Communication and Gender Test 2

The gender-linked language effect suggests that language differences between men and women are influenced by a variety of factors including status, topics, and the presence of other people.

true

The three primary dimensions of the relationship-level meaning of nonverbals are responsiveness, liking, and power.

true

There is evidence to support claims that education is biased against both males and females.

true

While gender and race achievement gaps have narrowed in education, the gap between low-income and affluent students has increased.

true

Women are more likely to be hired when the selection practices are blind with respect to applicants' sex, race, and other personal characteristics.

true

How soon after birth do parents start relating to their children with gender stereotypes?

within the first 24 hours

Now that more women are playing professional sports, there are no marked differences in the way sportscasters talk about male and female athletes.

False

Our language is more likely to define men by in terms of their relationships and women in terms of what they do.

False

Toys that children play with are an example of gendered haptics.

False

A stereotype is a generalization about an entire class of phenomena based on some knowledge of some members of the class.

True

Scholars have noted which growing trend among young men in the United States today?

a resistance to growing up and maturing in the same ways as their fathers

"Gray's Anatomy was really good last night, didn't you think?" is an example of:

a tag question

Nonverbals can oftentimes communicate power. Which of the following most accurately describes male and female use of nonverbal communication and power? a. Women tend to surrender their space or territory more than men. b. Women tend to take up more personal space. c. All of these are true. d. Women tend to use touch to communicate power more than men. e. Women tend to use greater vocal inflection to exhibit power over men.

a. women tend to surrender their space or territory more than men

Freud claimed that ________, which means that biology determines how a child's psyche will develop.

anatomy is destiny

Stores that feature mannequins that are size 0, 2, or 4 convey which theme of femininity?

appearance still counts

Which of the following is not one of the themes of femininity identified in our culture? a. Be superwoman. b. All of these are themes of femininity. c. Be sensitive and caring. d. Appearances matter. e. Negative treatment by others.

b. All of these are themes of femininity.

Which of the following statements concerning sex and the study of math is/are true? a. With equal training the sexes do equally well on math tests. b. All of these are true. c. Cultural stereotypes of femininity affect women's self-confidence, resulting in lower performance on math and science tasks. d. Females in math and science often encounter faculty who assume they are less capable than men. e. Long standing cultural beliefs that women have less aptitude in math.

b. All of these are true

Which of the following statements about sex talk between parents and children is not true? a. Daughters are more likely to consistently use condoms when mothers encourage condom use if their daughters choose to engage in sex. b. Fathers and mothers share equally in talking to their children about sex. c. Both fathers and mothers are more likely to talk to their daughters about sex than their sons. d. Mothers who talk to their daughters about sex generally have daughters who are more likely to delay sexual activity. e. Fathers generally talk to their children less about sex than mothers.

b. Fathers and mothers share equally in talking to their children about sex.

Which of the following is true of ego-boundaries and gender? a. Masculine ego boundaries tend to be less rigid than feminine ego boundaries. b. Feminine ego boundaries tend to be more permeable. c. Masculine ego boundaries are responsible for the tendency to be empathic. d. None of these are true. e. There are no real differences between masculine and feminine ego boundaries.

b. Feminine ego boundaries tend to be more permeable.

Which of the following statements is most representative of gender and the toy industry? a. "Masculine" toys such as trucks and trains promote social interaction among children. b. Many stores sell pink and pastel colored bikes for girls and darker colored bikes for boys. c. None of these choices is representative of the toy industry. d. The toy industry is, in general, gender neutral. e. Halloween costumes for girls include characters with supernatural powers and great strength.

b. Many stores sell pink and pastel colored bikes for girls and darker colored bikes for boys.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects gender biases in evaluation of instructors? a. Men have to be more convincing in their demonstrations of incompetence to actually be viewed as incompetent. b. None of these accurately reflects gender biases. c. Male candidates are more likely to be judged on their accomplishments, not promise d. Female candidates tend to be judged on their promise, not accomplishments e. Men are often held to higher standards than women.

b. None of these accurately reflects gender biases

Which of the following is NOT an example of gender-stereotyped curriculum in history? a. The Enlightenment period is taught as a time when reason ascended as the surest route to truth rather than a time when women were considered inferior because they were seen as incapable of reasoning. b. The Industrial Revolution is represented in terms of how it changed women's lives and relationships with their husbands. c. All of these are correct. d. Few women are highlighted in history books. e. The Renaissance is represented as a period of rebirth and progress for men with no discussion of the reduction of opportunities for women.

b. The Industrial Revolution is represented in terms of how it changed women's lives and relationships with their husbands.

