Comprehension exam period 3
Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain. (23)
Seven Years Wars Tanaghrisson hoped to start a war that would force the British to defend the Ohio Country against the French, and he succeeded. Combined forces of French and Indians attacked the British and colonial troops. Many Indians joined the French believing the British could not protect them. NOTICE- However, towards the end of the war, the Iroquois sensing a British win decided to abandon their traditional neutrality hoping to gain postwar advantage by allying themselves with Britain. Treaty of Greenville The Native Americans were defeated and were required to cede a significant amount of land. United States accepted the principle of Indian sovereignty and would never claim that it had acquired Indian territory solely through negitian with a European or North American country.
The Constitutional Convention compromise over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. (17)
⅗ Compromise: The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. Congress finally settled on the three-fifths ratio proposed by James Madison. New Englanders agreed that Congress could not end the importation of slaves for at least twenty years Further, the fugitive slave clause required all states to return runaways to their masters
Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture. (22)
Art: Gilbert Stuart and Charles Wilson Peale painted portraits of respectable Republicans to provide examples of high moral standards John Trumbull's canvases depicted things like the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Battle of Yorktown to instill patriotic sentiment in viewers. Literature: William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) - tale of seduction as a warning against young women Royall Tyler's The Contrast (1787) - virtuous conduct of Colonel Manly contrasted reprehensible behavior of fop Billy Dimple Mason Locke Weems' Life of Washington (1800) - fabricated tale of young Washington admitting to his father that he cut down his favorite cherry tree to hold up his virtue and honesty Architecture: Thomas Jefferson wished to base the design for the capitol off of a Roman building known as the Maison Carree at Nimes, known for its simplicity and nobility
The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain. The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
British taxes Tea Act- Benefit east India company Response- Sons of Liberty Loyal 9 Boston Massacre Boston Committee of Correspondence Boston Tea Party EXAMPLE OF US WORKING TOGETHER
In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. (12)
"Republican Motherhood"- the idea that mothers were responsible for raising the "perfect" citizens of the country Americans realized that women would need to be educated so sons would also be educated as they were the rising generation 1789- Massachusetts required its towns to offer citizens public elementary education that was free Massachusetts also made sure public elementary schools provided education for girls as well as boys Girls from wealthier families could have advanced schooling at private academies Girls could study history, geography, rhetoric, mathematics, and fancy needlework Judith Sargent Murray said that if girls were denied proper schooling, the inferiority of females couldn't be judged by their intelligence and thus encouraged education for girls. Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies" speech reminded the men that women shouldn't be treated as second class citizens Abigail Adams said men were "Naturally Tyrannical" and that women were treated with less importance than their husbands
Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
According to the Treaty of Paris of 1763: Britain got Canada, after the French ceded its holdings to Britain They also got all lands east of the Mississippi River This includes Florida, which was given to Britain They also got control over the fur trade The British won the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), but at a great expense: Since 1754, the debt had increased from 73 million pounds to 137 million pounds (Roughly doubled in size) Before the war, the gov't would spend roughly 8 million pounds, however, and after the war, 5 million pounds were spent on interest alone. The British citizens residing in Great Britain were already heavily taxed, while the citizens that belonged to the American Colonies were not at all taxed in any way. Grenville now came into power, and Parliament passed the Sugar and Currency Acts. From that point onward, a series of taxes were passed by Parliament, without the representation of the colonies, as they believed in "Virtual Representation"
During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. (11)
Charleston Slave Parade (Jan. 1766) Following Sons of Liberty's example, local slaves in Charleston paraded the streets declaring 'Liberty' Freedom from slavery was not the freedom elite, slave owners had in mind Plantation owners feared slaves uniting with Indians (ones that recently raided the frontier) Republicanism Republic citizens questioned about T.Jefferson's words "all men are created equal" "How could white republicans justify holding African Americans in perpetual bondage?" -- Some answered that question by freeing their slaves or by voting for state laws that abolished slavery. Others responded by denying that blacks were "men" in the same sense as whites. Pennsylvania's Gradual Emancipation (1780) The gradual emancipation law gradually phased out slavery in the North following the Revolution. Pennsylvania was the first to set it in action Separation of State and Church Phrase used by Thomas Jefferson and others expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment clause and Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution stating " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."
Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.
