who cleans, and many families have set seating arrangements at their dinner table

A binuclear family

nuclear family that was split by divorce into two separate households, one headed by the mother and one by the father, with the original children from the family residing in each home for periods of time.

depth

refers to how personal or sensitive the information is

Relationship rituals

take on more symbolic meaning than do relationship routines and may be variations on widely recognized events—such as birthdays, anniversaries, Passover, Christmas, or Thanksgiving—or highly individualized and original. Relational partners may personalize their traditions by eating mussels and playing Yahtzee on Christmas Eve or going hiking on their anniversary. Other rituals may be more unique to the relationship, such as celebrating a dog's birthday or going to opening day at the amusement park.

recorder

takes notes on the discussion and activities that occur during a group meeting. The recorder is the only role that is essentially limited to one person at a time since in most cases it wouldn't be necessary or beneficial to have more than one person recording. At less formal meetings there may be no recorder, while at formal meetings there is almost always a person who records meeting minutes

Teams

task-oriented groups in which members are especially loyal and dedicated to the task and other group members

nuclear family

two heterosexual married parents and one or more children

blind

unknown to self known to others

unknown

unknown to self unknown to others

breadth

refers to the range of topics discussed

feasibility report

A common future-focused report is the feasibility report, which explores potential actions or steps and then makes recommendations for future action based on methodical evaluation. The purpose of these reports is basically to determine if an action or step is a good idea for an organization

observations

include what we have done and experienced

Communication to outside stakeholders

includes messages sent from service providers to people who are not employed by the organization but conduct business with or support it. These stakeholders include clients, customers, and funding sources. Communication to stakeholders may be informative or persuasive

Extradyadic romantic activity (ERA)

includes sexual or emotional interaction with someone other than a primary romantic partner. Given that most romantic couples aim to have sexually exclusive relationships, ERA is commonly referred to as cheating or infidelity and viewed as destructive and wrong.

Sharing feelings includes...

expressing an emotion—for example, "I'm happy to wake up every morning and look out at the corn fields. I feel lucky."

leadership styles

-Autocratic leaders set policies and make decisions primarily on their own, taking advantage of the power present in their title or status to set the agenda for the group. -Democratic leaders facilitate group discussion and like to take input from all members before making a decision. -Laissez-faire leaders take a "hands-off" approach, preferring to give group members freedom to reach and implement their own decisions

Step 1: Define the Problem

Define the problem by considering the three elements shared by every problem: the current undesirable situation, the goal or more desirable situation, and obstacles in the way. [4] At this stage, group members share what they know about the current situation, without proposing solutions or evaluating the information

Step 4: Evaluate Solutions

During this step, solutions can be critically evaluated based on their credibility, completeness, and worth. Once the potential solutions have been narrowed based on more obvious differences in relevance and/or merit, the group should analyze each solution based on its potential effects—especially negative effects.

Step 5: Implement and Assess the Solution

Implementing the solution requires some advanced planning, and it should not be rushed unless the group is operating under strict time restraints or delay may lead to some kind of harm

Individuals may engage in workplace romances for many reasons, three of which are job motives, ego motives, and love motives

Job motives include gaining rewards such as power, money, or job security. Ego motives include the "thrill of the chase" and the self-esteem boost one may get. Love motives include the desire for genuine affection and companionship.

horizontal communication

Much of our day-to-day communication in business settings is horizontal communication with our colleagues or people who are on the same approximate level in the organizational hierarchy. This communication may occur between colleagues working in the same area or between colleagues with different areas of expertise. Such horizontal communication usually functions to help people coordinate tasks, solve problems, and share information

differentiating stage

Relational interaction stage where communicating differences becomes a primary focus and people reestablish boundaries between themselves. - Differentiating is the reverse of integrating, as we and our reverts back to I and my

TRUE OR FALSE: A bad boss leads people to establish closer friendships with coworkers

TRUE

leader

a group role that is associated with a high-status position and may be formally or informally recognized by group members

stepfamily

a heterosexual couple that lives together with children from a previous relationship

doormat

a person who is chronically submissive to the point that it hurts the group's progress. [11] Doormat behaviors include quickly giving in when challenged, self-criticism, and claims of inadequacy. Some people who exhibit doormat behaviors may have difficulty being self-assured and assertive, may be conflict avoidant, or may even feel that their behaviors will make other group members like them -Other people play the martyr and make sure to publicly note their "sacrifices" for the group, hoping to elicit praise or attention

expediter

a task-related role that functions to keep the group on track toward completing its task by managing the agenda and setting and assessing goals in order to monitor the group's progress

central negative

argues against most of the ideas and proposals discussed in the group and often emerges as a result of a leadership challenge during group formation. The failed attempt to lead the group can lead to feelings of resentment toward the leader and/or the purpose of the group, which then manifest in negative behaviors that delay, divert, or block the group's progress toward achieving its goal - typically a motivated and intelligent group member who can benefit the group if properly handled by the group leader or other members

Adolescence

begins with the onset of puberty and lasts through the teen years. We typically make our first voluntary close social relationships during adolescence as cognitive and emotional skills develop

terminating stage

can occur shortly after initiation or after a ten- or twenty-year relational history has been established. Termination can result from outside circumstances such as geographic separation or internal factors such as changing values or personalities that lead to a weakening of the bond. Termination exchanges involve some typical communicative elements and may begin with a summary message that recaps the relationship and provides a reason for the termination

Majority rule

commonly used decision-making technique in which a majority (one-half plus one) must agree before a decision is made. A show-of-hands vote, a paper ballot, or an electronic voting system can determine the majority choice

Minority rule

decision-making technique in which a designated authority or expert has final say over a decision and may or may not consider the input of other group members. When a designated expert makes a decision by minority rule, there may be buy-in from others in the group, especially if the members of the group didn't have relevant knowledge or expertise. When a designated authority makes decisions, buy-in will vary based on group members' level of respect for the authority. This type of decision making is more similar to that used by monarchs and dictators.

Early adulthood

encompasses the time from around eighteen to twenty-nine years of age - people report that their friendships are more intimate than the ones they had in adolescence. During this time, friends provide important feedback on self-concept, careers, romantic and/or sexual relationships, and civic, social, political, and extracurricular activities.

This I Believe speeches

encourage people to use the power of their voice to speak from a personal context in a way can inspire, motivate, and resonate with others. -Tell a story with your speech and make it personal. Since this speech is about you and your belief, use personal pronouns like I and we and connect to your audience by using you, us, and our

low conformity orientation

encourages diversity of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors and assertion of individuality. Relationships outside the family are seen as important parts of growth and socialization, as they teach lessons about and build confidence for independence. Members of these families also value personal time and space.

Directive leaders

help provide psychological structure for their group members by clearly communicating expectations, keeping a schedule and agenda, providing specific guidance as group members work toward the completion of their task, and taking the lead on setting and communicating group rules and procedures -most similar to the autocratic leadership style but more nuanced and flexible.

interpreter

helps manage the diversity within a group by mediating intercultural conflict, articulating common ground between different people, and generally creating a climate where difference is seen as an opportunity rather than as something to be feared

consensual family

high in both conversation and conformity orientations, and they encourage open communication but also want to maintain the hierarchy within the family that puts parents above children. This creates some tension between a desire for both openness and control. Parents may reconcile this tension by hearing their children's opinions, making the ultimate decision themselves, and then explaining why they made the decision they did

pluralistic family

high in conversation orientation and low in conformity. Open discussion is encouraged for all family members, and parents do not strive to control their children's or each other's behaviors or decisions. Instead, they value the life lessons that a family member can learn by spending time with non-family members or engaging in self-exploration.

mic fright

increased nervousness due to the presence of a microphone

Workplace romances

involve two people who are emotionally and physically attracted to one another

open

known to self/others

academic conferences

local, regional, national, or international events at which students, teachers, professionals, and practitioners gather to discuss and share knowledge in a particular field of study. When planning a presentation at an academic conference, you should spend time creating a "sexy" and descriptive title. You want something "sexy," meaning that it gets people's attention and connects to a current and relevant topic, and descriptive

protective family

low in conversation orientation and high in conformity, expects children to be obedient to parents, and does not value open communication. Parents make the ultimate decisions and may or may not feel the need to share their reasoning with their children. If a child questions a decision, a parent may simply respond with "Because I said so."

