Comps Compiled Sets-3

What is the etiology of pitch breaks?

(1) developmental (in mutational voices), (2) prolonged vocal hyperfunction, particularly while speaking at too low pitch level

What do cluttering abnormalities result in?

(1) failure to maintain consistently normal pauses, prosodic patterns, or coarticulation among sounds, syllables, phrases, and sentences and/or (2) more disfluencies than normal, the majority of which are not typical of people who stutter.

Goal setting for therapy of moderate aphasia depends on the level at which the client functions with regard to what?

(1) lexical/semantic dimension, (2) the morpho-syntactic dimension, (3) phonological dimension, and (4) the pragmatic domain.

EBP What two paradigms are effective for word retrieval?

(1) prestimulation; (2) stimulation only after an error is made

True or false older women (75+) typically talk more about family than friends?

false; While "young-old (65-74) women" talk more about family (28%) than about friends (13%), "old-old (75-85) women" talk more about friends than about family

T/F hypokinetic dysarthria problems problems are inconsistent

false; consistent

T/F neurons cannot heal?

false; die or heal is decided by degree of damage and within hours: they either begin to recover, or degenerate and are removed by the body

T/F multi-dimensional framework is wholistic?

false; distinguishes expressive and receptive aphasia, based on the topographic-functional differences between the anterior and posterior language areas

T/F fluency shaping does not help people who clutter?

false; helps with dysfluencies experienced

T/F the "language of confusion" is aphasia?

false; it is a language difference that may be cognitive in nature

T/F people who clutter will not change their way of speaking during evaluations?

false; may normalize during evals

T/F patients with Broca's do not have comprehension deficits?

false; may not appear to, but can have difficulties and takes more effort due to grammar deficits/effort needed

T/F those with global aphasia have a relatively intact language system?

false; nearly the entire language system is severely affected and not usable, including reading and writing

T/F functions of the brain are exclusively localized?

false; not exclusively localized either, but involve interactions of multiple components in the nervous system, and may represent complex neurological networks rather than singular structures

T/F comprehensive reading is not impaired an can be used for AAC in those with Wernicke's

false; often severely impaired, and writing is more impaired than verbal expression as well. Unfortunately this limits options for AAC

T/F articulation of those with trans cortical motor is always distorted?

false; once started expression is relatively well-articulated

T/F SLPs can diagnose TBI, dementia, and dysarthria?

false; only aphasia

T/F patterns of recovery in the late or long stage are consistent among individuals?

false; patterns of recovery in this long term phase are highly individual and variable and of a very different nature than those that occurred within the first few months.

T/F usually symptoms are of verbal/oral apraxia are minor and are not concomitant with other disorders?

false; severe and mixed with other difficulties caused by the same brain lesion

T/F dysphonia means no voice?

false; some voice

T/F voice clients don't need to be motivated?

false; the diagnostic may need extra effort on your behalf to explain the need for treatment, and motivate the client; voice clients often need help with this.

T/F there is not a need to measure speaker awareness of difficulties?

false; there are checklists for this

T/F stimulation approaches are the primary treatment for those with global aphasia?

falsethe materials and procedures reflect work on prerequisite skills to language development more than to teaching language itself

WHat is social-interactionist theory?

functional tool of social interaction & cognitive development; environment plays BIG role • Key Assumptions =scaffolding—learning overtime from those who have the knowledge nurture

What is chorea?

hyperkinetic movement disorders that involves jerking combined with slower movements. movements of the limbs, head, face, mouth, and neck can have a dance like quality. cannot be consciously suppressed

Why might someone need a pharyngeal flap or a sphincter pharyngoplasty?

hypernasality because of velopharyngeal insufficiency secondary to a repaired cleft palate

What are the effects of damage to the basal nuclei?

hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement

What physiological measures can be taken during diagnosis of motor speech disorders?

looks at the source of the generator of the acoustic signal we could measure tongue strength. we could see if our patient had the respiratory drive for speech (5 for 5).

What is the primary motor strip?

precentral gyrus, narrow strip in the cerebral cortex, that goes from near the top of the head right down along where your ear is located, if damaged may have problems controlling the opposite half of the body

For For prediction (prognostic) studies, identify what?

predictive measures and outcome measures

What are communication capabilities and vocabulary needs?

preliterate: Coverage and developmental Nonliterate: Functional communication literate: Rate of communication, timing of messages, and Consideration of fatigue

What are transition groups?

prepare patients for communication in daily life by giving them training and practice with strategies and problem solving skills that are useful in daily life

What happens in the oral preparatory phase?

preparing food to be swallowed includes taste to the tongue, palate, pharynx, and supralaryngeal area, production of saliva, rotary chew

LSVT may what?

improve vocal fold closure and enhance the phonatory source, , stimulate increased effort and coordination across the respiratory, laryngeal, and orofacial systems. improve swallowing especially oral-tongue and tongue-base disorder, but also improved laryngeal elevation, change facial expression

What is seen in FFT of a breathy voice?

in FFT there are few harmonic peaks visible; f0 is loudest; noise floor relatively high ("breathiness"). Research shows the breathy noise to be in the high frequency range (captured with the VTI measure, or Voice Turbulence Index)

What is the clinical relevance of TBI for aphasia?

in assessment the clinician needs to be able to separate out language differences that are caused by damage directly, or those that result indirectly from changes in cognitive functioning

Where is the lateral fissure?

in between temporal frontal and parietal lobe

During digital manipulation, pressing inward (unilaterally) from the sides could help in what?

in cases of vocal fold paralysis

What is real-time amplification used for?

in cases where pitch, volume, or quality need to be adjusted and amplification facilitates increased awareness.

Why might one want to produce more abrupt phonatory onsets?

in order to project an effective voice

If pressing inward during digital manipulation doesn't work what should be tried?

pressure from the opposite side maybe added, while a head turn in addition could bring improvement

What is the most important function of group therapy?

providing a link between individualized treatment and the natural environment.

T/F prognosis is also affect by the WHO model?

true; how treatment affects quality of life, disability/independence, etc is still very open and needing research in the effort to determine the costs/benefit ratios of therapy procedures considered for one's clients.

T/F aphasia can be the result of TBI?

true; or stroke depending on if language centers are impaired

T/F patients with Broca's aphasia are aware of difficulties?

true; relatively aware of the severity of the condition and its consequences for communication, and therefore may have a tendency to be depressed

T/F ventricular dysphonia is concomitant with something is?

true; such as cold, swelling, etc.

T/F test underestimate the communicative abilities of mild aphasia clients in natural settings

true; they benefit from pragmatic, nonverbal and prosodic cues which are processed by the right hemisphere

T/F it is impractical to work on missing words one at a time?

true; too many words, can't treat everyone, need to look for processes to retrieve words and generalize

How is divergent thinking clinically relevant?

in therapy this corresponds to creative thinking; open ended situations for communication: e.g., Word Fluency Measures. Real life participation is more 'divergent' than 'convergent' in nature. This aspect seems to be mostly overlooked in formalized treatment programs for aphasia.

How is convergent thinking clinically relevant?

in therapy this corresponds to the tendency to train following specific "rules" during drill-type training sessions. E.g., you converge on training one specific linguistic process, using one type of task materials, while using one type of stimulus.

What is the SLP's role in communication?

in to assist in providing a way (AAC) and opportunities and reasons

What is the primary symptom of conduction aphasia?

inability (or disproportionate difficulty/effort) to repeat

If there is damage to only the superior laryngeal branch of CN X vagus what can be heard in the speech?

inability to alter pitch, mild breathiness/hoarseness. If bilateral then cricothyroid paralysis can result in moderate breathiness, decreased loudness and markedly decreased ability to change pitch.

What might a during reading comprehension activity include?

include questioning, graphic organizers, storyboards

What does apraxia look like/etiology?

inconsistent difficulties in articulation because of the effects of some neurogenic lesion

What procedure in loudness treatment is used for older children and adults?

increase awareness by listening and evaluation exercises first. Practice soft voice productions, for example using instrumented feedback (e.g., Visipitch) or if not available, clinician feedback

What procedures would be used in variable loudness treatment?

increase awareness by listening exercises and comparing the client's voice with those of others. (e.g., match the prosodic variability of a model recorded on the Visipitch

How does aging affect the oral phase?

increased amount and extent of post-swallow residue, reduced driving force of the bolus resulting in retention of the bolus in the valleculae

What would the slow rate of a person with AOS sound like?

increased interval time between words and syllables increased time to produce individual sound segments & to transition between sounds

WHat is the result of Articulatory-Kinematic treatment?

increased spatial and temporal aspects of speech production.

What is interobserver reliability?

two different examiners or observers use the measure to assess the same persons analysis compares the scores from the two different examiners

What is simultaneous language learning?

two or more languages experienced from birth

What is the purpose of an AAC intervention?

is to facilitate meaningful communication and participation in daily life activities. In order to achieve participation assessment should be for today and also include planning for tomorrow and follow-up. Everyone can communicate, Everyone does communicate

Why is flaccid dysarthria unique?

it can affect isolated muscle groups, unilaterally or bilaterally.

Why might opportunities to communicate and practice be important?

it can make certain aspects of speech therapy efficient; while not everyone can talk at the same time they can still learn from watching, and listening to, others talk with each other

What is the role of the right hemisphere in aphasia recovery?

it could take on functions that support language as a whole

What are the problems with the FIM/FAM scales?

it has a very poor and limited recognition of speech and language related skills, competencies, and services. There are FIM scales for expression and comprehension only, without any sort of differentiation.

What sets PROMOTING APHASIC COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY apart from stimulation therapy?

it is natural, spontaneous, equal partnerships in communication, no one person dominates the conversation

Why might individuals with aphasia appear better at listening and reading then speaking and writing?

it may be that the output of listening and reading masks the underlying comprehension problem by compensating.. may be more pressures to speak and write

What says AOS apart from the dysarthrias?

its symptoms cannot be explained by motor pathomechanisms

If there is bilateral (weakness) damage to CN V trigeminal, what would an SLP see during an oral motor examination?

jaw may hang open. May be unable to resist examiners opening/closing. Chewing difficulty, drooling. If sensory is affected then complaints of poor feeling in the face.

What would an SLP typically see in someone with Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria?

weakness in the lower face and tongue on the opposite side of the lesion This weakness is typically temporary but can be permanent Probably will be accompanied by weakness in the extremities of the opposite side

Perceptually what characteristic may be observed in those that have UUMN dysarthria?

weakness, spasticity, incoordination or combinations of these 3

What are some ways that someone can optimize storybook reading for children who use AAC?

providing access to communication modalities, using visual scenes, using appropriate Interaction styles from communication partners such as RAA Providing opportunities for independent acess through Adapted books Book apps and access to iPads

AAC What is written choice communication?

providing choices... A communication partner and a person with aphasia decide on a topic of mutual interest then, the communication partner asks a question related to that topic and generates word choices as possible response options, says each word out loud and writes it in large block letters

What are the types of aphasia groups?

psycho-social groups, family counseling and support groups, speech-language treatment groups

What are the levels of solid foods?

pureed, mechanically soft, dysphagia advanced, regular diet

What does increase subglottic pressure mean?

push harder

What is the lentiform nucleus?

putamen and globus pallidus in the basal nuclei

What is looked at during acoustic analysis?

quality of the harmonic peaks

What acoustic measures can be taken during diagnosis of motor speech disorders?

quantifiable methods of assessing rate, loudness, pitch, tremor

Why might someone use the Assessment of Intelligibility in Dysarthric Speakers (AIDS)?

quantifies intelligibility of words and sentences provides estimates of communication efficiency by examining the rate of intelligible words/minute in sentences

What types of data can be collected with the RCBA?

quantitative and qualitative

What is the purpose of the CETI?

quantitatively assess change in performance over time

What are the two forms of information sharing?

questions and answers, story telling

ordinal-what is meant by precedence?

ranks can be greater than or less than another rank

What is the most frequent problem in cluttering?

rapid rate (perceived)

What is hemi-facial spasm?

rapid twitching of facial muscles caused by irritation of nerve, tumor, aneurysm

To be able to counsel effectively, we need to develop what?

rapport

What is a sub-dural hemorrhage?

results from tearing of the superior cerebral veins; problems are also caused by the rising pressure exerted on brain tissue. Initially, blood begins to collect which than hardens and forms a plaque that can still absorb more fluid and increase in size later

What is criterion-related validity?

results of one test align with other tests that measure same thing

What is the basic nature of memory?

retention of information in the mind beyond the life of an external stimulus

What happens during the intake interview?

review of the case history form and results of a medical evaluation if one occurred already; interview with the client; followed by an Oral Peripheral Exam

What are some ways to get more participation out of those who use AAC during storybook reading?

