Comprehensive Reading - 3 and 4

15) Which of the following are true of the axial musculature? A) It arises and inserts on the axial skeleton B) It makes up 40 percent of the body musculature. C) It stabilizes the pectoral and pelvic girdles. D) It arises, but does not insert, on the axial skeleton. E) It arises elsewhere, but inserts on the axial skeleton.

A) It arises and inserts on the axial skeleton

14) When a person is exposed to painfully cold temperatures, why do the fingertips, toes, nose, and ear pinnae often respond to the pain before other body regions? A) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster. B) Their thermoreceptors have a lower threshold of sensitivity to cold. C) These are the only regions of the body with receptors for cold. D) Both A and C are true. E) None of the above are true.

A) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster.

7) Characteristics that specifically identify a skeletal element as belonging to a female include A) a bone with smaller prominences and a smoother surface. B) larger cranial sinuses. C) a bone approximately 10 percent heavier than many others of the same size. D) a long, narrow triangular sacrum with a prominent sacral curvature. E) all of the above.

A) a bone with smaller prominences and a smoother surface.

9) The divisions of the skeletal system include (the) A) axial and appendicular. B) proximal and distal. C) cranial, caudal, and anterior. D) dorsal and ventral. E) none of the above.

A) axial and appendicular.

22) The fact that we cannot sense infrared radiation is related to A) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli. B) our inability to see temperatures. C) our range of sensitivity. D) our inability to process radiation. E) none of the above.

A) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli

21) The cells of the endocrine and nervous systems work together to A) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment. B) provide long- lasting effects on a systemic basis. C) affect target organs, which are restricted to nerve, gland, muscle, and fat cells. D) provide gradual onset of the systemic effects. E) provide widespread physiological effects throughout the body.

A) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment.

19) Information about the strength, duration, and movement of a stimulus is provided by (the) A) sensory coding. B) special senses. C) receptive field. D) labeled line. E) none of the above.

A) sensory coding.

4) Which gland stores its hormone extracellularly? A) thyroid B) kidney C) suprarenal cortex D) pancreas E) pituitary

A) thyroid

1) Which of the following organs secrete hormones? (1) pancreas (2) liver (3) brain (4) suprarenal cortex (5) suprarenal medulla (6) thymus (7) ovary (8) testis (9) thyroid gland (10)pineal gland A) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 C) 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 D) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 E) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (1) pancreas (2) liver (3) brain (4) suprarenal cortex (5) suprarenal medulla (6) thymus (7) ovary (8) testis (9) thyroid gland (10)pineal gland

6) Which of the following is true of the bony matrix of the skeleton as people age? A) It gains calcium carbonate while losing calcium phosphate. B) Its mineral content diminishes as a normal part of aging. C) The proportion of collagen fibers in the matrix increases with age. D) Its composition remains constant throughout life. E) None of the above is true.

B) Its mineral content diminishes as a normal part of aging.

15) Older individuals sometimes use large amounts of perfume because they lose their sense of smell; A) a decrease in sensitivity of the olfactory cortex. B) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors. C) central adaptation. D) sensory adaptation. E) none of the above.

B) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors.

5) A rise in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood or a fall in blood volume or pressure causes the posterior pituitary to release A) growth hormone (GH). B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH). C) luteinizing hormone (LH). D) oxytocin (OT). E) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

21) Proprioceptors provide information about which of the following? A) digestive tract stretch. B) arm muscle stretch. C) blood vessel stretch. D) lung stretch. E) bladder volume.

B) arm muscle stretch.

25) Which of the following is true of thermoreceptors? A) they are located in the epidermis of the skin. B) cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors. C) cold receptors are tactile disc receptors. D) warm and cold receptors are structurally different. E) there are no exceptions; all of the above are true

B) cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors

8) The largest nerve in the body passes through the A) lesser sciatic notch. B) greater sciatic notch. C) foramen magnum. D) suprascapular notch. E) obturator foramen.

B) greater sciatic notch.

24) The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is A) thyroid hormone. B) growth hormone (GH). C) luteinizing hormone (LH). D) insulin. E) none of the above.

B) growth hormone (GH).

19) Negative feedback on a releasing hormone by the presence of a peripheral hormone is an example of which type of endocrine reflex? A) neural B) hormonal C) inhibitory D) central E) humoral

B) hormonal

24) The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway have cell bodies located in which of the following areas? A) near specialized olfactory receptors within the epithelium. B) in the olfactory bulbs. C) next to basal cells. D) in the olfactory glands, which are located in the underlying lamina propria. E) in the olfactory epithelium.

B) in the olfactory bulbs.

10) Which of the following is the connection point between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton? A) vertebra - skull B) pelvis - femur C) vertebra - scapula D) sternum - clavicle E) vertebra - sacrum

B) pelvis - femur D) sternum - clavicle

13) Structurally free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, and tactile discs are referred to as A) encapsulated receptors. B) unencapsulated receptors. C) proprioceptors. D) pain receptors. E) crude touch receptors.

B) unencapsulated receptors.

16) Diabetes insipidus is caused by A) a decrease in levels of insulin. B) an increase in levels of insulin. C) a decrease of ADH. D) increased levels of aldosterone. E) a decrease in the number of insulin receptors.

C) a decrease of ADH.

20) Receptors that combine phasic and tonic coding A) are most likely to be peripheral sense receptors. B) perceive sensory information. C) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS. D) do not send sensory information to the CNS. E) function in sensations like crude touch

C) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS.

11) Problems with proper growth of the skull can be caused by A) expansion of the brain. B) ossification of the bony processes that form the temporomandibular joint. C) early closure of the sagittal and coronal sutures. D) retarded ossification of the fontanels. E) none of the above.