"stage hog"

monopolizes discussion with excessive verbal contributions and engages in one-upping and narcissistic listening. One-upping is a spotlight-stealing strategy in which people try to verbally "out-do" others by saying something like "You think that's bad? Listen to what happened to me!"

Family traditions

more formal, occur less frequently than patterned interactions, vary widely from family to family, and include birthdays, family reunions, and family vacations. Birthday traditions may involve a trip to a favorite restaurant, baking a cake, or hanging streamers. Family reunions may involve making t-shirts for the group or counting up the collective age of everyone present. Family road trips may involve predictable conflict between siblings or playing car games like "I spy" or trying to find the most number of license plates from different states.

initiating stage

people size each other up and try to present themselves favorably

Emotions

physiological, behavioral, and/or communicative reactions to stimuli that are cognitively processed and experienced as emotional. Emotions are often internally experienced through physiological changes such as increased heart rate, a tense stomach, or a cold chill.

harmonizer

played by group members who help manage the various types of group conflict that emerge during group communication. They keep their eyes and ears open for signs of conflict among group members and ideally intervene before it escalates. For example, the harmonizer may sense that one group member's critique of another member's idea wasn't received positively, and he or she may be able to rephrase the critique in a more constructive way

Self-disclosure

purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person. If I purposefully wear the baseball cap of my favorite team to reveal my team loyalty to a new friend, then this clothing choice constitutes self-disclosure. Self-disclosure doesn't always have to be deep to be useful or meaningful. Superficial self-disclosure, often in the form of "small talk," is key in initiating relationships that then move onto more personal levels of self-disclosure

peer coworker relationship

refers to a workplace relationship between two people who have no formal authority over the other and are interdependent in some way. This is the most common type of interpersonal workplace relationship, given that most of us have many people we would consider peer coworkers and only one supervisor.

Family of orientation

refers to people who share the same household and are connected by blood, legal bond, or who act/live as if they are connected by either. This definition is limited to people who share the same household and represents the family makeup we choose. For example, most young people don't get to choose who they live with, but as we get older, we choose our spouse or partner or may choose to have or adopt children

airhead

skirts his or her responsibilities by claiming ignorance when he or she actually understands or intentionally performs poorly on a task so the other group members question his or her intellectual abilities to handle other tasks. Since exhibiting airhead behaviors gets a person out of performing tasks, they can also be a tactic of a withdrawer

A frequent complaint about conference presentations stems from...

speakers who try to cram too much information into their ten-minute time slot

speech of introduction

speech in which one speaker briefly introduces an upcoming speaker who is usually the focus of the occasion. Such speeches are usually only one to two minutes long. -You should also establish the speaker's credentials and credibility. Do not read the person's bio to the audience, especially if that bio is already included in the program

Achievement-oriented leaders

strive for excellence and set challenging goals, constantly seeking improvement and exhibiting confidence that group members can meet their high expectations. These leaders often engage in systematic social comparison, keeping tabs on other similar high-performing groups to assess their expectations and the group's progress. This type of leadership is similar to what other scholars call transformational or visionary leadership and is often associated with leaders like former Apple CEO Steve Jobs, talk show host and television network CEO Oprah Winfrey, former president Bill Clinton, and business magnate turned philanthropist Warren Buffett -less likely than other types - requires a high level of skill and commitment

Partnered couples

take additional steps to verbally, ceremonially, or legally claim their intentions to be together in a long-term committed relationship

Virtual groups

take advantage of new technologies and meet exclusively or primarily online to achieve their purpose or goal. Some virtual groups may complete their task without ever being physically face-to-face

leaders emerge based on communication and competence skill

task behaviors: what needs to get done procedural: how are we going to do things/get things done relational: how are we all going to get along

empathy

the ability to comprehend the emotions of others and to elicit those feelings in ourselves. Being empathetic has important social and physical implications. By expressing empathy, we will be more likely to attract and maintain supportive social networks, which has positive physiological effects like lower stress and less anxiety and psychological effects such as overall life satisfaction and optimism.

Relationship cultures

the climates established through interpersonal communication that are unique to the relational partners but based on larger cultural and social norms.

Group cohesion

the commitment of members to the purpose of the group and the degree of attraction among individuals within the group. The cohesion that begins in this stage sets the group on a trajectory influenced by group members' feelings about one another and their purpose or task

norming stage of group development

the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group. Group norms are behaviors that become routine but are not explicitly taught or stated. In short, group norms help set the tone for what group members ought to do and how they ought to behave.

social loafing

they contribute less to the group than other members or than they would if working alone. [19] Social loafers expect that no one will notice their behaviors or that others will pick up their slack. It is this potential for social loafing that makes many students and professionals dread group work

insecure compliment seeker

wants to know that he or she is valued by the group and seeks recognition that is often not task related. For example, they don't want to be told they did a good job compiling a report; they want to know that they're a good person or attractive or smart—even though they might not be any of those things

Social comparison theory

we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others. We may disclose information about our intellectual aptitude or athletic abilities to see how we relate to others

Participative leaders

work to include group members in the decision-making process by soliciting and considering their opinions and suggestions. When group members feel included, their personal goals are more likely to align with the group and organization's goals, which can help productivity. This style of leadership can also aid in group member socialization, as the members feel like they get to help establish group norms and rules, which affects cohesion and climate.

There are specific facework strategies for different conflict management styles, and these strategies correspond to self-face concerns or other-face concerns.

Accommodating. Giving in (self-face concern). Avoiding. Pretending conflict does not exist (other-face concern). Competing. Defending your position, persuading (self-face concern). Collaborating. Apologizing, having a private discussion, remaining calm (other-face concern). [21]

situational attribution

Identifies the cause of a disclosure with the context or surroundings in which the disclosure takes place. For example, you may attribute your coworker's disclosure to the fact that you agreed to go to lunch with her

sound bite

a verbal bullet point that is about ten seconds or twenty-six words long.

TRUE OR FALSE: A supportive leadership style is more likely in groups that are primarily RELATIONAL rather than TASK FOCUSED

TRUE -For example, support groups and therapy groups benefit from a supportive leader. While maintaining positive relationships is an important part of any group's functioning, most task-oriented groups need to spend more time on task than social functions in order to efficiently work

Collegial peers

engage in more self-disclosure about work and personal topics and communicate emotional support. These peers also provide informal feedback through daily conversations that help the employee develop a professional identity

public advocacy

engaging people through responsible communication that seeks to make a better world for our loved ones and our communities. This view of communication acknowledges the power of our words to transform the world around us and that we have an ethical responsibility to advocate for a world that better serves the interests and needs of us all

Passionate love

entails an emotionally charged engagement between two people that can be both exhilarating and painful. For example, the thrill of falling for someone can be exhilarating, but feelings of vulnerability or anxiety that the love may not be reciprocated can be painful

Task-oriented groups

formed to solve a problem, promote a cause, or generate ideas or information. In such groups, like a committee or study group, interactions and decisions are primarily evaluated based on the quality of the final product or output

high conformity orientation

fosters a climate of uniformity, and parents decide guidelines for what to conform to. Children are expected to be obedient, and conflict is often avoided to protect family harmony. This more traditional family model stresses interdependence among family members, which means space, money, and time are shared among immediate family, and family relationships take precedent over those outside the family

self-confessor

group member who tries to use group meetings as therapy sessions for issues not related to the group's task. Self-confessors tend to make personal self-disclosures that are unnecessarily intimate. -a self-confessor consistently comes to meetings with drama or a personal problem

forming stage of group development

group members begin to reduce uncertainty associated with new relationships and/or new tasks through initial interactions that lay the foundation for later group dynamics. Groups return to the forming stage as group members come and go over the life span of a group

Special peers

have high levels of self-disclosure with relatively few limitations and are highly interdependent in terms of providing emotional and professional support for one another. Special peer relationships are the rarest and mirror the intimate relationships we might have with a partner, close sibling, or parent

Qualitative researchers

value the subjectivity that comes from individual perspectives and seek to capture the thoughts and feelings of research participants and convey them using descriptive writing that allows readers to think, see, and feel along with the participant

integrating stage

two people's identities and personalities merge, and a sense of interdependence develops. - the relational partners present themselves as one unit (e.g., both signing and sending one holiday card or opening a joint bank account).

hidden

unknown to others known to self

circumscribing stage

communication decreases and certain areas or subjects become restricted as individuals verbally close themselves off from each other. They may say things like "I don't want to talk about that anymore"

Mindreading

communication in which one person attributes something to the other using generalizations. If Sam says, "You don't care whether I come home at all or not!" she is presuming to know Nicki's thoughts and feelings. Nicki is likely to respond defensively, perhaps saying, "You don't know how I'm feeling!"