Let them choose the story, choose the location. Have them point to words as you read. Talk about text as you read, relate to it. Give them a turn to read (repeated phrases) OR a chance to request (turn the page, open book). Make a Communication board for a book.

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for Specific-Need AAC Communicators?

Letter templates AAC for use on telephone

What are some types of word or message predictions?

Letter-based prediction Predict Ahead

What is the falx cerebri?

sickle-shaped fold of dura mater in the superior longitudinal fissure

The resouce, Literacy Instruction for Individuals with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Down syndrome, and other disabilities, includes what areas of liteacy instruction?

Sound Blending Phoneme Segmentation Letter-Sound Correspondence Decoding Shared Reading Sight Word Recognition Reading Sentences and Simple Stories Reading Comprehension

What tools are required to conduct LSVT?

Sound level meter System for measure pitch range Patient's phrases Words, sentences, phrases, passageSound level meter System for measure pitch range Patient's phrases Words, sentences, phrases, passage

When it comes to sample size what is bias?

Source bias of bias in the selection process Reduces how well sample represents a population Larger sample does not reduce bias if your selection process is flawed

What are the primary dystonias?

Spasmodic Torticollis Drug-induced dystonia Meige's Syndrome Spasmodic dysphonia

How does spastic dysarthria look/sound?

Spastic, weak, reduced ROM, slow

What would the respiration of a person with spastic dysarthria sound like?

Speakers sometimes release a bunch of air for relief. This can result in short phrases and breathiness. incomplete abduction during inhalation can be seen

What are single subject studies

Focus on typical behavior of individual Allow for subjects who respond differently Have subjects participate in more than one condition Report typical behavior of individual participants Analyze data using visual inspection, informed judgment Recruit at least one participant, but often more

What is the locutionary stage?

Language is the primary means of sending and receiving messages Words are used to express intent Uses varied sentence types, grammatical morphemes, complex sentences Ages 12 months and beyond Also known as Hanen Stage: First-Word User and/or Combiner

What happens is there is damage to the indirect activation pathway?

Lesions affect muscle tone and reflexes - primarily as spasticity and hyperreflexia (from the indirect pathway damage), since it is so close to the direct pathway you will often see weakness and lack of skilled movement from the direct pathway damage

What is fringe vocabulary?

Less frequently occurring words, usually user specific

What aspects of the communication partners should be assessed when assessing young children?

Strategies used by the parents, how to individualize the assessment Pre-liguisrtic skills the child uses with communication partners, role of the parents

What are some methods for teaching conversational skills?

Strategy Instruction and scripted routines Conversational Coaching

What is researcher triangulation?

Strategy for involving more than one researcher in collecting and analyzing data

What is atherosclerosis?

a hardening of the arterial walls

What is a specific language impairment?

a language disorder where only langauge is impaired cognition and information processing are intact when tested if cognitive skills are higher than language scores the problem in linguistic not cognitive

AAC systems should provide what?

a mean to use and develop optimal language skills

How can insufficient use of air be detected?

a measure of airflow

What is metronomic pacing?

a method for changing speed rate

What is mild aphasia?

a mild impairment in language use

What is mixed trans-cortical sensory and motor aphasia?

a mixture of transcortical motor aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia

What does "treatment of underlying forms" (TUF)require of the clinician?

a more than average understanding of subtle syntactic and lexical features a more than average understanding of subtle syntactic and lexical features

WHat is a free morpheme?

a morpheme that can stand alone

What is anomia?

a negative symptom of a failure at the word retrieval level

What is dystonia?

a neurologic movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions, usually producing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions.

What is the Sentence Production Program for Aphasia (SPPA)?

a newer version of HELPSS

What is Restylane?

a non-animal injection filler that is placed in the posterior or lateral pharyngeal walls to treat resonance issue, not enough evidence to support

What is a neologism?

a nonsense word with no meaning or a nonsense meaning

WHat is working memory?

a part of memory with a defined capacity, where a portion may be "dynamically" devoted to processing, and another portion to "holding information"

What is focused stimulation?

a type of hybrid model 1. here, you are constantly repeating the word and it is used for kids who already have some words. a. Still using the environment b. The goal is to focus on the target word/phrase/gesture and use it repeatedly while naturally interacting with the child.

What are the word fluency measures?

thinking of as many words that fall under a particular category, helps clients search for words that apply

What is the result of Rate/Rhythm Control treatment?

allow time to reach articulatory targets allow time to process sensorimotor feedback focuses attention on increasing accuracy of speech production, or away from speech production establish internal oscillatory mechanisms

Why might one want to get personal information from the family and the patient?

allows one to check how accurate the client is in providing this information (reveals their degree of orientation, and level of "confabulation"). It also provides relevant information that could be used for intervention.

What is changing focus treatment?

altering tongue position for resonance

What is a Spearman Rank-Order Correlation?

alternative to Pearson r for ordinal level data useful for data that are not normally distributed

What are some speech production intervention strategies for patients with ALS?

amplification, slow rate of speech

What is the definition of aphasia?

an acquired communication disorder caused by brain damage, characterized by an impairment evident in language modalities: speaking, listening, reading and writing

What is apraxia of speech?

an acquired speech disorder in adults, resulting from lesions to left anterior peri- or sub-sylvian cortex, mostly after infarction of the left middle cerebral artery that affects motor planning

Why were the FIM scales (FAM: Functional Assessment Measures) developed?

an attempt to establish a uniform system for reporting the level of disability of clients, has the benefit that its results have the same meaning across institutions

What is split-half reliability?

an examiner administers a test to a group of participants researcher divides the test in half, usually splitting odd and even numbered items analysis compares the scores from the two halves of the test

What is Computer-Aided Visual Communication (C-ViC)?

an iconographic system in which patients construct communications by selecting symbols from 6 "card decks" and arranging them according to certain syntactic conventions

What is dysphagia?

an impairment of emotional, cognitive, sensory, and/or motor acts involved with transferring a substance from the mouth to the stomach, resulting in failure to maintain hydration and nutrition, and posing a risk of choking and aspiration

T/F tests, questionnaires, speech tasks, perceptual rates, measuring rate and case history are used in evaluation if cluttering?

true

T/F the area around Wernike's holds the lexicon?

true

T/F the development of neurogenic stuttering resembles the developmental stuttering pattern?

true

T/F those with transcortical motor aphasia will reply briefly to questions?

true

T/F those with transcortical sensory aphasia have good repetitions?

true

T/F treatment of aphasia is effective and efficacious?

true

T/F vocal abuse and misuse is considered a disorder of voice use?

true

T/F voice therapy is trial and error?

true

T OR F Higher probability that children with speech and language difficulties will have difficulties in literacy development

true and vise versa

What type pf research design utilizes random assignment of participants to groups?

true experimental designs

t/F lexically/phonemic cueing is direct access while semantic cues are indirect access for word retrieval?

true, (think of library scenario)

T/F adults 65-74 engage in small talk less often than young adults

true, 31%

T/F elderly persons tend to refer to the past nearly as often as they refer to the present and much more frequently than they refer to the future

true, 65-74Y. future 13 present 48% past 39% 75-85Y. future 10% present 45% past 45%

T or F Behavior management can assist those with velopharyngeal insufficiency?

true, BUT chronis VPI cannot, but if it can be these would be the targets 1. Modifying the pattern of speaking 2. Resistance training during speech 3. Feedback

T/F it's easier for individuals with aphasia to listen and read than it is to speak and write?

true, although all may be impaired

T/F individuals with Wernicke's aphasia will try to get/hold the floor?

true, an issue of controlling the interaction

T/F Schuell believes that language is auditory dominate?

true, auditory processes are essential for acquisition, processing, and control of language

T or F typically the direct and indirect activation pathways are damaged together?

true, because they travel close together

T/F below the neck is unilateral innervation?

true, contra-lateral

If there is damage to the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal branches of CN X vagus what can be heard in the speech?

breathiness/ aphonia, reduced loudness, diplophonia, reduced pitch and pitch breaks are common. Rapid vocal flutter can occur with vowel prolongation. Bilateral damage has exaggeration of this.

T/F it is a SLPs role to councel the client and families?

true, counseling is within the scope of practice due to lack of doctor explanation or inability to remember information given due to shock

T or F hypertonicity and spasticity in articulatory muscles can be modified by biofeedback

true, electromyography has been used with some success. electropalatography has been found effective for improving intelligibility for dysarthric speakers.

T or F UUMN dysarthria is temporary?

true, it can be and will resolve in a few days or weeks

T/F Broca's area is related to motor planning of speech?

true, or at least close by

T/F Given the low potentials for treatment outcome in those with Global aphasia, the emphasis is usually on compensatory rather than stimulatory approaches

true, the materials and procedures reflect work on prerequisite skills to language development more than to teaching language itself

T/F Family counseling and support groups can provide educational and informative components?

true, they can form an efficient way to discuss and explain issues to a larger number of individuals at the same time.

T or F mastery of a grammatical marker depends on a child's age?

true, typically developing children gain grammatical markers in a progressive manner

T or F messages can be nonverbal?

true, written, gesture, sign

T or F Flaccid dysarthria is a result of final common pathway damage?

true. Words are randomly selected and read by the patient. Prodductions are rated on a 5 point scale (the ease with which they are recognized)

T or F systematic inquiry relates to the scientific method?

true: Identify and further define a problem Develop Hypothesis/Hypotheses Or questions Plan a set of procedures Collect relevant data Analyze the data Make a decision about the hypothesis/hypotheses

T/F Broca's area is needed to comprehend?

true; Broca's controls syntax otherwise otherwise just words i.e. assume subject is first

What is Cognitive-Constructivist Theory?

cognition is precursor for language---MUST develop cognitive skills in order to learn language; cognition is innate—but language is not • Key Assumptions = language represents cognitive schemas/categories nurture

T/F language can be impaired if one has dysarthria?

true; because the motor cortex is very close to Broca's

T/F topographically thinking can be good?

true; because then we can get an idea of what symptoms will present based on location of damage

T/F patients with Broca's aphasia will probably have physical impairments?

true; due to location of damage

What is synkinesis?

contraction of a muscle adjacent to muscle contracting normally (an eye blink with a simultaneous movement of lower face muscles). This occurs when regenerating axons of the facial nerve aberrantly branch., it is the result of bilateral CN VII damage

Generally, what does the cerebellum do for speech?

coordinates & modifies planned and ongoing speech movements

What does the cerebellar system do?

coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and posture; receives information on position of muscles and joints, body's equilibrium, and is important to planning and programming learned movements, and motor memory.