Which of the following is not typically true of boys' games? a. They have prescribed roles and rules. b. They usually are based on developing and relationships. c. They have clear goals. d. They often involve physically rough play. e. All of these are typically true of boys' games.

b. They usually are based on developing and relationships

Mr. Chen explains to his students that he likes a certain amount of personal space, so they must sit in a specific chair in his office during meetings. Which of the following the type of nonverbal communication most associated with this expectation? a. artifacts b. proxemics c. chronemics d. kinesics e. haptics

b. proxemics

The pressure to have both a career and family is representative of which theme of femininity?

be superwoman

According to the theme that men must be successful, what is required?

being both good at what you do and better than others

While there are some benefits to single-sex schools, some of its critics argue which of the following? a. Single-sex schools won't do much to help the majority of students. b. Schools should instead focus on treating both sexes equitably. c. All of these are criticisms of same-sex schools. d. Single-sex schools tend to be private. e. Single-sex schools tend to only benefit children from well-to-do families.

c. All of these are criticisms of same-sex schools

Which of the following statements about physical appearance and gender is true? a. 10 million women in the U.S. have an eating disorder. b. Gay men suffer from eating disorders more than heterosexual men. c. All of these are true. d. In general, African American women tend to be more satisfied with their body than other women. e. Without treatment, as many as 20% of anorexics die from the disease.

c. All of these are true

The difference between how men and women cope with the pressure to meet cultural ideals of physical appearance is best expressed in which statement? a. Men are concerned with losing attractiveness while women worry about breast size. b. Women worry about gaining muscle while men worry about balding. c. Men are concerned with gaining muscle while women worry about losing weight. d. All of these are correct. e. Both men and women worry about weight and being slim.

c. Men are concerned gaining muscle while women worry about losing weight.

The small cubicles most secretaries have as compared to the corner offices of high level executives is representative of the power associated with which type of nonverbal communication? a. paralanguage b. kinesics c. None of these choices d. haptics e. artifacts

c. None of these choices

Which of the following is NOT an example of parallel language? a. patron/matron b. All of these are examples of parallel language. c. bros/hos d. master/mistress e. wizard/witch

c. bros/hos

All of the following are ways in which nonverbal communication supplements verbal communication except: a. complementing b. accenting c. rephrasing d. repeating e. contradicting

c. rephrasing

According to psychoanalytic theories, what two realms of human experience influence gender?

conscious/unconscious

Desmond asked Ryan when he wanted to get dinner. Instead of answering the question Ryan shrugged his shoulders. This is an example of nonverbal communication doing which of the following? a. regulating verbal communication b. repeating verbal communication c. accenting verbal communication d. contradicting verbal communication. e. replacing verbal communication

e. replacing verbal communication

Men and boys talk more frequently and for longer periods of time than do women and girls. Which feature of masculine speech explains this phenomenon?

conversational command

Feminine speech is more likely than masculine speech to involve which of the following? a. tag questions b. tentativeness c. qualifiers d. All of these are correct. e. hedges

d. All of these are correct

Which of the following is true about speech communities? a. Speech communities share goals for communication. b. Speech communities share norms about communication. c. Speech communities are obvious when we are in a country with a different language. d. All of these choices are true. e. Speech communities are gendered, but not absolute.

d. All of these choices are true

Which of the following is an issue for gender nonconforming students in schools? a. The gender binary that infuses schools. b. Sex divided sports. c. Policies that negate their identities. d. All of these statements are issues for gender nonconforming students. e. Assumptions about heterosexuality.

d. All of these statements are issues for gender nonconforming students.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding cosmetic surgery? a. Only the wealthy consider cosmetic surgery. b. Excessive concern about appearance is healthy and normal. c. There is little to no risk involved in cosmetic surgery. d. Cosmetic surgery can be a problem because body ideals can change over time. e. Cosmetic surgery is sought only by women.

d. Cosmetic surgery

Which of the following is true of touch? a. All of these are true b. Parents tend to touch their sons more often than their daughters. c. Men use touch as a primary way to sustain friendly relationships. d. Gay and lesbian couples tend to touch each other less than heterosexual couples while in public places. e. Women are less likely to initiate hugs, especially with the opposite sex.

d. Gay and lesbian couples tend to touch each other less than heterosexual couples while in public places.

