comm exam

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

"The real world is to a large extent unconciously built up on the landuage habits of the group. No two landuages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same reality. The worlds in which different sociieties live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."

Devito (2003)

- Communication is a transaction and we have to account for noise Characteristics -Sender -Receiver -Distortion -Feedback -Bidirectional and Interactive

Thayer (1968)

- the spinning circular -originator -> receiver acquiring ->"processing" generating -a.disseminating Characterstics: -Receiver -Originator -Info Processing -Info Dissemination -Circular

Fundamental Communication Principles

-Communication is subject to error -Communication is dynamic -Communication is symbolic You can not, not communicate

Use of clicker

-Content check -Exam Drills -Polling -Feedback

Why we communicate

-Cooperation -Interaction -Persuasion/Influence -Inoculation (introduce)

Communication- Animals & HUmans

-Courtship & Mating -Reproduction -Socialization -Navigation -Self defense -Territoriality

Personal Theories

-Every experiences -Taken for granted -Private -Stable -Ex: you know that if you press the power button on your computer, it will turn on -Ex: you think if everyone does bad on the first exam, exam 2 will be much easier

Channel Selection

-Importance of message -Needs and abilities of receiver -Feedback requirements -Need for permanent record -Cost -Formality desired

Movie Office Space: Which components of the communication model can you identify?

-Internal and External noise - thinking about girlfriend, people bothering him about work -Nonverbal code: he is irritated -Feedback: at coffee shop with friend -Tone -Frame of reference -Channel: face to face conversations -Encoding/decoding -Environment: convo in office and coffee shop

Clusters of Communication Theories

-Interpersonal -Organizational -Mass Media -Communication & Information Technology -Health -Language -Culture -Public Relations

Katz & Lazarfeld (1955)

-Introduced mass media (exposed at any given time) and opinion leaders (filtered within our group by people we respect whether family or work and they influence how we interpret information) Source-> message -> mass media -> Opinion Leaders -> Public Characteristics -Interpersonal -Channel -Message -Receiver -Opinion Leaders -One-way (mediated)

Three codes of communciation

-Language(verbal)- spoken or written words Paralanguage(vocal)- tone, pitch, volume -Nonverbal (visual)- eye contact, facial expressions, posture, etc.

Frame of Reference

-No identical frame of reference -Communication fallacy -Moving up and down messages become :leveled, condensed, assimilated, or embellished

Plagiarism

-Plagiarism -Cheating -Fabrication -Facilitation of Dishonesty -Academic Sabotage -Violation of Research of Professional Ethics -Violations Involving Potentially Criminal Activity

Characteristics of Communication

-Process-based -Complex -Interactive -Dynamic -Vital life skill: More desired skills for college graduates -interpersonal -problem solving -oral communication -leadership -written communication

Scholarly Theories

-Systematic observation/testing -Questioned -Public -Subject to change

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: types of people

-The determinist believes language determines reality because it conditions us to process experience in a certain way The relativist believes language influences, but does not determine, thought and meaning The nonbeliever does not believe language influences thought, citing translatability between languages and universals (such as grammatical structures common to all languages) to support their position

Key terms in research

-hypothesis -Data -Data Analysis -Theory / Model -Research Paradigm

Aristotle's model of Communication

1. A speaker rations(logos), emotional (pathos) and ethical (ethos) proofs [Invention] 2. The speaker arranges those proofs strategically [Arrangement] 3. The speaker clothes the ideas in clear and compelling words [style] 4. The speaker delivers the product appropriately [Delivery, Memory] Characteristics: -Speaker -Argument -Speech -Listeners -Persuasive Effect -One-way form of communication Ancient Greece

Laswell(1948)

1. [Communication] Who 2. [Message] Says what 3. [Medium] In which channel 4. [Receiver] To whom 5. [Effect] With what effect ? Key characteristics: -Source, message, channel -Range of effects -One way

Shannon-Weaver (1949)

1. [Sender] Information source 2. [Encoder] Transmitter 3. Channel <-noise 4. [Decoder] Reception 5. [Receiver] Destination [Feedback] -2 key variables: noise, feedback Characteristics: -Noise -Feedback -Source -Message -Receiver -One-way (mostly)

New additions to dictionary

2014- Hashtag 2014- Selfie 2015- Awesome 2015- Grexit 2016- Yolo

To get an A in this course, you must accumulate how many points?

930 points

Language

A code, or system of arbitrary symbols, shared by a group in order to communicate

Theory

A coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanations and prediction for a class of phenomena

System Perspective of communication

A multiplicity of factors are at play in even the most basic situation, and the net result is that the communication process is multidimensional, multidirectional, and extremely complex- involving messages that are intentionally created and others that are not -includes intended and unintended messages, effects, and individuals

Model

A representation, generally in miniature, to show the construction or appearance of something Ex: tree swing cartoon; represents some type of theory

What is a stereotype? Are all stereotypes bad? Why or why not?