What are three ways to establish the validity of a study?

judgmental empirical/criterion judgmental-empirical

What is phonemic awareness?

knowledge of/ability to manipulate individual phonemes

What access barriers may affect an acute care patient's AAC/communication needs?

knowledge, referral process, SLPs familiarity with setting

How is a patient with Broca's aphasia's articulation?

labored

What are the problems with cognitive referencing?

language & cognition closely tied even nonverbal intelligence tests can still be affected by language abilities

What is the foundation for the development of literacy skills?

language development

What does Broca's do?

language formulation and syntax/grammar output

What does Wernike's do?

language input

What is primary progressive aphasia?

language specific degeneration occurs because of a relatively rare form of dementia

What is linguistic theory?

language= innate, specifically human talent; children have language acquisition device build in • Key Assumptions = direct teaching is NOT necessary; universal grammar found in all languages nature

What is a practical test used in assessing voice quality?

laryngeal tension (associated with hyperfunction) can be checked by manually pulsing the upper abdominal area during phonation of the client.

At what age to the arytenoids being to ossify?

late 30s

How does one find Broca's?

lateral fissue, look for triangle

What is the purpose of the visual action therapy?

laying the groundwork for later language learning by establishing the cognitive prerequisites for language development

What do ichemic attacks lead to?

lead to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to a part of the brain

T/F individuals with dysfluencies due to psychotic conditions (or advanced degrees of alcoholism) have the same pattern as stuttering?

false; There are virtually no sound, word or situation specific concerns about speech; there are no consistent relationships with many factors known about stuttering

T or F: Minspeak is multi meaning

True

What is meant by semantic depth?

How much a person knows about a word

What are symptoms of omission?

things that aren't working

How would one describe the language of those with dementia?

"language of generalized intellectual impairment"

What is measured to determine nasal leaks?

"nasal pressure"

What is a neoplasm?

"new growth", puts pressure on the brain

What intervention and management strategies are used for phonation breaks?

"taking the work out of phonation" and eliminate coughing and throat clearing or other excessive uses of the vocal organ

What causes ischemic attacks?

(1) blockage, (2) diseased arteries, (3) unusual blood pressure changes, or (4) "vascular cramps"

What does the scoring for HELPSS look like?

1.0 fully correct response .5 self-corrected response .0 incorrect, or incomplete response

How does one find Wernike's?

look for three gyri in temporal lobe, its at the end of the superior gyrus

Why has group therapy been gaining attention?

(1) changes in reimbursement and public policy and a (2) renewed interest in psychosocial aspects of recovery from aphasia.

When it comes to sample size what is precision?

How well a sample represents a population Larger sample yields greater precision

How is speech characterized in people who clutter?

(1) an excessive rate of delivery, (2) truncated and incoherent utterances, or (3) episodic production of distorted (slurring and or jerky) and dysfluent (both normal and stuttering like) speech, and an (4) apparent lack of awareness of the impact of the problem on communication and listeners.

What are possible subtypes of PVFM?

(1) associated with asthma, (2) associated with exercising and possibly allergies, and (3) psychogenic, in response to stress

How can measuring oxygen in fMRI be used?

looks at bloodflow to the brain

A relatively forward and high tongue position for all vowels leads to what?

"baby " quality (or "thin", or "oral")

Describe the supraglottic swallow.

"breath hold" Designed to protect the airway from aspiration of food by closing the airway before the swallow A cough follows the swallow to clear any residues

What are some opportunity barriers that individuals with intellectual disabilities may face?

"candidacy model" Lack of Use of AAC in natural contexts

What are pathological relexes?

"frontal release" As the brain matures, primitive reflexes become inhibited (by the frontal lobe) thus primitive (or infantile reflexes) disappear. When disease processes disrupt these inhibitory pathways, the reflex is "released" from its inhibition, hence the term "frontal release sign".

What are the two types of endoscopes?

"intra-oral" (or rigid -), and "intra-nasal" (or flexible- fiberscope)

What purpose might Amerind be used for?

(1) to become the system for communication (because other systems have already failed) (2) to assist in other forms of communication, as a supplement, and (3) as a system that may have potential for rebuilding (or "refinding"/deblocking in the stimulation framework) one's language potentials.

What are two possible etiologies for for ventricular dysphonia?

(1) vibration of ventricular folds, (2) vibration of the vocal folds is affected by the ventricular folds which lay on top ("load").

What are the function levels designated by Luria?

(1). general awareness and distribution of sensory input; (2). posterior cortex which perceives, recognizes and integrates sensory information, and (3). the anterior cortex which generates volitional responses

What occurs in an individual with normal ear function when there is exposure to a high-intensity sound stimulus? (A) Acoustic reflex. (B) Hardening of the ossicles. (C) Permanent hearing loss. (D) Presbycusis.

(A) Acoustic reflex. The acoustic reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to high-intensity sound stimuli. When presented with a high-intensity sound stimulus, the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles of the middle ear bones contract. The stapedius pulls the stapes of the middle ear away from the oval window of the cochlea and the tensor tympani muscle pulls the malleus away from eardrum. The reflex decreases the transmission of vibration energy to the cochlea. The acoustic reflex normally occurs only at relatively high intensities; activation for quieter sounds can indicate ear dysfunction and absence of acoustic reflex can indicate neural hearing loss.

Which of the following types of cerebral palsy is characterized by low muscle tone, impaired balance, and tremor? (A) Ataxic (B) Spastic (C) Athetoid (D) Hemiplegic

(A) Ataxic Ataxic cerebral palsy is characterized by low muscle tone, impaired balance, and tremors. The other types do not have these characteristics. (B) is incorrect. Spastic cerebral palsy involves jerky, uncontrolled movements and high muscle tone. (C) is incorrect. Athetoid cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrhythmic, writhing, involuntary movements of the extremities. (D) is incorrect because "Hemiplegic" speci es the body part a ected, not to the type of movement pattern.

What is the best way to assess the hearing of newborn infants? (A) Auditory brainstem response audiometry. (B) Audiometric screening. (C) Behavioral audiometry. (D) There is no accurate way to assess the hearing of newborns.

(A) Auditory brainstem response audiometry. Auditory brainstem response audiometry is a screening test to monitor for hearing loss or deafness, especially notable for its use with newborn infants. It is a method employed to assess the functions of the ears, cranial nerves, and various brain functions of the lower part of the auditory system, prior to the child developing to the point of describing a possible hearing problem.

Which of the following is typical social communication behavior for a child aged 3-5 years? (A) Begins code-switching and uses simpler language when talking to younger children (B) Uses narratives characterized by causally sequenced events (C) Uses language with the intent to persuade others and change their opinions (D) Uses single words to express intention

(A) Begins code-switching and uses simpler language when talking to younger children Children aged 3-5 typically show the ability to code-switch and to use simpler language when speaking to younger children. (B) is incorrect. The use of narratives characterized by causally sequenced events is typically seen in children over the age of 5. (C) is incorrect. The use of language with the intent to persuade or change an opinion is typically seen in children over the age of 5. (D) is incorrect. The use of single words to express intention is typically seen in children between the ages of 18 and 24 months.

Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is generally considered most appropriate for a client with which of the following? (A) Broca's aphasia (B) Conduction aphasia (C) Transcortical sensory aphasia (D) Global aphasia

(A) Broca's aphasia MIT is a process in which SLPs sing or hum phrases to individuals with the goal of having individuals tap, sing, or hum the phrase back to the SLP. Research has shown MIT to be successful with people diagnosed with Broca's aphasia, because their comprehension is better than their expression and they retain the ability to repeat. (B) is incorrect. Individuals with conduction aphasia have extreme di culty repeating , so MIT would not be bene cial. (C) and (D) are incorrect. Individuals with transcortical sensory aphasia and global aphasia have auditory comprehension skills which are extremely impaired so they are not likely to bene t from MIT as the approach requires ability to comprehend what the speaker is saying and to appreciate their own productions in order to repeat.

MIT (melodic intonation therapy) is a therapy protocol mostly used with which type of aphasic client? (A) Brocas (B) Wernicke (C) Conduction (D) Global

(A) Brocas

Some people think that presbycusis is only caused by aging, but that is not always the case. What might be a contributing factor to increasing presbycusis? (A) Cochlear atrophy (B) A fall (C) Perforated eardrum (D) Impacted cerumen

(A) Cochlear atrophy

When 9-year-old Billy talks, the other kids at his new school say that he sounds like Jethro Clampitt, only not as smart, and taunt him. Billy has been trying to change how he sounds by using a standard English dialect. In doing this, which of the following is Billy likely to exhibit? (A) Hypercorrection (B) Lateralization (C) Idiomatic inversion (D) Ethnocentric inversion

(A) Hypercorrection

Sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet known as the: (A) International Phonetic Alphabet (B) Phonological Process (C) American Sign Language (D) Graphics

(A) International Phonetic Alphabet In order to avoid confusion based on orthography, sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet which ascribes rigorous characteristics to each symbol. This system of writing is called the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is used universally amongst people who require accurate descriptions of phonetic material, and is often referred to as the IPA.

An SLP is providing services to adults with neurogenic disorders of communication. Of the following clients, which will likely have the most favorable management prognosis? (A) John, who has a brain injury resulting in a slight concussion (B) Jim, who has a traumatic brain injury resulting in paralysis (C) Juan, who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (D) Helen, who has Huntington's chorea

(A) John, who has a brain injury resulting in a slight concussion The disorder is most limited in scope among those mentioned and, therefore, most likely to be amenable to therapy or treatment. (B) is incorrect because the problem described is diffused or dispersed throughout the head with major impairments to the nerves. (C) and (D) are incorrect because the disorders mentioned are progressive in nature.

What are some of the cognitive and functional disabilities found in children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? (A) Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. (B) Rigid muscle tone, poor attending skills with normal language development. (C) Hearing loss and low muscle tone. (D) Poor language skills even though cognitive development is usually advanced.

(A) Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. The main effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is permanent damage to the central nervous system. Developing brain cells and structures are underdeveloped or malformed by prenatal alcohol exposure. This can create an array of primary cognitive and functional disabilities including poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, and poor cause-effect reasoning. The risk of brain damage exists during each trimester since the fetal brain develops throughout the entire pregnancy.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the word-initial consonant? (A) The high-amplitude concentration of aperiodic energy at 4 kHz suggests that the initial consonant is a voiceless sibilant fricative. (B) The low-amplitude concentration of periodic energy suggests that the initial consonant is a voiced sibilant fricative. (C) The presence of prevoicing before the release burst suggests that the initial consonant is a voiced affricate. (D) The low-amplitude, diffuse distribution of aperiodic energy suggests that the initial consonant is a voiceless nonsibilant fricative.

(A) The high-amplitude concentration of aperiodic energy at 4 kHz suggests that the initial consonant is a voiceless sibilant fricative. Voiceless sibilant fricatives such as /s/ would be recorded on a spectrogram as having high-amplitude aperiodic energy in the range of 4K Hz.