Colonies Commitment/Resilience Colonial militias were steadfast in defending their territory and their independence, having much more of a personal reason for the war then the redcoats George Washington's exemplary leadership of the Continental Army led to several victories, such as the Battle of Trenton and Battle of Princeton European assistance France and certain Indian tribes(Tuscaroras and Oneidas) sided with the colonies, giving vital assistance France gave the colonies financial aid, supplies, and a french general by the name of marquis De Lafayette helped Washington beat the British in the Battle of Yorktown
Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties—most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. (20)
Economic policy: Federalists like Hamilton wanted to consolidate the state debts and issue new securities. This would reward wealthy speculators. Democratic-Republicans like Madison didn't want speculators to profit as they already bought many securities from needy veterans and farmers that was a fraction of the face value. Foreign policy: Leaders like Washington supported the Jay's Treaty of 1795 where Britain agreed to evacuate western forts and ease restrictions on American trade. 2 arbitrary commissions on dealing with pre-war debts and hearing claims on the loss of American merchant ships. Other leaders from South opposed it as there were no compensation for runaway slaves and didn't like the pre-war arbitrary commission. Liberty and order: Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Federalists targeted recently arrived immigrants and limit freedom of speech. Republicans opposed this and thought this violated the 1st amendment as it guaranteed freedom of speech and it deprived them of liberty.
In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government. (18)
Federalist Papers: series of 85 political essays explaining theory behind Constitution and promising Bill of Rights-- resulted in New York's ratification, therefore the Constitution's ratification Bill of Rights was 10 Amendments:
As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. (24)
Ethnic Tension Regulator Movement In South Carolina, Scots-Irish settlers protested their lack of an adequate voice in colonial political affairs For months,they policed the countryside in vigilante bands known as Regulators, complaining of lax and biased law enforcement Political Tensions Whiskey Rebellion Hamilton had taxed the western farmers and distillers knowing that they were Jefferson's supporters and that there would be more of a benefit taxing them The government had taxed them on whiskey which continued for two years on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia The Whiskey Rebellion showed the force of the government on the people of the country Social Tensions Shay's Rebellion Shay led 1,500 troops to an assault on the federal armoury attempting to capture military stores housed in Springfield. Shay's Rebellion was caused because many farmers were losing their land because they couldn't pay the taxes The farmers in the west wanted the government to help them to pay their debt but the government did nothing to help
War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. (29)
Free Trade America's 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France tied the nations together "forever" and the shared ideas of republicanism linked both countries together as well America's economy relied on steady trade with Britain and purchased majority of their manufactured goods from the former mother country Foreign Policy Genet Affair
The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements. (13)
French Revolution: The French overcame an oppressive monarchy, similar to the American Revolution Americans were seen as a vanguard of a trend that would reshape the world Many Americans welcomed the news with balls celebrating revolutionaries, and clothing adorned with revolutionary symbols Republicans like Madison and Jefferson were sympathetic to the cause Haiti: St. Domingue Slave Rebellion Inspired by the French Revolution, which was inspired by the American Revolution Slaves, under the leadership of former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, rebelled and ousted the French in 1804, establishing the republic of Haiti Future: Gabriel's Rebellion Inspired by the St. Domingue Slave Rebellion Gabriel, an enslaved Virginian blacksmith, recruited semi-free, skilled, and rural slaves Planned to attack Richmond, capture Governor James Monroe, set city ablaze and seize capitol, but plan failed due to heavy rain
Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. (16)
Great (Connecticut) Compromise was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house. checks and balances By the mid-1780s, some American political leaders had concluded that the best way to limit government power was to balance legislative, executive, and judicial powers, a design called checks and balances.
British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French- Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
Iroquois didn't express full loyalty to British or the French but cultivated peaceful relations with both in order to dominate other American Indian tribes such as the Delawares and Shawnees King George's War Land troubles 1730s British traders pushed west from VA and the Carolinas challenging French powers in the Appalachians The St. Lawrence blockade by the British, made French naval supplying difficult Ohio Company In 1749 the company received a large land grant in the Ohio country for trade posts Land was also vital to French because it was a direct water access to the Mississippi trade posts British presence threatened French, Iroquois, Delawares and Shawnees French raid was organized but Virginians stood their ground Albany Congress Planned to persuade Iroquois to abandon neutrality and defend their Ohio country but did not succeed in either Seven Years War Started by an Indian named Tanaghrisson to ultimately cause the British to protect the Ohio country for them George Washington and his troops fought French and Indian enemies while British declared war 1755 British forced French Nova Scotians for ethnic cleansing in order to assure the safety of New Englanders Illegal commerce between North American merchants and the French West Indies vitaly supplied France during the war
The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women
James Otis Fought writs of assistance and called for a Stamp Act Congress Daughters of Liberty Women participated in boycott and produced homespun clothes Sons of Liberty Was mostly made up of laborers and artisans Burned Thomas Hutchinson's house (tax collector) down, burned effigies, supported boycotts, serenaded Patriot merchants, wore liberty caps, and much more Benjamin Franklin He was a primary diplomat in England and then France He advocated American independence Organized the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 George Washington He was a brilliant military commander that kept the army going throughout major losses in the Revolution John Dickinson He opposed taxation Wrote Olive Branch Petition Wrote Articles of Confederation Samuel Adams Organized Sons of Liberty Organized Committees of Correspondence
Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment
James Otis' The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved which claimed that Parliament could not constitutionally tax the colonies because Americans didn't have representation in it. Patrick Henry's The Virginia Stamp Act Resolves argued that the colonists had never forfeited the rights of British Subjects (one of which was consent to taxation) and followed up with resolves that stated that Virginians need not give in to these taxes. Maryland Lawyer, Daniel Dulany Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes on the British Colonies stated that a superior did not have the right to seize the property of his inferior whenever he pleases.