Conflict

conflict isn't always negative or unproductive. Numerous research studies have shown that quantity of conflict in a relationship is not as important as how the conflict is handled. Additionally, when conflict is well managed, it has the potential to lead to more rewarding and satisfactory relationships

Failure to support

may entail a friend not coming to another's aid or defense when criticized

Display rules

sociocultural norms that influence emotional expression. Display rules influence who can express emotions, which emotions can be expressed, and how intense the expressions can be. In individualistic cultures, where personal experience and self-determination are values built into cultural practices and communication, expressing emotions is viewed as a personal right. In fact, the outward expression of our inner states may be exaggerated, since getting attention from those around you is accepted and even expected in individualistic cultures like the United States. In collectivistic cultures, emotions are viewed as more interactional and less individual, which ties them into social context rather than into an individual right to free expression. An expression of emotion reflects on the family and cultural group rather than only on the individual. Therefore, emotional displays are more controlled, because maintaining group harmony and relationships is a primary cultural value

Attachment theory

ties into the evolutionary perspective, because researchers claim that it is in our nature, as newborns, to create social bonds with our primary caretaker. This drive for attachment became innate through the process of evolution as early humans who were more successful at attachment were more likely to survive and reproduce—repeating the cycle. Attachment theory proposes that people develop one of the following three attachment styles as a result of interactions with early caretakers: secure, avoidant, or anxious attachment

personal idioms

unique to certain relationships, and they create a sense of belonging due to the inside meaning shared by the relational partners. In romantic relationships, for example, it is common for individuals to create nicknames for each other that may not directly translate for someone who overhears them. You and your partner may find that calling each other "booger" is sweet, while others may think it's gross. Researchers have found that personal idioms are commonly used in the following categories: activities, labels for others, requests, and sexual references. Idioms help create cohesiveness, or solidarity in relationships, because they are shared cues between cultural insiders. They also communicate the uniqueness of the relationship and create boundaries, since meaning is only shared within the relationship.

facework

the communicative strategies we employ to project, maintain, or repair our face or maintain, repair, or challenge another's face

Friendships

voluntary interpersonal relationships between two people who are usually equals and who mutually influence one another -people have three main expectations for close friendships. A friend is someone you can talk to, someone you can depend on for help and emotional support, and someone you can participate in activities and have fun with

Thai and Filipino funeral services often include

wailing, a more intense and loud form of crying, which shows respect for the deceased. The intensity of the wailing varies based on the importance of the individual who died and the closeness of the relationship between the mourner and the deceased

Emotional intelligence

"involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action." Improving our emotional vocabulary and considering how and when to verbally express our emotions can help us better distinguish between and monitor our emotions. However, we must then use the results of that cognitive process to guide our thoughts and actions.

Examples of communicating for instrumental goals:

-You ask your friend to help you move this weekend (gaining/resisting compliance). -You ask your coworker to remind you how to balance your cash register till at the end of your shift (requesting or presenting information). -You console your roommate after he loses his job (asking for or giving support).

Examples of communicating for relational goals:

-You organize an office party for a coworker who has just become a US citizen (celebrating/honoring accomplishments). -You make breakfast with your mom while you are home visiting (spending time together). -You post a message on your long-distance friend's Facebook wall saying you miss him (checking in).

dispositional attribution

Let's say your coworker discloses that she thinks the new boss got his promotion because of favoritism instead of merit. You may make a dispositional attribution that connects the cause of her disclosure to her personality by thinking, for example, that she is outgoing, inappropriate for the workplace, or fishing for information.

Psychological and physical health benefits to interpersonal communication

People with higher levels of interpersonal communication skills are better able to adapt to stress, have greater satisfaction in relationships and more friends, and have less depression and anxiety

storytelling

an important part of how we create culture in larger contexts and how we create a uniting and meaningful storyline for our relationships. We often rely on relationship storytelling to create a sense of stability in the face of change, test the compatibility of potential new relational partners, or create or maintain solidarity in established relationships. Storytelling within relationships helps create solidarity, or a sense of belonging and closeness. This type of storytelling can be especially meaningful for relationships that don't fall into the dominant culture. For example, research on a gay male friendship circle found that the gay men retold certain dramatic stories frequently to create a sense of belonging and to also bring in new members to the group

relationship routines

communicative acts that create a sense of predictability in a relationship that is comforting. For example, it is common for long-distance friends or relatives to schedule a recurring phone conversation or for couples to review the day's events over dinner. When I studied abroad in Sweden, my parents and I talked on the phone at the same time every Sunday, which established a comfortable routine for us. Other routines develop around entire conversational episodes. For example, two best friends recounting their favorite spring-break story may seamlessly switch from one speaker to the other, finish each other's sentences, speak in unison, or gesture simultaneously because they have told the story so many times.

Reciprocal friendships

solid interpersonal relationships between people who are equals with a shared sense of loyalty and commitment -Reciprocal friendships are what most people would consider the ideal for best friends

Interpersonal communication

the process of exchanging messages between people whose lives mutually influence one another in unique ways in relation to social and cultural norms. It involves two or more people who are interdependent to some degree and who build a unique bond based on the larger social and cultural contexts to which they belong.

face

the projected self we desire to put into the world

Interdependence

the relationship between a person's well-being and involvement in a particular relationship. A person will feel interdependence in a relationship when (1) satisfaction is high or the relationship meets important needs; (2) the alternatives are not good, meaning the person's needs couldn't be met without the relationship; or (3) investment in the relationship is high, meaning that resources might decrease or be lost without the relationship

stagnating stage

the relationship may come to a standstill, as individuals basically wait for the relationship to end. Outward communication may be avoided, but internal communication may be frequent. The relational conflict flaw of mindreading takes place as a person's internal thoughts lead them to avoid communication. For example, a person may think, "There's no need to bring this up again, because I know exactly how he'll react!"

experimenting stage

where people exchange information and often move from strangers to acquaintances, to the "sniffing ritual" of animals. A basic exchange of information is typical as the experimenting stage begins. For example, on the first day of class, you may chat with the person sitting beside you and take turns sharing your year in school, hometown, residence hall, and major. Then you may branch out and see if there are any common interests that emerge. Finding out you're both St. Louis Cardinals fans could then lead to more conversation about baseball and other hobbies or interests

situational factors

you may have had early friendships with people on your block because they were close by and you could spend time together easily without needing transportation -The number of friends we have at any given point is a situational factor that also affects whether or not we are actually looking to add new friends.

settlement stage

you want to decide on one of the proposals and then summarize the chosen proposal and any related concessions. It is possible that each party can have a different view of the agreed solution. If your roommate thinks you are cleaning the bathroom every other day and you plan to clean it on Wednesdays, then there could be future conflict. You could summarize and ask for confirmation by saying, "So, it looks like I'll be in charge of the trash and recycling, and you'll load and unload the dishwasher. Then I'll do a general cleaning on Wednesdays and you'll do the same on Sundays. Is that right?" Last, you'll need to follow up on the solution to make sure it's working for both parties

Transactional definitions of family

focus on communication and subjective feelings of connection. While task-orientation definitions convey the importance of providing for family members, transactional definitions are concerned with the quality of interaction among family members. Specifically, transactional definitions stress that the creation of a sense of home, group identity, loyalty, and a shared past and future makes up a family. Isn't it true that someone could provide food, shelter, and transportation to school for a child but not create a sense of home?