An adult female has received 20 sessions of voice therapy for hoarseness related to vocal nodules. Data for pre- and post-evaluation measures for this individual are: Pretherapy Current Fundamental 175 200 frequency (Hz) Phonation duration 10 15 (sec.) Jitter (percent) 1.2 .68 Mean phonatory 100 150 airflow (ml/sec.) Which of the following is most strongly indicated by the data? (A) The patient's voice is improving. (B) The patient's voice is deteriorating. (C) Perturbation is worse, but the other measures are better. (D) The patient's voice is still abnormal.

(A) The patient's voice is improving. All measures discussed demonstrate improvement. There is no certainty that the voice is still abnormal. Perturbation, having gone down, shows some improvement. Based only on the data shown, one could say that there is some improvement.

The following statement "Mark left for the store. I think is coming back soon" is considered Spanish-influenced English because of which of the following rules? (A) The use of a syntactic rule (B) The use of a semantic rule (C) The use of a grammatical style (D) The use of an inflection

(A) The use of a syntactic rule Syntactic rules enable you to combine morphemes into sentences. Like the rules making up the other components, syntactic rules become increasingly complex. From combining 2 morphemes, to combining words with suffixes or inflections and then creating questions, statements, and commands. Then you will go on to combine 2 ideas into 1 complex sentence, and so on.

A 60-year-old man has Parkinson's disease and is in the early stage of dementia. It would be appropriate to address which of the following goals first in therapy? (A) To educate the family or caregivers (B) To decrease jargon (C) To decrease circumlocution (D) To improve motor skills

(A) To educate the family or caregivers When dementia is associated with Parkinson's disease, it is usually irreversible. Therefore, the family or caregivers must understand the nature of the linguistic and intellectual problems, and learn how to maximize the abilities of the client. The sooner the family or caregivers are made aware of the condition of the client, the better the intervention is likely to be.

VOT has been studied in young stutterers and nonstutterers. Which of the following best describes the results of these studies? (A) Young nonstutterers have less variable VOTs than young stutterers (B) Young stutterers have relatively long VOTs than non stutterers (C) The results for the physiological timing for VOT was the same for both groups (D) Young nonstutterers have more variable VOTs than young stutterers

(A) Young nonstutterers have less variable VOTs than young stutterers

You're involved in a research project designed to measure the benefits of Dr. Quackenbush's total Esperanto's immersion language therapy. Children are given a language test before and after one semester of this therapy. Trouble is, the clinician does not know whether these kids might have improved without therapy. Taking this variable into account, what ought to be included in your experimental design? (A) A Tukey HSD test for post hoc comparisons (B) A separate group of children, not receiving the treatment to serve as a control group (C) Multiple linear regression (D) A compensatory paradigm

(B) A separate group of children, not receiving the treatment to serve as a control group

A client comes to your clinic complaining that he is having difficulty with his hearing. He states that he can understand men's voices better than women's voices, has difficulty hearing alarms and cell phones. Discrimination testing indicates that he has difficulty differentiating fricatives, sibilants and plosives. What would you expect his hearing profile to look like? (A) Adequate hearing in the higher frequencies with reduced hearing in the lower frequencies. (B) Adequate hearing in the lower frequencies with reduced hearing in the higher frequencies. (C) Normal hearing but poor discrimination. (D) Reduced hearing at both low and high frequencies.

(B) Adequate hearing in the lower frequencies with reduced hearing in the higher frequencies. People with adequate hearing in the lower frequency ranges (low tones), and reduced hearing in the higher frequencies may merely find it difficult to differentiate between words that begin with sounds such as the fricatives or sibilants, z, or th, or the plosives d, t, b, or p. They may be unable to hear thin, high-pitched or metallic noises, such as birds chirping or singing, clocks ticking, etc. Often, they are able to hear and understand men's voices better than women's.

Which type of hearing aid retains flexibility to make adjustments, is the least effective and the least expensive? (A) Analog/Programmable. (B) Analog/Adjustable. (C) Bone anchored hearing aid. (D) Digital/Programmable.

(B) Analog/Adjustable. The Audiologist determines the volume and other specifications required for the patient's hearing aid, and then a laboratory builds the aid to meet those specifications. The Audiologist retains some flexibility to make adjustments. This type of circuitry is generally the least expensive and also the least effective.

Which of the following genetic syndromes result in severe learning difficulties and developmental delay with normal facial appearance and behavior? (A) Fragile X (B) Angelman Syndrome (C) Downs Syndrome (D) Williams Syndrome

(B) Angelman Syndrome. Angelman syndrome (AS) is an inherited neurological disorder resulting in severe learning difficulties, developmental delay, and typical facial appearance and behavior.

Which of the following is a diagnosis that an SLP is legally allowed to make independently of other professionals? (A) Parkinson's disease (B) Autism spectrum disorder (C) Obstructive sleep apnea (D) Down syndrome

(B) Autism spectrum disorder An SLP is legally allowed to make the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder independently of other professionals. (A), (C), and (D) are all incorrect. It is illegal for an SLP to diagnose Parkinson's disease, obstructive sleep apnea, or Down syndrome, although the SLP may be involved in the treatment of such disorders.

Which of the following types of bers facilitates communication between the right and left hemispheres by connecting cortical areas in the two hemispheres? (A) Association (B) Commissural (C) Efferent (D) Afferent

(B) Commissural Commissural bers are the only ones that bridge between the two cortical hemispheres.

You are a speech-language pathologist working in the school system. A private speech-language pathologist who you went to graduate school with is working with one of your students. She calls you and wants to collaborate on goals for this student. What is the first thing you do? (A) Tell the private speech-language pathologist to mind her own business. (B) Get a signed consent for a release from the student's parents. (C) Set up a meeting at the school so that you can collaborate on goals and therapy techniques. (D) Send a copy of the student's IEP to the private clinician.

(B) Get a signed consent for a release from the student's parents. According to ASHA, speech-language pathologists and audiologists must be aware of who owns patient records. In a school setting, the school district owns the record. For example, a school district maintains one "official" record on each student. Speech-language pathology or audiology reports are the property of the school district and may not be released to anyone without appropriate, signed releases of information. A report prepared by a speech-language pathologist or audiologist in the course of employment in a particular setting is not "owned" by the speech-language pathologist or audiologist.2. Persons other than the client/student may request information about the client's communication problem. Requests might come from an off-site clinic supervisor, Clinical Fellowship supervisor, a professional who supervises student teachers, reporters, insurance companies, and government agencies. Again, information cannot be disclosed without signed releases.

Of the following, which sounds are you likely to hear from a newborn? (A) Complex CVC structures (B) Hiccups (C) CV/VC syllable combinations (D) Chances are these are not likely to be heard

(B) Hiccups The area for speech in the brain is not developed enough to make these sounds. Hiccups are not neurological in nature but are natural sounds made when you diaphragm gets out of sync and you gulp in air.

/t/, /d/ and /k/ are examples of: (A) Syllables (B) Phonemes (C) Phonological processes (D) Minimal pairs

(B) Phonemes A phoneme is a contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language. Phonemes are represented between slashes by convention. Example: /b/, /j/, /o/

Speaking of language development, only one of the following is characteristic of Brown's Stage II. Which one? (A) Single-word utterances (B) Pronouns appear (C) MLU 1.00 - 2.00 (D) Occurring at age 12 - 26 months

(B) Pronouns appear

An enlarged adenoid pad would most likely affect resonance in which of the following ways? (A) Result in hyper nasality (B) Result in hypo nasality (C) Result in either hypernasality or hyponasality depending on the size of the pad (D) No repercussion on resonance

(B) Result in hyponasality

Which of the following is the primary reason for using standardized norm-referenced instruments to assess communication function? (A) To track progress on a session-by- session basis (B) To provide a comparison against a representative population (C) To develop a database for diagnostic purposes (D) To provide qualitative data for the assessment report

(B) To provide a comparison against a representative population The primary reason for using a standardized norm-referenced assessment is to compare an individual's performance to norms generated from a much larger representative sample. Use of a norm-referenced assessment enables the client's behavior to be compared to typical function for individuals in the same age range. (A) is incorrect because standardized assessments are not administered as frequently as every session. (C) is incorrect because inclusion of client information in a diagnostic database is not the primary reason to use a norm-referenced instrument. (D) is incorrect because performance on standardized tests is expressed numerically, which makes it quantitative data.

Which of the following is true about supporting a young child's acquisition of English as a second language? (A) A focus in the family on the English- speaking culture as well as the language will support the child's acquisition of English. (B) To support language development, family members should speak to the child in the language they are most comfortable using. (C) If a child has a language disorder, a delay in learning English will best help the child achieve the highest ultimate level of fluency. (D) Even without support, the child can be expected to be fully fluent in English in less than two years.

(B) To support language development, family members should speak to the child in the language they are most comfortable using. (B) is correct. Family members speaking to the child in the language they are most comfortable using will not have a negative e ect on the child and will allow them to more easily support the child through the acquisition. (A) is incorrect. The child's native culture should continue to be valued. (C) is incorrect. Even a child with language disorders can learn a second language. (D) is incorrect. Full acquisition of a new language takes many years to accomplish.

If as a clinician you wanted to screen your clients for signs of early-onset dementia, using a task that is very effective in identifying dementia, which linguistic activity might you choose? (A) Spatial organization (B) Word fluency (C) Word order (D) Semantic fluency

(B) Word fluency

The "incidence" of a disorder is defined as the (A) prevalence of the disorder (B) number of new cases of the disorder reported within a specified period of time (C) most common etiology of the disorder (D) number of cases of the disorder that were successfully treated

(B) number of new cases of the disorder reported within a specified period of time The term "incidence" pertains to the number of new cases of a disease or disorder arising in a population during a given time period (e.g., over one year or over the life span).

An SLP determines the mean length of utterance (MLU) of a language sample from a three-year-old child. Two weeks later, the SLP reevaluates the same sample and again determines the MLU. The extent to which the two scores are similar is most directly a function of the (A) validity of the scores (B) reliability of the scores (C) skewness of the score distribution (D) speededness of the measure

(B) reliability of the scores Reliability is the consistency with which a test measures or the degree to which repeated measurement with the same instrument of the same individual would tend to produce the same result. Larger values indicate greater reliability; a reliability of 0.90 or greater is desirable for a test to be used in making decisions about individuals.

People don't hear every frequency as equal. Higher frequencies can be more difficult to hear although speech sounds can range from 250-6000hz. What are the high-frequency sounds that will be difficult to hear? (A) /a/, /o/, /u/, /i/, /e/ (B) /p/, /b/, /m/ (C) /f/, /s/, /th/, /t/, /ch/, /sh/ (D) /l/, /r/

(C) /f/, /s/, /th/, /t/, /ch/, /sh/ When someone has a high frequency hearing loss, the above sounds are difficult to hear and much speech may sound the same to them. Speaking louder to such a person will make speech sound even more garbled to them. Normal speech is already 45-60db.

A patient with pervasive loss of short-term memory, aphasia, disorientation, disinhibition with behavioral changes is likely suffering from what disease? (A) Muscular Dystrophy. (B) Parkinson's disease. (C) Alzheimer's disease. (D) Wilson's disease.

(C) Alzheimer's disease. The usual first symptom noticed is short term memory loss which progresses from seemingly simple and often fluctuating forgetfulness to a more pervasive loss of short-term memory, then of familiar and well-known skills or objects or persons. Aphasia, disorientation, and disinhibition often accompany the loss of memory. Alzheimer's disease may also include behavioral changes, such as outbursts of violence or excessive passivity in people who have no previous history of such behavior. In the later stages, deterioration of musculature and mobility, leading to inability to feed oneself, and incontinence. Average duration of the disease is approximately 7-10 years, although cases are known where reaching the final stage occurs within 4-5 years, or in some reported cases up to 22 years.