A stereotype is a broad generalization of a specific group of individuals of things Relation to the process of perception: The process of perception is not representative of what is going on; you made judgement based on stereotype instead of evaluating information Negative Connotation

Assigning meanings to things in our daily lives would generally be considered an invisible aspect of the communication process: A. True B. False

A. True

The results of the revised Stanley Milgram documentary mirror the results of the original experiment: A. True B. False

A. True

The revised Stanley Milgram documentary proposes a theory regarding how ordinary people communicate: A. True B. False

A. True

Two main parts of Evaluation and Interpretation

Affectors: anything that can influence our response to a certain experience Memory: our recollection of things Short term memory: what we remember on a very quick instance Long term memory: Semantic: things we know about life that seem to be general knowledge Episodic: based on personal happening, some type of triggering event makes us rememeber

Noise

Anything that interferes with the communication process

What is the instructor's city and country of birth?

Athens, Greece

The term offensive language has: A. An explicit meaning B. A connotative meaning C. A politically correct meaning D. An euphemism-based meaning E. All of the above meanings

B. A connotative meaning

Stereotypes reinforce and enhance the process of perception depending on the way they are communicated: A. True B. False

B. False When you are stereotyping, you do not use the process of perception Stereotype bypasses the process of perception

In comparison to the other models that we have covered in the course, Thayer's model would best explain the outcomes depicted int he revised Stanley Milgram experiment due to the emphasis it place on interpersonal dynamics A. True B. False

B. False It was not this model that made the connection to interpersonal dynamics: Katz & Lazarfeld (1955), linking interpersonal dnamics to mass communication, and the Systems approach

The different viewpoints on the size of the inauguration crowd can be explained by: A. The Shannon and Weaver model of communication B. Selective Retention C. Selective Perception D. The Pygmalion effect E. All of the above can explain the different viewpoints on the work of art

C. Selective Perception

Which of the main communication models introduced the effect of noise in the communication process? A. Katz and Lazarsfeld B. Schramm C. Shannon & Weaver D. Thayer E. All of the above review

C. Shannon & Weaver

Which of the following has the greatest impact in determining whether an academic integrity violation at Rutgers is considered a separable offense? A. The undergraduate year of the student B. The complexity of the assignment associated with the violation C. The number of academic integrity violations on the student's record D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. The number of academic integrity violations on the student's record

The Pygmalion effect is most closely associated wiht: A. An unrealistic view of one's personality B. A negative experience/outcome C. The role of expectations D. The different communication codes The process of perception

C. The role of expectations

Which of the following is true of both verbal and nonverbal messages? A. They have a universal meaning B. They are easy to interpret C. They both have symbolic meaning D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true

C. They both have symbolic meaning

Emotive Language

Conveys an opinion or attitude about a subject

Based on what we have learned so far int he course the process of communication is: A. Dynamic B. Interactive C.Subject to error D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

The following elements of the communication processes that we have covered in the course are illustrated in the scenes that we have watched from 'Office Space': A. the paralanguage code B. Perception aspects C. Noise D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

IF everyone else starts packing up then everyone else wills tart to do so as well." This statement best reflects which of the following theoretical models that we have discussed? A. Katz and Lazarsfeld B. Shannon and Weaver C. Systems Approach D> Backpack Theory

D. Backpack theory

Pragmatic Codes

Describe what is appropriate in a given context "politically correct*

A (communication) theory: A. Predicts B. Evaluates C. Is a visual representation fo model D. All of the above model are correct E. A&B are correct

E. A&B are correct

The reactions of the participants in the revised Stanley Milgram documentary can be explained by which of the following communication concepts Noise B. Frame of Reference C. Perception D. Communication codes E. All of the above concepts can explain the reactions of the participants

E. All of the above concepts can explain the reactions of the participants

Which of the following statements accurately describes the connection between communication memory? A. Memory helps us recall the necessary information to interpret symbols B. Memory is dynamic C. Memory is selective D. Memory is complex E. All of the above statements accurately describe the connection between communication and memory.

E. All of the above statements accurately describe the connection between communication and memory.

Which of the following models/theories clearly illustrate that communication is part of a system? A. Aristotle's Theory of Rhetoric B. Katz and Lazarsfeld C. Schramm D. All of the above models clearly illustrate that communication is part of a system E. None of the above models clearly illustrate that communication is part of a system

E. None of the above models clearly illustrate that communication is part of a system Because the systems approach to communication is a completely different perspective on how communication works; go es through all different direction; based that we use comm to navigate the system of planet Earth The systems perspective of communication says that is is a system

Syntactic Codes

Establish conventions or rules that guide our use of words, even if we can't express those rules -need a subject, verb, and object

Organization

Figure Ground principle: we tend to focus on figure ground Closure: we tend to fill out the missing information Perceptual constancy: we tend to think and perceive the same way over time Evaluation: determines how we responds