Speaking in education/training and development

involves students delivering a lecture, facilitating a discussion, or running an activity as if they were actually teaching or training. In each of these cases, students will be evaluated on their ability to present content in a progressive way that builds new knowledge from existing knowledge, interact with their audience (students or trainees), and connect their content to the bigger picture or the overarching objectives for the lesson and course

Final reports

presented at the conclusion of a task and are similar to a progress report but include a discussion and analysis of the results of an effort. -A final report almost always has an associated written document

primary groups

long-lasting groups that are formed based on relationships and include significant others. These are the small groups in which we interact most frequently

Designated leaders

officially recognized in their leadership role and may be appointed or elected by people inside or outside the group. Designated leaders can be especially successful when they are sought out by others to fulfill and are then accepted in leadership roles. On the other hand, some people seek out leadership positions not because they possess leadership skills and have been successful leaders in the past but because they have a drive to hold and wield power

unproductive roles

prevent or make it more difficult for the group to make progress. These roles include the blocker, withdrawer, aggressor, and doormat

Task-orientation definitions of family

recognize that behaviors like emotional and financial support are more important interpersonal indicators of a family-like connection than biology. In short, anyone who fulfills the typical tasks present in families is considered family. For example, in some cases, custody of children has been awarded to a person not biologically related to a child over a living blood relative because that person acted more like a family member to the child

Small group communication

refers to interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity.

Speaking in the arts and humanities

usually involves critiquing, reviewing, or comparing and contrasting existing literature, art, philosophies, or historical texts in ways that connect the historical and contemporary. It may also involve creating and explaining original works of art. Students in the arts may give presentations on fine arts like painting and sculpting or performing arts like theater and dance. Students in the humanities may present in courses related to philosophy, English, and history, among other things.

Components of a Feasibility Report

1. Introduction to a problem or situation and its potential consequences 2. Overview of the standards used for evaluating potential courses of action 3. Overview of process used to identify and evaluate courses of action 4. Details of potential courses of action 5. Evaluation of the potential courses of action 6. Recommendation of best course of action

In terms of origin, problems usually occur in one of four ways:

1. Something goes wrong. Group members must decide how to fix or stop something. Example—a firehouse crew finds out that half of the building is contaminated with mold and must be closed down. 2. Expectations change or increase. Group members must innovate more efficient or effective ways of doing something. Example—a firehouse crew finds out that the district they are responsible for is being expanded. 3. Something goes wrong and expectations change or increase. Group members must fix/stop and become more efficient/effective. Example—the firehouse crew has to close half the building and must start responding to more calls due to the expanding district. 4. The problem existed from the beginning. Group members must go back to the origins of the situation and walk through and analyze the steps again to decide what can be done differently. Example—a firehouse crew has consistently had to work with minimal resources in terms of building space and firefighting tools.

presenting an award

A ceremonial speech meant enhance the value of an award and honor the person receiving it. Should be focused on the occasion and the particular award.

toast

A ceremonial speech that praises or conveys goodwill or blessings in honor of a person, accomplishment, or event -usually the shortest special-occasion speech -a time to include a brief personal anecdote and/or humor

TRUE or FALSE: We ARE born with all the interpersonal communication skills we'll need in life

FALSE

altruistic lies

Lies intended to protect a relational partner that may net an overall positive result improving the functioning of a relationship. -lies told to build the self-esteem of our relational partner, communicate loyalty, or bend the truth to spare someone from hurtful information. its telling people what they want to hear. For example, tell your mom you enjoyed her meatloaf when you really didn't

training

People in supervisory or leadership positions often provide training, which includes presentations that prepare new employees for their jobs or provide instruction or development opportunities for existing employees. - about 75 percent of training is delivered informally while on the job

DTR Talk ("defining-the-relationship talk")

Serves a relationship-maintenance function. In the early stages of a romantic relationship, you may have a DTR talk to reduce uncertainty about where you stand by deciding to use the term boyfriend, girlfriend, or partner. In a DTR talk, you may proactively define your relationship by saying, "I'm glad I'm with you and no one else." Your romantic interest may respond favorably, echoing or rephrasing your statement, which gives you an indication that he or she agrees with you. The talk may continue on from there, and you may talk about what to call your relationship, set boundaries, or not.

TRUE or FALSE: You may have several DTR talks as a relationship progresses

TRUE: It is NOT unusual to have several DTR talks as a relationship progresses. At times, you may have to define the relationship when someone steps over a line by saying, "I think we should just be friends."

exploration stage

There should be a high level of information exchange in the exploration stage. The overarching goal in this stage is to get a panoramic view of the conflict by sharing your perspective and listening to the other person. In this stage, you will likely learn how the other person is punctuating the conflict

Status reports

Various departments or teams that make up an organization, or committees that make up a governing board, are likely to give status reports. Status reports may focus on a specific project or task or simply report on the regular functioning of a group

Leadership

a complex of beliefs, communication patterns, and behaviors that influence the functioning of a group and move a group toward the completion of its task. A person in the role of leader may provide no or poor leadership. Likewise, a person who is not recognized as a "leader" in title can provide excellent leadership

cohabitating family

a heterosexual couple who lives together in a committed relationship but does not have a legal bond such as marriage. Similarly, a gay or lesbian family includes a couple of the same gender who live together in a committed relationship and may or may not have a legal bond such as marriage, a civil union, or a domestic partnership. Cohabitating families and gay or lesbian families may or may not have children.

Information peers

communicate about work-related topics only, and there is a low level of self-disclosure and trust. These are the most superficial of the peer coworker relationships, but that doesn't mean they are worthless

anxious attachment style

report a desire for closeness but anxieties about being abandoned. They regularly experience self-doubts and may blame their lack of love on others' unwillingness to commit rather than their own anxiety about being left. They are emotionally volatile and more likely to experience intense negative emotions such as anxiety and anger. This attachment style might develop because primary caregivers were not dependable or were inconsistent—alternating between caring or nurturing and neglecting or harming.

interdependence

share a common purpose and a common fate. If the actions of one or two group members lead to a group deviating from or not achieving their purpose, then all members of the group are affected

Briefings

short presentations that either update listeners about recent events or provide instructions for how to do something job related. Briefings may occur as upward, downward, or horizontal communication. - An industrial designer briefing project managers on the preliminary results of testing on a new product design is an example of upward briefing. A nurse who is the shift manager briefing an incoming shift of nurses on the events of the previous shift is an example of downward briefing. A representative from human resources briefing colleagues on how to use the new workplace identification badges is an example of horizontal briefing

prenegotiation stage

you want to prepare for the encounter. If possible, let the other person know you would like to talk to them, and preview the topic, so they will also have the opportunity to prepare.

opening stage of the negotiation

you want to set the tone for the interaction because the other person will be likely to reciprocate. Generally, it is good to be cooperative and pleasant, which can help open the door for collaboration. You also want to establish common ground by bringing up overlapping interests and using "we" language.

serial arguing

a repeated pattern of disagreement over an issue -There are three patterns that occur with serial arguing: repeating, mutual hostility, and arguing with assurances. The first pattern is repeating, which means reminding the other person of your complaint. For example, if Marita reminds Kate that she doesn't appreciate her sarcastic tone, and Kate responds, "I'm soooo sorry, I forgot how perfect you are," then the reminder has failed to effect the desired change. A predictable pattern of complaint like this leads participants to view the conflict as irresolvable. The second pattern is mutual hostility, which occurs when the frustration of repeated conflict leads to negative emotions and increases the likelihood of verbal aggression. Again, a predictable pattern of hostility makes the conflict seem irresolvable and may lead to relationship deterioration. Whereas the first two patterns entail an increase in pressure on the participants in the conflict, the third pattern offers some relief. If people in an interpersonal conflict offer verbal assurances of their commitment to the relationship, then the problems associated with the other two patterns of serial arguing may be ameliorated. Even though the conflict may not be solved in the interaction, the verbal assurances of commitment imply that there is a willingness to work on solving the conflict in the future, which provides a sense of stability that can benefit the relationship

Social exchange theory

entails a weighing of the costs and rewards in a given relationship. Rewards are outcomes that we get from a relationship that benefit us in some way, while costs range from granting favors to providing emotional support. When we do not receive the outcomes or rewards that we think we deserve, then we may negatively evaluate the relationship, or at least a given exchange or moment in the relationship, and view ourselves as being underbenefited. In an equitable relationship, costs and rewards are balanced, which usually leads to a positive evaluation of the relationship and satisfaction.

accommodating

indicates a low concern for self and a high concern for other and is often viewed as passive or submissive, in that someone complies with or obliges another without providing personal input. We accommodate because we are being generous, we are obeying, or we are yielding. If we are being generous, we accommodate because we genuinely want to; if we are obeying, we don't have a choice but to accommodate, and if we yield, we may have our own views or goals but give up on them due to fatigue, time constraints, or because a better solution has been offered -Research has shown that the accommodating style is more likely to occur when there are time restraints and less likely to occur when someone does not want to appear weak. [13] If you're standing outside the movie theatre and two movies are starting, you may say, "Let's just have it your way," so you don't miss the beginning. If you're a new manager at an electronics store and an employee wants to take Sunday off to watch a football game, you may say no to set an example for the other employees. As with avoiding, there are certain cultural influences we will discuss later that make accommodating a more effective strategy

bargaining stage

is where you make proposals and concessions. The proposal you make should be informed by what you learned in the exploration stage. Flexibility is important here, because you may have to revise your ideal outcome and bottom line based on new information

avoiding stage

may be a way to end the awkwardness that comes with stagnation, as people signal that they want to close down the lines of communication. Communication in the avoiding stage can be very direct—"I don't want to talk to you anymore"—or more indirect—"I have to meet someone in a little while, so I can't talk long."