What type of reinforcement results in the most rapid learning of new behavior? (A) Fixed-ratio (B) Fixed-interval (C) Continuous (D) Variable-interval

(C) Continuous The primary reason is because in continuous reinforcement the desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. This schedule is generally best during the initial stages of learning to create a strong association between the behavior and the response. (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect because they represent partial reinforcement schemes in which the correct response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement.

Which of the following characteristics is most likely characteristic of a client with childhood apraxia of speech? (A) Low muscle tone in the lips, tongue, and jaw (B) Echolalic response patterns (C) Decreased ability to perform diadokokinesis (D) Sensorineural hearing loss

(C) Decreased ability to perform diadokokinesis Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor planning disorder. Diadokokinesis is a task in which the rapid, consistent production of "puh- tuh-kuh" is measured. Children with this disorder cannot manipulate the articulators in smooth, controlled volitional ways. (A) is incorrect. Apraxia is not a dysarthria that indicates low muscle tone, which makes (A) incorrect. (B) is incorrect. The apraxic child has trouble imitating responses and so is not echolalic. (D) is incorrect. A speci c hearing impairment is not indicative of a motor planning speech disorder.

What are some characteristics of a child with the inattentive type of attention-deficit? (A) Poor organizational skills, restless body movement and difficulty sharing. (B) Restlessness, turn-taking difficulty, and interrupting. (C) Difficulty sustaining attention loses things and poor organizational skills. (D) Seeming to be "on the go" all the time with excessive talking.

(C) Difficulty sustaining attention loses things and poor organizational skills. Some characteristics of the inattentive type of attention-deficit include ignoring details, careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, does not appear to listen, does not follow through on instructions, poor organization skills, avoidance of activities that required sustained mental effort, loses things, easily distracted by extraneous noises and forgetful in daily activities.

There tends to be a difference between subject's performance on the first and last tests when administered the same test multiple times in succession. Researchers typically address this effect, better known as the _______ effect, by using a counterbalanced research design. (A) Linear regression (B) Placebo (C) Hawthorne (D) Post hoc

(C) Hawthorne

Chronic and transient voice problems can be differentiated by which of the following? (A) Cold symptoms accompany transient problems (B) Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks with concomitant respiratory inflammation (C) Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks without concomitant respiratory inflammation (D) The degree of concern of parents, caretakers and teachers

(C) Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks without concomitant respiratory inflammation

It's been a long day when Sally comes home to her young son who tells her he wants 'pickettii and meatballs' for dinner. What is her son demonstrating? (A) Epenthesis (B) Pharyngealization (C) Metathesis (D) Dissimilation

(C) Metathesis Metathesis is the reordering of sounds within a word. In this case, pickettii switches the opening sounds of the word spaghetti.

Which of the following is the major physical or organic factor underlying impairment in the speech of persons with cleft palate? (A) Congenital hearing loss from otitis media (B) Broad irregular maxillary arch (C) Palatopharyngeal insufficiency (D) Irregular vocal fold abduction

(C) Palatopharyngeal insufficiency (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because otitis media is not congenital; in cleft palate, the maxillary arch is often collapsed and thus is narrow; and irregular vocal fold abduction is not associated with cleft palate.

Subjects in one clinical group are told that a treatment should improve their hearing loss by stimulating neural hair cells Actually, researchers are flushing out these folks' ears with lukewarm Snapple. Nonetheless, many of them report having less difficulty hearing. This effect, which should be taken into consideration in studies far more reasonable than the example cited here, is called the: (A) Post hoc effect (B) Linear regression effect (C) Placebo effect (D) Multiple base rate effect

(C) Placebo effect

A 68-year-old man sustained a CVA and received a course of speech-language treatment for anomic aphasia. He was discharged after making rapid improvement early in therapy. Three years later his wife reports that he is having more difficulty speaking and understanding, but that his memory skills and orientation abilities remain intact. She has also noticed that his conversation skills are slowly deteriorating. Of the following, which is the most likely explanation for the client's communicative decline? (A) A transient ischemic attack (B) An astrocytoma, probably in the vicinity of the supramarginal gyrus (C) Primary progressive aphasia (D) Lewy body dementia

(C) Primary progressive aphasia Primary progressive aphasia is isolated language deterioration with relative preservation of other cognitive abilities and symptoms that vary, depending upon the site of lesion. Signs and symptoms may include word- nding problems characterized by pauses during speech, di culty naming objects, di culty with comprehension of spoken and written language, and inability to comprehend word meanings.

What is the applicable diagnosis for a child who has nasal emission on the pressure consonants /s / and /z/ and otherwise normal production of pressure consonants? (A) She would have a stress velopharyngeal inadequacy (B) She would exhibit post adenoidectomy velopharyngeal inadequacy (C) She would have a phoneme velopharyngeal inadequacy (D) She would exhibit a postoperative velopharyngeal inadequacy

(C) She would have a phoneme velopharyngeal inadequacy

You evaluate a student at your clinic who presents with speech and language delay, poor attending skills, delayed cognitive development and low muscle tone. Her mother reports that this child had difficulty feeding as an infant, had chronic middle ear infections, does not sleep well and has sudden and severe tantrums. You believe that this child could have which of the following genetic syndromes? (A) Apraxia. (B) Fragile X Syndrome. (C) Smith-Magenis Syndrome. (D) Rett Syndrome.

(C) Smith-Magenis Syndrome. Smith-Magenis syndrome (or SMS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by a recognizable pattern of physical, behavioral, and developmental features. Common features include: characteristic facial appearance, infant feeding problems, low muscle tone, developmental delay, variable levels of mental retardation, early speech/language delay, middle ear problems, skeletal anomalies and decreased sensitivity to pain. The syndrome also includes a distinct pattern of behavioral features characterized by chronic sleep disturbances, arm hugging/hand squeezing, hyperactivity and attention problems, prolonged tantrums, sudden mood changes and/or explosive outbursts and self-injurious behaviors.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about what IDEA requires for any IEP? (A) The IEP must include a multiyear outline of instructional objectives. (B) The IEP must include a section on assistive devices, regardless of the nature or degree of the student's disability. (C) The IEP must be in effect before special education services or related services are provided. (D) The IEP must not be made available to any school personnel except special education teachers.

(C) The IEP must be in effect before special education services or related services are provided. According to IDEA, an IEP must be in e ect before special education and related services are provided to an eligible student. None of the other choices are required. (A) is incorrect. The objectives in an IEP are ordinarily for a single year. (B) is incorrect. IDEA requires that an IEP include a statement of the services and aids to be provided to the child. For some students with disabilities, this will include assistive devices, but many students with disabilities do not require such devices. (D) is incorrect. Although special education teachers certainly have access to their students' IEPs, IDEA requires that regular education teachers and other service providers who are responsible for implementing a student's IEP have access to it as well.

You have a patient, Jimmy Smith, who is very verbal and has good syntax/morphology skills. Concrete vocabulary is within normal limits, however, he has difficulty with more abstract and conceptual-relational vocabulary. Jimmy is almost overly friendly, is very impulsive and has poor attending skills. He can also be very anxious at times. Mother reports low birth weight, irritability as a baby and poor coordination. Jimmy also presents with a very distinctive facial appearance. Which of the following genetic syndromes does Jimmy most likely suffer from? (A) Unknown. (B) Down Syndrome. (C) Williams Syndrome. (D) Fragile X Syndrome.

(C) Williams Syndrome. Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare, congenital disorder that comes with many physical and developmental problems. People with Williams Syndrome tend to have an impulsive and outgoing personality, lack of coordination, slight muscle weakness, heart defects, mental retardation, attention deficit disorder, and hyperkalemia (elevated blood calcium levels). They can also have low birth weight, slow weight gain, feeding problems, irritability during infancy, dental and kidney abnormalities, hyperacusis, and musculoskeletal problems. Individuals with Williams Syndrome have a distinctive facial appearance, and a unique personality that combines overfriendliness and high levels of empathy with anxiety. Within language, the strongest skills are typically in concrete, practical vocabulary, which in many cases is in the low average to average range for the general population. Abstract or conceptual-relational vocabulary is much more limited. Most older children and adults with Williams Syndrome speak fluently and use good grammar. Their speech is often referred to as "cocktail speech."

Which of the following correctly indicates the point at which an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) evaluation should begin? (A) With the trial use of an AAC device (B) After the client has developed the prerequisite cognitive skills (C) With an analysis of the client's communication needs (D) With a medical consultation

(C) With an analysis of the client's communication needs The assessment should analyze the client's communication needs. (A) is incorrect. The client's needs must be assessed before a device is provided. (B) is incorrect. While the AAC selection will depend on the client's cognitive skills, the match of the device to the client should follow an evaluation of the client's needs. (D) is incorrect. Medical consultation is not needed to evaluate an AAC device.

An intervention to improve receptive vocabulary involves a computer program that presents three pictures on the screen and requests that the child point to the picture that the computer indicates via digitized speech. The child's intervention goal is 80 percent correct responding. A response rate of 30 percent correct most likely indicates that the (A) software has been moderately effective in helping the child reach his goal (B) child's visual discrimination surpasses his auditory discrimination (C) child's responses are essentially random (D) child is ready to progress to an on-screen array of four pictures

(C) child's responses are essentially random Because there are three pictures, a response rate close to 33 percent (one-third) is at the level of chance. (A) is incorrect because the child's performance is only at chance levels, indicating no trend toward successful performance. (B) is incorrect because no conclusion about the superiority of one modality over another can be determined from the limited information provided. (D) is incorrect because the di culty level of the task should only be increased when performance at the easier level is satisfactory.

Ms. March, age 70, receives speech-language treatment at her assisted living facility for aphasia secondary to a stroke (CVA). Medicare is reimbursing a home health agency that visits the facility for Ms. March's treatment following submission of an evaluation and treatment plan from the SLP employed by the home health agency. To ensure that reimbursement for treatment continues, the SLP must (A) administer a standardized aphasia battery weekly to assess progress (B) include recommendations for family participation in the treatment plan (C) secure the physician's endorsement of treatment continuation on a schedule dictated by Medicare (D) initiate treatment within six months of Ms. March's hospitalization for the stroke

(C) secure the physician's endorsement of treatment continuation on a schedule dictated by Medicare Medicare will only authorize continued treatment with physician approval. (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect because they are not used as a basis for treatment eligibility.

Many children will present with conductive hearing loss, either unilateral or bilateral. This means that they are having difficulty based on an outer or middle ear problem. If the child has hearing thresholds of 40-50db, what are the frequencies likely to be affected? (A) 1000 - 5000hz (B) 1500 - 3000hz (C) 500 - 4000hz (D) 250 - 6000hz

(D) 250 - 6000hz A conductive hearing loss can affect speech sound frequencies across the entire speech range. Often it can be medically treated and always requires medical evaluation for causes such as otitis media, perforated eardrum, impacted cerumen and Eustachian tube dysfunction. Many conditions are reversible.

A region of the brain involved in language and cognitive processes which lies in the parietal lobe near the superior edge of the temporal lobe and posterior to the supramarginal gyrus is called.... (A) Supramarginal gyrus. (B) Broca's area. (C) Primary auditory cortex. (D) Angular gyrus.

(D) Angular gyrus. The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language and cognition. Studies have shown that written word is translated to internal monolog via the angular gyrus and that the angular gyrus is at least partially responsible for understanding metaphors.