Schramm's Model (1954)

INCLUDES FIELD OF EXPERIENCE -> environment and frame of reference Characteristics: -Field of experience -Source -Message -Receiver -One-way

Semantic codes

Indicate that words have both denotative and connotative meaning, word meanings vary by time and place, and words are only symbolic representations of reality -refers to the context

Two major associations of communication

International communication association (ICA)and natural communication association (NCA) -interpersonal (NCA,ICA) -group -mass(NCA,ICA) -public address(NCA,ICA) -organizational(NCA,ICA) -non-verbal -health(NCA,ICA) -family -political (NCA,ICA) -public relations(NCA,ICA) -instructional development (NCA,ICA)

Sociolinguistic Approach

Language learned through social interaction we learn through social interaction

Non-separable violations

Less severe infractions for which the possible sanctions do not include suspension or expulsion from the University

Separable violations

Major infractions for which the possible sanctions include suspension or expulsion

Why do men and women use language?

Men use language: -To achieve something or assert themselves -To attract and keep an audience -To compete Women use language: -To create and sustain relationships -To indicate they are paying attention -To collaborate

Bypassing

Occurs when two individuals miss each other's meaning because they are using equivocal language

intensional orientation

People with an intensional orientation are easily misled by false labels

extensional orientation

People with an intensional orientation focus on reality rather than what labels imply

Psycholinguistic Approach

Personalized understanding of world we learn things as we observe them and then use words as we grow up

Perceptual Schemata

Physical Constructs: someone is hot Interaction Constructs: friendly, vs. strict vs. goofy Role Constructs: friend vs. professor Psychological Constructs: bias, stereotypes

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Predictions or expectations coming true due to acting as if they are true 1. you form certain expectations 2. You communicate those expectations intentionally or unintenionally with various cues 3. You adjust due to these cues to match your behavior with your expectations 4. Your expectatiojns come tru e

Denotative meaning

Refers to a word's dictionary definitions. Words have a limited number of denotative meanings

Watzlawick, beavin & Jackson (1968)

Reflects how message bounce back and forth and you engage in more analysis as message gets from point 1 to 2 to 3 x -Receiver -Meaning -Process -Meta-communication -Two- Way

4 Key Parts to Selection

Selective Exposure (if you know something is going to be uncomfortable, you ignore it) Selective Attention: we focus on some things but we disregard others Selective Perception: you choose meaning of importance of some things; one thing is more important Selective Retention: memory; we remember some things that are more comfortable to us or we are more happy about and try to forget things that bother us

The Percepetion Process

Stimuli -> Selection -> Organization -> Evaluation/Interpretation (affected by perceptual sets, affects) -> response

The Triangle of Meaning

The broken line emphasizes that there is no direct connection between words and things. Meaning exists in thoughts only.

Communicating Expectations: The Expected self

The person others expect you to be

Communicating Expectations: The Perceived self

The person you really believe yourself to be

Communicating Expectations: The Ideal or Possible Self

The person you would like to be or might become

A student took another student's completed exam that has just been turned in without the proctor noticing. The student then went back to their seat and started erasing the original student's name and replacing it with their own. A proctor noticed that she was erasing the name and accidentally wrote the wrong name so she was fixing it. The proctor turned the exam in to the professor who filed a complaint. Is this a separable or non-separable violation?

Type of violation: separable Sanction: Permanent expulsion and an administrative F in class

Connotative meaning

Words can have a virtually limitless number of connotative meanings (as many meanings as there are people who use them); subjective

Euphemisms

Words used in place of terms that some people might find offensive

Pygmalion effect

higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. T -expectations can be positive or negative -outcome of self-fulfilling prophecy

Human Communication

human communication is the process through which individuals in relationships, groups, organizations, and societies [respond to and create messages and] create and use information to relate to the environment and one another

Communication as a symbol system

iceberg -20% visible we can observe people, symbols, and technology, which are observable, but we cannot see those which are largely unobservable like (meaning, learning, subjectivity, negotiation, culture, interacting, levels and contexts, self-reference, self-reflexibility, ethics, inevitability

If someone is caught with cheating or fabrication, what is the firs thing the professor must do?

if accused of cheating or fabrication, the professor must call you and seek your explanation.

The human brain has a ___ compactly

limited

"Politically correct Language"

means different things to different people

Levels of communication theory

micro, meso, macro

Words are not reality; they merely ___________ reality

represent

S -> M -> r ->E

sender message receiver effect

Which of the following components are not part of the systems approach to communication? A. Intended Messages B. Unintended Messages C. Effects of the communication process D. All of the above are part of the systems approach to communication E. None of the above are part of the systems approach to communication

systems approach to communication

Westley & MacLean (1955)

x -> A -> C -> B xs are multiple messages being sent out that are reinterpreted as they go through differerent receivers -Receiver -Meaning -Feedback -Circular (feedback)