Communication Exam 2

conversational rules

branch of pragmatics. govern ways in which communicators organize conversation. ex: if asked a question, you should provide an answer in the U.S. but in some cultures answers arent obligatory or may be answered at later time. turn taking. sometimes context influences convo rules. turn taking more relaxed in social setting, less in formal setting.

what is the most important thing to know and practice regarding listening? Why?

spend so much of our day listening, need to be good listeners. be more aware. over 50% day spent listening. empathy, be aware of others and what they are trying to say.

what are 3 general purposes for public speaking?

1. To inform 2. to persuade 3. to entertain (evoke feeling) the general purpose is whichever three goals dominates a speech

what are the 8 codes/categories of nonverbal communication and give some examples of people purposefully using each code to send a message

1. Proxemics. how one uses space and how this use of space can serve a communicative function. distance between people often symbolizes physical and psychological closeness. if at intimate distance, touching, shows a level of intimacy with the person. holding hands can send message that you are in a relationship. also personal distance, social distance, and public distance. 2. Kinesics. nonverbal comm sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior. gestures regulate behavior. put up a hand to get someone to stop talking, let them know that is what you want. can also send message when cross your arms to say you are closed off and dont want to engage with people. 3. Facial Expressions. the key to expressing emotion. primary channels for transmitting emotion, eyes in particular convey important messages regarding attraction and attention. smile to let someone know you like what they are saying, and it makes you happy. 4. Vocalics. use of voice. voice qualtieis include speed, pitch, rythm, vocal range, and articulation. qualities make up the music of human voice. paralinguistics are rate, volume, pitch, and stress. made up of voice qualities and vocalizations. speakers whose voices vary in pitch and rhythm seem more expressive. vocalizations are sounds utter that dont have structure of language. include vocal cues like laughing, crying, whining, moaning, and intensity of volume of one's speech. reveal mood and emotion; allow us to emphasize or stress a word or diea, create a distinctive identity and regulate conversation. 5. Haptics. the study of the communicative function of touch. professional or funtional touch is least intimate. doctors. often conveys intimacy, people who use professional touch have to be careful of interaction style. social polite touch is part of daily ineraction. more intimate than professional but still impersonal. shake hands when greeting. friendship touch more intimate than social touch and conveys warmth, closeness, caring. hugs. love-intimate touch often used with romantic partners and family. kisses, extended hugging. sex, culture, and power influence patterns of touch. 6. Chronemics. way people use time as a message. interpret others' use of time as a message. culture influences how interpret behavior of late or not. US time is money. lateness can communicate thoughtlessness, irresponsibility, or selfishness. not all cultures value time in same wya. 7. Artifacts. physical things used to communicate like clothing and accessories. clothing we wear for different occasions. interview want to impress. show status. affiliation with a group. wedding ring, phone. 8. Olfactics- Communication through smell. use to evoke feeling or memories. perfume for special occasions. stores use scents to draw you in. selling house bake cookies. biological pheramones people are attracted to.

name and explain 4 conversational maxims from the first principle

Scholar Grice proposes 4 rules of conversation. 1. Quantity - Need to provide enough info to help them understand, but not to much to overwhelm 2. Quality -Truthfulness. we expect people will be honest and give good and correct info. most have a truth bias. assume people tell the truth 3. Relevance -need to stay on topic and be aware of the context, what convo is appropriate, what the situation is 4. Manner -way we present info. rules regarding appropriate non-verbal behavior and being clear and organized. need to be able to follow what person is saying and the non-verbals and verbals match to make sense

what are some strategies for overcoming speech anxiety?

listeners want you to do well. focus on the faces in the audience who look friendly and hwo may be smiling or nodding in agreement. receiving positive reinforcement early on is excellent way to get over initial anxiety. using relaxation techniques beforehand. take sever deep even breaths, yawning, smiling, shking hands, taking sips of water, looking at your notes. project confidence. practice.

