Comm Final
pseudolistening
pretending to listen
Pathos
proof based on appealing to listeners' emotions
Logos
proof based on logic and reasoning
Ethos
proof based on the speaker's credibility (trust, worthiness, expertise & goodwill)
Meaning
The significance we attribute to a phenomenon; what it signifies to us
3 ethical principles
1. allowing others to make informed and willing choices. 2. respect for differences between people 3. taking responsibility for our own communication and our responses to others' communication
autonomy/conection
1/3 relationship dialectics; the tension between the need for personal autonomy, or independence, and connection/intimacy
neutralization
1/4 responses to relationship dialectics; balancing or finding a compromise between two dialectical poles
separation
1/4 responses to relationship dialectics; in which friends/romantic partners assign one pole of a dialectic to certain spheres of activities or topics and assign the contradictory dialectical pole to distinct spheres of activities or topics
digital media
electronic modes of communication that store and manage data in digital form
Flaming
excessively insulting another person online, often using language that is derogatory or obscene
selective listening
focusing only on selected parts of communication; screening out parts of a message that don't interest us or with which we disagree, or riveting our attention on parts of communication that interest us or with which we agree
monopolizing
hogging the stage by continuously focusing communication on oneself instead of on the person who is talking
bracketing
identifying and setting aside for later discussion the issues peripheral to a current conflict
environmental distractions
in communication situations, any occurrence that interferes with listening
Quantitative research
includes techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments, used to gather quantifiable data
qualitative research
interpretive techniques, including textual analysis and ethnography, used to understand the character of experience, particularly how people perceive and make sense of communication
prejudgment
judging others or their ideas before one has heard them
You-language
language that attributes intentions and motives to another person, usually the person to whom one is speaking
I-language
language that identifies the speaker's or perceiver's thoughts and feelings
Low-context communication style
language that is very explicit, detailed, and precise; generally used in individualistic cultures
ambushing
listening carefully to a speaker in order to attack her or him
literal listening
listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relationship level of meaning
critical listening
listening to analyze and evaluate the content of communication or the character of the person speaking
informational listening
listening to understand information/ideas
evidence
material used to support claims: statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations
institutional facts
meanings people assign to brute facts (objective, concrete phenomena) that are based on human interpretation
communication technologies
means of recording, transferring, and working with information
agenda setting
media's selection of issues, events, and people to highlight for attention
(cognitive) schemata
mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience. four are identified: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes and scripts.
haptics
nonverbal communication involving physical touch
Chronemics
nonverbal communication involving the perception and use of time to define identities and interaction
brute facts
objective, concrete phenomena
Script
one of the four cognitive schemata; these define expected or appropriate sequences of action in particular settings. Ex: What you say when you meet someone
relationship level of meaning
one of the two levels of meaning; expresses the relationship between communicators
win-win
one of three orientations to conflict; assumes that everyone involved in a conflict can gain
lose-lose
one of three orientations to conflict; assumes that everyone loses when conflict occurs
win-lose
one of three orientations towards conflict; assumes that in any conflict one person wins and the other(s) lose
Content level of meaning
one of two levels of meaning; the literal information in a message
structure
organize relationships & interaction among members of an organization. includes roles, rules, policies, and communication networks
mediator
outside third party who facilitates discussion between two or more parties who are in conflict but who does not have the power to make a decision
arbitrator
outside third party who has the authority to make a decision on a conflict between two or more people
turning point
particular experiences and events that cause relationships to become more or less intimate
rules
patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior. all relationships develop these
olfactics
the perception of scents and odors; one form of nonverbal communication
generalized other
the perspective that represents one's perception of the rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by one's group or community
Rhetorical criticism
the process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively
remembering
the process of recalling what one has heard; sixth element of listening
listening
the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. the process consists of being mindful, hearing, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communication, responding and remembering.
message overload
the receiving of more messages than we can interpret, evaluate, and remember; can interfere with effective listening
cultural relativism
the recognition that cultures vary in thought, action, and behavior as well as in beliefs and values; not the same as moral relativism
Me
the reflective, analytical, socially conscious aspect of self. This complements the I aspect of the self
role
the responsibilities and behaviors expected of a person by virtue of his or her position
self-disclosure
the revelation of personal information that others could not know unless the person made it known
interpretation
the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience
Interpretation
the subjective process of organizing and making sense of perceptions
ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one way of life is normal and superior to other ways of life
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute our positive actions and successes to stable, global, internal influences that we control and to attribute negative actions and failures to unstable, specific, and external influences beyond our control.