Face negotiation theory

people in all cultures negotiate face through communication encounters, and that cultural factors influence how we engage in facework, especially in conflict situations. [18] These cultural factors influence whether we are more concerned with self-face or other-face and what types of conflict management strategies we may use. One key cultural influence on face negotiation is the distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

bonding stage

public ritual that announces formal commitment. These types of rituals include weddings, commitment ceremonies, and civil unions -In some ways, the bonding ritual is arbitrary, in that it can occur at any stage in a relationship

Social relationships

relationships that occasionally meet our needs and lack the closeness and interdependence of personal relationships. Examples of social relationships include coworkers, distant relatives, and acquaintances

secure attachment style

their relationship with their parents is warm and that their parents also have a positive and caring relationship with each other. People with this attachment style are generally comfortable with intimacy, feel like they can depend on others when needed, and have few self-doubts. As a result, they are generally more effective at managing their emotions, and they are less likely to experience intense negative emotions in response to a negative stimulus like breaking up with a romantic partner

Components of a Status Report

1. State the group or committee's task or purpose. 2. Describe the current status, including work done by the group and/or individuals and the methods used. 3. Report on obstacles encountered and efforts to overcome them 4. Describe the next goal or milestone of the group and offer concrete action steps and a timeline for achieving the goal.

accepting an award

A ceremonial speech in which a person briefly, graciously, and humbly accepts an award

media interview

People often appear on the radio or television as a result of participating in a media interview with a reporter or radio or television representative.

Sexual conflict

can result when couples disagree over frequency or type of sexual activities. Sexual conflict can also result from jealousy if one person believes their partner is focusing sexual thoughts or activities outside of the relationship

self-centered roles

divert attention from the task to the group member exhibiting the behavior

dating couples

encompasses the courtship period, which may range from a first date through several years

Cross-gender friendships

friendships between a male and a female. These friendships diminish in late childhood and early adolescence as boys and girls segregate into separate groups for many activities and socializing, reemerge as possibilities in late adolescence, and reach a peak potential in the college years of early adulthood. Later, adults with spouses or partners are less likely to have cross-sex friendships than single people

Emergent leaders

gain status and respect through engagement with the group and its task and are turned to by others as a resource when leadership is needed

single-parent family

includes a mother or father who may or may not have been previously married with one or more children

dark side of relationships

one is the degree to which something is deemed acceptable or not by society; the other includes the degree to which something functions productively to improve a relationship or not. These dimensions become more complicated when we realize that there can be overlap between them, meaning that it may not always be easy to identify something as exclusively light or dark.

Synergy

potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interactions when complementary members or member characteristics are added to existing ones. Because of synergy, the final group product can be better than what any individual could have produced alone

Family of origin

refers to relatives connected by blood or other traditional legal bonds such as marriage or adoption and includes parents, grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews

Video monitors

televisions that allow the on-air person to monitor their movements and see what viewers are seeing. One usually shows the video feed exactly as it will appear on viewer's screens and one may be a fixed monitor that basically functions as a mirror so you can see that you are framed properly and look all right.

Four main categories for disclosure

include observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs

storming stage of group development

conflict emerges as people begin to perform their various roles, have their ideas heard, and negotiate where they fit in the group's structure. The uncertainty present in the forming stage begins to give way as people begin to occupy specific roles and the purpose, rules, and norms of a group become clearer. Conflict develops when some group members aren't satisfied with the role that they or others are playing or the decisions regarding the purpose or procedures of the group. For example, if a leader begins to emerge or is assigned during the forming stage, some members may feel that the leader is imposing his or her will on other members of the group.

When preparing the presentation, follow these steps

determine the take-home message, determine the main question, add supporting material, and compose the introduction and conclusion. The "take-home message" is the one concept or finding that captures the combined importance of all the data and findings. This is what the speaker wants the audience to have memorized by the end of the speech

low conversation orientation

do not interact with each other as often, and topics of conversation are more restricted, as some thoughts are considered private. For example, not everyone's input may be sought for decisions that affect everyone in the family, and open and frequent communication is not deemed important for family functioning or for a child's socialization.

Speaking in the social sciences

driven by quantitative or qualitative data reviewed in existing literature or from original research projects that focus on historical or current social issues

"executive summary"

emerged from the fact that executives have tightly scheduled days and prefer concise, relevant information. Executive summaries are usually produced in written form but must also be conveyed orally

Common focuses of training include the following

-Compliance with company policies: Includes training and orienting new hires and ongoing training for existing employees related to new or changing company policies. -Changing workplace environments: Diversity training and cross-cultural training for international business. -Compliance with legal policies: Sexual harassment, equal employment, Americans with Disabilities Act, and ethics training. -Technical training: Instructions for software, hardware, and machinery.

cohabitating couple

couples who live together

Interpersonal conflict

occurs in interactions where there are real or perceived incompatible goals, scarce resources, or opposing viewpoints.

traits of leadership

-Physical appearance: designated leaders tend to be taller and more attractive than others. -Communication abilities: leaders speak more fluently, have a more confident tone, and communicate more often than other group members. -Moderately (NOT A lot) more intelligent than other group members. -Personality: More extroverted, assertive, and persistent than other group members -oldest child in a family

supervisor-subordinate relationship

-can be primarily based in mentoring, friendship, or romance and includes two people, one of whom has formal authority over the other -Research shows that supervisors are more likely to avoid giving negative feedback if possible, even though negative feedback has been shown to be more important than positive feedback for employee development. This can lead to strains in a relationship if behavior that is in need of correcting persists, potentially threatening the employer's business and the employee's job. -employees more positively evaluate supervisors when they are of the same gender and race, bc attraction is often based on similarity. In terms of age, however, employees prefer their supervisors be older than them, bc knowledge and wisdom come from experience built over time. Additionally, employees are more satisfied with supervisors who exhibit a more controlling personality than their own

Problems of all sorts have three common components

1. An undesirable situation. When conditions are desirable, there isn't a problem. 2. A desired situation. Even though it may only be a vague idea, there is a drive to better the undesirable situation. The vague idea may develop into a more precise goal that can be achieved, although solutions are not yet generated. 3. Obstacles between undesirable and desirable situation. These are things that stand in the way between the current situation and the group's goal of addressing it. This component of a problem requires the most work, and it is the part where decision making occurs. Some examples of obstacles include limited funding, resources, personnel, time, or information. Obstacles can also take the form of people who are working against the group, including people resistant to change or people who disagree.