The posterior medial edge of the glottis is the usual site of occurrence for which pathologic condition? (A) Laryngeal Web (B) Vocal polyp (C) Vocal nodules (D) Contact ulcer

(D) Contact ulcer

While working in a private speech/language clinic, you become aware that a speech/language pathologist working in the clinic with you altered test scores on one of the children evaluated at the clinic so that parents would enroll their child in services. According to ASHA, you are bound to: (A) Tell the parent what the correct score is. (B) Nothing. The child really needed the therapy. (C) Pretend that you don't know about it. (D) Inform the ASHA Board of Ethics.

(D) Inform the ASHA Board of Ethics. The ASHA Code of Ethics, through Principle of Ethics IV, Rules B, F, I, and J, addresses confidentiality in relationships with colleagues. B. "Individuals shall not engage in dishonesty, fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, sexual harassment, or any other form of conduct that adversely reflects on the professions or on the individual's fitness to serve persons professionally." F. "Individuals' statements to colleagues about professional services, research results, and products shall adhere to prevailing professional standards and shall contain no misrepresentations." I. "Individuals who have reason to believe that the Code of Ethics has been violated shall inform the Board of Ethics." J. "Individuals shall comply fully with policies of the Board of Ethics in its consideration and adjudication of complaints of violation of the Code of Ethics." (ASHA)

In fine control of phonation, this group of muscles plays a major part. Which ones? (A) Intrinsic pharyngeal muscles (B) Extrinsic pharyngeal muscles (C) Intrinsic velopharyngeal muscles (D) Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

(D) Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

When baseline data are arranged in rank order instead of raw scores, the study's statistics are: (A) Nonparadigmic (B) Plus or minus two standard deviations (C) Plus or minus one standard deviation (D) Nonparametric

(D) Nonparametric

The Spanish-speaking parents of a nine-year-old bilingual child report that their child communicates in Spanish with complete utterances and has a good vocabulary in comparison to other children in the neighborhood. Their concern is that the child interrupts their conversations and has not learned social rules that are important within the family and community. Testing confirms similar problems in English-speaking settings. The SLP would most likely recommend that therapy focus on which of the following language areas? (A) Syntax (B) Morphology (C) Semantics (D) Pragmatics

(D) Pragmatics The parents have described adequate syntactic and semantic knowledge by the child. Testing in English confirms similar strengths. The area that has been identified as a weakness is pragmatics and social rules for interaction.

A patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 5 indicates what? (A) Mild traumatic brain injury. (B) Normal brain functioning. (C) Malingering. (D) Severe traumatic brain injury.

(D) Severe traumatic brain injury. Neurological features associated with TBI are standardized using the Glasgow Coma Scale. This test is scored from 1 to 15 points. Each of three measures (eye opening, best verbal response, and best motor response) is scored separately, and the combined score helps determine the severity of TBI. A total score of 3 to 8 reflects a severe TBI, 9 to 12 a moderate TBI, and 13 to 15 a mild TBI.

An SLP has targeted the phonological process of "stopping on initial fricatives" for remediation and is using the word "shoes" to establish the new behavior. The SLP now wishes to investigate whether the speaker can generalize the newly learned pattern to untrained words. If it is assumed that generalization will occur on words whose phonetic characteristics are most like the trained word "shoes," which of the following words should be selected? (A) Shouting (B) Fished (C) Ocean (D) Shook

(D) Shook Generalization probes are a principle feature of phonological therapy. The answer choices require the clinician to pay attention to the position of the fricative sound in a word (reason why (B) and (C) are incorrect) and also the word's syllable structure (reason why (A) is incorrect).

What is often the first sign of Fragile X Syndrome? (A) Projectile vomiting (B) Hearing loss (C) Excessive crying (D) Speech/language delay

(D) Speech/language delay There are often patients referred to an SLP for evaluation very early in life because they are not talking. Some of them may be diagnosed with Fragile X Syndrome after that initial speech/language evaluation because children with FXS often do not begin to speak until age two or older.

Under the requirement for a child to receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment, a public school must provide sign language interpreter services to a child under which of the following conditions? (A) The school district can recover the cost of interpreter services from a third-party payer. (B) The child's physician indicates that the services of an interpreter are medically necessary. (C) The interpreter has been requested by the parent in the IEP meeting. (D) The IEP team determines that interpreter services are necessary for the child.

(D) The IEP team determines that interpreter services are necessary for the child. Free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment is a central tenet of IDEA, which governs special education services in the public schools. IDEA makes clear that the services to be provided to a student must be endorsed as educationally necessary by the entire IEP team, which includes the student's parents, a regular education teacher, a special education teacher, a representative of the local education agency, and others as appropriate.

Cognitive deficits are sometimes associated with traumatic brain injury. Recovery from cognitive deficits is most dramatic within what time frame after the TBI? (A) The first eighteen months. (B) There is no recovery from cognitive deficits since the damage is irreversible. (C) The first year. (D) The first six months.

(D) The first six months.

A Type 1 error is found in a study comparing verbal skills in people who have been hit by lightning and individuals that accidentally put their fingers in a light socket. What does this type of error suggest? (A) The two groups had different degrees of cognitive reasoning and therefore not valid (B) The sample size was under 50 (C) The study's results did not use any standard error (D) The significant difference presented by the study is nonexistent

(D) The significant difference presented by the study is nonexistent

An SLP can use a direct intervention approach or an indirect intervention approach in providing fluency treatment for a preschool child who stutters. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of these two approaches to fluency treatment for children younger than five? (A) Evidence clearly indicates more favorable outcomes using direct intervention. (B) Evidence clearly indicates more favorable outcomes using indirect intervention. (C) Evidence clearly supports using a combination of direct and indirect interventions with the same child. (D) There is not sufficient evidence to support the use of a direct intervention approach over an indirect intervention approach

(D) There is not sufficient evidence to support the use of a direct intervention approach over an indirect intervention approach A study completed by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in 2010 showed that there is not sufficient evidence to support one form of intervention over the other. (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect. None of these statements are supported by current research.

According to ASHA recommendations, a child who is admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit should receive a hearing screening (A) at 3 months of age (B) at 1 year of age (C) at 2 years of age (D) before discharge from the hospital

(D) before discharge from the hospital According to the Joint Committee on Infant Screening Year 2000 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs, II-28, infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit should be screened for hearing de cits before discharge from the hospital. The intent behind this recommendation is to evaluate a child's hearing at as early an age as possible.

Intervention from a speech-language pathologist for a nursing home resident who experiences advanced dementia would most effectively focus on (A) conversational turn-taking (B) expressive vocabulary (C) interpretation of facial expression (D) simplification of the communication environment

(D) simplification of the communication environment The primary reason is because appropriate intervention for an individual with advanced dementia is geared toward simplifying the individual's communication environment. (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because an individual with advanced dementia is not likely to bene t signi cantly from intervention targeting improved communication skills.

In the ELT what are Elements of the communicative act that would be considered socially conventional, but not essential?

(a) a greeting; and (b) a request that the mistake be taken care of (the statement of the problem implies a request for a solution).

In the ELT what are Elements that are considered necessary to the communicative act?

(a) a statement of the situation; and (b) a statement of the problem. These two elements are often combined into one sentence.

What aspects are to be distinguished during the ELT?

(a) elements that are necessary for the intended message to be relayed; and (b) elements that are not essential, but are socially conventional.

What cueing strategies are used for word retrieval?

(a) semantically related cues (b) lexically/phonologically related cues

What compensatory approaches are gestural-assisted programs?

- Communication Boards - Bliss symbols - Back to the Drawing Board therapy - Computer-Aided Visual Communication (C-VIC) - Lingraphica

What is the evidence behind the phonologically oriented treatments?

- some research showed results not to be very lasting perhaps hinting at the time it takes to really learn this skill; - phonological treatment on top of an ongoing semantic treatment is most effective.

What are inappropriate coordinations?

- speaking on residual air - paradoxal / inverse breathing - excessive thoracic, or - clavicular breathing.

What is circumlocution?

(positive symptom) indicates that the concept for a missing word exists but there is no word for it

What are paraphasias?

(symptoms of commission) are produced unintentionally and the speaker assumes he/she makes sense. They involve verbalizations that do not make sense to the listener (a linguistically distorted utterance)

What compensatory approaches are gestural programs?

- Amer-Ind code - Visual Action Therapy - Pantomime ("Charade")- Limited manual sign systems

What rules must we follow concerning intervention and the grieving process?

- Don't reinforce or accept any stages; help the client to move through any stage with "reality". - Permit the client control (give choices as to how to go about things in therapy, or in managing the case of a brain injured family member). - Provide perspective (explain the range of consequences of brain damage; as well as explain the particulars of the family member with brain damage). - Acknowledge the reality of the loss, but ... "maybe with a lot of effort and practice ...... "

Level 1 of the steps of melodic intonation therapy may involve what?

- Humming and tapping (model) - Unison singing - Unison singing with fading - Immediate repetition - Response to a probe question

What are the purposes of story telling?

- Instruction - Entertainment - Transfer of cultural traditions, and - Establishment of cohort relationships with other individuals. At older ages, also, friendship begins to assume greater personal importance.

What do the card decks of Computer-Aided Visual Communication (C-ViC) contain?

- Interjections - Nouns - Verbs - Prepositions - modifiers, and - common nouns

Level 2 of the steps of melodic intonation therapy may involve what?

- Introduction of an item - Unison with fading - Delayed repetition - Response to a probe question

What does the ALPS screen?

- Listening - Total Talking - Reading - Total Writing

What factors may contribute to brain plasticity?

- Reduction of diaschisis (resolving remote suppression of function) - Regenerative and collateral sprouting (changes in connections between neurons from intact cells to denervated regions) - Unmasking of preexisting but functionally depressed pathways or substitution

What is the purpose of PROMOTING APHASIC COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY?

- a treatment that promotes transfer from clinic to natural communication contexts - example of a socially divergent approach - reinforces ideas to be conveyed, rather than linguistic accuracy (notice parallel with CADL test) - assumption: persons with aphasia "can communicate better than that they talk"

What must be considered when choosing a tune for melodic intonation therapy?

- choose a 'tune' that is unlike any known songs! - use props/cues if this is helpful - practice multi-syllable (single) words or high probability phrases

What are the research findings saying the changes seen by using TUF?

- decrease in the proportion of simple sentence productions - increases in MLU - increases in the number of verbs used for expression and with the correct argument structure.

Level 3 of the steps of melodic intonation therapy may involve what?

- delayed repetition (still singing, and tapping) - introducing "Sprech Gesang" with fading - delayed spoken repetition - response to probe questions

What is a long term goal?

- designed to be reaching during a longer period of time.

What variables are considered in the RCBA?

- form class; - frequency of occurrence; - word length; - concreteness; - image-ability

The results of speech language therapy should be what?

- improving speech and language skills - improved communication - improved functional communication (in real daily situations: "life participation") - improved expression, and recognition, of needs - improved personal independence - improved functioning specifically relative to personal-social, educational, or vocational perspectives where appropriate

The ACTS: Auditory Comprehension Test for Sentences tests the effects of what?

- length of utterances - vocabulary differences - syntactic complexity

Why might Wh- questions be used for movement in treatment of underlying forms (TUF)?

- noted difficulty for aphasic individuals - importance for requesting information when participating in conversations - wh-questions are linguistically interesting (have clearly identifiable "movements" associated with them).

In Hanen Concepts what is meant by Getting at the child's level?

- physical positioning and following their lead

What seven functional aspects are tested in the CADL-2?

