COMM Final
The benefit of the information age is that information can be found anywhere, but it's more difficult to find quality information.
TRUE
This lesson focuses on how logic itself is subjective, so it is ironic that there is a quiz which has questions that are objectively right or wrong.
TRUE
Whether or not a persuasive effort is successful is determined by the audience.
TRUE
You should always cite a source whenever you make a claim that is beyond the scope of "common knowledge."
TRUE
all persuasion is about reasoning
TRUE
What are the two types of questions of fact?
categorical casual
Which type of syllogism is identifiable by when the major premise is phrased as an either/or situation?
Disjunctive
What is Kinesics?
The study of non-verbal communication that transmits the message through body movements.
Although pronunciation has some variability, it is important to research pronunciation of proper nouns, particularly peoples' names
TRUE
Syllogistic logic is more likely to be used in the fields of Math and science than in English or Communication
TRUE
What is the difference between character and competence in the context of ethos?
Character is how well-liked you are, competence is how intelligent you are perceived to be.
Which of the following actions constitute plagiarism?
1. Quoting small sections of an article without a citation 2. Paraphrasing an article without a citation.
What about your speech will NOT change regardless of your audience (college class vs US Representative)?
1. The significance of your subject 2. The topic of your speech
What is the best order to ask the following questions when we analyze an audience?
1. To whom am I speaking? 2. What do I want my audience to know/do/believe? 3. What are the best ways to accomplish these goals?
Why are vocalics impt?
1. because it can add meaning to message 2. because it can reinforce the message of your speech 3. bc audience members are more likely to believe what they interpret from a speaker's tone than their word choice
In what year did Tennessee repeal the law prohibiting the teaching of evolution?
1967
What are some exercises to strengthen articulation suggested in the lesson?
1. lay on back and deliver speech 2. bit on a pen and deliver speech 3. slightly exaggerate your articulation
Making eye contact is critical when delivering a speech, but what are some mistakes people make with eye contact?
1. moving eye contact from one person to another before completing a thought 2. looking at someone for too long
What's the best way to practice your facial expressions?
1. practicing your speech in front of a mirror
What are the ways the text suggests you improve fluency when speaking?
1. replace "uh and um" with "and or but" 2. slow your rate of speaking 3. use pauses to your advantage
Which of these factors can influence how an audience interprets your gestures?
1. size 2. speed 3. stiffness
What are three fundamental assumptions that the lesson makes about the relationship between reasoning and the truth?
1. what is generally termed "absolute truth" does not exist 2. we could never accurately communicate the truth with our limited and flawed communication skills 3. human beings are intellectually limited and cannot every truly know the truth
How far should you walk for a transition walk?
4-5 steps
What is the most unique benefit of researching in a library?
Access to knowledgeable library staff who can help you find information
What types of gestures are there?
Adapter Illustrator
Mika is a financial expert, and has booked a speaking event with an audience of retirees. Her prepared speech has several lighthearted references to Blippy, a YouTube star that produces content for preschoolers. Mika decides to remove references to Blippy from her speech. What facet of audience analysis is the primary reason for this alteration?
Age
Who is the House Representative discussed in the video lesson?
Alan Lowenthal
When citing a legal expert, or a judge, what are some appropriate questions to ask regarding the reasoning process of the expert.
All of the questions listed are appropriate. Do you think the law is objective, and applies equally to everyone? Or, do you think that the law is subjective, and applies to people differently based on things like social class? When is it appropriate to include social markers of identity when interpreting the validity of a law? Are there some constitutional amendments that are open to interpretation, but some that are not? If so, why? Do you think documents like the U.S. Constitution are open to interpretation?
Is it more important to focus on articulation, or pronunciation?
Articulation is more important than pronunciation
Where should you set your baseline volume for a speech?
At a comfortable middle level so that you have room to get louder or quieter throughout the speech
What are psychographics?
Attitudes, beliefs, and opinions
Which type of syllogism defines the principles of something, or the classification of a thing?
Categorical
What makes someone credible
Character Competence
When in doubt, it is best to:
Cite a source just in case
Imagine that you are a legislator and have proposed a new law. How could you use precedent to defend your position that the proposed law is consistent with the constitution?
Citing past cases that deal with similar issues and were declared constitutional in the Supreme Court.
What word describes whether a narrative is free from contradictions?
Coherence
What two tests must a narrative pass in order to be evaluated as truthful?
Coherence Fidelity
What is the best way to identify bias?
Compare the article to other articles on the topic
What does citing evidence bolster in a speech?
Credibility
What is formal reasoning also known as?
Deductive logic
DEFINE Deductive Inductive
Deductive: using a general principle to come to a specific conclusion Inductive: Using evidence and observation to come to a general conclusion
Sort Elements Demographics Situational Analysis Psychographics
Demographics: "characteristics of ppl" Situational Analysis: predictable factors about the time and place you are going to speak Psychographics: the attitudes, beliefs, and opinions people in your audience share
Inappropriate emotional behavior such as getting "the giggles" at a serious time, or the lack of appropriate emotional behavior is the lack of...
Emotional Intelligence
Which type of syllogism is based on probabilities, and has come to be known as an incomplete syllogism?
Enthymeme
Which of the following are examples of demographics to consider in an audience?
Ethnicity Income Level Age
Which of these statements is most accurate? Speech Delivery
Every speech situation is different, and your wardrobe choices should be situationally appropriate.
As long as you have citations written down somewhere, you don't need to cite sources verbally in your speech.
FALSE
Avoiding plagiarism is very difficult and takes a lot of effort.