disconfirming communitcation

occurs when people make comments that reject or invalidate a self-image, positive or negative, of their conversational partners. can do it explicitly or implicitly. can cause harm. negatively influence your self-image, but can also impair your relationships with the people who disconfirm you. can harm both individuals and relationships and may be considered unethical as well as ineffective because they focus on the person. to avoid sending disconfirming messages can provide others with confirming messages

syntax

one of four components of language. the rules that govern word order. also governs how words of various categories like nouns, adjs, verbs, are combined into clauses which in turn combine into sentences. rules about combining words like verb and subject have to agree. people combine words consistently in ways that make sense and make communication possible

why do we listen

to learn and interpret what we hear correctly. enhanced personal relationshps. fewer misunderstandings. effective work performance. ○ To learn stuff, gather information, learn how to do things ○ Enjoyment § Music, interesting speakers, movies, theater, comedians ○ Relational Development § Cant form relationship without listening § Learn about them ○ To Respond § Show respect, acknowledgement, give support § Give necessary feedback ○ To Evaluation to make decisions § Make judgements § Evaluate to make good and appropriate choices

phonology

one of four components of language. The study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning. basic sound units are phonemes. include vowels, consonants, and dipthongs. different languages use different phonemes.

identify and give examples of speech acts from 6th principle

Language is used to say things and do things. Speech act theory. language is an action. apology, compliment, command, threat, promise, euphemisms to soften psychological blow.

Pragmatics

one of 4 components of language. Field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals. three sub headings of speech acts, conversational rules, and contextual rules. identify patterns or rules people follow when they use language appropriately. in specific situations to accomplish goals.

what are the 7 functions of language

1.Language is instrumental. we can use it to obtain what we need or desire. 2.language function is regulatory. we can use it to control or regulate the behaviors of others. 3. Function of language is to inform. to communicate information or report facts. 4. Heuristic use. use language to acquire knowledge nad understanding. 5. Language is used in an interactional fashion. it establishes and defines social relationships in both interpersonal and group settings. 6. Personal Language expresses individuality and personality and is more common in private than in public settings. 7. Imaginatively. Imaginative language is used to express oneself artistically or creatively as in drama, poetry, or stories.

differentiate the 5 organizational patterns

1. Chronological pattern: one that follows a timeline 2. Spatial pattern: arranges points by location and can be used to describe something small. 3. Topical pattern: one that as no innate organization except that imposed by the speaker. 4. problem-solution pattern: describes various aspects of a problem and then proposes solutions 5. Cause-effect pattern: create understanding and agreement, and sometimes to argue for a specific action.

explain and give examples of functions of nonverbal communication from text and notes

1. Goes with verbal 2. regulate conversations 3. convey emotion 4. functions to help us identify others 5. substitute 6. contradict 7. emphasize whats said and reinforce influences how individuals interpret messages, especially those related to feelings, moods, and attitudes. important to expression of emotion. plays important role in social interaction. helps us express and interpret verbal aspects of communication. a. what is example how nonverbals work with verbals to repeat, substutute, emphasize, and contradict, complement

verbal communication is symbolic

all ways of communicating are symbolic. letters, gestures, face, voice used to convey meaning. specific non-verbal things do come from learning htem. non-verbals can have different meaning in different contexts. cultural, personal, contextual affect meaning. Non verbal behavior that has symbolic meaning.

what is a rhetorical event?

any event that generates a significant amount of public discourse. give insight to ways meaning is constructed and rhetoric and cultural values are affirmed. part of its function is to reaffirm cultural values.

adaptor

gestures we use to manage our emotions. nervous gestures like tapping pencil or jiggling a leg. way to release energy but keep our emotions in check.

rules of nonverbal communication

guided by rules. situational use, culturally based, personal rules, social groups have own rules, power dynamic influences who can do what in what situation.

how does one go about developing a speaking persona

image a speaker conveys. speed at which you speak wil shape persona and how people perceive you. eye contact important. one of most direct ways to show your engagement with your audience and can lend credibilty to your presentation. gestures and movements also contribute. smooth and natural looking gestures are good. waiting to speech appropriate behavior.

what is the relationship between language and power

important influence on language along with culture. connected to verbal comm because within society, some language styles are viewed as more powerful, with consequences for both the powerful and the powerless. people in power get to define what languages and communication styles are appropriate. people who use language and communication according to the rules of the powerful may be able to increase their own power. view of relationship between language and power is explained by cocultural theory. cocultural theory explores the role of power in daily interactions using five assumptions.

what are some ways in which the speaker influences the listening process

influenced by systems of hierarchy. social status. societal forces set onrms for physical attractiveness and when dont fit find it difficult to listen to them. vocal cues, way a person talks, filter that influences how people listen to tohers. gender, age and make judgements about person. assumptions that link people's vocal cues to personality. filters based on social hierarchy can prevent us from listening to others with openness nad nonjudgemental manner needed for effective listening.