Which of the following statements about Western cultural values and nonverbal communication is true? a. Cultural beliefs about gendered nonverbal communication are resistant to change. b. Nonverbal behaviors expected of women emphasize agency. c. All of these are true. d. Western culture places higher value on agency than on communality. e. In a classic study, psychologists and social workers perceived stereotypically feminine characteristics as the standard, or norm, for healthy adults.

d. Western culture places higher value on agency than on communality.

According to the text, all of the following are issues associated with growing up outside of conventional gender roles except: a. your body may not match your self-concept. b. All of these are issues for those growing up outside of conventional gender roles. c. difficulty in finding role models. d. your physiology determines your self-worth. e. social isolation.

d. your physiology determines your self-worth

Mark was upset after missing a catch on the football field. Joseph replied, "get over it, don't be a sissy." Which theme of masculinity is best represented in this interaction?

don't be female

According to your text, the early years of school are a time of frustration and often failure for boys because of what reason? a. Kindergarten and elementary school are primarily feminized environments. b. Elementary classrooms are, in general, not boy friendly. c. Adult females greatly outnumber adult males in elementary schools. d. Boys have more physical energy and less impulse control than girls. e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct

Which of the following is/are true of Title IX? a. It bans sex discrimination in athletics and academics. b. Most Americans support Title IX. c. It is binding only on schools that accept federal funds. d. Some colleges and universities use deceptive practices to feign compliance with Title IX. e. All of these are true.

e. All of these are true

Sexism in education intersects with which of the following other forms of discrimination? a. heterosexism b. classism c. racism and classism d. racism e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices

Researchers have found that women are generally better than men at interpreting others' nonverbal communication. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given for why this is so? a. All of these are reasons cited as to why women are better at interpreting nonverbal communication. b. Women are socialized to be sensitive to others and their feelings. c. Their subordinate standpoint in society often prioritizes attending to others. d. Sex-related brain differences. e. In general, women are nicer than men.

e. In general, women are nicer than men.

Lucia has just met a new friend in her pottery class. When describing him to Marcus she says that Leif is a male nurse. Which of the following was Lucia doing in her example? a. Conversational maintenance. b. Revealing her standpoint. c. Using male generic language. d. Using parallel language. e. Spotlighting.

e. Spotlighting

All of the following may help explain why women face barriers in scientific careers except: a. sex stereotypes often result in lower self-confidence. b. they are encouraged to be less active, assertive, ambitious, and independent. c. they are judged selfish and manipulative if they are successful. d. they are judged incompetent if not extremely successful. e. assertiveness and drive are consistent with social prescriptions for femininity.

e. assertiveness and drive are consistent with social prescriptions for femininity.

Which of the following is not a primary function of nonverbal communication? a. To supplement verbal communication. b. To indicate levels of responsiveness. c. To regulate interaction. d. To establish the relationship level of meaning. e. To deceive others.

e. to deceive others

At college, Ashley was very concerned about appearing to have it all--to be physically fit, popular, and smart--without seeming to have to try too hard. This is her way of seeming to achieve:

effortless perfection

When Ginni stopped by Maria's room after dinner Maria shared that she was stressed out about studying and her boyfriend. She didn't know how she was going to handle it all. Ginni said, "Oh Maria, I know just how you feel!" Which characteristic of the feminine style of communicating was Ginni most exhibiting?

establishing equality between people

Which of the following is typically a goal of masculine speech?

establishing status and control

A respectful nonverbal communicator will refrain from asking questions when trying to interpret someone else's nonverbal communication.

false

Because of gendered communication styles, women often find masculine accounts wandering and tedious—not getting to the point of the story.

false

Campus policies are indicative of societal changes toward transgendered people. Many colleges have added gender expression and identity to their nondiscrimination policies.