C) early closure of the sagittal and coronal sutures.

25) All endocrine structures develop from ________ tissue. A) neural B) muscle C) epithelial D) connective E) none of the above

C) epithelial

9) Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid are called A) hormonal stimuli. B) endocrine reflexes. C) humoral stimuli. D) neural stimuli. E) none of the above.

C) humoral stimuli.

16) Adaptation that results from synaptic fatigue, like that which occurs when you get used to the water temperature in the shower, is a property of A) slow- adapting receptors. B) central adaptation. C) peripheral adaptation. D) fast- adapting receptors. E) none of the above.

C) peripheral adaptation. (could also be D) fast-adapting receptors)

18) Plasmalemmae A) all respond to each different category of stimulus. B) respond to the same degree to all different types of stimuli. C) respond to changes in the extracellular environment. D) do B and C. E) All of the above are true.

C) respond to changes in the extracellular environment.

14) Axial muscles fall into logical groups based upon A) location. B) function. C) muscle structure. D) A and B. E) none of the above.

D) A and B.

23) Which of the following is true of receptors? A) They are evenly distributed over all surfaces of the body. B) Each receptor is equally sensitive to several different types of stimuli. C) The most complex, specific, and sensitive receptors are free nerve endings. D) Each has a characteristic sensitivity. E) None of the above are true.

D) Each has a characteristic sensitivity.

5) Differences between a child's skeleton and that of a small adult include which of the following? A) The child skeleton has full dentition. B) There is a large mastoid process in the child skeleton. C) The external auditory meatus is larger in the child. D) In the child's skeleton a metopic suture is present. E) All of the above are differences.

D) In the child's skeleton a metopic suture is present

20) Which hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids? A) thymosin B) thyroxin C) triiodothyronine D) calcitonin E) parathyroid hormone

D) calcitonin

3) Most endocrine reflexes are controlled by A) the nervous system. B) positive feedback. C) autoregulation. D) negative feedback. E) all of the above.

D) negative feedback.

2) What types of information about an individual's medical condition can the skeleton reveal? A) injuries, such as broken bones B) the presence of osteoarthritis C) multiple cases of pneumonia D) nearsightedness E) A and B

E) A and B

12) Amino acid derivative hormones and closely related compounds are structurally similar to individual amino acids, and include A) catecholamines and thyroid hormones. B) melatonin. C) lipids and epinephrine. D) norepinephrine. E) A and D.

E) A and D.

4) Why is it difficult to distinguish the skeleton of a young male from that of a young female? A) The sex of child skeletons is always clear because males are taller than females of the same age. B) The characteristic greater density of bone that develops in adult males has not appeared in children. C) Secondary sexual characteristics that cause skeletal differences between males and females do not appear prior to puberty. D) It is not difficult to distinguish a male from a female child skeleton. E) B and C are true.

E) B and C are true.

23) The targets for PTH can be found in the A) heart. B) kidneys. C) bones. D) small intestine. E) B and C.

E) B and C.

2) Which of the following is (are) a mineralocorticoid? A) thyroxine B) ADH C) androgens D) cortisol E) aldosterone

E) aldosterone

11) The conditions of polyuria, low blood volume, and high blood potassium concentrations result from the underproduction of A) testosterone. B) thyroxine. C) insulin. D) estradiol. E) aldosterone.

E) aldosterone.

3) Which of the following pieces of information about an individual can be discerned from the skeleton? A) age B) racial affinity C) body weight D) sex E) all of the above

E) all of the above

17) Steroid hormones alter cellular operations by changing which of the following features of cytoplasmic enzymes? A) activities. B) quantities. C) composition. D) types. E) all of the above are true.

E) all of the above are true.

13) The oblique and rectus muscles do which of the following? A) help to position the vertebral column. B) provide walls for the abdominal cavity. C) occur in the neck. D) form the walls of the thoracic cavity. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

17) The term "general senses" refers to the sensations of A) pain and proprioception. B) pressure and vibration. C) touch. D) temperature. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

22) Hormones can alter cellular operations by changing A) the activities of enzymes in the cell. B) DNA expression. C) the types of enzymes in the cell. D) the quantities of enzymes. E) all of the above

E) all of the above.

**10) What organ(s) is(are) nervous in structure but endocrine in function? A) suprarenal medulla B) posterior pituitary C) thyroid D) anterior pituitary E) both A and B

E) both A and B

1) The largest anterior trunk muscle is the A) serratus anterior. B) deltoid. C) pectoralis major. D) rectus abdominis. E) external oblique.

E) external oblique.

12) Which of the following is the most posterior group of axial muscles? A) muscles of the head and neck B) muscles of the pelvic floor C) oblique and rectus muscles D) muscles of the shoulder girdle E) muscles of the vertebral column

E) muscles of the vertebral column

7) Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, low body temperature, muscular weakness, and slowed reflexes are symptoms of A) goiter. B) insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. C) ketoacidosis. D) diabetes insipidus. E) none of the above.

E) none of the above. (Myxedema, aka, hypothyroidism)

18) Gigantism and acromegaly occur as a result of A) insufficient secretion of epinephrine. B) overproduction of mineralocorticoids. C) overproduction of parathyroid hormone. D) insufficient production of estrogen. E) overproduction of growth hormone.

E) overproduction of growth hormone.

6) Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A) release of PTH in response to low calcium levels B) ADH release due to low blood pressure C) release of insulin in response to high blood sugar D) release of insulin in response to low blood sugar E) release of oxytocin in response to uterine contractions

E) release of oxytocin in response to uterine contractions

8) Myxedema and cretinism can result from the underproduction of A) insulin. B) estrogens. C) androgens. D) thymosin. E) thyroxine.

E) thyroxine.