Community Quiz 1
A child was diagnosed with an E. coli infection two weeks after eating at a local restaurant. The nurse is conducting an epidemiological investigation using the seven questions. Which of the following explains the acquisition of E. coli? 1) The child ate food prepared at the restaurant. 2) The child was in the restaurant. 3) The child did not wash her hands. 4) The child shared food with a sibling.
"How" is one of the seven questions used in an epidemiologic investigation. The child acquired the E. coli by ingesting food contaminated with the E. coli bacterium.
Which of the following are included in the Public Health Nursing Core Competencies? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Communication 2) Cultural competency 3) Exercise and nutrition 4) Analytic assessment 5) Pursuit of a master of science in nursing (MSN)
1) Communication 2) Cultural competency 4) Analytic assessment
With the advent of the World Wide Web, the Internet is now used as a tool in disseminating information for the purpose of health information promotion. Which of the following websites can be used in the promotion of health information? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Facebook.com 2) Twitter.com 3) USPS.com 4) National Institutes of Health (NIH) official website 5) MayoClinic.org
1) Facebook.com 2) Twitter.com 4) National Institutes of Health (NIH) official website 5) MayoClinic.org
According to the American Journal of Public Health, what were the leading causes of death in 1875? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Infant diarrhea 2) Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) 3) Influenza 4) Heart disease 5) AIDS
1) Infant diarrhea 2) Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) 3) Influenza
Which of the following are included in the Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Integration of research into practice 2) Treatment of communicable illness 3) Collaboration 4) Environmental inspection 5) Application of public health policies
1) Integration of research into practice 3) Collaboration 5) Application of public health policies
Which of the following are examples of environmental risk factors? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Living near a Superfund site 2) Living in an apartment built before 1978 3) Smoking a pack of cigarettes per day 4) Working in the smoking section of a casino 5) Living in a home without a carbon monoxide detector
1) Living near a Superfund site 2) Living in an apartment built before 1978 4) Working in the smoking section of a casino 5) Living in a home without a carbon monoxide detector
Identify the steps of a rapid needs assessment. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Review existing information. 2) Conduct a visual inspection. 3) Collect past data. 4) Interview key informants. 5) Conduct rapid surveys.
1) Review existing information. 2) Conduct a visual inspection. 4) Interview key informants. 5) Conduct rapid surveys.
Which of the following represent phases in the MAPP process? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Visioning 2) Performing the four assessments 3) Formulating goals and strategies 4) Identifying insignificant issues 5) Moving into the action cycle
1) Visioning 2) Performing the four assessments 3) Formulating goals and strategies 5) Moving into the action cycle
What is the primary purpose public health nurses conduct community assessments? 1) To develop a strategic plan for health promotion activities 2) To prioritize health problems within in a community 3) To prevent the spread of communicable diseases 4) To create interventions to ensure a population's health
The primary purpose for conducting a community health assessment is to ensure the health of a community or populations through policy development, program planning, and interventions.
Public health nurses have identified the need for a health screening program in the community. When planning the program, which of the following issues should be given priority? 1) What is the plan when a participant cannot pay for treatment? 2) What is the plan for participants who screen positive and refuse follow up treatment? 3) What is the plan for participants who screen positive for a disease? 4) What type of providers should conduct the health screening program?
The priority is whether services are available for those who screen positive for disease. Program planning must include access to care for those who screen positive.
Which of the following is a priority in public health nursing? 1) Communicable disease 2) Primary prevention 3) Secondary prevention 4) Community partnerships
The priority of public health nursing is to promote health and prevent disease, which is best achieved through primary prevention. Primary prevention interventions are designed to prevent illness or injury from occurring.
What is the purpose of the National Prevention Strategy? 1) Increase physical activity to reduce obesity rates. 2) Decrease excessive drug and alcohol use. 3) Increase the number of healthy Americans at all stages of life. 4) Reduce intimate partner violence and injury.