- reading, writing, and using numbers - social interaction - divergent communication - contextual communication - nonverbal communication - sequential relationships - humor/metaphor/absurdity

What problems do clients/families have that may need our counsel and how to we help?

- role changes (family, occupation, community); - sometimes home visits help tremendously; - role changes of the spouse: • extra responsibilities that weren't there before; employment; • finances/bills • prevent being over-protective, and unrealistic expectations

What is Enhanced Milieu?

- setting up the environment to require them to use the word and using child's interests

How do we build rapport with clients?

- show unconditional positive regard, show empathy - inform client/family about goals - ensure realistic expectations about the client - explain responsibility of client/family, show what they can do - mobilize family involvement (for generalizing treatment results, and to recruit informants) - help family to adjust too (they also are "patient")

What aspects are covered in the RCBA?

- single word comprehension - functional reading - sentence and paragraph comprehension

What are the different types of story telling?

-first person stories (around one's own experiences) - second person stories (read or heard elsewhere; need to be told crediting the source), -official stories (church, school, families). Cultural standards are often communicated this way. -Finally, fantasy stories are pretty common when communicating with small children.

Is palilalia treatable?

. Clinical 'hearsay' suggests that this type of dysfluency is very resistant to treatment

What is the norm threshold for jitter?

.68

If there is (weakness) damage to CN V trigeminal, what would an SLP see during an AMRs and SMRs?

/p^/ may be slower than /t^/ & /k^/

What two modalities can visual action therapy be offered in?

Gestural approach: aimed at overcoming the effects of limb apraxia Oro-facial approach: aimed at overcoming oral apraxia

What are the benefits of the chin tuck postural technique?

1 .the posture narrows the airway. 2. the position also widens valleculae so it is great for patients who have a delay in triggering the pharyngeal swallow. 3.Improves tongue base contact (these patients often have vallecular sinus residues)

What are the Hanen Concepts?

Getting at the child's level Responsiveness Creating communicative opportunities Modeling Routines

What three conditions can result in in decreased respiratory/phonatatoy ability?

1) decreased respiratory support 2) decreased respiratory-phonatory coordination and control 3) Reduced phonatory function

How can short term memory be stored?

1) phonological/verbal or 2) visual/graphical in nature and the processing (or "software") of this information.

What issues need to be considered when assigning clients to treatment groups?

1) the nature of the aphasia and communication deficit (or coexisting conditions involving cognition or motor speech issues), (2) the severity level of the communication problem.

How can we written cue?

1. Drawing; pictures 2. First letter 3. Partial word 4. Whole word

What are types of recovery of brain tissue?

1. Edema subsides (and lowers pressure [also blood and CSF circulation normalizes]) 2. Regeneration of damaged nervous tissue and restoration of its functions 3. Sprouting (formation of new dendrites) across neurons (in response to practice and learning) 4. Other parts of the CNS take over the lost function/ or reorganization

What are the 5 reasons to do a clinical eval?

1- to define a potential cause (from the hx) 2-to establish a hypothesis that defines the disorder 3-to establish a tentative tx plan 4-develop a list of questions for further study 5-establish readiness for instrumental exam (FEES or VFSS)

What is thrombosis?

a condition associated with an obstruction that consists of cholesterol and fatty substance in an artery

Why might one use tests other than functional language tests in aphasia assessment?

1. Clients may have a mild pattern of aphasia, which needs deeper probing than is possible with typical comprehensive aphasia batteries. 2. Clients have specific difficulties which need more thorough testing in order to produce information that is needed for the preparation of specific therapies. 3. Non-linguistic performance domains require testing in addition to the presenting symptoms of aphasia.

How can we fluency/timing cue?

1. Delay a response ("relax", "slow down a bit") 2. Silent rehearsal 3. Pause after error 4. Silent self-correction

What procedures are associated with hierarchy analysis?

1. Determine which situational demands produce the anxiety experienced by the client. Arrange them in a hierarchy from light to moderate to severely stressful 2. Teach a "relaxation response" 3. to produce the relaxation response should now be generalized to tension provoking situation 4. Move through the ladder of increasingly more stressful situations while maintaining the relaxation response and hopefully a good sounding voice. Develop a list with situations to practice and rank-order them with the client.

What preparation is needed to preform voluntary control of involuntary utterances (VCIU) therapy?

1. Develop a vocabulary of existing spontaneous words (master list), consider even the responses that were produced with errors in them 2. Create word cards (or words printed on a computer/tablet!) 3. Make/find pictures for use with confrontation naming

What are other ways we aid in comprehension stimulation?

1. Fewer items first; easier items first; 2. Repetition (don't overdo!) 3. Concreteness; avoid abstract or ambiguous items 4. Pre-stimulation 5. Good rapport (verbalize their feelings and thoughts), pleasant environment, 6. relaxed atmosphere: jokes. or laughing at times; encouragement; a 'success mode'

In what ways can we phonemic/phonetic cue?

1. First sound(s) 2. Watch a clinician's silent placements

What are the 7 different types of dysarthria?

1. Flaccid dysarthria 2. Hypokinetic dysarthria 3. Spastic dysarthria 4. Mixed dysarthria 5. Ataxic dysarthria 6. unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria 7. Hyperkinetic dysarthria

What are two ways that clients can practice changing focus?

1. Have the client experiment with the results of tongue position changes for speech and voice. 2. Have the client identify and change instances during which tongue carriage appears to be "off-centered". Use drawings like those in a voice or speech text book for your explanation why voice quality can change with the relative tongue position during speech production.

How can we help with pragmatic factors?

1. Help the client generate feedback for repairing the communication: "Yes, I understand that", "No, I don't understand it", "Please repeat that for me", "Please write it down", "Slow down please" 2. Teach significant others how they can take on more of the burden of communication for example by verifying if the client did understand.

How can we help with Semantic-lexical factors?

1. Increase context redundancy (use names rather than pronouns; reduce use of referents) 2. Select high-frequency words 3. Reduce abstractions 4. Reduce semantic relatedness (pick different items at first)

How can we help with Prosodic / temporal factors?

1. Increase stimulus time 2. Insert pauses 3. Slow overall rate (also phonemically) but not too much! 4. Exaggerated stress and intonation

What are two questions that need to be answered in differential diagnostics?

1. Is there a problem that can be identified as stuttering? 2. Is the problem not another known fluency or related problem?

What are the principles behind PROMOTING APHASIC COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY?

1. New information is contributed by the client 2. client chooses the modality to respond 3. Client and clinician are equal participants 4. functional feedback provided 5. Afterwards: a. verify if what the client contributed was correct information b. go over what the client could have said; or said better

What problems could a client have when it comes to word retrieval?

1. Not knowing the word FORM 2. Not knowing the word MEANING 3. Not being able to FIND word form, or word meaning

What are the steps of voluntary control of involuntary utterances therapy (VCIU)?

1. Oral reading of involuntary utterances 2. confrontation naming 3. conversational use

In what ways can we gestural cue?

1. Pantomime; act out; "Charade" 2. Point to objects; use objects 3. "Air trace" a first letter

What are types of descriptive cues?

1. Part-whole relations 2. Whole-part relations 3. Function-object relations 4. Object-function relations

What are the options for assessment of quality?

1. Perceptual evaluation 2. practical test 3.acoustic analysis

How can we help Improve (sensory) perception?

1. Reduce distractions (background noise); improve signal strength (louder) 2. Discriminability; speak very clearly (but naturally); 3. Improve visuo-perceptual clarity (colors, brightness, boundaries, size etc) 4. Multiple sensory modalities (but sometimes this can be distracting for some clients)

How can we form Syntactic simplifications?

1. Reduce utterance length 2. Reduce linguistic complexity 3. Easy grammatical word classes (nouns easier than verbs)

What are three possible uses of AAC when it comes to aphasia?

1. Replacing natural speech 2. Supplementing natural speech 3. Scaffolding natural speech

What test are available to test expression?

1. Reporter's test (which is essentially the "Revised Token Test" in reverse) 2. Word fluency measures (self made usually) 3. Self-arranged open ended, conversational speaking situations.

How can we help with self-cueing?

1. Rhythmic speech 2. Whisper first 3. Delay 4. Tapping, gesturing together with speech 5. Repetition (start over) 6. Modeling (act out first)

What are types of associational cues?

1. Sensory ("feels like") 2. Synonym ("another word for") 3. Antonym 4. Rhymes ("sounds like") 5. Stereotyped context (linguistic: "you need it at the barber 6. Sentence completions

How can we help with Intersensory supplements?

1. Signs-pantomime 2. Supplement verbalization by gesture, pointing 3. Communicate in multiple modalities

Language of people with moderately severe aphasia have different from normal in what aspects?

1. Specificity 2. Complexity, and 3. Organization

What is a short term goal?

a goal is designed to be reached within a short period of time. Maybe a few days/weeks to a few months

What tests are available for gestural testing?

1. TOLA-Test of oral and limb apraxia 2. ABA2-Apraxia Battery for Adults 2 3. Motor Speech Evaluation 4. Pantomime tests-Recognition and production

How might we help a client learn to generalize and retrieve many words they may need?

1. teach word retrieval strategies, although this may not work due to not knowing how words are learned, 2. stimulation therapy in combination with programmed strategies for establishing procedural skills on a selected subset of words and hoping that these skills generalize to untrained words

Drawing therapeutically such as in Back to the Drawing Board therapy can be implemented for what reasons?

1. to supplement natural expression (and inter-systemic reorganization), or 2. for use completely as an alternative mode for communication (both partners may need to draw here!).

What are the three levels of melodic intonation therapy (MIT)?

1. To establish a tune, at least with a few examples 2. To establish delays (more representative for reality), and extend the # of available utterances 3. To establish naturalness (prosody) / complexity (language) (Generalize)

What procedures are there for visual feedback?

1. Try to obtain the ideal samples for practice purposes from the client him/herself 2. Instill awareness of the proprioceptive sensation 3. use of instruments mostly in the beginning stages

What programs/tricks can be used for visual aid?

1. Use of the Facilitator. 2. Use of electronic keyboards or other musical instruments 3. Use of the Visipitch (or RTPitch.exe) 4. Phonetographs (Voice Range Profile programs) 5. Laryngograph (Electroglottography) 6. Use of the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program

What type of pts may benefit from the effortful swallow?

1. airway closure difficulties and 2. those with post-swallow residues. 3. the effortful swallow has also been used to improve the coordination of the swallow

What are the disadvantages of Back to the Drawing Board therapy?

1. communication through drawing is slow 2. not all clients are going to have benefit-only those who have limitations in expression, but who demonstrate some level of comprehension 3. drawing can be physically too difficult for the client

What are the 3 types of discourse?

1. conversation 2. narration 3. exposition

What are the advantages of Back to the Drawing Board therapy?

1. flexibility of expression, and the fact that 2. sometimes verbal language expression is facilitated.

What are the advantages of using a flexible scope?

1. more of the supralaryngeal areas may be examined (nasal cavity, velo-pharyngeal port, pharyngeal area, tongue position, laryngeal position, and finally the larynx itself) 2. evaluation of the use of the larynx in natural speech is possible, as the technique does not present any obstructions in the oral cavity or between the lips.

What are some strategies for improving respiratory function?

1. nonspeech tasks 2. Postural adjustments 3. prosthetic assistance 4. speech tasks

How would a researcher calculate a margin of error?

1. obtain the standard error 2. decide on a level of confidence

What is the intensity variability for unemotional speech? lively?