equity theory
the theory that people are happier and more satisfied with equitable relationships than inequitable ones. In equitable relationships, partners perceive the benefits and costs of the relationship as equal for both
uncertainty reduction theory
the theory that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty
hypothetical thought
thinking about experiences and ideas that do not exist or are not immediately present to the senses
organizational culture
understandings about identity and codes of thought and action that are shared by members of an organization
feedback
verbal or nonverbal response to a message. this concept, as applied to human communication, appeared first in interactive models of communication
incomprehensibility
when a message is not clearly understandable due to language or transmission problems; one of four situational obstacles to listening
verbal communication
words and only words; does not include inflection, accent, volume, pitch, or other paralinguistic features of speech
segmentation
1/4 responses to relationship dialectics; this meets one dialectical need while ignoring or not satisfying the contradictory dialectical need
reframing
1/4 responses to relationship dialectics; transcends the apparent contradiction between two dialectical poles and reinterprets them as not in tension
mania
1/6 styles of love; an obsessive style that often reflects personal insecurity
storge
1/6 styles of love; based on friendship; even-keeled
pragma
1/6 styles of love; based on practical considerations and criteria for attachment
agape
1/6 styles of love; it is selfless and focused on the other's happiness
eros
1/6 styles of love; passionate, intense & erotic
ludus
1/6 styles of love; playful and sometimes manipulative
novelty/predictability
2/3 relationship dialectics; tension between the desire for spontaneous, new experiences, and the desire for routines and familiar experiences
openness/closedness
3/3 relationship dialectics; tension between the desire to share private thoughts, feelings & experiences with intimates and the desire to preserve personal privacy
cultivation
A cumulative process by which the media foster beliefs about social reality, including the belief that the world is more dangerous and violent than it actually is.
rite
A dramatic, planned set of activities that brings together aspects of cultural ideology in a single event.
comparison
A form of evidence associating two things that are similar or different in some important way or ways.
quotation
A form of evidence that uses exact citations of others' statements. Also called testimony.
physical appearance
A form of nonverbal communication; how we look, including the cultural meanings, values, and expectations associated with looks.
social community
A group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture.
vulture
A person who attacks a person's self-esteem; may attack others or himself or herself.
product placement
A practice, paid for by advertisers and program sponsors, of featuring products in media so that the products are associated with particular characters, storylines, and so forth.
extemporaneous delivery
A presentational style that includes preparation and practice but not memorization of actual words and nonverbal behaviors.
relationship culture
A private world of rules, understandings, and patterns of acting and interpreting that partners create to give meaning to their relationship; the nucleus of intimacy.
speech to persuade
A speech intended to change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors or to motivate listeners to action.
speech to inform
A speech intended to increase listeners' understanding, awareness, or knowledge of some topic.
visual aid
A visual image, such as a chart, graph, photograph, or physical object, that reinforces ideas presented verbally or provides information.
self-fulfilling prophecies
Acting in ways that bring about others' or our own expectations or judgments of ourselves.
High-context communication style
An indirect and undetailed way of speaking that conveys meanings implicitly rather than explicitly; typical of collectivist cultures.
Symbols
Arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representations of phenomena. These are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought
Kinesics
Body position and body motions, including those of the face, that may be used to communicate or may be interpreted as communicating
anxious/ambivalent attachment style
Characterized by preoccupation with relationships, in which intimacy is both wanted and feared. It is fostered by inconsistent treatment from a caregiver
uses and gratification theory
Claims people use mass communication to gratify their interests and desires.
hate groups
Collections of people who advocate and engage in hatred, aggression, or violence toward members of a particular race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, or any other selected segment of a society
direct definition
Communication that tells us who we are by explicitly labeling us and reacting to our behaviors; usually occurs first in families and later in interaction with peers and others.
social comparison
Comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.
masculinity/femininity
Dimension of culture that refers to the extent to which a culture values aggressiveness, competitiveness, looking out for yourself, and dominating others, which are typically associated with men, versus gentleness, cooperation, and taking care of others and the natural world, which tend to be associated with women. Also called aggressiveness.
standpoint
The social, symbolic, and material conditions common to a group of people that influence how they understand themselves, others, and society.
relationship dialectics
The tensions between opposing forces or tendencies that are normal parts of all relationships: autonomy/connection, novelty/predictability, and openness/closedness.