The purpose of the comprehensive plan released by the National Prevention Strategy in 2011, is to increase the number of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life
The incidence of measles in the local elementary school has doubled since February. The school nurse knows the critical dimension of the epidemiological investigation is 1) Time 2) Classroom 3) Age 4) Ethnicity
The three foundational constants of the epidemiological investigation are person, place and time. Time is the critical consideration.
What are the three main components of the epidemiological triangle? 1) Agent, host, environment 2) Agent, environment, precaution 3) Host, environment, treatment 4) Agent, cost, environment
The three main components of the epidemiological triangle are agent (the causative factor), host (susceptible human or animal), and environment (external factors that affect host's vulnerability).
The most important information to consider when interpreting community assessment data is: 1) Morbidity and mortality rates. 2) Trends over time. 3) Leading Health Indicators (LHIs). 4) U.S. Census data.
Trends over time are the most important because changes will help identify declines or improvements in health. Trends guide policy, planning, and health promotion strategies at all levels.
During a windshield survey of the community, the nurse notices a high number of fast food restaurants and is concerned about obesity among the population. Which of the following most closely represents the determinants of health that were observed? 1) Upstream 2) Downstream 3) Midstream 4) Host
Upstream determinants include social relations, neighborhoods and communities. Fast food restaurants in the neighborhood represent upstream determinants of health.
After Hurricane Katrina, national public health experts determined the highest priority was to improve disaster preparedness. Which of the following would they do first? 1) Select appropriate Healthy People 2020 goals. 2) Evaluate Public Health Core Functions. 3) Implement the Ready Business Campaign. 4) Utilize the National Public Health Performance Standards (NPHPSP).
NPHPSP is an instrument used to assess how well public health services are being performed. This instrument would assess areas needing improvement. Assessment is the first step.
How prepared am I for this test tomorrow?
Not at all.
Which of these is a qualitative method of collecting community data? 1) Speak to Your Health survey 2) Community mapping 3) PhotoVoice 4) Convenience sample
PhotoVoice is a qualitative method and engages community members in the community assessment. Community members photograph their every day lives within the community and then they participate in group discussions.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report on public health in 1988 titled The Future of the Public's Health. It identified three core functions encompassing the purpose of public health. Which of the following was not one of the core functions? 1) Assessment 2) Policy development 3) Assurance 4) Planning
Planning is not a core function.
Which study contributed to significant change in the current approach to heart disease? 1) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey 2) Cardia Study 3) Tuskegee Airmen Study 4) Framingham Health Study
Prior to the Framingham Cardiovascular Health Study, cardiac disease was presumed to be part of the aging process. Information from this ongoing study changed current prevention and treatment of cardiac disease.
Which of the following is not an example of health promotion? 1) Teaching adolescents about distracted driving. 2) Conducting a class on child safety. 3) Planning an injury prevention program. 4) Providing immunizations at a health department clinic.
Providing immunizations (vaccinating clients) is an example of health protection, not health promotion.
To provide population-focused care grounded in public health science, the public health nurse requires knowledge of: 1) Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing. 2) Cultural differences. 3) Healthy People 2020. 4) Epidemiology and Biostatistics.
Public health nurses must have a solid understanding of epidemiology and biostatistics, which are foundations of public health science.
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? 1) Qualitative data can be assigned numeric values; quantitative data cannot. 2) Qualitative data cannot be assigned a numeric value; quantitative data can be assigned a numeric value. 3) Qualitative and quantitative data are interchangeable. 4) Qualitative data represent the mean in a set of values, whereas quantitative data represent the mode in a set of values.
Qualitative data represent a viewpoint and cannot be assigned a value, whereas quantitative data can be assigned a value.
Which of the following is true regarding aging populations? 1) Aging populations experience fewer effects of health disparities. 2) The prevalence of noncommunicable illnesses is higher among aging populations. 3) Aging populations have higher health literacy skills. 4) Aging populations experience higher rates of mental distress.
Rates of persons aged 65 years and older with multiple chronic illnesses are increasing.
What term applies to the ability of a screening instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials? 1) Validity 2) Sensitivity 3) Reliability 4) Specificity
Reliability is the ability of an instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials.
