Communication For Academic Purposes

basic steps to follow when writing a research paper:

1. Choose a research topic 2. Narrow down the topic 3. Survey resources 4. Quote, paraphrase, and summarize 5. Make an outline 6. Write the first draft 7. References

EXPLICITNESS

Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different signal words.

FORMALITY

Academic writing is relatively formal. In general this means that in an essay you should avoid colloquial words and expressions.

ORGANISATION

Academic writing is well organized. It flows easily from one section to the next in a logical fashion. A good place to start is the genre of your text. Once you have decided on the genre, the structure is easily determined.

PLANNING

Academic writing is well planned. It usually takes place after research and evaluation, according to a specific purpose and plan.

ACCURACY

Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. Linguistics distinguishes clearly between "phonetics" and "phonemics"; general English does not.

research process

According to Kothari (2004), it refers to a series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps.

-Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation. -The subject matter or topic to be investigated. -The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. -The period or time of the study during which the data are to be gathered. -Population or universe from whom the data are to be collected.

Elements of Research Problem

RESPONSIBILITY

In academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make. You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding of any source texts you use.

PRECISION

In academic writing, facts and figures are given precisely

HEDGING

In any kind of academic writing you do, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject, or the strength of the claims you are making. Different subjects prefer to do this in different ways. A technique common in certain kinds of academic writing is known by linguists as a 'hedge'.

Problem

Is any significant, perplexing and challenging situation real or artificial. The solution of which requires thinking.

Research

It is a systematic method of inquiry and discovery which involves experiments, surveys, interviews, and data analysis for quantitative research and comprehensive exploratory analysis for qualitative research

Research

It is a systematic study or investigation of something in order to find new information or validate certain theories or findings obtained in other research studies. It is a process of formulating research questions, testing hypotheses, gathering relevant information and analyzing this information to come up with a conclusion It refers to the gathering of information, data and facts for knowledge advancement and human development.

Research

It is conducted for various purposes such as obtaining new information, looking for a solution to address a certain problem, and education oneself. Some conduct research for career growth and advancement while others do it for academic purposes. However, the primary purpose of research is the discovery of truth.

DESCRIPTIVE

It's the simplest type of academic writing. Its purpose is to provide facts or information. An example would be a summary of an article or a report of the results of an experiment. The kinds of instructions for a purely descriptive assignment include: 'identify', 'report', 'record', 'summarise' and 'define'

Research

Systematic investigation into and study materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

OBJECTIVITY

Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It is therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. For that reason, academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).

COMPLEXITY

Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language.

sample

a smaller group selected from the population specified for the study

Written texts

are shorter and the language has more grammatical complexity, including more subordinate clauses and more passives.

Literary analysis papers

are typically written using MLA citation style formatting guidelines.

footnotes

are used to highlight the key components of a literary analysis paper, including: • a strong thesis statement • an explanation of quotes • a utilization of credible, scholarly sources Please do not include footnotes in a literary analysis paper unless they are specified by your professor

Points of view in academic writing

can include an argument, recommendation, interpretation of findings or evaluation of the work of others. In persuasive writing, each claim you make needs to be supported by some evidence, for example a reference to research findings or published sources

Persuasive writing

has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re-organising the information), with the addition of your own point of view. Most essays are persuasive, and there is a persuasive element in at least the discussion and conclusion of a research article.

Written language

has longer words, it is lexically denser and it has a more varied vocabulary. It uses more noun-based phrases than verb-based phrases.

Analytical writing

includes descriptive writing, but also requires you to re-organize the facts and information you describe into categories, groups, parts, types or relationships.

Scientific research

involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.

RESEARCH PROBLEM

is a statement about an area of concern , a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature.

Research method

is defined as the tools or instruments used to accomplish the goals and attributes of a study. Think of the methodology as a systematic process in which the tools or instruments will be employed. There is no use of a tool if it is not being used efficiently.

Applied research

is original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge but directed towards a specific, practical aim or objective (including a client-driven purpose).

topic

is the main subject of your research paper

Critical writing

it is common for research, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate writing. It has all the features of persuasive writing, with the added feature of at least one other point of view.

Academic writing or scholarly writing

non-fictional writing produced as part of academic work. Writing that reports on university research, writing produced by university students, and writing in which scholars analyze culture or propose new theories are all sometimes described as academic writing.

Critical writing

requires strong writing skills. You need to thoroughly understand the topic and the issues. You need to develop an essay structure and paragraph structure that allows you to analyse different interpretations and develop your own argument, supported by evidence.

persuasive writing

requires you to have your own point of view on an issue or topic, critical writing requires you to consider at least two points of view, including your own.

instrumentation plan

serves as the road map for the entire study, specifying who will participate in the study; how, when, and where data will be collected; and the content of the program.

instrumentation plan

specifies all the steps that must be completed for the study. This ensures that the programmer has carefully thought through all these decisions and that she provides a step-by-step plan to be followed in the study.

Research

the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.