semantics- denotative and connotative

one of the four components of language. Semantics is the study of meaning. "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." acceptable in terms of english grammar but on semantic level its nonsenical. central part of comm is creation of shared meaning. for any given message, a number of factors contribute to creation of its meaning. words speaker chooses. choose most accurate words. when choosing words consider two types of meaning that words convey: denotative and connotative. Denotative Meaning: the dictionary or literal meaning of a word and is usually agreed upon meaning for most speakers of the language. Connotative Meaning: the affective or interpretive meanings attached to them.

articulate why each of 12 statements about listening are false

see notes

what is the rhetorical audience?

those people who can take the appropriate action in response to a message. if listening to candidate, only people allowed to vote are the audience. can be broader than speaker might initially think. can also be fragmented. society consists of multiple tribes or identity groups, with own ways of seeing the world. groups often marked by how they consume products or participate in activities. help illuminate complexity of audiences and how rhetoric works in differing contexts with various groups. effectiveness depends on configuration of charateristics as well as social position and realtionship to audiences.

what is hate speech? is it ethical

use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category. seen as threatening an entire group and or inciting violence against members of these groups. many argue it is unethical.

what does it mean to say that nonverbals have a relationship to verbals

we use them together to create greater understanding for interpreter. relationship nonverbals have to words depends on relationship and context.

emblem

part of kinesics code. gestures that stand for specific verbal meanings. raising hand in class indicates you wish to speak.

monochronomic approach to time

Part of chronemics. when use time monochronically you engage in one task or behavior at a time.

explain 4 stages of listening

Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken/and or nonverbal messages. 1. Sensing: stage most people refer to as "hearing." when listeners pick up the sound waves directed towards them. 2. Understanding: interpreting the messages assoicated with sounds or what the sounds mean. meaning you assign effects how you will respond. 3. Evaluating: assessing your reaction to a message. critical thinking skills are important in evaluatin what you have heard and possible interpretations. 4. Responding: showing others how you regard their message. provides evidence to others that you are listening.

what is the difference between physical, physiological, and psychological barriers to listening?

Physical Barriers: include a noisy environment or physical discomforts that make it difficult to concentrate. are the moste elemental; if cant hear because of noise around us, it doesnt matter how refined skills are. also fatigue. when tired can be barrier to listen effectively. Physiological: ex. hearing disability. good listening is a skill, but it is also strongly affected by person's ability to hear. Psychological barriers: boredom and preoccupation. human mind can process info at rate of 600 words per minute 3x faster than can talk. mind has time to wander and can easily become distracted or bored which undermines amount listen and retain. preoccupation is related barrier. during an interaction, people often think of other things and so dont listen to what is being said. can be caused by having stress. having a personal agenda in convo and being emotional.

what are the goals of the speech conclusion

closing material of a speech where the speaker reviews the main points, may challenge the audience to act, and leaves the audience with a postive view of the speaker. review the three to five main points in body of presentation, challenge the audience to act, leave audience witha positive view of you and your topic.

what are listening soundscapes?

part of listening and community. we also listen to soundscapes- the everyday sounds in our evironments. tgoether these establish a community identity. can vary with gernational differences.

what is a social movement?

part of prompting social change. a large, orgazined body of people who are attempting to create social change. laws dont always ensure justice for all. people want to bring about social change and promote their views of justice use rhetoric to mobolize large numbers of people. if succeeds, lead to social movement.

deliberative rhetoric

the type of rhetoric used to argue what a society should do in the future. part of increasing democratic participation. essential to democracy is citizens' abililty to evaluate the many important arguments they hear.

what does it mean to say that nonverbals have a relationship to other nonverbals

messages are holistic. generaly dont do just one non verbal. when multiple nonverbals match up in meaning it creates greater understanding of meaning or enhances meaning more.

what should influence the choice of your topic for a public speech?