The middle school is experiencing a high rate of absenteeism. The nurse knows the best community health assessment to use is a: 1) Rapid needs assessment. 2) Setting specific assessment. 3) Health impact assessment. 4) Population-focused assessment.
Setting specific assessment focuses on identifying strengths and weaknesses of an organization, or policies and programs within an organization. The nurse's assessment of the school's absenteeism policies, as well as program strengths and weaknesses, is the best assessment.
Which type of secondary data is essential in a community assessment? 1) Mortality rate 2) Disease prevalence 3) Injury rate 4) Sociodemographics
Sociodemographic data is essential because they best describe the population. Census data provides numbers of people and households in a community, information related to age, gender, marital status, occupation, income, education, and race/ethnicity.
Which agency differs from other public health agencies due to its ability to apply evidence-based findings directly to individual's daily lives? 1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2) World Health Organization (WHO) 3) State Health Department 4) Community partners
The CDC is distinguished from peer agencies by its ability to apply research to individual daily lives.
The nurse advises the Community Coalition for Health that local health providers are concerned about increasing tobacco use in the community. What is the best source for obtaining data regarding tobacco use in the community? 1) World Health Organization (WHO) 2) Healthy People 2020 3) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 4) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The CDC is the repository for health statistics that are available to health-care providers, health departments, and the public.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was established after World War II to help control what disease? 1) Typhoid fever 2) Malaria 3) AIDS 4) Influenza
The CDC was established in 1946 after World War II to help control malaria.
Which of the following contributed to the expansion of public health nursing in the early 1930s? 1) Medicaid 2) Medicare 3) World War II 4) Social Security Act
The Social Security Act increased funding for public health nurses.
Which primary data collection methods does the nurse use with the CHANGE approach to community assessment? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Conducting a mirror survey 2) Administering surveys to individuals 3) Using PhotoVoice 4) Doing a walkability audit 5) Examining voting records
2) Administering surveys to individuals 3) Using PhotoVoice 4) Doing a walkability audit
According to the Intervention Wheel, what are the areas of focus for individual level practice? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. 1) Policy changes and laws 2) Knowledge 3) Attitudes 4) Beliefs 5) Changing community norms
2) Knowledge 3) Attitudes 4) Beliefs
Which of the following is true about the definition of a community? 1) A community is defined by its demographic characteristics. 2) A community is defined as one group living within specific geographic boundaries. 3) A community is defined as a group of individuals sharing common interests. 4) A community is defined by its biostatistics.
A community is not necessarily defined by geographic boundaries. It may also be a group with common interests or characteristics, such as nursing students, or adolescents enrolled in a driver's education class.
The community nurse is analyzing the state's population data from the U.S. Census. Data show a 45% increase in the number of persons aged 65 and older. Data also indicate a 5% decrease in the number of persons 64 years and younger. The increase in persons 65 and older has created a disproportionate amount of persons aged 65 years and older. What type of population pyramid represents the data? 1) Expansive 2) Stationary 3) Indentation 4) Declining
A declining pyramid is one with a high proportion of persons in the higher age range. There has been a 45% increase in the numbers of persons ages 65 years and older resulting in a higher proportion of elderly compared with those 64 years and younger.
A community health nurse is implementing health programs with several populations in the local area. In which of the following situations is the nurse using primary prevention? A. Performing a home safety check at a client's home. B. Teaching healthy nutrition to clients who have hypertension. C. Providing influenza immunizations to employees at a local preschool. D. Implementing a program to notify individuals exposed to a communicable disease.
C. Providing influenza immunizations to employees at a local preschool.
A nurse is preparing an education program on disease transmission for employees at a local day care facility. When discussing the epidemiological triangle, the nurse should include which of the following factors as agents? (Select all that apply) A. Resource availability B. Ethnicity C. Toxins D. Bacteria E. Altered immunity
C. Toxins D. Bacteria
How is community-based participatory research (CBPR) most relevant to community nursing? 1) It provides rationale for obtaining community funds. 2) It supports the use of evidence-based practice. 3) It establishes collaboration between community members and public health experts. 4) It provides a framework for population-level nursing interventions.
