Communication 3300
What are the three main factors to consider when picking a topic?
-Appeal -Appropriateness -Ability
How can Interpretation, point of view, or bias impact your presentation? How can you present a neutral speech?
-Generally want to stay away from, but very powerful. - can turn people against you, or make them not interested in your speech. - to keep it neutral, take both sides. and makes sure you understand your audience.
How do you construct a specific purpose?
-Make a declarative statement (one complete sentence) -Use specific language , not vague generalities -focus on a single idea -reflect consideration of the audience
How do the majority of communication problems occur?
-Not Truly Listening -Assuming You Know the Message Before the Person Finishes. -Interrupting the Speaker. -Using "You" Statements Instead of "I" Statements. -Letting Your Emotions Dictate Your Response. -Failing to Account for Cultural Differences in Communication.
How do you answer questions appropriately at the end of a presentation?
-Open for questions -Repeat questions -Reinforce your main points -Alternate speakers -Do not become defensive -End with a summary and appreciation
How do you structure an introduction?
1)Establish your credibility in the intro 2)Keep it short, so you can spend more time on the body 3)State your thesis and preview your main points... 4)Know your audience and what works best for them Let your creativity shine in the intro but always make sure it ties back to your speech
What are the different categories of informative speeches? (focus on the main four)
1. An explanation: -Give information not persuade 2. A report 3. A description 4. A demonstration of how to do something
What are the different types of transitions? Briefly discuss and provide some examples.
1. Signpost:-Stop and consider, we can now address, next I'd like to explain, turning from/to, another, this reminds me of, I would like to emphasize 2.Internal Previews:-Glances of things to come-EX)let's look at how the NFL consists of 32 teams, two conferences, and four divisions . 3. Internal Summary:-Like a mini conclusion, these show where you have been in the speech 5. Sequence Transition: First...second...third, furthermore, next, last, still, also, and then, besides, finally 5. Time: Before, earlier, immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later, meanwhile, now, presently, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at that time, then, until, afterward 6. Addition: In addition to, furthermore, either, neither, besides, moreover, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, not only, but also, as well as, not to mention 7. Similarity: In the same way, by the same token, equally, similarly, just as we have seen, in the same vein 8. Comparison: Like, in relation to, bigger than, smaller than, the fastest, than any other, is greater than, both, either...or, likewise, even more important 9. Contrast: But, neither...nor, however, on the other hand, although, even though, in contrast, in spite of, despite, on the contrary, conversely, unlike, while, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, regardless, still, though, yet 10. Cause and Effect or Result: As a result, because, consequently, for this purpose, accordingly, so, then, therefore, thereupon, thus, to this end, for this reason, as a result, because, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, and the outcome was 11. Examples: In fact, as we can see, after all, even, for example, for instance, of course, specifically, such as, in the following example, to illustrate my point 12. Place: Opposite to, there, to the left, to the right, above, below, adjacent to, elsewhere, far, farther on, beyond, closer to, here, near, nearby, next to 13. Clarification: To clarify, that is, I mean, in other words, to put it another way, that is to say, to rephrase it, in order to explain, this means 14. Concession: We can see that while, although it is true that, granted that, while it may appear that, naturally, of course, I can see that, I admit that even though
What are some good strategies to combat fears of public speaking?
1. its normal to be nervous 2. don't beat yourself up for small mistakes 3. organization and preparation go a long way 4. picking a topic you care about can help
What are the organizing principles for a speech? Be able to identify time through elimination from table 12.6. Will not test on ceremonial through oral Interpretation)
1. time (chronological):-Structuring your speech by time shows a series of events or steps in a process, which typically has a beginning, middle, and end. "Once upon a time stories" follow a chronological pattern 2. Comparison:-Structuring your speech by comparison focuses on the similarities and/or differences between points or concepts 3. Contrast:-Structure your speech by using contrasting points highlights the differences between items and concepts 4. cause and effect:-Structuring your speech by cause and effect establishes a relationship between two events or situations, making the connection clear 5. problem and solution:-Structuring your speech by problem and solution means you state the problem and detail how it was solved. This approach is effective for persuasive speeches 6. Classification (Categorical):-Structuring your speech by classification establishes categories 7. Biographical:-Structuring your speech by biography means examining specific people as they relate to the central topic 8. Space (Spatial):-Structuring your speech by space involves the parts of something and how they fit to form the whole 9. Ascending and Descending:-Structuring your speech by ascending or descending order involves focusing on quantity and quality. One good story (quality) leads to the larger picture, or the reverse 10. Psychological:-It is also called "Monroe's Motivated Sequence" (Ayres, J. and Miller, J., 1994). Structuring your speech on the psychological aspects of the audience involves focusing on their inherent needs and wants. See Maslow and Shutz. The speaker calls attention to a need, then focuses on the satisfaction of the need, visualization of the solution, and ends with a proposed or historical action. This is useful for a persuasive speech 11. elimination:-Structuring your speech using the process of elimination involves outlining all the possibilities
What is the 6 x 6 rule?