endorsement
The third of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; the communication of acceptance of another's thoughts and feelings. Not the same as agreement.
judgment
a belief or opinion based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other nonfactual phenomena
personal construct
a bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people and situations along bipolar dimensions of judgment, such as "honest------dishonest"
impromptu delivery
a delivery style that involves little preparation; speakers think on their feet as they talk about ideas and positions with which they are familiar
example
a form of evidence in which a single instance is used to make a point, to dramatize an idea, or to personalize information. Four types: undetailed, detailed, hypothetical & anecdotal
statistics
a form of evidence that uses numbers to summarize a great many individual cases or to demonstrate relationships between phenomena
Proxemics
a form of nonverbal communication that involves space and how we use it
ritual
a form of regularly occurring communication that members of an organization perceive as a familiar, routine part of organizational life and that reflects a particular value or role definition
policy
a formal statement of practice that reflects and upholds an organization's culture
System
a group of interrelated elements that affect one another
social community
a group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that hare values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture
reappropriation
a group's reclamation of a term used by others to degrade the group's members; the treatment of those terms as positive self-descriptions. aims to remove the stigma from terms that others use pejoratively
prototype
a knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category
paraphrasing
a method of clarifying another's meaning by reflecting one's interpretation of the other's communication back to that person
self
a multidimensional process that involves forming and acting from social perspectives that arise and evolve in communication with others and ourselves
gatekeeper
a person or group that controls the choice and presentation of topics by media
downer
a person who communicates negatively about us and our worth
upper
a person who communicates positive messages about us and our worth
Hearing
a physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit our eardrums. Passive process
Stereotype
a predictive generalization about a person or situation
Individualism
a predominant western value that regards each person as unique, important, and to be recognized for her or his individual qualities and behavior
memorized delivery
a presentational style in which the speech is delivered word for word from memory
manuscript delivery
a presentational style that involves speaking from a complete manuscript of a speech
personal relationship
a relationship defined by uniqueness, rules, relationship dialectics, commitment, and embeddedness in contexts. Irraplaceable
resistance
a response to cultural diversity; attacking the cultural practices of others or proclaiming that one's own cultural traditions are superior
tolerance
a response to diversity in which one accepts differences, although one may not approve of or even understand them
speech to entertain
a speech intended to amuse, interest, and engage listeners
Homeostasis
a state of equilibrium that systems strive for but cannot sustain
secure attachment style
a style fostered by a caregiver who communicates with an infant in consistently loving and attentive ways and which inclines people to view themselves and others as worthy and to be comfortable both alone and in intimate relationships
Communication
a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings
indexing
a technique of noting that every statement reflects a specific time and circumstance and may not apply to other times or circumstances
Positive visualization
a technique used to enhance success in a variety of situations by teaching people to visualize themselves being effective and successful
expectancy violation theory
a theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors
standpoint theory
a theory that holds that a culture includes a number of social groups that differently shape the perceptions, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups
Constructivism
a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata
preoccupation
absorption in our own thoughts or concerns
nonverbal communication
all forms of communication other than words themselves; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors such as shrugs, blushing, and eye movements
Perception
an active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities
Critical research
an approach to research that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people
Static evaluation
an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or static
attribution
an explanation of why things happen or why people act as they do not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives
loaded language
an extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings
inference
an interpretation that goes beyond the facts known but is believed to logically follow from them
Process
an ongoing continuity, the beginning and end of which are difficult to identify; for ex, communication
environmental factor
any nonverbal element of a setting that affects how we think, feel, act, and communicate
artifact
any personal object with which one announces one's identities or personalizes one's environment
noise
anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication; includes sounds as well as psychological interferences
long term/short term orientation
Dimension of culture that refers to the extent to which members of a culture think about long-term (history and future) versus short-term (present).
power distance
Dimension of culture that refers to the size of the gap between people with high and low power and the extent to which that is regarded as normal
individualism/collectivism
Dimension of cultures that refers to the extent to which members of a culture understand themselves as part of and connected to their families, groups, and cultures.
multitasking
Engaging in multiple tasks in rapid sequence or in overlapping and interactive ways
puffery
Exaggerated, superlative claims about a product that appear to be factually based but are actually meaningless and unverifiable.
life scripts
Guides to action based on rules for living and identity. Initially communicated in family; scripts define our roles, how we are to play them, and the basic elements in the plot of our lives.
immersive advertising
Incorporating a product or brand into actual storylines in books, television programs, and films.