CBPR is most relevant because is engages community members in the assessment proces. They are partners in creating activities to improve the health of their community, and they are also end-users of those activities.
The third phase of the MAPP model focuses on the "Four assessments." Which assessment includes gathering data regarding morbidity rates of obesity? 1) Community Health Status Assessment 2) Forces of Change Assessment 3) Community Themes and Strengths Assessment 4) Local Public Health System Assessment (LPHSA)
During a Community Health Status assessment, the nurse collects quantitative data about many health indicators, which would include morbidity rates of obesity.
The nurse at the community clinic is assessing a client's sexual history. The client states, "I've had unprotected sex with at least seven partners in the past year." What type of risk factors is the client describing? 1) Environmental 2) Behavioral 3) Communicable 4) Lifestyle
Having unprotected sex with multiple partners is a behavioral risk factor.
In 1854, Dr. John Snow identified the source of a cholera outbreak by mapping out all cholera deaths in the Soho area of London. This is an example of the science of: 1) Epidemiology. 2) Sanitation. 3) Microbiology. 4) Communicability.
He knows nothing. By mapping the locations of cholera deaths and investigating common patterns among those who died, Snow identified the source and was able to stop the spread of cholera. Epidemiology refers to the science of diseases in man centered in the environment.
What technique did John Snow use to study cholera deaths in London? 1) Disease clustering 2) Disease trending 3) Disease evaluating 4) Disease mapping
He still knows nothing. Snow studied cholera deaths by mapping their locations. This led to identification of the source of the cholera outbreak.
Which of the following was the leading cause of death in the United States in 2013? 1) Stroke 2) Diabetes 3) Suicide 4) Heart disease
Heart disease was the top (first) leading cause of death in 2013.
A client newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes states, "I want to figure out how to cook at home so my blood sugar stays under control. I usually eat out." The client's statement represents which learning theory? 1) Behaviorism 2) Humanism 3) Cognitivism 4) Constructivism
Humanism refers to self-directed learning and encourages the development of personal actions to fulfill one's potential. The client's statement indicates he knows what he wants to learn.
Healthy People 2020 has identified five missions to improve health through policy and practice. Which of the following is not listed as one of their missions? 1) Identify nationwide health improvement priorities. 2) Increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities for progress. 3) Identify critical research and data collection needs. 4) Improve the health of citizens throughout the world.
Improving the health of citizens across the world is not one of the five missions to improve health through policy and practice.
According to the 2004 Institutes of Medicine (IOM) report, individuals with low health literacy rates: 1) Had less knowledge of chronic disease management. 2) Had more knowledge of chronic disease management. 3) Had low health-care costs. 4) Utilized health information effectively.
In 2004, the IOM reported people with low health literacy rates had less knowledge of chronic disease management.
Federal law mandates that all local public health departments provide specific activities to protect the health of its citizens. Which of the following is not a federally mandated activity? 1) Reporting of specific diseases 2) Outbreak investigation 3) Quarantine 4) Public sanitation
Local health departments oversee public sanitation, but it is not a federally mandated activity.
The nurse is monitoring illness trends in the community and notes there were 60 cases of varicella during the second week of September. All cases resolved without complications. What term represents this information? 1) Mortality 2) Morbidity 3) Attack rate 4) Recovery trend
Morbidity refers to the number of individuals experiencing a similar disability, illness, or disease. The morbidity rate of varicella in the community during the second week of September was 60.
The nurse notes a client with hepatitis C has elevated liver enzymes. Results of the physical assessment are: temperature is 97.9 (F), blood pressure is 118/72, heart rate is 86, and respirations are 18. Skin tone is pink and feels warm to the touch. Sclera are white. The nurse concludes the client is in which phase of hepatitis C? 1) Subclinical phase. 2) Resolution phase. 3) Susceptibility. 4) Clinical disease with development of symptoms.
The client is in the subclinical phase after exposure to hepatitis C when pathological changes, such as elevated liver enzymes may occur without the client experiencing or exhibiting any symptoms. Physical assessment of the liver may be within normal limits.