FALSE
Because there are so many different ways to pronounce words, pronunciation can be completely ignored in public speaking
FALSE
Formal reasoning is more concerned with the content of statements, rather than the forms of those statements
FALSE
It is best to start speeches with your name
FALSE
The goal of utilizing pathos is to manipulate your audience into agreeing with you
FALSE
There is no need to organize your letter into paragraphs. You should just speak from the heart.
FALSE
While your baseline volume should be conversational, you should always get louder during important moments
FALSE
What word describes "whether a story rings true" with the audience, and corresponds with other things the audience believes, or knows to be true?
Fidelity
Which of the following is the right kind of legislation to include in your letter?
House legislation that has not yet passed
What situational factors should be considered when analyzing an audience?
Importance Occasion Audience size Time Environment
What two methods of delivery are unscripted?
Impromptu Extemporaneous
What method of reasoning uses two premises to arrive at a conclusion?
Syllogism
Definitions: Impromptu Memorized Extemporaneous Manuscript
Impromptu: a speech that is delivered with little or no preparation Memorized: a speech written word for word and then recited to an audience without notes Extemporaneous: a speech delivered using only an outline, or a brief set of notes Manuscript: a speech written word for word and then read to an audience
Drawbacks: Impromptu Memorized Extemporaneous Manuscript
Impromptu: sometimes you draw a blank as to what direction you ought to go with the topic Memorized: mental lapses without any notes may result in having big/long/awk pauses Extemporaneous: your notes offer little that you can reference to keep the speech progressing forward Manuscript: it risks sounding flat and no emotional connection with audience
What are two fundamental types of reasoning?
Inductive and Deductive
How is informal reasoning (inductive) different from formal reasoning (deductive)?
Informal reasoning begins with particular observations in order to arrive at generalized conclusions; whereas, formal reasoning starts with general principles in order to arrive at particular conclusions.
DEFINE Logos Pathos Ethos
Logos: the way a speaker draws conclusion based on evidence Pathos: the emotional appeal employed by a speaker Ethos: the credibility of the speaker
What are the three parts of a syllogism?
Major premise Minor premise Conclusion
If someone is using a teleprompter to aid with their speech, what method of delivery is this known as?
Manuscript
Which of the following parts of a source citation are NOT optional
Name of publication Date of publication
What concept describes the phenomenon of people making sense of ourselves, our lives, our reality via stories.
Narrative rationality
DEFINE Paraphrasing Quoting
Paraphrasing: re-stating in your own words Quoting: re-stating in the author's original words
DEFINITION: Pronunciation Pitch Rate Articulation Volume
Pronunciation: the sound a speaker chooses to verbalize words Pitch: how high/low the tone of the speaker is Rate: the speed in which the speaker talks Articulation: how clearly a speaker says words Volume: how loud a speaker talks
Which of the following is a helpful indicator that a source may be more credible?
The source has an editorial board
DEFINE: Secondary Source Primary Source Identifying Bias
Secondary Source: Reports on the research and analysis done by another author. Primary Source: Research and the analysis is done by the author themselves. Identifying Bias: Do a quick check of the publication and compare your source against other sources.
What is a potential drawback of informal reasoning?
Stereotyping
The lesson ends with the story of Charles Darwin, and the long process of academia accepting the theory of evolution. What was the point of the story?
That logic and reason is more than just placing propositions in a certain order.
Why is it important to understand your audience for a persuasive speech?
The audience will influence how you put together your message.
What is reasoning?
The method of drawing conclusions based on evidence
Which communication scholar offered a common language for examining arguments across fields.
Toulmin
What are adapter gestures?
Unintentional gestures that we make in response to our environment.
Which of these feedback methods will give you a transcript of your speech?
Uploading a recording of your speech to Yoodli
What does it mean to quote evidence?
Using the exact words from the evidence.
What scholar is credited with the Narrative Paradigm?
Walter Fisher
What differences should there be between your persuasive speech, and the letter to your representative?
You should have a different purpose statement and solutions, because college students aren't capable of voting for congressional bills.
What is the primary risk of abusing the power of pathos?
Your audience may lose trust in you long-term.
What type of informal logic compares things that are inherently different?
arguing from analogy
What type of informal logic means to rely on the observations and expertise of others?
arguing from authority
What type of informal logic means that you are inferring one thing is responsible for the creation of another thing?
arguing from cause
What type of informal logic takes a subset of a population, and uses that as an indicator of what the larger population is like?
arguing from example
What type of informal logic means that the presence of one thing is an indicator of the presence of another.
arguing from sign
On which audience members should you focus the majority of your time and effort?
audience members who are neutral
What are the three areas that a persuasive speaker might target for change?
behavior belief attitude
What area of persuasion does a conspiracy focus on?
belief
How often should you transition walk?
between each main point
ethos means
credibility
What should be your goal, as a speaker, if your audience is undecided with your persuasive message
devote time and energy to change their minds
pathos
emotion
Arguments arise and exist in different subject areas. What is another phrase for "subject areas."
fields of discourse
What should be your goal, as a speaker, if your audience already disagrees with your persuasive message?
hope they ask questions
Which of the following are examples of poor articulation?
mumbling or slurring
What should be your goal, as a speaker, if your audience already agrees with your persuasive message?
solidify their attitude
Rather than seeing arguments as valid or invalid, inductive reasoning sees arguments as either
strong or weak.
What is the fundamental goal of any persuasive speech?
to create change
What type of body movement is appropriate when giving a speech?
transition walks leaning forward
What are the three types of questions that might form the basis for any persuasive speech topic?
value fact policy