false

Domestic chores encourage more independent activities in girls while outdoor work makes boys more inclined toward taking care of others.

false

During the 2008 presidential election, news commentators were careful to avoid any discussion of Hilary Clinton's appearance.

false

Fathers tend to spend more time with children than mothers do.

false

Feminine speech is, in general, less responsive than masculine speech.

false

Femininity means roughly the same thing to everyone in the U.S.

false

Girls are socialized to directly express aggression.

false

In general, student evaluations of instructors do not vary depending on instructor sex.

false

Since Title IX was passed there has been a reduction in sports opportunities for men.

false

Speakers who exhibit the feminine speech community characteristic of tentativeness lack self-confidence.

false

The difference in the pitch of women's voices as compared to men's voices can be completely explained by physiology.

false

Title IX is exclusively about ending sex-discrimination in athletics

false

The primary influence(s) on a person's gender is that person's:

family

Carson is constantly criticizing himself for being fat and not looking like a model in a men's magazine. He is obsessive about discussing his belly with his football team mates. What kind of language is he engaging in?

fat talk

The growing trend of short-term, or even one-time sexual encounters between people who are not interested in commitment or romance is called:

hooking up

Steve was stressing out about a low grade he received on a paper for his psychology class. Julie stopped by to see him and listened to his anxiety. She responded with, "What you need to do is just take papers to the writing center so they can help." Which characteristic of the masculine style of communicating was Julie most exhibiting?

instrumentality - getting things done

________ occurs when individuals inadvertently discriminate in applying policies that are not inherently biased.

invisible hand discrimination

Burgoon and colleagues have found that women tend to smile as part of their typical interactional behavior. Smiling is an example of which type of nonverbal communication?

kinesics

Women are often relegated to a sub-standard status through the use of diminutive suffixes as in words such as suffragette, waitress, and actress. This is an example of which connection between language and gender?

language evaluating gender

Before we had the term "date rape," many women did not have words to describe their experience of being violated by an acquaintance. This is an example of which connection between language and gender?

language shaping awareness

Firemen, chairmen, and mankind are examples of:

male generic language

Which term refers to the practice of naming oneself after one's mother rather than one's father?

matrilineal

Verbalizations such as "yeah" or "umhmm" are called:

minimal response cues

Freud theorized that girls regard their ________ as responsible for their "lack" of penises, and boys view their ________ as having the power to castrate them.

mothers; fathers

Vocal pitch and volume are examples of which form of nonverbal communication?

paralanguage

When Venetta speaks to her employees she looks them in the eye and assumes an attentive body posture. What aspect of the relationship level of meaning is she conveying?

responsiveness

In which type of families are father-child discussions more elaborate and less competitive?

single-father families

By ________ grade, 50-80% of girls say they want to lose weight.

third

According to psychoanalysts, at about which age does male and female development diverge dramatically?

three years

Acceptance by peers is higher when children conform to gender stereotypes.

true

Because most females are socialized to be nice to others and to form relationships, they tend to employ more nonverbal communication that signals approachability, friendliness, and an unassuming manner than do men.

true

Ego boundaries are the points where the individual stops and the rest of the world begins.

true

Females are more likely to drop out of math and science than males.

true

For many females adolescence is the time during which they shift attention from developing and asserting identity to pleasing others.

true

Gay. lesbian, and transgender students often face more pressure to conform to gender norms than heterosexual or gender conforming students.

true

In general, a trend among African American women is to emphasize "attitude" as an important component of beauty.

true

In general, gender socialization is more rigid for boys than for girls.

true

Males are increasingly engaging in drinking and sexual activity to embody extreme versions of masculinity.

true

Masculine speech tends to be less abstract than feminine speech.

true

Men's clothing is designed to enable activity while women's clothing is designed to call attention to her body.

true

Research has found that men do not typically maintain eye contact during conversation unless they are attempting to assert themselves or challenge others.

true

Schools are powerful agents of gender socialization.

true

Some theorists estimate that nonverbal communication contributes a majority of the meaning of messages.

true

Student evaluations of female faculty often include demeaning comments about appearance.

true

The culture of romance suggests to women that being attractive to males is more important than academics and career preparation.

true