Tips for Running Effective Meetings

1. Distribute an agenda to attendees two to three days in advance of the meeting. 2. Divide items up on the agenda into "for information," "for discussion," and "for decision." 3. Put items that warrant close attention early on the agenda. 4. Since senior attendees' comments may influence or limit junior people's comments, ask for comments from junior attendees first. 5. People sometimes continue talking even after agreement has been reached, so it's important to know when to move on to the next item in the agenda. 6. At the end of a meeting, recap what was accomplished and set goals for the next meeting. 6. Compile meeting minutes within forty-eight hours and distribute them to the attendees.

characteristics of the problem

1. Task difficulty. Difficult tasks are also typically more complex. Groups should be prepared to spend time researching and discussing a difficult and complex task in order to develop a shared foundational knowledge. This typically requires individual work outside of the group and frequent group meetings to share information. 2. Number of possible solutions. There are usually multiple ways to solve a problem or complete a task, but some problems have more potential solutions than others. Figuring out how to prepare a beach house for an approaching hurricane is fairly complex and difficult, but there are still a limited number of things to do—for example, taping and boarding up windows; turning off water, electricity, and gas; trimming trees; and securing loose outside objects. Other problems may be more creatively based. For example, designing a new restaurant may entail using some standard solutions but could also entail many different types of innovation with layout and design. 3. Group member interest in problem. When group members are interested in the problem, they will be more engaged with the problem-solving process and invested in finding a quality solution. Groups with high interest in and knowledge about the problem may want more freedom to develop and implement solutions, while groups with low interest may prefer a leader who provides structure and direction. 4. Group familiarity with problem. Some groups encounter a problem regularly, while other problems are more unique or unexpected. A family who has lived in hurricane alley for decades probably has a better idea of how to prepare its house for a hurricane than does a family that just recently moved from the Midwest. Many groups that rely on funding have to revisit a budget every year, and in recent years, groups have had to get more creative with budgets as funding has been cut in nearly every sector. When group members aren't familiar with a problem, they will need to do background research on what similar groups have done and may also need to bring in outside experts. 5. Need for solution acceptance. In this step, groups must consider how many people the decision will affect and how much "buy-in" from others the group needs in order for their solution to be successfully implemented. Some small groups have many stakeholders on whom the success of a solution depends. Other groups are answerable only to themselves. When a small group is planning on building a new park in a crowded neighborhood or implementing a new policy in a large business, it can be very difficult to develop solutions that will be accepted by all. In such cases, groups will want to poll those who will be affected by the solution and may want to do a pilot implementation to see how people react. Imposing an excellent solution that doesn't have buy-in from stakeholders can still lead to failure.

value orientations that affect decision making consists of the following types of decision maker:

1. The economic decision maker: makes decisions based on what is practical and useful. 2. The aesthetic decision maker: makes decisions based on form and harmony, desiring a solution that is elegant and in sync with the surroundings. 3. The theoretical decision maker: wants to discover the truth through rationality. 4. The social decision maker: emphasizes the personal impact of a decision and sympathizes with those who may be affected by it. 5. The political decision maker: is interested in power and influence and views people and/or property as divided into groups that have different value. 6. The religious decision maker: seeks to identify with a larger purpose, works to unify others under that goal, and commits to a viewpoint, often denying one side and being dedicated to the other.

Step 3: Generate Possible Solutions

During this step, group members generate possible solutions to the problem. Again, solutions should not be evaluated at this point, only proposed and clarified. The question should be what could we do to address this problem, not what should we do to address it. It is perfectly OK for a group member to question another person's idea by asking something like "What do you mean?"

four rules of brainstorming

Evaluation of ideas is forbidden. Wild and crazy ideas are encouraged. Quantity of ideas, not quality, is the goal. New combinations of ideas presented are encouraged.

TRUE OR FALSE: Directive leaders include all group members in decision making

FALSE

Men are more competitive than women

FALSE -research has often shown that women are just as competitive as men.

The three main types of tasks are production, discussion, and problem-solving tasks

Groups faced with production tasks are asked to produce something tangible from their group interactions such as a report, design for a playground, musical performance, or fundraiser event. Groups faced with discussion tasks are asked to talk through something without trying to come up with a right or wrong answer. Examples of this type of group include a support group for people with HIV/AIDS, a book club, or a group for new fathers. Groups faced with problem-solving tasks have to devise a course of action to meet a specific need.

Example: difference between effective and appropriate

Imagine that you are the manager of a small department of employees at a marketing agency where you often have to work on deadlines. As a deadline approaches, you worry about your team's ability to work without your supervision to complete the tasks, so you interrupt everyone's work and assign them all individual tasks and give them a bulleted list of each subtask with a deadline to turn each part in to you. You meet the deadline and have effectively accomplished your goal. Over the next month, one of your employees puts in her two-weeks' notice, and you learn that she and a few others have been talking about how they struggle to work with you as a manager. Although your strategy was effective, many people do not respond well to strict hierarchy or micromanaging and may have deemed your communication inappropriate. A more competent communicator could have implemented the same detailed plan to accomplish the task in a manner that included feedback, making the employees feel more included and heard.

cultural norms regarding which types of emotions can be expressed

In individualistic cultures, especially in the United States, there is a cultural expectation that people will exhibit positive emotions. Recent research has documented the culture of cheerfulness in the United States. [11] People seek out happy situations and communicate positive emotions even when they do not necessarily feel positive emotions. In a culture of cheerfulness, failure to express positive emotions could lead others to view you as a failure or to recommend psychological help or therapy. The cultural predisposition to express positive emotions is not universal. The people who live on the Pacific islands of Ifaluk do not encourage the expression of happiness, because they believe it will lead people to neglect their duties. Similarly, collectivistic cultures may view expressions of positive emotion negatively because someone is bringing undue attention to himself or herself, which could upset group harmony and potentially elicit jealous reactions from others.

television tips

In terms of clothing, avoid too much contrast between colors, like black on white. Also avoid clothing that is too striped or patterned, as it may bleed onscreen. [3] Keep in mind that jewelry, watches, or anything reflective may catch the studio lights and create a distracting glare on camera. Also avoid wearing colors that are close to your skin tone

Four main areas of crisis communication research are relationships, reputation, responsibility, and response

Relationships and reputation are built and maintained before a crisis occurs. Organizations create relationships with their stakeholders, and their track record of quality, customer service, dependability, and communication determines their reputation. Responsibility refers to the degree to which stakeholders hold an organization responsible for the crisis at hand. Judgments about responsibility will vary depending on the circumstances of a crisis. An unpreventable natural disaster will be interpreted differently than a product failure resulting from cutting corners on maintenance work to save money. Response refers to how an organization reacts to a crisis in terms of its communication and behaviors.

individual factors

We are more likely to develop friendships with individuals we deem physically attractive, socially competent, and responsive to our needs. Specifically, we are more attracted to people we deem similar to or slightly above us in terms of attractiveness and competence.

audio monitor

allows you to hear yourself, studio producers, or another person communicating with you off site. If off-camera producers need to communicate with you, the monitor may be an earpiece, which is standard for news anchors. If you are doing a remote live segment, the sound monitor will likely be a simple speaker

family celebrations

also formal, have more standardization between families, may be culturally specific, help transmit values and memories through generations, and include rites of passage and religious and secular holiday celebrations. Thanksgiving, for example, is formalized by a national holiday and is celebrated in similar ways by many families in the United States. Rites of passage mark life-cycle transitions such as graduations, weddings, quinceañeras, or bar mitzvahs. While graduations are secular and may vary in terms of how they are celebrated, quinceañeras have cultural roots in Latin America, and bar mitzvahs are a long-established religious rite of passage in the Jewish faith.

Later Life

begins in one's sixties, are often remnants of previous friends and friendship patterns -Given that geographic relocation is common in early adulthood, these friends may be physically distant, but if investment in occasional contact or visits preserved the friendship, these friends are likely able to pick up where they left off. [28] However, biological aging and the social stereotypes and stigma associated with later life and aging begin to affect communication patterns. -Friendships in later life provide emotional support that is often only applicable during this life stage

high conversation orientation

communicate with each other freely and frequently about activities, thoughts, and feelings. This unrestricted communication style leads to all members, including children, participating in family decisions. Parents in high-conversation-orientation families believe that communicating with their children openly and frequently leads to a more rewarding family life and helps to educate and socialize children, preparing them for interactions outside the family.

Betrayal of trust

can stem from failure to secure private information by telling a secret or disclosing personal information without permission.

Information power

comes from a person's ability to access information that comes through informal channels and well-established social and professional networks - For example, the group formed to raise funds for the science and nature museum may need to draw on informal information networks to get leads on potential donors, to get information about what local science teachers would recommend for exhibits, or to book a band willing to perform for free at a fundraising concert.