- consider communication event. what are the expectations for your presentation? what types of topics would be appropriate to speak about? -consider your interests. take a personal inventory. what are some unusual experiences you've had? what subjects do you know a lot about? what topics do you feel strongly about? what would you like to learn more about? - consider your relationship to the communication event. why are you being asked to speak, do you have special realtionship to someone. have you been chosen becausae you are expert in an area.

forensic rhetoric- tell difference between this and deliberative

Rhetoric that addresses events that happened in the past with the goal of setting things right after an injustice has occured. part of bringing about justice. used in courts of law to bring about justice. allows citizens to exchange and negotiate ideas on what constitutes just and unjust. can only determine what is just and unjust within specific situations at particular moments in history. lawyers at forefront of discussions. different from deliberative because not about citizen participation. while both are about what to do, deliberative is broader to societal issues and forensic is about certain case in court

explain how and why nonverbal communication is personal and cultural

§ People uses gestures differently to express themselves □ Cultural □ Personal ○ Non-verbals can have different meaning in different context § Cultural § Personal § contextual culture is one of the more important factors that influence the meaning of nonverbal communication. the specific manner in which a nonverbal cue is used, even if used across cultures, to communicate these messages can vary. some nonverbal cues are used widely across cultures such as nodding to mean yes, though this is not true in every culture. many nonverbal gestures have vastly different meanings in different cultures. differences in gestures can also occur across ethnic groups in the US. meaning of any nonverbal behavior is defined by the cultures of those interacting. the relationship between people interacting affects the meaning of nonverbal behaviors. how we interpret others' nonverbal beharior is highly dependent on type of relationsihph we have with them. ex. taking someone's arm as walk with them. the meaning we attribute to someone's nonverbal behavior varies based on how well we know the communicator. when know people, we can usually read nonverbal behavior and interpret its associated messages iwth moe accuracy. we also tend to interpret nonverbal behavior based on their sex.

describe each of 9 poor listening habits and provide strategies for overcoming them

○ Minutia Diversion § So focused on getting every detail of what is said that not really listening to whats being said § Taking down every note but not listening to what teacher's points are, explanations ○ Semantic Diversion § When hear certain words or terms, tune out. Don't want to engage in certain topics like politics § If don't know some of the words, stop paying attention ○ Content Diversion § Focus on content on message and forget about relationshonal component of message § Don't pay attention to meaning in context of this relationship and what message says about this relationship ○ Selective Listening § Things interested in we want to hear about, if not then don't listen ○ Egocentric Listening § Thinking about yourself and how you feel and how you will respond, not listening to what they are saying § Focusing on what you will say and not what other say ○ Wandering Listener § Mind wanders and day dream and think of other things ○ Experiential Superiority § Decide you know more about other people, or people in charge or are speaking § Don't have to listen because think know more, more experience knowledge and understanding of subject ○ Past Experience with other § Previous conversations don't go well, wont want to listen later ○ Message Complexity § Too difficult to understand so not going to try • How can we become better listeners ○ Become aware what bad habits we have, what kind of listener are we ○ Take notes when appropriate, stay actively involved ○ If tired, drink coffee or get rest ○ Get rid of distractions § Turn off phone, choose better place to have conversations ○ Look at person speaking, engage non verbally with the speaker ○ Have to actively decide to listen ○ Prepare yourself beforehand

5 assumptions of language/power

1. In each society, a hierarchy exists that privileges certain groups of people; in the US, these groups include men, European Americans, heterosexuals, the able-bodied, and middle- and upper-class people. 2. Part of the privilege these groups enjoy, often subconsciously is being able to set norms for what types of communication are acceptable or not acceptable. consequently, communication patterns of the dominant groups tend to be more highly valued. preferred communication practice in many large corporations is that used by White males- direct, to the point, task oriented, and unemotional. 3. language maintains and reinforces the power of these dominant groups again, most subconsciously. people whose speech does not conform to what is valued in society may be excluded and or negatively stereotyped. as we noted earlier, commentators sometimes characterize women's speech as sounding more tentative than male speech. society values male speech styles at work, women aspiring to corporate leadership positions may undertake a special effort to make their speech direct or tough enough, or to avoid being too cooperative or nurturing in their communication practices. 4. in the relationship realm, society tends to value a more female communication style, and men may be criticized for failing to communicate appropriately with their intimates. societal hierarchies teach us how to view particular communication practices. generalizations can help explain communication practices, but they should not solidify into stereotypes 5. these dominant communication structures impede the progress of persons whose communication practices do not conform to the norms. consequences for women who do not conform to "male" communication norms in coproations. may risk being labeled negatively and marginalized.

