Comm/Ethics Exam 1 (Latif - Debate)
Persuasive speakers attempt to modify their listeners' _____ and _____, and alter their listeners' _____.
(modify) attitude and values (alter) beliefs
__________ - Inform the reader/listener about the issue at hand
Introduction
"In medicine—how to treat an illness or disease"
Policy Claim
A __________ is a statement regarding the merits of one course of action as opposed to another.
Policy claim
___________ - Now it is time to review the main points of your arguments. Be sure to address any items that may have come while refuting the opposition.
Reconfirm your position
______ - Discuss why your way is the best way.
State your case
"A Ph.D. is better than a PharmD"
Value Claim
"Victoria is a better place to go for summer vacation than Calgary"
Value Claim
Examples such as movies, styles of living, community organizations, weather, live entertainment, sports are examples of topics for which type of claim?
Value Claims Differing value claims may be used to argue the value of a variety of topic
Defending a value claim involves offering a set of criteria for consideration, defending the set of criteria as legitimate, and showing how applying the criteria justifies the claim.
Value claim
People are more likely to change their behavior if the argument asks for _______________ in their lives.
a *small change* rather than a large change (e.g., trying one vegetarian meal rather than becoming total vegetarians).
"The Earth is round"
a proven *fact*
A ____________ is a statement telling how a particular word or phrase should be defined in a certain context.
definition claim
Defending a policy claim must explain that, given the knowledge we have at the present time, it is best to act in the manner proposed rather than alternatively.
true
Therefore, the claims made by different people may also be contradictory, when these claims are based on their own special interpretations of word usage and meaning.
true
Value claims are arguable in that people may disagree on the criteria used to evaluate something and the measures are subjective, thus subject to interpretation.
true
What makes a policy claim arguable is that, even though people and institutions may not be totally certain about the proper course of action to take, they still must make a choice
true
__________ are arguable statements concerning the relative merits of something which is measured subjectively.
value claims
People are more likely to change their behavior if suggested change is __________________. Move from arguments which the audience will find most acceptable to those which the audience will find more difficult to accept.
*approached gradually* in the argument
People are more likely to consider changing their behavior if the change will be of ___________
*greater benefit than cost* Consider the costs to the audience in terms of money, time commitment, energy, and skill.
People are more likely to change their behavior if the change __________. Needs vary in different communities, in different schools, and in different individuals.
*meets their needs*
Persuasive speakers plan to secure behavioral changes in their listeners by influencing ______ and motivating _____.
*thinking* and *action*
In order to persuade you must appeal to the listener(s) in 3 ways, which are??
1) Reason 2) Emotion 3) Listener
__________ - Be confident in your closing that your way, is indeed, the only way based upon all the information just provided.
Conclude that your position is superior
"He has a good background for this job."
Definition Claim
___________________- It is vital that you recognize and discredit opposing views. If there are positive aspects of the opposing view, point them out, but compare them to the overall benefit of your case.
Examine and refute the opposition -
"In our right-handed world, left-handed people are discriminated against"
Fact Claim
"Pharmacists with higher levels of MR..."
Fact Claim
A persuasive speaker must provide arguments which build a case in favor of the claim, showing that the claim is probably true, or at least is more likely true than false.
Fact Claim
true/false A fact claim is a fact
False It is NOT a fact. It only claims to be a fact. The speaker has no direct way of establishing the truth of the claim.
When stating your case, you should share _____ and _______ supporting your position
evidence, expert opinions
A _________ is a statement about how things were in the past, how they are in the present, or how they will be in the future
fact claim
During and Intro you should state the _____ that surround the situation
facts
When examining/refuting the opposition, you should look for ____, _____, and ____
flaws, loopholes, and reasons to reject other suggestions
During a debate, speakers should remain ______ and not use _____ or _______ persuasive apparels
remain ethical dishonest or misleading
A definition claim is arguable because different people use the same word in contradictory ways
true