Expert power

comes from knowledge, skill, or expertise that a group member possesses and other group members do not. For example, even though all the workers in the Social Media Relations Department have experience with computers, the information technology (IT) officer has expert power when it comes to computer networking and programming. Because of this, even though the director may have a higher status, she or he must defer to the IT officer when the office network crashes

coercive power

comes from the ability of a group member to provide a negative incentive - leaders with legitimate power are typically in the best position to use coercive power -coercive power may manifest in loss of pay and/or privileges, being excluded from the group, or being fired (if the group work is job related).

Reward power

comes from the ability of a group member to provide a positive incentive as a compliance-gaining strategy - Reward power can be used by nearly any group member if he or she gives another group member positive feedback on an idea, an appreciation card for hard work, or a pat on the back. Because of limited resources, many leaders are frustrated by their inability to give worthwhile tangible rewards to group members such as prizes, bonuses, or raises. Additionally, the use of reward power may seem corny or paternalistic to some or may arouse accusations of favoritism or jealousy among group members who don't receive the award

Referent power

comes from the attractiveness, likeability, and charisma of the group member -Referent power also derives from a person's reputation - For example, a group formed to raise funds for a science and nature museum may choose a former mayor, local celebrity, or NASA astronaut as their leader because of his or her referent power. In this situation it would probably be best for the group to have a secondary leader who attends to task and problem-solving functions within the group.

theory of triangles

examines the relationship between three domains of activity: the primary partnership (corner 1), the inner self (corner 2), and important outside interests (corner 3). -All of the corners interact with each other, but it is the third corner that connects the primary partnership to an extended network. For example, the inner self (corner 2) is enriched by the primary partnership (corner 1) but also gains from associations that provide support or a chance for shared activities or recreation (corner 3) that help affirm a person's self-concept or identity. Additionally, the primary partnership (corner 1) is enriched by the third-corner associations that may fill gaps not met by the partnership. When those gaps are filled, a partner may be less likely to focus on what they're missing in their primary relationship. However, the third corner can also produce tension in a relationship if, for example, the other person in a primary partnership feels like they are competing with their partner's third-corner relationships. During times of conflict, one or both partners may increase their involvement in their third corner, which may have positive or negative effects.

"egghead"

excessive contributions based in actual knowledge but that exceed the level of understanding of other group members or the needs of the group. Like the monopolizer and stage hog, the egghead's excessive contributions draw attention away from the task, slow the group down, and may contribute to a negative group climate. The egghead may be like an absentminded professor who is smart but lacks the social sensitivity to tell when he or she has said enough and is now starting to annoy other group members. This type of egghead naively believes that other group members care as much about the subject as he or she does. --The second type of egghead is more pompous and monopolizes the discussion to flaunt his or her intellectual superiority. While the first type of egghead may be tolerated to a point by the group and seen as eccentric but valuable, the second type of egghead is perceived more negatively and more quickly hurts the group

aggressor

exhibits negative behaviors such as putting others' ideas down, attacking others personally when they feel confronted or insecure, competing unnecessarily to "win" at the expense of others within the group, and being outspoken to the point of distraction. An aggressor's behaviors can quickly cross the fine line between being abrasive or dominant and being unethical. For example, a person vigorously defending a position that is relevant and valid is different from a person who claims others' ideas are stupid but has nothing to contribute.

Structural definitions of family

focus on form, criteria for membership, and often hierarchy of family members. One example of a structural definition of family is two or more people who live together and are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. From this definition, a father and son, two cousins, or a brother and sister could be considered a family if they live together

Qualitative research

focuses on describing and interpreting social phenomena using data collected through methods such as participant observation and interviewing—in short, watching and/or talking to people

Speaking in technical courses

focuses on learning through testing, replication, and design and then translating the technical information involved in those processes into lay terms. A main focus in these courses is to translate technical information into lay terms. A key communication path in technical fields is between professional and customer/client, but you can't just think of the client as the only person for whom the information must be translated. Technical professionals also have to communicate with a range of people along the way, including managers, colleagues, funding sources, machinists, and so on. Team projects are common in technical courses, especially in courses related to design, so being able to work effectively in groups and present information as a group is important.

Speaking in science and math

focuses on using established methods and logic to find and report objective results. Science includes subjects such as biology, physics, and chemistry, and math includes subjects such as statistics, calculus, and math theory. You may not think that communication and public speaking are as central to these courses as they are in the humanities and social sciences—and you are right, at least in terms of public perception. The straightforwardness and objectivity of these fields make some people believe that skilled communication is unnecessary, since the process and results speak for themselves. This is not the case, however, as scientists are increasingly being expected to interact with various stakeholders, including funding sources, oversight agencies, and the public.

Relational-oriented groups

formed to promote interpersonal connections and are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members. Decision making is directed at strengthening or repairing relationships rather than completing discrete tasks or debating specific ideas or courses of action.

situational leaders

high task relational oriented: emerge in semistructured contexts that are less formal and in groups composed of people who have specific knowledge and are therefore be trusted to do much of their work independently. [7] For example, a group of local business owners who form a group for professional networking would likely prefer a leader with a relational-oriented style, since these group members are likely already leaders in their own right and therefore might resent a person who takes a rigid task-oriented style over a more collegial style.

information provider

includes behaviors that are more evenly shared than in other roles, as ideally, all group members present new ideas, initiate discussions of new topics, and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences. When group members are brought together because they each have different types of information, early group meetings may consist of group members taking turns briefing each other on their area of expertise

Downward communication

includes messages directed at audience members who hold a lower place on the organizational hierarchy than the sender. As a supervisor, you will also have to speak to people whom you manage or employ. Downward communication usually involves job instructions, explanations of organizational policies, providing feedback, and welcoming newcomers to an organization.

blocker

intentionally or unintentionally keeps things from getting done in the group. Intentionally, a person may suggest that the group look into a matter further or explore another option before making a final decision even though the group has already thoroughly considered the matter --Unintentionally, a group member may set blocking behaviors into motion by missing a meeting or not getting his or her work done on time. People can also block progress by playing the airhead role

laissez-faire family

low in conversation and conformity orientations, has infrequent and/or short interactions, and doesn't discuss many topics. Remember that pluralistic families also have a low conformity orientation, which means they encourage children to make their own decisions in order to promote personal exploration and growth. Laissez-faire families are different in that parents don't have an investment in their children's decision making, and in general, members in this type of family are "emotionally divorced" from each other.

gatekeeper

manages the flow of conversation in a group in order to achieve an appropriate balance so that all group members get to participate in a meaningful way. The gatekeeper may prompt others to provide information by saying something like "Let's each share one idea we have for a movie to show during Black History Month." He or she may also help correct an imbalance between members who have provided much information already and members who have been quiet by saying something like "Aretha, we've heard a lot from you today. Let's hear from someone else

withdrawer

mentally and/or physically removes herself or himself from group activities and only participates when forced to. When groups exceed five members, the likelihood of having a member exhibit withdrawer behaviors increases. For example, a member may attend meetings and seemingly pay attention but not contribute to discussions or not volunteer to take on tasks, instead waiting on other members to volunteer first

Situational couple violence (SCV)

most common type of IPV and does not involve a quest for control in the relationship. Instead, SCV is provoked by a particular situation that is emotional or difficult that leads someone to respond or react with violence. SCV can play out in many ways, ranging from more to less severe and isolated to frequent. Even if SCV is frequent and severe, the absence of a drive for control distinguishes it from intimate terrorism. This is the type of violence we most often imagine when we hear the term domestic violence

Crisis communication

occurs as a result of a major event outside of normal expectations that has potential negative results, runs the risk of escalating in intensity, may result in close media or government scrutiny, and creates pressure for a timely and effective response. [15] Some examples of crises include natural disasters, management/employee misconduct, product tampering or failure, and workplace violence.

adjourning stage of group development

occurs when a group dissolves because it has completed its purpose or goal, membership is declining and support for the group no longer exists, or it is dissolved because of some other internal or external cause. Some groups may live on indefinitely and not experience the adjourning stage. Other groups may experience so much conflict in the storming stage that they skip norming and performing and dissolve before they can complete their task

