Comp and Rhetoric

Why do we use citation systems (MLA, APA, etc. . . )? (TOPHAT)

All of the above

What acronym did the book provide to represent the key elements of a paragraph?(TOPHAT)

CLAIM

Ethos is an appeal to ____________.

Character

Which type of evidence includes interpretations of primary sources?

Secondary

All writers do NOT follow the same writing process.

TRUE

Ethos in rhetorical acts comes from two places: from sources external to the message and from the message itself.

TRUE

A recent natural disaster prompted the Governor to declare a state of emergency, enabling state agencies to respond faster to aid its citizens. In this example, the Governor's response is the _______________.

Rhetorical action

A recent natural disaster prompted the Governor to declare a state of emergency, enabling state agencies to respond faster to aid its citizens. In this example, the natural disaster is the _______________.

Exigency

Communicators should reach the drafting stage BEFORE considering who their audience will be.

FALSE

Persuasive media such as advertisements, opinion pieces, and grant proposals are considered rhetorical; however, physical spaces such as hospitals, classrooms, and public monuments are not.

FALSE

The writing process is ______________.

Fluid and Recursive

Which part of the writing process involves generating ideas?

Invention

Which of the following is an example of ethos that is external to the message?

All of the answers are correct

The purpose of a rhetorical argument is to

Arrive at a deeper understanding about an issue, one that will enable better decisions and stronger resolutions.

Invoked audience

-those imagined by the author -easier to gauge who the communicator imagined for an audience rather than who actually ended up receiving it -"When you smoke so does your child" clearly for mothers and fathers but appeals to sense of parental duty

Stasis theory-clarify important questions

-times tested strategy for helping to clarify which questions are most important to an issue. The place where discussion of a topic gets stuck because no agreement can be reached. Can be used as a heuristic (strategy for generating questions) or framework to categorize what's already said about an issue.

Argument

-using a process of inquiry to develop a response to a rhetorical problem -Focus less on winning over or persuading someone, but rather helping an audience to have a deeper understanding about an issue

Circulation of communication

-the physical means by which a message gets distributed -Important to think about how a message can be copied, forwarded, reposted, or appear in a way other than its initial intention -Not just what the message is but also how messages circulate and the rhetorical effects they may have -More circulated more stable it becomes

Means of communication

(modality, medium, genre, circulation) how does communication physically happen

Rhetorical triangle

* Communicator * Message * Audience for that message

"zero draft"

-(sometimes called a "thinking draft") is a low-stakes draft in which you try to answer your initial research question after you've done the hard work of finding, logging, and thinking about all your sources. -If the zero draft works, though, you might just have written your way into a thesis or main point.

Genres of communication

-A type that has common identifiable characteristics -Genres are somewhat stabilized yet flexible forms of communication that have developed over time and in response to all these other rhetorical factors -Letters, obituaries, blog posts, contracts, advertisements -Genres can enact certain cultural values and beliefs -Genres can also shape how users see the world -Rhetorical genre- arise from particular needs or patterns of activity -Associate characteristics with type

Which of the following are true?

-All of the answers are correct. (CORRECT) -Genres arise from particular needs or patterns of activity. -Genres can also shape how their users see the world. -Genres can enact certain cultural values and beliefs.

Pathos

emotional ex. Create sympathy in the audience, audience, who are you speaking to

what makes response timely and why is it important

Why is it necessary to engage in dialogue about this issue It is critical to be attuned to when and where arguments about a given issue may be appropriate

Rhetorical Star

-Audience, purpose, medium, communicator, circulation, modality, message, genre, exigence

Circumstances of communication, respond to context

Citational, Geographical, Sociocultural, Historical

Geographical context

physical location of the rhetorical action- lost dog sign near where dog was lost in public forum

Sociocultural context

think of it as all the things that have been said and done about a particular issue- public feeling or energy around specific topic, guns, abortion, religion

Claims

-claim of definition -claim of quality -claim of procedure

Research

-done for two reasons- discover the conversation and to clarify their position. -It is a continuous recursive process

In Chapter 7, the author mentions Deborah Tannen's coined phrase _________________, describing an unpleasant place where every issue has only two sides, and participants often use logical fallacies.(TOPHAT)

Argument Culture

A ___________ is a condensed version of your overall argument, the basic message that you want to convince your audience of.

Claim

Which point on the rhetorical star is defined as "an invitation for response" or "whatever prompted rhetorical action?"(TOPHAT)

Exigence

______________ refers to the timeliness of rhetorical action or the communicator's ability to act quickly and decisively in the moment.

Kairos

There are _________ basic types of evidence for support.

Two

Questions of definition: What is it?

-Building from questions of fact, questions of definition ask "what is it?" or "how can it be classified?"

Kenneth Burke- likened all of human discourse (by whatever means it takes place: textually, visually, or multimodally)

-Identifying the conversation -Listen to the conversation for a while -Put in your oar, join the conversation by responding to one or more of those who have been there before you -"Burke's Parlor"

Medium of communication

-Media are closely related to modalities but refer more to technical means by which communication is disseminated. -Includes the printed page, online pdf, you tube videos and such -Technical way by which you are receiving the information

Use paraphrase when

-Original not long -Language not unique -Identical length -Your own language and sentence structure -Showcase content knowledge and writing skill

Use summary when

-Original passage long -Language not unique -Shorter than original -Your own language and sentence structure -Like creating thesis for the whole section -Showcase content knowledge and writing skill

Questions of fact: Does/did something exist or happen?

-Questions of fact attempt to establish whether something exists or whether something happens. -Scientific arguments are often arguments of fact

Questions of quality: How do we judge it?

-Requires evaluation arguments -Goes beyond good and bad- something may be desirable or undesirable, reasonable or unreasonable

Questions of procedure: What should be done about it?