State, explain, and give examples of 6 principles of verbal communication

1. Language Use and Meaning are Learned - when we are born we do not know language or rules of conversation, we learn what we are exposed to. We learn rules for engaging in conversation like 4 set of conversational maxims. We learn the language we are exposed to. 2. Language Use and Meaning are contextually and culturally bound - Words we use are a funciton of the culture we are from or are in. words are a function of the context we find ourselves. The way we understand words being used are functions of our culture and context. Regions you live in affect word choice. when in convo have to understand context and cultural implications. Different words for soda. Use different language when talking to a teacher than when talking to a friend. 3. Language Use and Meaning evolve over time -Different generations have different words that they use to mean things. groovy. political correctness evolves. language used differntly depending on what is happening socially so there are terms that were used before that are now offensive. 4. Language Use and Meaning helps us show affiliation and opposition to groups -language choice can show what age identity you belong to or affiliation to a group, aspect of identity which affiliates you to group. religious affiliation- yiddish or hebrew words when talking. slang can show opposition. hate speech. offensive words like calling a cop a pig. racial slurs. helps sets boundaries sometimes in healthy and productive ways. actual language speak in. 5. Language Use and Meaning shape how we see the world -told things are good or bad as we grow up and shapes our view of the world. learn from others what is okay or not. sapir-warf cant think about things dont have language for. some words dont translate directly from diff languages so dont fully understand message. 6. Language is used to say things and do things. - can convey meaning and do something as well. bet. Speech Act theory. language is an action. apology, compliment, command, threat, cheer, promise.

articulate 4 functions of rhetoric

1. reaffirming cultural values: rhetorical events reinforce and sustain our cultural values as we emphasize the values that are important to us. 2. increasing democratic participation: democratic institutions depend on rhetoric for the presentation and evaluation of ideas and viewpoints. 3. Bringing about justice: the legal system relies on rhetoric for persuading judges and juries of the merits of the case. 4. Prompting social change: rhetoric plays a key role in creating, sustaining, and maintaining social movements that strive for social change. 1. essential to a vital democracy. for people to make informed decisions about range of issues, they must listen critically and speak with care. by advocating for one's perspective and engaging with the perspective of others, people can make decisions together regarding the common good. rhetoric can strengthen democratic society, can serve important political and social functions. 2. rhetoric helps people seek justice. courtroom. not only lawyers but jurors need skills; need to listen carefully and critically not only to what is said but how it is said, and must be able to persuade other jurors of proper verdict. use to persuade others to pursue social justice. 3. rhetoric helps people clarify their own beliefs and actions. look to experts and national leaders to gather info to clarify beliefs and understandings. 4? important area of academic inquirty. field of scholarship is useful for four reasons. study of public communication generates findings that help people understand the range of viewpoints on social issues. study of rhetoric helps people better understand culture. study of rhetoric can help people critically evaluate messages designed to influence them, such as advertising. study of public communication helps us to become better public communicators or understand what makes specific public communicators effective or ineffective.

what are the 6 types of touch?

Professional touch: type of touch used by certain workers such as doctors and hairstylists as part of their livelihood; also known as functional touch functional touch: the least intimate type of touch; used by certain workers as part of job; also professional touch social-polite touch: touch that is part of daily interaction in US; more intimate than professional but still impersonal Friendship touch: touch more intimate than social and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring love-intimate touch: touch most often used with one's romantic partners and family demand touch: type of touch used to establish dominance and power

relationship between labels and specific words and power

attitudes about power can be built into language by certain roots or by the very structure of the language. words like chairman, firman or use of he and man to refer to people. human. inequality in terms. some languages are strongly gendered, english is some what gendered or androcentric. pairing of maleness with humanity and the consequent attribution of gender differnce to females-often to women's disadvantage. subconsciously assuming that male is the norm and female is different. Language labels refer to particular identities also communicate important message about power relations. members of more poweful groups frequently invoke labels for members of other groups without input from those group members. white people use ethnic and racial labels to refer to others but rarely refer to themselves as white. power to label seems normal so dont think twice about specifying that a physician is a woman doctor but never describing one as a male doctor. dont think about assumptions that reflect societal power relations; individuals feel the need to mark minority differences, but they tend not to identify majority group membership. more powerful get to label the less powerful- they may also use language labels to stigmatize them. stigma comes from power relations, not words themselves.

what are your ethical obligations as a receiver of rhetoric?