Silence
Lack of sound. Can be a powerful form of nonverbal communication
Communication network
Links among members of an organization. May be formal or informal.
relationship listening
Listening to support another person or to understand how another person thinks, feels, or perceives some situation, event, or other phenomenon.
psychological responsibility
The obligation to remember, plan, and coordinate domestic work and child care. In general, women assume psychological responsibility for child care and housework even when both partners share in the actual doing of tasks.
attachment styles
The patterns of interaction between child and primary caregiver that teach the child who he or she is, who others are, and how to approach relationships. Four attachment styles have been identified: anxious/ ambivalent, dismissive, fearful, and secure.
matching hypothesis
The prediction that people will seek relationships with others who closely match their values, attitudes, social background, and physical attractiveness.
terminal credibility
The cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of initial and derived credibility; may be greater or less than initial credibility, depending on how effectively a speaker has communicated.
derived credibility
The expertise and trustworthiness attributed to a speaker by listeners as a result of how the speaker communicates during a presentation.
initial credibility
The expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker before a presentation begins. Initial credibility is based on the speaker's titles, positions, experiences, or achievements that are known to listeners before they hear the speech.
global village
The modern-day, worldwide community made possible by electronic communication that instantaneously links people all over the world.
acknowledgement
The second of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicating that you hear and understand another's expressed feelings and thoughts.
mindfulness
being fully present in the moment; the first step of listening and the foundation of all the other steps
dismissive attachment style
characterized by a view of others as unworthy of love and the self as adequate yet removed from intimate relationships; fostered by disinterested, rejecting, or abusive treatment by a caregiver
fearful attachment style
characterized by the perception of self as unworthy of love; fostered by dismissive, rejecting, or abusive treatment by a caregiver
interpersonal communication
communication between people, sometimes in close relationships such as friendship or romance
regulative rules
communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things
constitutive rules
communication rules that specify how certain communicative acts are to be encountered
minimal encouragers
communication that gently invites another person to elaborate by expressing interest in hearing more
paralanguage
communication that is vocal but not verbal. includes accent, inflection, volume, pitch, and sounds such as murmurs and gasps
intrapersonal communication
communication with ourselves, self talk
mass media
communications that reach a large audience
overt conflict
conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner
covert conflict
conflict that is expressed indirectly; generally more difficult to manage constructively than overt conflict
punctuation
defining the beginning and ending of interaction episodes. It's subjective and not always agreed on by those involved in the interaction
uncertainty avoidance
dimension of culture that refers to the extent to which people want to avoid ambiguity and vagueness
social relationship
replaceable relationships that tend to follow broad social scripts and rules and in which participants tend to assume conventional social roles in relation to one another
Totalizing
responding to a person as if one aspect of that person were the total of who the person is
self-sabotage
self-talk that communicates that we are no good, that we can't do something, that we can't change, and so forth; undermines belief in ourselves and motivation to change and grow
communication rules
shared understandings of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations
particular others
specific people who are significant to the self and who influence the self's values, perspectives, and esteem
triangulation
studying phenomena in multiple ways by relying on multiple sources of data, theories, researchers, and/or methodological approaches
responding
symbolizing interest in what is being said with observable feedback to speakers during interaction; the fifth of six elements of listening
credibility
the ability of a person to engender belief in what he/she says or does.
Empathy
the ability to feel with another person, to feel what he or she feels in a situation
Person-centeredness
the ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations
message complexity
the amount of detailed information or intricate reasoning in a message; can interfere with effective listening
mind reading
the assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something
culture
the beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of people
Ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with the goodness or rightness of particular actions. These types of issues infuse all areas of the communication field
I
the creative, spontaneous, impulsive aspect of the self. complemented by the me
mainstreaming
the effect of television in stabilizing and homogenizing views within a society
conflict
the expression by people who depend on each other of different views, interests, or goals and the perception of differences as incompatible or in opposition
Openness
the extent to which a system affects and is affected by its surrounding environment
recognition
the first level of interpersonal confirmation; the communication of awareness that another person exists and is present
digital divide
the gap between people and communities that do and do not have access to digital technologies
assimilation
the giving up of one's native ways to take on the ways of another culture
reflected appraisal
the image and estimate of ourselves that others communicate to us
cognitive complexity
the number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions
monitoring
the observation and regulation of one's own communication
Communication climate
the overall feeling, or emotional mood, between people
defensive listening
the perception of a personal attack, criticism, or hostile undertone in communication when none is intended