-The unstated assumption of procedural arguments is that questions of quality have already been settled -Those involved have evaluated the thing and have moved to making decisions about the best way in which to respond to it

Arguments as a response

-Think of arguments as always appearing in response to something else -Notice issue, research, clarify question, solidify purpose, establish exigence, develop claim + reasons, respond to counter- arguments, identify stakeholders

Use direct quotation when

-Use sparingly unique/ notable -Identical language -Quotation marks

Modality- basic sensory means

-Verbal modality-(words spoke, sung, handwritten, or typed) -Auditory modality-(spoken language, song, music, or ambient noise -Visual modality- (still and moving images, color, written text, gestures, or facial expressions) -Haptic modality-(involves a sense of touch and where/ how the body is positioned in relation to communication, how one interacts with video games for instance- brail is a form -Speech almost always multimodal

What does communication want

-What the communicator hopes to achieve with this particular rhetorical action -Often multi layered- communication typically contains several purposes -Need to determine through analysis -Note where and when communication appears -Gather as much information as you can about the communicators- knowing values, beliefs, identifications, and social positions -Look for clues within the communication itself

secondary evidence

-provides interpretation of primary evidence through scholarly articles, newspaper analyses, and op-ed columns, all of which analyze and provide particular points of views about the event or topic

Primary evidence

-refers to information gathered directly about the topic through observation, interview, experiment, questionnaires/surveys; it can also include newspaper accounts of an event.

Logos appealing to audience through strength of message

How the logic or context of message appeals to audience. How the internal consistency of the message (including the claim, reasons, and unstated assumptions) appeals to an audience

Which of the following refers to the basic sensory means by which communication happens (i.e. verbal, auditory, visual, haptic)?

Mode

Multimodal

One needs to master a set of principles and tools. Need to be able to analyze and respond appropriately to any situation that involves communication

Attention economy

Our attention is an economic resource that is limited due to the incredible number of messages available to us daily.

What does "attention economy" mean?

Our attention is an economical resource that is limited due to the incredible number of messages available to us daily.

Which type of evidence refers to evidence gathered directly about the topic through observation and include interviews, experiments, and surveys?

Primary

A student is doing research on college student eating habits and decides to survey 100 of his peers. This survey would be considered a ____________ if used as support in an essay.

Primary evidence

Appealing to emotions- Pathos

Refers to how messages persuade by arousing the emotions of an audience Could use loaded terms and arguments to make audience angry Shameless ploys to arouse an audience's pity and guilt Lots of more subtle emotions that can be used There is an emotion to the overall text however there can be other smaller more subtle ones here and there

A student writing a paper on Martin Luther King, Jr.'s rhetoric wants to include a journal article that analyzes the rhetoric of his sermons. This source would be considered __________.

Secondary evidence

_________________ context includes how a particular idea or topic has been discussed and/or perceived over time and not necessarily limited a specific place or time.

Sociocultural

In class, what examples did we use to better understand genres?

Sports equipment

New genres and sub-genres are continually emerging today, meaning we'll likely encounter something new as a result of changing contexts and technology.

TRUE

Summarizing the paper's main points and thesis in the conclusion is a common strategy; however, it is not the most resonant, powerful method.

TRUE

True/False Though we are passionate on specific subjects, it's always important to consider the timeliness of our responses.

TRUE

Acts of communication

The context for the communication The exigence that prompts the communication A purpose for the communication; The means of communication, or the material ways by which the communication happens: modality, medium, genre, and circulation

Historical context

The setting and circumstances in which a literary work is written or an event occurs.

Pathos includes _________________.

The text's overall AND individual points of emotion.

Rhetoric refers to ______________.

The wide array of communicative devices humans have at their disposal to create effects on each other.

Rhetoric

The wide array of communicative devices humans have at their disposal to create effects on each other. Always communicating something.

Response vs academic

They are careful to respond to what the original piece is actually saying, and not to something that the responder unfairly reads into it. They respond to what's important about the piece, not to a tangential or seemingly trivial detail; or, they attempt to convince their audience why what might initially seem like an unimportant detail actually deserves attention.

Purpose of response argument

They can show that the original argument is flawed because of something that the piece ignores or fails to consider. They can show that the assumptions of the original piece are wrong. They can show flaws in the argument of the original piece.

Ethos from message

Tone and style of message as well as points made and evidence to support those points. Nether form of ethos is stagnant, it changes according to who is listening to the message

Identifying position

Why is it timely, what is your motive, what is the purpose for arguing, who is your intended audience, what are the outcomes and consequences of your position, what reasonable objections might there be to your position.

Kairos

greek god of the fleeting moment, all about knowing when to speak and communicate

secondary source 2

include materials that discuss, analyze, interpret, or comment on primary sources. Secondary sources typically include reviews, newspaper articles, and scholarly articles and books.

Logos

logic, context, what are YOU saying

P.I.E Acronym

point, illustration, explanation

Primary source 2

provide direct, first-hand knowledge about an event. Primary sources might include diaries, interviews, historical and legal documents, speeches, eyewitness accounts, creative writing, and more.

Citational context

refers to rhetorical actions location within medium- automobile advertisement, commercial break for nascar, context of other automobile advertisements

Rhetorical analysis

refers to the effort to understand how communication creates a particular effect on people.

Ethos

reliable, appeal to character, writer, who you are

Ethos- external

what audience already knows about topic/ speaker, might include, gestures, dress, facial expressions, and tone. Credibility, knowledge about the topic, outward appearance

Exigence

whatever prompted a rhetorical action, refers to whatever situation has invited or made possible some sort of response. Point that calls for action ex. Receiving gift provides exigence for a thank you card