be willing to listen to a range of perspectives on a particular topic be willing to speak out if you know that rhetor is giving misinformation or deceiving an audience dont be silenced by information overload. focus on main points and be critical of this type of presentation. -listen critically to rhetor; dont accept arguments presented at face value. -be willing to speak out publicly if rhetor communicates in a way that dehumanizes or demeans others -listen to and fairly assess what you hear -be willing to change your mind as more evidence becomes available.

what are some specific ways we can improve our listening?

become aware, identify poor habits, strive for mindful listening. • How can we become better listeners ○ Become aware what bad habits we have, what kind of listener are we ○ Take notes when appropriate, stay actively involved ○ If tired, drink coffee or get rest ○ Get rid of distractions § Turn off phone, choose better place to have conversations ○ Look at person speaking, engage non verbally with the speaker ○ Have to actively decide to listen ○ Prepare yourself beforehand

contextual rules

branch of pragmatics. Your use of language varies depending on the communication situation. wont discuss same topics in same way at a funeral as would in work or a party. telling jokes at party is acceptable but not at funeral. culture influences this. in some houses of worship, appropriate verbal behavior involves talking very quietly or not at all, but in others you are supposed to respond loudly.

what are three ethical decisions we need to make regarding listening

choosing what you will listen to and when, how you will respond when listening to other people or to the soundscapes that surround you. choosing to listen or not is ethical decision. dont have to listen. sometimes refusing or listening means taking a moral stand. ethical choice about offering feedback. can say nothing to avoid making yourself and others feel uncomfortable. consequencees of negative feedback need to be though of. mediated communication contexts can pose ethical issues regarding listening. more use tech, more likely have access to personal info than may not be intended. choose what messages to listen to and what to do with info. consequences for yourself and others. consider expectations of individual who sent message when dealing with info not intended for you. consider sender's wishes. choice to cut ourselves off from listening to our immediate enviornments. choice to listen selectively. choice not to listen choice to listen together.

examples of how gender, age, regionality, race and ethnicity and education or occupation may influence verbal communication

communication is influened by our identities and the various cultures to which we belong. communication also helps shape these identities. men and women are socialized to communicate in specific ways. women's verbal style often supportive, personal while men is competitive and assertive. other studies show few differences. gender stereotypes influence way perceive others and way treated in workplace. Age: cohort effect. the influence of shared characteristics of a group of people that was born and reared in the same general period. as child dont have vocab or understanding do when grow up. generational words coded or jargon or slang. Regionality:geographical location strongly influences language use and word choice. influence on pronunciation. dialects. Education and occupation: medical doctors speak similar language because share a profession also educated similarly. more educated people are, more similarly they speak. education puts you into contact with people from all over so influenced by different dialects so less of a difference in way speak. occupation influences specialized terms use to communicate. specialized terms that develop in many professions are called jargon.

what is rhetoric

communication that is used to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others; the art of persuasion. its practice is contingent upon culture, political arrangements, social contexts, and conventions.

confirming communication

confirming messages validate positive self-images of others. not only more than ethical, they are usually more effective. most people enjoy communication with those who encourage them to feel good about themselves. although engaging in confirming communication will not guarantee that you will be instantly popular, if you are sincere, it will increase the effectiveness of your communication and ensure that you are communicating ethically.

what does it mean to say that nonverbals are contextually dependent

context of where and when you use nonverbals matters in how they are interpreted. yelling at a football game is appropriate but yelling in class is not.