The nurse recognizes which skills or competencies are needed to conduct a community health assessment? 1) Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data 2) Attending city council meetings 3) Speaking a foreign language 4) Creating health education programs
The nurse not only must be skilled at collecting community health data but must also be able to analyze and interpret the findings.
The nurse is preparing a health education program for young adults regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs). What should the nurse do first? 1) Obtain condoms to distribute during the program. 2) Create an objective related to abstinence and STI prevention. 3) Assess the cultural and religious beliefs of young adults. 4) Identify sexually active individuals.
The nurse should assess the cultural and religious beliefs of young adults first. Assessment is always the first step in the nursing process.
A nurse notices erythema around a bedridden client's sacral area and implements a turning schedule every two hours. This is an example of: 1) Secondary prevention. 2) Primary prevention. 3) Tertiary prevention. 4) Immediate action.
The nurse's actions represent secondary prevention. The goal of secondary prevention is early identification of disease and initiation of treatment. The nurse identified the first stage of a pressure ulcer and intervened immediately.
A nurse manager at a community agency is developing an orientation program for newly hired nurses. When discussing the differences between community-based and community-oriented nursing, the nurse should include which of the following as examples of community-based nursing? (Select all that apply.) A. A home health nurse performing wound care for a client who is immobile B. An occupational health nurse providing classes on body mechanics at a local industrial plant C. A school nurse teaching a student who has asthma about medications D. A parish nurse teaching a class on low-sodium cooking techniques E. A mental health nurse discussing stress management techniques with a support group
A. A home health nurse performing wound care for a client who is immobile C. A school nurse teaching a student who has asthma about medications
A nurse is collecting data to identify health needs in the local community. Which of the following examples should the nurse identify as secondary data? (Select all that apply) A. Birth statistics B. Previous health survey results C. Windshield survey D. Community forum E. Health records
A. Birth statistics B. Previous health survey results E. Health records
A nurse is advocating for local leaders to place a newly approved community health clinic in an area of the city that has fewer resources than other areas. The nurse is advocating for the leaders to uphold which of the following ethical principles? A. Distributive justice B. Fidelity C. Respect for autonomy D. Veracity
A. Distributive justice
A nurse is preparing to conduct a windshield survey. Which of the following data should the nurse collect as a component of this assessment? (Select all that apply) A. Ethnicity of community members B. Individuals who hold power within the community boundaries. C. Natural community boundaries D. Prevalence of disease E. Presence of public protection
A. Ethnicity of community members C. Natural community boundaries E. Presence of public protection
A nurse is conducting a community assessment. Which of the following data collection methods is the nurse using when having direct conversations with individual members of the community? A. Key informant interviews B. Participant observation C. Focus groups D. Health surveys
A. Key informant interviews
The nurse is developing a teaching plan for clients with diabetes. What should the nurse do after clients' learning needs are assessed? 1) Evaluate the plan's objective. 2) Assess clients' learning styles. 3) Create specific learning objectives. 4) Write out a detailed procedure.
After learning needs are assessed, the nurse should assess clients' learning styles, health literacy, language, and barriers to learning.
Taking environmental and societal factors into consideration when examining an individual's health choices is known as: 1) Downstream approach. 2) Midstream approach. 3) Upstream approach. 4) Community approach.
An upstream approach takes environmental and societal factors into consideration when examining an individual's health choices.
A nurse is completing a needs assessment and beginning analysis of data. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? A. Determine health patterns within collected data. B. Compile collected data into a database. C. Ensure data collection is complete. D. Identify health needs of the local community.
B. Compile collected data into a database.
A client tells the nurse, "Our tradition believes the woman is the primary caregiver in the family." The nurse recognizes this as an example of which of the following? 1) Culture 2) Race 3) Ethnicity 4) Diversity
Culture refers to beliefs, values, and norms shared across a group of people. This man's statement reflects his beliefs.