Violent resistance (VR)

often a reaction or response to intimate terrorism (IT). The key pattern in VR is that the person resisting uses violence as a response to a partner that is violent and controlling; however, the resistor is not attempting to control. In short, VR is most often triggered by living with an intimate terrorist. There are very clear and established gender influences on these two types of violence. The overwhelming majority of IT violence is committed by men and directed toward women, and most VR is committed by women and directed at men who are intimate terrorists

intimate terrorism

one partner uses violence to have general control over the other. The quest for control takes the following forms: economic abuse by controlling access to money; using children by getting them on the abuser's side and turning them against the abused partner or threatening to hurt or take children away; keeping the abused partner in isolation from their friends and family; and emotional abuse by degrading self-esteem and intimidating the other partner

mentoring relationship

one person functions as a guide, helping another navigate toward career goals. some mentoring relationships are formalized. Informal mentoring relationships develop as shared interests or goals bring two people together. Unlike regular relationships between a supervisor and subordinate that focus on a specific job or tasks related to a job, the mentoring relationship is more extensive -can continue in spite of geographic distance

matching hypothesis

people with similar levels of attractiveness will pair together despite the fact that people may idealize fitness models or celebrities who appear very attractive

social-emotional leader

perform a variety of maintenance roles and is generally someone who is well liked by the other group members and whose role behaviors complement but don't compete with the task leader. The social-emotional leader may also reassure and support the task leader when he or she becomes stressed. In general, the social-emotional leader is a reflective thinker who has good perception skills that he or she uses to analyze the group dynamics and climate and then initiate the appropriate role behaviors to maintain a positive climate

Adulthood

period from thirty to sixty-five years old. -less opportunity for friendships in adulthood, as many in this period settle into careers, nourish long-term relationships, and have children. These new aspects of life bring more time constraints and interpersonal and task obligations. Adult friendships tend to occur between people who are similar in terms of career position, race, age, partner status, class, and education level. This is partly due to the narrowed social networks people join

legitimate power

power that flows from the officially recognized position, status, or title of a group member. For example, the leader of the "Social Media Relations Department" of a retail chain receives legitimate power through the title "director of social media relations."

two stages of leadership emergence

stage one: about half of the group's members are eliminated from the possibility of being the group's leader. Weed out those not meant to be a leader stage two: top two or three contenders:

communicative aggression

recurring verbal or nonverbal communication that significantly and negatively affects a person's sense of self. The following are examples of communicative aggression: Degrading (humiliating, blaming, berating, name-calling) Physically or emotionally withdrawing (giving someone the cold shoulder, neglecting) Restricting another person's actions (overmonitoring/controlling money or access to friends and family) Dominating (bossing around, controlling decisions) Threatening physical harm (threatening self, relational partner, or friends/family/pets of relational partner)

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

refers to physical, verbal, and emotional violence that occurs between two people who are in or were recently in a romantic relationship. -there are three types: intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence.

Network overlap

refers to the number of shared associations, including friends and family, that a couple has. For example, if Dan and Shereece are both close with Dan's sister Bernadette, and all three of them are friends with Kory, then those relationships completely overlap

Supportive leaders

show concern for their followers' needs and emotions. They want to support group members' welfare through a positive and friendly group climate. These leaders are good at reducing the stress and frustration of the group, which helps create a positive climate and can help increase group members' positive feelings about the task and other group members

tension releaser

someone who is naturally funny and sensitive to the personalities of the group and the dynamics of any given situation and who uses these qualities to manage the frustration level of the group

Spokespeople

speak to external audiences, primarily the media, on behalf of an individual or group. Some key attributes for an effective spokesperson are the abilities to establish rapport, tell an engaging story, handle difficult and unexpected questions, respond to nonverbal cues, and adjust communication to match audience preferences. [12] Ideally, spokespeople facilitate a question-and-answer session after they present their statement

eulogy

speech honoring a person who has died. The emotions and grief surrounding the loss of a loved one are difficult to manage and make this one of the most challenging types of speech. However, being asked to deliver a eulogy is an honor. Such speakers are usually chosen because the family and friends of the deceased person see the speaker as someone they can depend on in difficult situations and as someone who can comfort and be an example to others. In the short amount of time you have to prepare a eulogy, usually a day or two

Upward communication

speeches, proposals, or briefings to people in higher positions in the organizational hierarchy than the sender. Upward communication is usually the most lacking within an organization, so it is important to take advantage of the opportunity. These messages usually function to inform supervisors about the status or results of projects and provide suggestions for improvement

Johari window

can be applied to a variety of interpersonal interactions in order to help us understand what parts of ourselves are open, hidden, blind, and unknown.

Relationship rules and norms

help with the daily function of the relationship. They help create structure and provide boundaries for interacting in the relationship and for interacting with larger social networks. Relationship rules are explicitly communicated guidelines for what should and should not be done in certain contexts. In regards to topic of conversation, norms often guide expectations of what subjects are appropriate within various relationships. Do you talk to your boss about your personal finances? Do you talk to your father about your sexual activity?

anthropologist coined the term ------ to describe the unique storytelling capability of modern humans.

homo narrans

Social penetration theory

as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self-disclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops

Interpersonal attributions

identify the relationship between sender and receiver as the cause of the disclosure. So if you attribute your coworker's comments to the fact that you are best friends at work, you think your unique relationship caused the disclosure.

competing style

indicates a high concern for self and a low concern for other. When we compete, we are striving to "win" the conflict, potentially at the expense or "loss" of the other person. One way we may gauge our win is by being granted or taking concessions from the other person -The competing style of conflict management is not the same thing as having a competitive personality

avoiding style

indicates a low concern for self and a low concern for other, and no direct communication about the conflict takes place. However, in some cultures that emphasize group harmony over individual interests, and even in some situations in the United States, avoiding a conflict can indicate a high level of concern for the other.

collaborating

involves a high degree of concern for self and other and usually indicates investment in the conflict situation and the relationship. Although the collaborating style takes the most work in terms of communication competence, it ultimately leads to a win/win situation in which neither party has to make concessions because a mutually beneficial solution is discovered or created

Personal relationships

meet emotional, relational, and instrumental needs, as they are intimate, close, and interdependent relationships such as those we have with best friends, partners, or immediate family

compromising

moderate concern for self and other and may indicate that there is a low investment in the conflict and/or the relationship. Even though we often hear that the best way to handle a conflict is to compromise, the compromising style isn't a win/win solution; it is a partial win/lose. In essence, when we compromise, we give up some or most of what we want. It's true that the conflict gets resolved temporarily, but lingering thoughts of what you gave up could lead to a future conflict. Compromising may be a good strategy when there are time limitations or when prolonging a conflict may lead to relationship deterioration. Compromise may also be good when both parties have equal power or when other resolution strategies have not worked

Associative friendships

mutually pleasurable relationships between acquaintances or associates that, although positive, lack the commitment of reciprocal friendships. These friendships are likely to be maintained out of convenience or to meet instrumental goals -For example, a friendship may develop between two people who work out at the same gym. They may spend time with each other in this setting a few days a week for months or years, but their friendship might end if the gym closes or one person's schedule changes

Secondary emotions

not as innate as primary emotions, and they do not have a corresponding facial expression that makes them universally recognizable. Secondary emotions are processed by a different part of the brain that requires higher order thinking; therefore, they are not reflexive. Secondary emotions are love, guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, envy, and jealousy. These emotions develop over time, take longer to fade away, and are interpersonal because they are most often experienced in relation to real or imagined others. You can be fearful of the dark but feel guilty about an unkind comment made to your mother

avoidant attachment style

report discomfort with closeness and a reluctance to depend on others. They quickly develop feelings of love for others, but those feelings lose intensity just as fast. As a result, people with this attachment style do not view love as long lasting or enduring and have a general fear of intimacy because of this. This attachment style might develop due to a lack of bonding with a primary caregiver.

interpersonal communication competence

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in personal relationships

intensifying stage

we indicate that we would like or are open to more intimacy, and then we wait for a signal of acceptance before we attempt more intimacy. This incremental intensification of intimacy can occur over a period of weeks, months, or years and may involve inviting a new friend to join you at a party, then to your place for dinner, then to go on vacation with you. It would be seen as odd, even if the experimenting stage went well, to invite a person who you're still getting to know on vacation with you without engaging in some less intimate interaction beforehand. In order to save face and avoid making ourselves overly vulnerable, steady progression is key in this stage.