The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century. Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans' view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
John Locke Annulled the belief in "Divine Right" of monarchs Ruler who broke social contract and failed to protect people's rights could be ousted from power God's natural laws governed even the power of monarchs Stated that all humans have the natural rights to "Life, liberty, and property" Disputed notion that human beings are born with knowledge Asserted knowledge came from observations New Lights vs. Old Lights Old Lights were traditional clerics and their followers New Lights were members influenced by Enlightenment and questioned religious, political, social orthodoxy. Ex: began to defend rights of groups and individuals to dissent from a community consensus "Consent of the governed" in Declaration of Independence Government receives power from its people People set up and run the government.
After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. (14)
New Jersey state constitution defined voters as "all free inhabitants" who met property qualifications Governor commonly voted on by the legislature, and had term and term limit restrictions, as well as little independent authority Pennsylvania was the most radical, creating a unicameral legislature with no executive branch, and no property requirement to vote at all (only males could vote) South Carolina was the most conservative, restricting the right to vote or even run for office to the wealthiest citizens Most state constitutions were somewhere in the middle, but held popular sovereignty as a principle; generally speaking, the middling classes gained power in most states, while the elites generally lost ground John Adams and the constitution he wrote for Massachusetts became the role model, creating a bicameral legislature, with a strong executive with veto power (the upper house retained a property requirement) and a higher property requirement to be allowed to vote
After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
Proclamation Line of 1763 Headwaters of rivers flowing from the Appalachians into the Atlantic as a temporary boundary for colonial settlement; this was supposed to prevent conflict with the Indians by preventing colonial encroachment until land cessions were negotiated Virginian and Pennsylvanian Land Speculation Companies, as well as Scots-Irish squatters who had already settled west of the line were angered over the new boundaries, because it meant limited expansion Trade Iroquois Confederacy The Iroquois broke neutrality towards the tail-end of the war and allied with the British to gain a postwar advantage, but soon established it, allowing them to sustain control over European goods, particularly fur After the French were gone from America, and the Spanish moved West, Indian nations could no longer play European powers off of each other to force concessions. In the Ohio Country, the British raised the price of goods and ended traditional gift-giving practices, angering Indians in the area. Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) Using Neolin's ideals that all Indians should unite together against the European culture and encroachment of lands, Pontiac led a force of allied Indian groups like the Hurons, Chippewas, etc, on an attack on British and colonial forts, like Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt.
As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory. (25)
Protection of Rights/Property Contained a bill of rights guaranteeing settlers freedom of religion and the right to a jury trial, forbidding cruel and unusual punishments, and nominally prohibiting slavery. Ban on slavery The ordinance also contained a provision allowing slave owners to "lawfully reclaim"runaway bonds people who took refuge in the territory—the first national fugitive slave law. Congress laid down a policy of admitting new states on the same basis as the old and assuring residents of the territories the same rights held by the other states Admitting new states To ensure orderly development, Congress in 1785 directed that the land be surveyed into townships 6 miles square, each divided into thirty-six sections of 640 acres Promotion of public education Revenue from the sale of the sixteenth section of each township was to be reserved for the support of public schools
The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution. (21)
The Articles granted the southern states control over the Old Southwest which they spread slavery rapidly into Alabama and Mississippi The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banished slavery from the Great Lakes states The north had begun gradual emancipation The cotton gin was a reason for the expansion of slavery as it the North became an area of immigrants, who provided the cheap labor supply as the North industrialized Slavery and agriculture was a main part of the South
The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. (27)
The Spanish were supported by the bonded labor of local Indians The Spanish used the encomienda system to secure the labor of the local Indians → Serra used these Indians during his missions and converted/gained control of the Indians already living in California Spanish expanded mission settlements into California The Spaniard decided to expand into Texas and then California Sent missions north of Baja California to Alta California Junipero Serra set up first mission in Alta Cali in July 1769 and formally claimed the region in 1770. Social mobility among soldiers+new cultural blending Spanish soldiers were able to move from location to location faster because of the new Spanish settlements in California and Texas → better defense In the missions and centers along modern-day San Francisco and south of San Diego, Franciscan Friars from Spain converted 1000s of Indians to Christianity
The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based. (10)