explain ethos, pathos, and logos

ethos: credibility tied to speaker; credibility, about the speaker's character, level of knowledge of something, social position ◊ Social position impact you as speaker ◊ If more educated, more willing to listen to them and believe them ◊ Hierarchal positions in jobs, boss, more likely to listen to them ◊ Families have hierarcchies, certain members have higher position than others ◊ Celebrities have followings ◊ Every culutre has a majorit and minority racial and ethnic groups seting social position ◊ Gender also valued differently ◊ Age ◊ Have to consider your social position and what power that brings to situation, impacts your ethos ® Things can do to increase your ethos ◊ Using credible sources ◊ Bring up background, why you are knowledgable on subject ◊ Give both sides of the argument } Explain why your side is better } Shows care about argument, did research on both sides } Can use other information to help your argument } Disprove one side of argument while arguing your side, win both sides ◊ Looking presentable } Context matters ◊ Be articulate } Delivery standpoint saying correctly } Make message clear and easy to follow ◊ Taking question } Willing to hear other ideas } Know subject well enough not afraid to take question ◊ Know your topic well ◊ Concept of audience come into play } Understand knowledge of audience and how to talk to them } Message have to be geared to audience } Need to know opinions on issue } Bring up things that audience want to hear about pathos: emotion ◊ Emotion } Want emotional connection with audience } Try to emote emotion in audience through the message giving } Get them involved in your message - Insurance get you afraid - Kleenex get you to cry ◊ If cant move your audience, not going to get them to move to action } Have to feel right about doing it first logos: logical appeal ® Logos attached to Message ◊ Logical appeal } Need message to be logical } Make sense, have reason } Structure of message helps- help you follow } Evidence increases logos - Statistics, data, examples, previous research - Personal experience or experience of audience □ To make good persuasive argument have to have ethos, pathos, and lagos ○ Speaker at top of triangle ○ Audience at left triangle ○ Message at right triangle □ All have to come together to create rhetoric

how can we improve our nonverbal communication

examine how it interacts with the verbal messags. how congruent are they. when congruent, they are often genuine. verbal and non verbal can also purposely contradict one another like with sarcasm. can also happen unintentionally or carelessly. analyze the context, your knowledge of the other, and own experiences. recognize others' nonverbal messages dont always mean same as yours. be aware of individual, contextual, and cultural factors that influence meaning. ask for additional info if dont understand nonverbal message or if perceive contradiction. remember not every nonverbal behavior is intended to be communicatvie. dont place too much emphasis on fleeting nonverbal behaviors like facial expression or vocal tone; examine entire set of nonverbal behaviors.

what can be used as supporting material in a speech?

information that supports the speaker's ideas. electronic, print, and personal. primary and secondary sources. statistics, examples, personal narratives, visual aids.

why is nonverbal communication often considered ambiguous, less controlled, and more continuous?

left up to interpretation of receiver more than verbal. no set gestures for specific meaning like with dicitonary. in different cultures, the same gesture means different things. people use gestures differently to express themselves, cultural and personal affect. private non verbal use comes to mean something personal and specific. sometimes miss out on non-verbals when focus on verbals. dont always pay attention to non-verbals we are showing. always doing non-verbal unlike verbal making the communication continuous. less controlled than verbals, do without as much forethought as language. non verbal leakage. likely out of habit. understanding nonberval comm requires interpreting behavior and assigning meaning to it and we dont always have the information we need to do that. meaning of non-verbal behavior is determined by a variety of factors, including context, culture, and even intentionality, it can be tricky to interpret a specifc behavior. people exhibit nonverbal behaviors virtually all the time they are conscious and multiple behaviors act in concert to create a given message, or different messages, even unrelated ones. difficult to interpret because nonverbal cues are multi-channeled; they can be transmitted in varieety of ways simultanesously. variety of cues at same time, can be difficult and confusing to keep up with everything.

what is the difference between the 4 styles of listening

listening styles is a set of "attitudes, beliefs, and predispositions about the how, where, when, who, and what of the information reception and encoding process" the way people prefer to receive oral information. four styles in various situations. given individual will tend to prefer to use just one or two of the styles. each emphasizes particular set of skills useful for responding to others in particular situations. 1. Action Oriented Listening Style: reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking, with an emphasis on active responding. use this style focus more on content of message than on person delivering it and want to not only hear message, but do something with it. may get impatient if not direct or concise enough. requires informational listening skills, skills that are useful in situations requiring attention to content. useful at school or work. Content-Oriented Listening Style: reflects an interest in detailed and complex information, simply for the content itself. use this style prefer debate or argument content over simpler speech; attend to details and are interested in quality of speech. critical thinking skills are important. involves info listening skills and set of critical listening skills. skills are useful in wide variety of situations, particularly those involving persuasive speaking. 3. People- Oriented Listening Style: associated with frinedly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties iwth others. interested in hearing about other's experiences, thoughts, feelings, and finding common interest. particularly useful in informal personal situations. involves supporting listening skills. skills focused not only on understanding information but also listenging to others feelings which they may communicate nonverbally. 4. Time-Oriented Listening Style: prefers brief, concise speech. dont want to wast time on complex details; just want aural equivalent of bullet points. so specific skill accompany this style.

