Communication and Emotion 3283 Final

The presence of drugs or alcohol at the time of infidelity will tend to _______ the jealousy experienced.

lessen

The inward directed ____ is self-conscious and insecure compared to the outward directed ____.

"me"; "I"

When mortality is made salient, individuals who have a history of frustrating, painful interactions with their significant others (i.e., they are insecurely attached) are more likely to alleviate their existential anxiety by:

- attempting to boost their sense of self-esteem - relying on culturally-derived terror management defenses

When mortality is made salient, individuals who have relatively low self-esteem are more likely to alleviate their existential anxiety by attempting to:

- boost their sense of self-esteem - bolster their CWV

We treat our cultural worldview as if it is an absolute reality:

- even if it negatively impacts our sense of self-esteem - even though, in actuality, it is a fragile social construction

Sexual jealousy will often be accompanied by a set of affective responses characterized by:

- fear and anger - agitation-related emotions

When mortality is made salient, individuals who have secure attachments are more likely to alleviate their existential anxiety by:

- first relying on their emotionally close personal relationships for terror management defenses - first relying on close relationships, then if necessary boosting self-esteem, finally boosting CWV

In general, for individuals with secure relationships, MS has found to heighten commitments to one's close personal relationships, and increase the motivation to form and maintain them, furthermore:

- following MS inductions, thoughts about relationship commitment make the activation of other cultural worldview defenses LESS necessary - reminders of potential or actual threats to relationship maintenance lead to INCREASED death thought awareness

The accessibility of an available self-discrepancy depends on whether the concept is salient, but NOT:

- how unexpectedly the construct is activated - how expectedly the construct is activated

Moods differ from emotions in that moods:

- last longer than emotions - are less focused on a specific stimulus compared to emotions

The interrelated mechanisms functioning to buffer the potential for overwhelming existential anxiety are:

- one's intimate relationships and sense of belonging - one's cultural worldview and one's sense of self-esteem

When your mortality is made salient, you can alleviate the resulting existential anxiety by:

- strengthening the stability of your closest intimate relationships - boosting your sense of self-esteem - reinforcing your CWV

According to terror management theory (TMT), adhering to a cultural worldview (CWV) allows one to understand:

- the meaning and purpose of one's life - what happens after death - how the world was created

Hendrick & Hendrick refer to passionate, involved love, characterized by strongly positive tendency to communicate, especially by self-disclosure and eliciting self-disclosure as:

Eros

Hendrick & Hendrick's love styles refer to altruistic or "gift" love, characterized by intense concern for the partner's welfare as:

Agape

According to attribution theory, when attributions moderate the communication of anger, external attributions about an actor's anger-causing behavior tend to result in relatively lesser anger.

False

Because there are so many diverse cultures in the world today, one's sense of self-esteem must be quite separate from -- and for the most part, unrelated to -- one's CWV.

False

Children who are rejected by peers due to their aggression (the child's aggression, not their peer's) appear to suffer greater psychological hardships than do children who are rejected due to their submission (the child's submission, not their peer's).

False

Following MS inductions, for those with avoidant attachment styles, thoughts about relationship commitment make the activation of other cultural worldview defenses less necessary.

False

For secure individuals, MS has been found to decrease the motivation to form, maintain, or enhance close personal relationships, especially when death thoughts are salient and within focal awareness.

False

For those with insecure attachment styles, reminders of potential or actual threats to relationship maintenance lead to decreased death thought awareness.

False

Kant reinforced the distinction between reason and "the inclinations" (emotions, moods, and desires) and he admired instinctual, human emotional drives and motivations, and placed great value on the inclinations relative to reason

False

Moods reflect the physical and psychological resources individuals have at their disposal.

False

Regarding sexual exclusivity and people's expectations, sexually open (dating) relationships tend to show less frequent episodes of jealousy, however they tend to be more intense episodes, even if both partners value sexual freedom.

False

Regarding sexual exclusivity and people's expectations, traditional monogamous (married) relationships tend to show more jealousy in terms of frequency, however they tend to be relatively less intense episodes, even if both partners value fidelity.

False

Sadness is likely to be expressed in a variety of friendships, whereas, joy is likely to be expressed only in the closest of friendships.

False

Self-discrepancy theory assumes that people are aware of either the availability and/or the accessibility of their self-discrepancies, thus, the availability and accessibility of stored social constructs cannot influence social information processing unless they are made fully salient.