A nurse is planning a community health program. Which of the following actions should the nurse include as part of the evaluation plan? A. Determine availability of resources to initiate the plan. B. Gain approval for the program from local leaders. C. Establish a timeline for implementation of interventions. D. Compare program impact to similar programs.
D. Compare program impact to similar programs.
A nurse is developing a community health education program for a group of clients who have a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Which of the following learning strategies should the nurse include for clients who are auditory learners? A. Showing informational videos B. Providing equipment to practice hands-on skills C. Supplying outlines for note-taking D. Facilitating small group discussions
D. Facilitating small group discussions
Which of the following goals would be included in a community action plan? 1) The prevalence of obesity will decrease by 5% in 12 months. 2) The client's body mass index (BMI) will be normal within 6 months. 3) Of the surveys sent, 75% will be completed and returned. 4) Patient satisfaction scores will improve by the end of the year.
Developing a community action plan is the final step in the CHANGE model. This requires development of a project period with annual objectives. The goal of a 5% decrease in the prevalence in obesity over 12 months is observable, measurable, time limted, and population focused.
The nurse is reviewing client records from two community health screenings. The first screening was held in one community on Tuesday and the second screening was held in a different community on Thursday. The nurse notices there was a significantly higher rate of hypertension in the community that was screened on Tuesday. The nurse concludes if a random individual was selected from each community, only the individual from the community that was screened on Tuesday will have hypertension. What is the term for the nurse's conclusion? 1) Causation 2) Natural selection 3) Relative risk 4) Ecological fallacy
Ecological fallacy is drawing incorrect conclusions about an individual based on group findings. Findings of the group may not be generalized to an individual.
While walking through a neighborhood, the nurse asks residents about their health concerns. Several people tell the nurse to talk to Reverend Clay. What term best describes Reverend Clay's role in the community assessment? 1) Facilitator 2) Key informant 3) Representative 4) Gatekeeper
Key informant is the best term to describe Reverend Clay's role. A key informant is a person who provides quite a bit of information representing the opinions, assumptions, and perceptions of community members.
In 1958, Malcolm Knowles identified six suppositions for adult learning. Which of the following is not one of them? 1) Adults need to know why they are learning. 2) Adults do not need to participate in evaluation of their learning. 3) Adults like problem-centered approaches to learning. 4) Adults respond better to internal rather than external motivation.
Knowles identified adults need to participate in the planning and evaluation of their learning.
What is the most significant influence Lillian Wald and Henry Street Settlement had on the population focused nursing? 1) The term "public health nurse" was created. 2) Nurses were allowed to provide care in the home. 3) Public health nursing was formalized. 4) Poverty was identified as a cause of illness.
Lillian Wald established public health nursing, which became the foundation for current public health nursing practice. The formalization of public health nursing was a significant result of her efforts to reform healthcare.
Traditionally, epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution of disease in human populations. Which of the following has been added to broaden the definition? 1) Epidemiology includes the study of preventable injuries among human populations. 2) Epidemiology includes research to identify illness trends. 3) Epidemiology includes the study of patterns of communicable disease. 4) Epidemiology includes examination of factors affecting the health of populations.
The examination of factors that affect the health and illness of populations has been added to broadened the definition of epidemiology. Examination of those factors provides the basis for population-focused interventions.
The nurse recognizes the first step in conducting a community health survey is to: 1) Select the target population. 2) Define the purpose. 3) Write the questions. 4) Determine the delivery method.
The first step in conducting a community health survey is to outline the purpose of the study.
In the past 3 months, there has been a 25% increase in the number of motor vehicle related injuries in Johnson County. Where was the best source for the nurse to obtain this information? 1) Johnson County Board of Health 2) Johnson County Memorial Hospital 3) Johnson County Coroner 4) Johnson County Health Department
The local hospital is the best source of data. The hospital keeps data on all diagnoses and care provided. Epidemiologists frequently use hospitals as data sources.
The nurse selected the MAPP (Mobilizing for Actions through Planning and Partnerships) tool to assist the community develop a health improvement plan. The nurse is facilitating a brainstorming session with the advisory committee to determine what a healthy community means to them. Which phase of the MAPP process is the nurse in? 1) Organize 2) Assess 3) Vision 4) Identify
The nurse is at the "Visioning" phase, which is the beginning of the community assessment process. During this phase, an advisory board develops a vision of the community at its optimal health.