6x6 is a presentation rule that suggests that you should include no more than six words per line and no more than six bullet points per slide. The goal is kept decline from being in-depth and gather the information that people do not want to see
What does a good thesis statement look like?
A good thesis statement should be a short, specific sentence of the central idea of speech; the thesis statement's purpose is to inform your main argument for the topic clearly to audiences
How do you avoid plagiarism? How do you incorporate quotes and paraphrasing into your presentations (what to do v. what not to do)?
Always use plagiarism checkers to make sure original work to avoid plagiarism. Cited sources or quotes from other sources properly can avoid plagiarism
What is the five-finger model of public speaking? Be able to identify examples of each finger.
Attention Statement: The way you focus the audience's attention on you and your speech Introduction: Introduces speaker and topic, establishes a relationship with the audience, and state the topic clearly Body: The main content area. it will naturally turn to one of the organizational patterns Conclusion: Provide a sense of closure by summarizing main points and relating points to the overall topic Residual Message: An idea or thought that stays with your audience well after the speech. The TAKEAWAY!!
What are the differences between attitudes, beliefs, and values?
Attitudes are your immediate disposition toward a concept or an object Beliefs are ideas based on our previous experiences and convictions and may not necessarily be based on logic or fact Values are core concepts and ideas of what we consider good or bad, right or wrong, or what is worth the sacrifice
What are the differences between an APA Reference Page and an MLA Works Cited page?
Author names: APA: Smith, A.MLA: Smith, Anna. Capitalization of source titles: APA: A quick guide for students MLA: A Quick Guide for Students No italicizing in APA
What are the criteria for preparing visual aids?
Big-they should be legible or everyone. Clear-the audience should be able to recognize the first time they see it Simple-they should be served to be a simplify with concepts they illustrate Consistent- they should reinforce continuity by using the same visual style
How do you evaluate a source?
Currency Relevance Authority Accuracy Purpose
What are Gestalt principles, and how can they relate to business communication?
Gestalt principles describe how the human eye perceives visual elements Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness
How do you cite in a speech (APA format)?
Include the author's last name, the first letter of the author's first name. (year). Italic speech title. Publisher. The second line always has a tab or space at the beginning of the sentence In-text citation for a speech in APA format is "quote from the speech" (author's last name, year).
What are the different types of general speech purposes?
Inform speech: explain specific subject information. Inform speech help audiences understand the subject in detail Persuade speech: the purpose is to convince the speaker to have ideas to audiences and trying to let audiences agree on the speaker has a point of view Entertain speech: entertain speech often contain humor and drama in the presentation. The goal of the entertaining speech is to bring emotion to the audience
Identify examples of the five types of context.
Intrapersonal communication: "communicating with oneself."/Intrapersonal communication involves one person; it is often called "self-talk" Interpersonal communication: involves interaction between people who are part of a close and irreplaceable relationship in which they treat each other as unique individuals/Interpersonal communication involves typically two people. It can range from intimate and very personal to formal and impersonal Group communication: Group communication is a dynamic process where a small number of people engage in a conversation Public communication: where one person writes a message to be read by a small or large group Mass communication: involves sending a single message to a group. It allows us to communicate our message to a large number of people
How do you use vocals effectively?
Limit fillers Vary rate and tone It's okay to pause
What are ethos, logos, and pathos?
Logos is the idea of a logical appeal, based on formal reasoning Ethos is a speaker that always has the audience's best interest in mind Pathos is speaking to the heart as well as the head
What are the differences between an APA and MLA in-text citation? Can you tell the difference?
MLA: (Shawn 25) APA: (Shawn, 2019, p.25)
What's the difference between an informative and persuasive speech?
Persuasive: trying to get the audience to like something the way you do, you don't bring up other sides. Informative: This is to inform, here you can take both sides of the information. This makes you a more ethical speaker and it shows you're not bias.
What are the differences between popular and scholarly sources?
Popular, are website like CNN, FOX, NYtimes Scholarly, are written books and academic journals
What are the three different types of messages and their functions?
Primary messages refer to the intentional content, both verbal and nonverbal. These are the words or ways you choose to express yourself and communicate your message Secondary messages refer to the unintentional content, both verbal and nonverbal. Your audience will form impressions of your intentional messages, both negative and positive, over which you have no control Auxiliary messages refer to the intentional and unintentional ways a primary message is communicated. This may include vocal inflection, gestures and posture, or rate of speech that influence the interpretation or perception of your message
What are the different types of resumes?
Reverse chronological functional combination
What is self-concept?
Self-concept involves a person's understanding of one is through experience, reflection, and feedback from others. Self-concept is an organic cognitive mechanism composed of attitudes, emotions, beliefs, and values. It runs through the entire experience and actions and organizes various specific habits, abilities, thoughts, and opinions expressed by individuals
What is the semantic triangle?
Semantic triangle means thought(reference), word, and subject or object
What are signposts, summaries, foreshadowing, and repetition?