explain and give examples of how you as an individual influence the listening process

not everyone listens the same way. our personal listening habits may be influenced by gender, age, ethnicity, or even certain idiosyncratic patterns. influences can affect how we respond to others. gender: men and women differn in listening styles and women are better listeners, others found this false. gender sterotypes. men are supposedly logical, interrupting, impatient while women are emotional, noninterupting, empathetic and responseive. women are more accomodating and focused on the speaker, men focus on facts and handle distractions better, and men intterupt more than women. women socialized to be more considerate, coppoerative, and sympathetic. Age: people have different communication capacities and skill levels during various life stgaes, often adapt our listening behaviors depending on age of speaker. potential for effective listening increases as we grow into adulthood. Nationality: one difference may be in what people consider appropriate nonverbal expressions of listening and responding. western cultures, good listening is demonstrated by eye contact, head nods, and some back channeling vocalizations. in some eastern countries, good listening involves avoiding eye contact. own listening style preferences and particular situation also influence process.

what are the goals of the speech introduction

opening material of a speech from which the audience members gain a first impression of the speech's content and of the speaker. gain audience attention, focus attention on your topic by relating it to them, give them an overview of your organizational patter, help them understand your thesis.

polychronomic approach to time

part of chronemics. when use time polychronically you engage in multiple activities at the same time. with technoogy, people using time polychronically more than before.

what are the 4 types of distance?

part of proxemics. intimate distance 0-18 incehs. reserved for those whom you know very well. display physical and psychological intimacy. personal distance 18in-4ft. describes space use when interacting with friends and acquaintances. cultures and personal preference strongly influence this one. Social distance 4-12 feet, most americans use when interact with unfamiliar others. with people in stores, cowowrkers. greatest distance in formal situations like job interviews. Public distance 12-25 most appropriate for public ceremonies like lectures and performances. culture, gender, relationshp, and personality influence whether feels most comfortable at near or far range of each sphere.

define nonverbal communication

part of social interaction that helps us express and interpret verbal aspects of communication. non-verbal behavior that has symbolic meaning. components include all hte messages that people transmit through means other than words. encompassing the sending and receiving of information through appearance, objects, the environment and behavior in social settings. not all nonverbal behavior may be communicative. only has meaning when done intentionally.

what is social position and what is its relationship to rhetoric

social position is place in the social hierarchy, which comes from th way society is structured. as receiver of public communication, should always consider the position or positions from which the rhetor is speaking. aspects might help or hinder speaker's ability to advocate point a view. depends on society and situation. expect certain people to speak in certain situations like family at funeral. authority comes from combo of their position and audience member's expectations. social positions also hierarchal meanin some positions have more power than others. studen less influential on US immigration policies than president. social positions and positions of power are deeply intertwined as social positions gain their power from society that supports the structure. power structure allows certain rhetors to be more effective than others in promoting a message. social institutions also considered rhetors have distinct social positions that contribute to effectiveness or persuasiveness of public messages. Superme court sends public message with implications for way we live. audiences differ in terms of cultural, social, and political assumptions and perspectives. common mistake of speakers is to think only of the dominant culture, overlooking minorities.

what does it mean to say that nonverbals are relationally dependent

the nonverbals we choose to use can depend on the type of relationship we have with someone and the relationship influences how the nonverbal is interpreted by person.

what is audience analysis? what is the purpose?

the process of determining what an audience already knows or wnats to know about a topic, who they are, what they konw or need to know about the speaker, and what their expectations might be for the presentation. because speaking event is transactional process between you and audience, important to learn as much as possible about audience as you develop your speech. understanding and relating to audience are crucial aspects of public speaking because, regardless of purpose or goals, the success of your presentation depends on its appropriateness for your audience.

name, define, and give examples of 7 fallacies

§ Name Calling, personal attacks □ Politicians □ Family fights § Bandwagon □ Follow others without looking into it yourself □ Copy or emulate others □ Advertisers tell us to be on bandwagon § Red Herring □ When take focus away from true issue □ Distract from message § Emotion Only □ Emotion is important but if appeal is only emotion its poor persuasion □ Don't buy into something just trying to scare or guilt you □ Have to have other elements § Testimonial □ Someone giving personal story on something □ Not supporting the argument, it is the argument □ Not evidence towards something □ Often celebrities used, but being paid § Repetition □ No argument § Sweeping Generalizations □ Making broad blanket claims about things □ "all" in a statement