Thomas Paine's Common Sense challenged the authority of the British. His pamphlet talks about government by the people with no king or nobility The Declaration of Independence starts with a list of grievances against King George III. It talks about government by the people. It contains John Locke's ideas that when a government abuses its power, the people have a right to abolish it. Also, it contains Enlightenment ideas that favors logical reasoning over blind belief, which is evident through the list of grievances. Although the ideas in these documents did serve to differentiate the Americans from the British, it also shaped Americans' understanding in different ways, leading to the emergence of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. The Declaration of Independence states that the government is instituted among men, which can be seen by the candidates of the political parties, as well as the presidential elections and the electoral college. It also states that all men are created equal; this caused some to question slavery and its practicality
Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances. (30)
Written by Alexander Hamilton Washington retired after second term which set a precedent for following presidents Not a rule until adoption of 22nd amendment in 1951 Two major principles that guided American foreign policy until the late 1940s: Maintain commercial but not political ties to other nations and no permanent alliances Stressed America's uniqueness (exceptionalism) and the need for independent action in foreign affairs, today called unilateralism Desired to end partisan strife but seemed to be attacking the Republican party Advocated unity behind the Federalist banner, which he viewed as the only proper political stance Federalists saw selves as sole guardians of the truth and only true heirs of the Revolution Both sides saw opponents as misguided and unpatriotic troublemakers who sought to undermine revolutionary ideal
The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. The United States government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River. (28)
Treaty of Greenville of 1795 United States right to settle much of what was to become Ohio Indians retained only northwest corner of the region recognition of their rights to soil Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 negotiated a treaty with Spain giving the US navigation privileges on the Mississippi River and the right to land and store goods at New Orleans tax free (helped nation's economy) established the 31st parallel as the boundary between US and Florida Senate ratified it unanimously Jay Treaty of 1795 Washington sent Chief Justice Jay to England to resolve issues such as seizing of American merchant ships, violation of the 1793 peace treaty, forming a commercial treaty and compensation for slaves Britain agrees to evacuate western forts, ease restrictions on the Caribbean, establish two arbitration commissions (one to deal with prewar debt Americans owed to British creditors and the other to hear claims for captured American merchant ships) but they did refused compensation for slaves Ratified in late June 1795 after many arguments and protests against the treaty South - planters didn't like that they didn't receive compensation for runaway slaves and refused the "prewar debts" part Federalists supported because it was better than no treaty at all
The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. (15)
Unicameral legislature with no power to tax unicameral (one-house) legislature in which each state had one vote. Its powers included conducting foreign relations, mediating interstate disputes, controlling maritime affairs, regulating Indian trade, and valuing state and national coinage. The Articles did not give the national government the ability to raise revenue effectively or to enforce a uniform commercial policy. The United States of America was described as "a firm league of friendship" in which each state "retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled." lack of judicial or executive branch The Congress they created was simultaneously a legislative body and a collective executive (there was no judiciary), but it had no independent income and no authority to compel the states to accept its rulings.
An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands. (26)
War in the Northwest Territory (Ohio Country) U.S had added Tennessee, Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union and had to wrestle Ohio away from the Western Confederacy of eight Indian nations, spearheaded by the Miamis. This war resulted from many failed treaties that the first governor, General Arthur St. Clair used to try to open up more lands for settlement. At first, St. Clair's forces were no match for the WC and Battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne attacked the Miami Confederacy in August of 1794 The West Indian Confederacy fell apart after this battle because of the casualties Treaty of Greenville Result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers US got the right to settle much of what became Ohio, Indians got the northwest corner of the region and American recognition of their rights to the soil
New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. (19)
Washington Established the title of the president to be "Mr. President" Created a cabinet by assembling the heads of each executive branch Has power to dismiss officials who he appointed with Senate's consent → Department heads are accountable to the president Put a 2-term limit into place (not official) Approved of the First Bank of the U.S. and allowed both state and federal debts to be combined During Farewell Address - Warned against political dissent (not really followed) but also advised against permanent political alliances. Adams Appointed Marshall as Chief Justice which created an influential and powerful Supreme Court Although he tried to reduce Jefferson's power by appointing Federalist justices, he did pass his power in office to Jefferson peacefully
In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement
Women worked in the fields - As men left to the army, women did "indoor" and "outdoor" affairs Abigail Adams began referring to her and John's farm as "ours" and not "yours"; shows that she is shoulder more responsibility. She also sold small items John sent her for a profit. Men joined the Continental Army - Young, single, propertyless men who joined in hopes of being "more manly" and gaining monetary bonuses and allotments after the war. Camp followers - The wives of soldiers would follow and work as cooks, nurses, and launderers.