The nurse is concerned about childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes. The nurse's community assessment found the following: Fast food restaurants are concentrated near the local high school. Physical education classes at all elementary schools have recently been replaced by math and science classes. Approximately 65% of families enrolled at local schools are living at or below the national poverty level. The majority of healthcare providers and clinics are concentrated in one area of the community. Public transportation is limited. What is the best framework for the nurse to use to develop population-based interventions? 1) Ecological model 2) Web of causation 3) Agent, host, environment model 4) Epidemiological triangle
The web of causation is the best framework to understand and determine risk factors for disease when there are multiple factors. This framework will best guide the nurse to prioritize risk factors and design population-based nursing interventions.
Which of the following is an example of a selective prevention intervention? 1) A public service announcement explaining the risks of drunk driving. 2) A billboard advertisement for a smoking cessation hotline. 3) A weight loss guide for an obese client in the prehypertensive stage. 4) A colonoscopy on a 45-year-old man whose father died from colon cancer.
This is an example of a selective prevention intervention. The client is at increased risk for colon cancer due to the family history of colon cancer (his father).
A client tells the nurse she wants to lose weight. The nurse discusses strategies the client can use to modify her dietary habits and physical activity. What strategy is the nurse using? 1) Clinical prevention 2) Behavioral prevention 3) Nutrition assessment 4) Environmental prevention
This is an example of behavioral prevention. Behavioral prevention involves health promotion strategies to change behaviors. Discussing strategies to modify dietary habits and exercise involve changes in behavior to prevent disease.
A community member calls the smoking cessation hotline. This is an example of: 1) Health protection. 2) Tertiary prevention. 3) Ecological health promotion. 4) Cultural shift.
This is an example of health protection. Health protection emphasizes a person's own ability to protect against disease.
After analyzing a health survey, Smalltown USA decided to develop a healthy eating and physical exercise program. Using the CHANGE approach, which of the following is an example of a next step? 1) Hold a town hall meeting 2) Outline the details of the program 3) Prioritize the community's health problems 4) Identify behavioral risk factors
This is step 8, build the action plan. Now that the town has decided to develop an eating and exercise program, the next step is to outline the details and implement the program.
How will application of genomics improve health of the population? 1) Funding for genetic testing will increase. 2) Married couples will receive genetic counseling. 3) New medical treatments will be developed. 4) Screenings for heritable diseases will increase.
This is the best answer choice. The purpose of genomics is to understand and explain heritability of factors that impact development of disease and illness and to develop interventions that will improve the population's health. Health screenings focus on identifying disease and initiating early treatment (secondary prevention). Public health professionals will be able to screen for heritable diseases as they are identified.
A group of nurses is planning a screening for depression. The most important consideration is: 1) Type of screening instrument. 2) Access to and availability of health care. 3) Clients' reading levels. 4) Location of screening.
This is the most important (and ethical) consideration—mental health-care services must be available and accessible for clients whose screening results are positive.
The community health nurse wants to conduct a descriptive epidemiological study to determine whether female smokers taking oral contraceptives are more likely to develop deep vein thromboses (DVTs) than female nonsmokers taking oral contraceptives. Which of the following is the correct method? 1) Using existing data, calculate the rate of DVTs among 100 female smokers and nonsmokers taking oral contraceptives over a one-year period. 2) Divide 100 female smokers and nonsmokers taking oral contraceptives into two groups. Follow both groups for one year and then evaluate which group had the highest number of DVTs. 3) Divide 100 female smokers and nonsmokers into two groups. Assign one group to take oral contraceptives. Follow both groups for one year and then evaluate which group had the highest number of DVTs. 4) Identify 100 female patients taking oral contraceptives who developed DVTs over a one-year period. Determine which were smokers.
Utilizing data that is already available to calculate rates of disease (DVTs) is a descriptive epidemiological study method.