Signposts (or indicators) are keywords that alert the audience to a change in topic, a tangential explanation, an example, or a conclusion Summaries: keep track of where audiences are in the message Foreshadowing: foreshadowing message can help audiences to watch or listen Repetition: Saying the same word over and over
What are the rules of language (syntax, semantics, context)?
Syntactic rules govern the order of words in a sentence Semantic rules govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them. Semantics is the study of meaning in language Contextual rules govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom
How do we assign meaning to words (denotative v. connotative)?
The denotative meaning is the common meaning, often found in the dictionary The connotative meaning is often not found in the dictionary but in the community of users itself. It can involve an emotional association with a word, positive or negative, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal
What is a residual message?
The residual message, a message or thought that stays with your audience well after the communication is finished, is an important part of your message
What is the serial position effect (i.e., primacy and recency)?
The serial position seems to happen when a person recalls the first and last items in lost more often than the middle things. The tendency to remember earlier words is the primacy effect; recalling the latest words is called the recency effect.
What is the appropriate font size for a visual aid?
The title size should be at least 40 points, and the body text should be at least 23 points
What are the appropriate facial gestures and eye contact?
Use gestures, but limit distracting ones -People are still watching when you are not speaking -Plan speaker placement and movement in advance(EYE Contact) Don't talk to: ¤Your notes ¤The sky ¤The wall ¤The visual aid ¤Just one person
What are the dos and donts of visual aids?
Visual aids dos support speech ideas. It does make a clear connection between your words and observation. When giving a speech, don not easily distract your audience, such as blocking the line of sight. When you use visual aids, try to communicate with the audience appropriately.
How do you use lecterns/podiums?
You don't use them, stand in-front of them or to the side, but never behind them. They make you feel unconnected from the audience.
In what situations should you send a thank-you note or follow up?
a couple days after the interview, makes you look less anxious
What is the difference between abstract and concrete language?
abstract: focus on describing ideas or qualities, help us classify them concrete: focus on terms and examples, help us detail things specifically
What are the different types of interviews?
behavioral situational informational case virtual interviews
What are the obstacles to communication (e.g., cliches, jargon, slang? sexist and racial language, euphemisms, and doublespeak)?
cliché is a once-clever word or phrase that has lost its impact through overuse Jargon is an occupation-specific language used by people in a given profession Slang is the use of existing or newly invented words to take the place of standard or traditional words with the intent of adding an unconventional, nonstandard, humorous, or rebellious effect. It differs from jargon in that it is used in informal contexts, among friends or members of a certain age group, rather than by professionals in a certain industry The sexist language uses gender as a discriminating factor Racist language discriminates against members of a given race or ethnic group A euphemism involves substituting an acceptable word for an offensive, controversial, or unacceptable one that conveys the same or similar meaning Doublespeak is the deliberate use of words to disguise, obscure, or change meaning
What is the speaker's triangle?
indicates where the speaker starts in the introduction, moves to the second position for the first point, across for the second point, then returns to the original position to make the third point and conclusion. -Balance -Standing in front of visual aid -Group members move as you transition, step forward as you make a significant point, aim for balance, and avoid standing in the light
What are the different types of interference/noise one can experience?
interference/noise internal: mental, thoughts external: physical, environment
What factors influence selection?
internal stimuli are those that arise from within one's self, such as being hungry external stimuli involve stimulation from outside one's self, such as the image of the attractive classmate or the sound of the instructor's voice selective exposure is both information we choose to pay attention to and information that we choose to ignore, or that is unavailable to us attention involves focusing on one stimulus, like the image of an attractive classmate, and tuning out a competing stimulus, like the instructor's voice retention involves choosing to remember one stimulus over another
What are the looking-glass self and the self-fulfilling prophecy?
looking-glass self: the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that causes itself to become true
What is the significant difference between an APA reference page entry and other styles? Can you identify one?
no italics
What is primary and secondary research? What counts for each one?
primary: personal experiences, take more time and can cost more money secondary: online, can look things up, less time and money
What is framing?
refers to how information is presented, including margins, line justifications, and template expectations. Just as frame creates a border around a painting, highlighting part of the image while hiding the margins, the frame of a page influences how information is received
What are the eight essential components of communication? What do they look like in real life?
source message channel receiver feedback environment context interference *Be aware of what they look like in real life
How should you answer "tell me about yourself" in an interview?
strength and weakness
What are the significant types of interview questions?
tell me about yourself? strengths and weaknesses? common behavioral random/creative
What is the difference between the transactional model and the constructivist model?
transactional: communication and reception of messages to audiences constructivist: establish common sense with people to reach the primary purpose
How do you answer behavioral or situational interview questions? Understand STAR and PAR
use PARL or STAR methods PARL: Problem, action, results, Learning STAR: Situation, Task, Action, Result
Why should you know how the audience feels about your topic?
will help a speaker determine the best way to reach their goals
What are the steps of a conclusion?
•Summarize the presentation's thesis. •Review main points •Leave audience with a specific, noteworthy take-away (residual message) •Include a statement or closing thought •Try to loop it back to your introduction