False

There is little or no evidence that cognition follows affect, according to Zajonc, nearly all of the evidence suggests that cognition is necessary for even the simplest affective response.

False

Traditionally, certain religious and societal aspects of most patriarchal cultures encourage women to feel as though they have the right to be outraged by male sexual promiscuity, and encourage women to be relatively intolerant -- and even retaliate -- when they believe their partners have been unfaithful.

False

We will reject the basic tenets of our CWV if it negatively impacts our sense of self-esteem.

False

_______ involves the feeling that one has broken one's own rules concerning how one ought to conduct one's life.

Guilt

Hendrick & Hendrick refer to possessive, dependent love, characterized by emotional turbulence and frequent jealousy episodes as:

Mania

Hendrick & Hendrick refer to the kind of love that involves an avoidance of commitment, and lots of game-playing as:

Ludus

Which of the following refers to relatively enduring feeling states (pleasant or unpleasant) that affect a variety of cognitive and behavioral responses, including memory?

Moods

______ involves the feeling that one has been lowered in the esteem of others because one has disappointed them by failing to accomplish their hopes and wishes.

Shame

___________ involves the feeling that one has broken one's own rules concerning how one ought to conduct one's life

guilt

Hendrick & Hendrick refer to common-sense, practical, problem-solving love as:

Pragma

Hendrick & Hendrick refer to friendship love, characterized by shared values and a desire for companionship as:

Storge

According to Tangney et al., when people experience shame, they have a tendency to blame themselves for negative events unless they can take direct actions against those responsible for the shame-eliciting event.

True

Following MS inductions, for those with secure attachment styles, thoughts about relationship commitment make the activation of other cultural worldview defenses less necessary.

True

For those with secure attachment styles, reminders of potential or actual threats to relationship maintenance lead to increased death thought awareness.

True

In general, when our mortality is made salient, to alleviate existential anxiety, we should be more critical of others holding differing CWVs than we do, without even being consciously aware of it.

True

In general, when our mortality is made salient, to alleviate existential anxiety, we should be more likely to show more tolerance for differing CWVs, as long as our sense of self-esteem is high.

True

In general, with regard to jealousy, our culture traditionally has not discouraged men from using sexual jealousy to help them isolate their mates from rivals in order to guard against paternal uncertainty.

True

In general, without even being consciously aware of it, when our mortality is made salient, to alleviate existential anxiety, we should show more tolerance for others holding similar CWVs as we do.

True

Individuals often express anger towards their friends as well as toward their family members -- although family members, particularly mothers, are targets of individual's anger more often than are friends.

True

Traditionally, certain religious and societal aspects of most patriarchal cultures encourage men to feel as though they have the right to be outraged by female sexual promiscuity, and they tend to encourage men to be relatively intolerant when they believe their partners have been unfaithful.

True

With regard to jealousy, our culture generally encourages women to look the other way, or try to enhance their physical appearance in order to use sexual jealousy to draw their mates back to them.

True

Women tend to disclose love at higher levels than do men toward either same-sex or cross-sex friends.

True

Women tend to view feelings of non-romantic love in their non-romantic friendships as being at higher levels than men tend to view their feelings of non-romantic love in their non-romantic friendships.

True

An actual/own versus ought/own discrepancy produces agitation-related emotions such as:

guilt, self-contempt, and feelings of worthlessness or weakness

People tend to become _____ jealous the greater the length of time they have been apart.

less

People tend to become ______ jealous the greater their or their partners' distance from home.

less

There are two basic kinds of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of emotional states, one, the _______ is associated with dejection related emotions, for example _______, _______, and _______.

absence of positive outcomes; dissatisfaction, disappointment, and sadness

______ is most likely interpreted by partners as signaling friendship, and ______ is appreciated the most.

acceptance; trust

Direct self-conscious emotions include all of the following EXCEPT:

admiration

Dillard points out that individuals who lack argumentative skill are relatively more likely to behave:

aggressively toward others

The condition characterized by a feeling without an expression, where a person is unable to describe an emotion in words, which is also known as "language sickness" is termed:

alexithymia

The opposite of shame is:

alpha pride

Discrepancy does NOT mean:

ambiguity, vagueness, uncertainty

The constant vigilance of our _________ plays an essential and critical role in determining how we humans respond to negative stimuli in the environment; thus, it functions to guide our behavior, especially in critical situations when we're in physical danger, thereby maximizing our survival potential.

amygdala

Cultural evolution in America and Europe (since the 60s, and especially the past 10 years) has:

begun to paint jealousy as equated with an obsolete lack of individual freedom

Indirect self-conscious emotions include all of the following EXCEPT:

beta pride

The opposite of guilt is:

beta pride

A kind of emotional investment ,where one invests emotional energy into a person or object (for example, as a child might do with a teddy bear), is termed:

cathexis

The communication of love is discouraged in male friendships in American society. Which of the following is typically NOT a barrier to communication love in men's friendships?

competition among men

Emotional jealousy will often be accompanied by a set of affective responses characterized by:

dejection-related emotions

Noting the distinction between "own" and "other" as a feature for classifying self-state representations, different ______ and ______ conditions can be related to different self-state conditions.

disturbing and distressing

There are three basic ______ of the self: One, the actual self, is your representation of the _____ that someone believes you actually possess.

domains; attributes

Self-evaluation emotions, which are based on comparisons to personal standards and goals, as well as moral values taught by the social environment, include all of the following emotions EXCEPT:

envy

The process by which facial muscle feedback produces emotion is termed:

exteroception

According to most emotion theorists, which of the following is not a discrete emotion experience:

feeling confused

The _____ self; is your representation of the characteristics that _______ would preferably you to possess. It is a representation of hopes, aspirations, or wishes for you.

ideal; you or another person

Which of the following motives is associated with the fear of being judged negatively by others because one has expressed an inappropriate emotion?

impression management motive

People feel ______ jealous when their partner's infidelity resulted from an invitation to have sex.

less

In Roman society, the Stoics viewed emotions as:

misguided judgments that make us miserable and frustrated

People generally will feel ______ jealous when the rival is perceived as disliked by others.

more

People tend to become ______ jealous when the rival is perceived as less attractive than themselves.

more

People will usually be ______ jealous when the rival is a friend, especially a close friend.

more

Different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of _____ psychological situations-- each of which is associated with a different kind of _____.

negative; discomfort

Not everyone is expected to possess all of the four self-state representations, some may possess only ______, whereas others may possess only ______.

ought self-guides; ideal self-guides

The ______ self, is your representation of the qualities that _______ believes you are supposed to possess (i.e., someone's sense of your duty, obligations, or responsibilities).

ought; you or another person

According to Gaines et al.'s (1998) review of the friendship & emotion literature, aggressiveness may often be the natural result of, or expressed through:

playful behaviors, such as engaging in mock fights with, wrestling with, and stealing from friends

Zajonc's mere exposure effect holds that the more often a novel stimulus item is presented subliminally (i.e., beneath conscious focal awareness), the more a person tends to:

prefer it

The ______ is associated with agitation-related emotions, for example _______, _______, and _______.

presence of negative outcomes; anger, fear, and anxiety

Sexual jealousy will often be accompanied by:

pressure associated with parental uncertainty

Emotional jealousy will often be accompanied by:

pressures associated with mate retention

The ironic and counterproductive effect of active suppression of an unwanted thought is called the:

rebound effect

On the shedding of tears, Darwin argued that weeping appears to have originated

relatively late in our evolutionary development in response to social interaction

According to TMT, when your mortality is made salient, and your CWV has been threatened, you may feel increased existential anxiety, which can be alleviated by:

relying more on reason and cognitive processing than on emotion and experiential processing

An actual/own versus ought/other discrepancy produces agitation-related emotions such as:

resentment, fear, and anxiety

When considering affect as the tonic state of an individual, Dillard suggests appropriate courses of action must depend on:

resources available to the individual at the time the action is required

Self-discrepancy theory postulates that we are motivated to reach a condition where our ______ matches our personally ________.

self-concept; relevant self-guides

There are 6 basic types of self-state representations, the ideal/own, ideal/other, ought/own, and ought/other represent the:

self-guides

The actual/own versus ideal/other discrepancy produces dejection-related emotions such as:

shame, embarrassment, and loss of self-esteem

A person can have different self-state representations for each of a number of _______.

significant others in one's life

There are two basic _____ of the self, which are ______ from which you can be judged, reflecting a set of attitudes or values. They concern whose ______ of the self is involved in the discrepancy.

standpoints; perspectives; view

Regarding the meaning of physical contact (e.g., haptic behavior), researchers have concluded that _____ is interpreted (more than other forms of touching) as communicating warmth and love in a friendship.

stroking

According to Dillard, communication is emotion inducing:

when one party elicits an affective response in the other.

Darwin was the first—and for a while the only—theorist to ask the ______question.

why