10 dB unemotional; 15dB "lively"

What is the desired percentages of Fey analysis?

100% responsive and 50% assertive

What is the eligibility requirements for specific language disorder services in schools?

12 months developmental level discrepancy between language levels & non-verbal cognitive ability (cognitive abilities 85 or above, language abilities 75 or below—mean of 100) o exclusionary criteria: inadequate support of language development in environment, cultural/linguistic differences, hearing/neuro-motor/intellectual cognitive impairment

What does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?

Defines the content of protected information Specifies how this information should be secured Covers personal health information but impacts research when investigators are using health information or working with an agency that collects health information

A Research plan for ethnographic studies involves what?

Definition of culture/participants to observe Time "in the field" Decisions about data collection methods

A Research plan for phenomenological studies involves what?

Definition of participants Procedures for interviewing participants Review of interview transcripts

A research Plan for conversation analysis research involves what?

Definition of participants and situations Recordings of conversational interactions Decisions about elements of conversation to analyze

a research plan for grounded theory research involves what?

Definition of participants to observe Procedures for observing and collecting data Time for reviewing and coding data

What is pragmatics?

contextualized variations for supporting social & comm. Use of language

What are the goals of assessment?

Determination of the Presence of Aphasia and additional complicating conditions, Analysis of Cognitive Abilities

T/F symptoms of aphasia dysfluencies may lead to increased levels of concern and negative reaction?

true

What are the 3 components of the eval?

History Physical inspection of swallowing musculature (this could include CN exam) Assessment during test swallows

How can you classify nuerogenic disorders?

definitions, localization, etiology, models of speech and language functioning, behavioral profiles

At what age do the cartilages of the the larynx begin to ossify?

25

What are the symptoms of ventricular dysphonia?

Hoarse (maybe breathy also). Low pitched "rough" voice, usually with little pitch variation. Sometimes diplophonia.

What is constructional apraxia?

difficulty in copying geometrical forms from memory

What products are used to thicken liquids?

modified food starch products (typically corn based), gum powders, liquid gums (xanthum gum)

How long can neurons heal?

3 months

What is the norm threshold for shimmer?

3.81

What is the vital capacity of of healthy adults?

3500cc (small females) to 5000cc (large males)

Which of the following types of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrhythmic writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities? A.Athetosis B.Spasticity C.Hypotonia D.Bulbar palsy

A.Athetosis

What causes "nasal leaks"?

velopharyngeal insufficiency (hyper-nasality)

Who is involved in AAC assessment?

Individuals with CNN AAC facilitators AAC finders General practice clinicians and educators AAC specialists/Experts

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for Transitional AAC Communicators?

Introductions and Topic Setters Encourage questions Story Telling Visual Scenes

When cranial nerves are damaged it results in what behavior seen in flaccid dysarthria

weakness

Estimating magnitude off effect allows the researcher to what?

Determine importance of a finding Predict likelihood of benefit from a treatment Make comparisons across different studies

What might one need to determine when doing a differential diagnosis of fluency for cluttering?

Determine the absence of anticipation, consistency, stuttering type loci of dysfluency, and disagreement with Brown's weights

How soon do morphological changes begin after damage?

6-12 hours later

How much pressure is needed on average for a client to maintain in order to phonate/speak normally?

5cm H2O for at least 5 seconds

What percent of utterances by elderly men and women are about games, food, household relationship, work, and family life? Why is this important?

6% games 8% food 6% household relationships 5% work 4% family life May want to know these are common subjects to use when conducting therapy

At what age are the laryngeal cartilages besides the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages so ossified they can be seen on radiographs?

65

According to hearsay, what is the age of onset of cluttering?

7-10 years old

A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system? A.Brain stem B.Cerebellum C.Left cerebral cortex D.Right cerebral cortex

A.Brain stem

What are some limitation to physical strategies for treating hypoadduction to improve phonatory function?

: laryngeal irritation, extraneous compensatory movements, challenges with carryover, effortful closure techniques for those with spastic muscles should be used judiciously perhaps combine with relaxation

What is a motor speech disorder?

A Neurologic impairment Related to speech Resulting in impaired planning, programming, control, or execution of the speech mechanism

What is a core diet?

A child's 5 favorite foods

What is visual reinforcement audiometry and what ages can be be started with?

A conditioned behavior test to sound, can start with ages 6-12 months

What is subglottic stenosis?

A congenital abnormality with a reduction in opening close to the vocal folds. Stenosis, medical term for "narrowing", is associated with an abnormal development of the cricoid cartilage or conus elasticus.

What are some Parkinsonism characteristics?

A delay in the initiation of movements Person may also have difficulty stopping a movement once it is started Disturbance of postural reflexes Difficulty maintaining balance when walking Normal arm swing during walking may be absent

What is a swallowing disorder?

A disorder of the sensory, and/or motor acts involved with transferring a substance from the mouth to the stomach, resulting in failure to maintain hydration and nutrition, and posing a risk of choking and aspiration

What is a bound morpheme?

A morpheme that cannot occur in isolation and, therefore, is attached to a root word or another morpheme such as prefixes and suffixes

What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

What is the difference between paralysis and paresis?

A muscle receives input from more than one motor neuron and so damage to only one motor neuron would not eliminate the possibility of a muscle contracting. So if only some motor neurons are damaged you might see paresis (weakness). If all the motor neurons supplying the muscle are damaged (all input from the LMNs are lost), you would see paralysis.

What is the indirect activation pathway?

A network of synapses from the UMN system to the FCP, also known as the Extrapyramidal tract or indirect motor system

What is apraxia of speech?

A neurological disorder in which there is impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands necessary for directing movements that result in phonetically and prosodically atypical sounding speech.

Which of the following would be most likely to help a client who has aphonia? A.Development of phonation through coughing or throat clearing B.Pairing the production of /s/ and /z/ C.Respiratory exercises D.Easy initiation of phonation

A.Development of phonation through coughing or throat clearing

What might a typical session for SOS look like?

A set routine that exists for each session. It includes sensory/perceptual preparation, sitting stability, breathing and oral‐motor exercise, hand washing, and a description/teaching about the food being presented that day. The therapist present a variety of foods of different sizes, textures, shapes, colors, and consistency in order to improve a child's oral motor skills and sensory deficits. The goal of the approach is for each child to be able to advance up the 32 Steps to Eating Hierarchy with each food that is presented

What is the picture exchange communication system (PECS)?

A specific program with phases - Initial stages are requesting Utilizes Applied Behavior Analysis There is training available to learn techniques and stages

How can damage of the CN XII hyoglossal affect resonance?

A weak tongue may change resonance perhaps making it fall back into the pharynx and altering the shape of the tube. This can be mislabeled as hyper or hyponasality.

Fela is a third-grade student in a public school. She is a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) who has difficulty with the Standard American English (SAE) dialect used in her classroom. Her teacher believes that Fela's language skills are affecting her academic performance and has referred her to the school's speech-language pathologist. Which of the following is an appropriate rationale for providing language intervention for Fela? Select all that apply. A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities. D.It will likely lead Fela to adopt SAE as her primary dialect.

A, B, C A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities.

Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following? A.Establishing successful and useful communication B.Using multiple trials and training techniques C.Using more adult-initiated interactions than child-initiated interactions D.Using differential reinforcement, fading, and modeling

A.Establishing successful and useful communication

The speech reception threshold (SRT) is a basic component of an evaluation of hearing function. Which of the following statements about the SRT is most accurate? A.It is measured in decibels and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approximately 50% of the time. B.It makes use of test materials that are limited to monosyllabic words. C.It provides information on how well speech is understood at conversational levels. D.It is useful in validating acoustic intermittence measures.

A. It is measured in decibels and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approximately 50% of the time.

Children diagnosed as having specific language impairments are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in which of the following? A.Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax B.Acquisition of word meanings C.Comprehension of short sentences D.Motoric aspects of written expression

A. Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax

What is NDW?

number of different words within a language sample (ex. cat is used 5 times but only counted as 1)

Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated? A.A random ratio of tokens to correct responses B.A ratio of 1 token to 1 correct response C.A ratio of 1 token to 4 correct responses only D.A ratio of 1 token to 10 correct responses only

A.A random ratio of tokens to correct responses

After sustaining a CVA, Ms. Williams, age 75, was referred to an SLP for a speech and language evaluation. While Ms. Williams was describing the cookie-theft picture, the SLP observed that her grammatical structure appeared to be intact and her prosody was normal but that many of her sentences were meaningless, did not fit the context, and included nonsensical paraphasic errors. Additional testing also revealed that Ms. Williams exhibited poor repetition and naming skills, did not respond appropriately to many simple commands, and had difficulty reading. Ms. Williams appeared happy and talked excessively. She did not appear to be aware of her communication deficits. What is the most likely location of the lesion? A.Left posterior superior temporal gyrus B.Left inferior frontal gyrus C.Left superior frontal gyrus D.Left inferior parietal gyrus

A.Left posterior superior temporal gyrus

Which of the following is a typical symptom of cerebellar involvement? A.Overshooting or undershooting an intended target B.Rigidity during voluntary motions C.Spasticity during involuntary action D.Word-finding difficulty

A.Overshooting or undershooting an intended target

Which of the following factors contributes to UES opening? Select all that apply. A.Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B.Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion C.Velopharyngeal closure D.Posterior and inferior hyolaryngeal excursion

A.Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B.Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion

Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction? A.Posterior cricoarytenoid B.Cricothyroid C.Interarytenoid D.Lateral cricoarytenoid

A.Posterior cricoarytenoid

Linguistic approaches to the treatment of sound-production errors in children are based on the notion that the errors are systematic and rule-based and that the goal of treatment is to modify a child's rule system to approximate the rule system used by adults. Which of the following is a treatment objective that reflects a linguistic approach to treatment? A.The child will contrast alveolar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs. B.The child will produce voiceless alveolar sibilants correctly in unstructured conversation. C.The child will coarticulate stop plus liquid clusters as easily as other children of the same age. D.The child will recognize and identify phonetic distortions of his or her error sound.

A.The child will contrast alveolar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs.

Which of the following is the most reasonable standard to apply when judging whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill? A.The client uses the targeted skill under stimulus conditions that were not present during the training process and without reinforcement. B.The client maintains the correct production of the targeted skill when the reinforcement schedule is changed. C.The client correctly produces the targeted skill effortlessly and without hesitation. D.The client is able to monitor errors and correct them with only a minimal number of cues from the clinician.

A.The client uses the targeted skill under stimulus conditions that were not present during the training process and without reinforcement.

A team of SLPs is evaluating whether a new language intervention is suitable for use with children who are on their caseload. The clinicians read an article documenting research on the effect of a novel treatment on the language performance of 30 children with specific language impairment. The researchers administered a standardized language test to the children before and after the treatment program. The children's posttreatment scores on the test were significantly higher than their pretreatment scores. This led the researchers to conclude that the treatment was highly effective. Based on the preceding description, which of the following appears to be a significant limitation of the design of the study? Select all that apply. A.The use of a single-group pretest-posttest design B.The absence of a control group C.The inability to rule out the possibility that the children's language scores improved for reasons other than the treatment D.The use of random assignment to place the children into the treatment group E.The number of participants in the study

A.The use of a single-group pretest-posttest design B.The absence of a control group C.The inability to rule out the possibility that the children's language scores improved for reasons other than the treatment

An SLP who is treating an adolescent who stutters designs a treatment plan that includes three fluency management strategies: prolonged speech, cancellation, and pullout. Which of the following is true about the use of these treatment strategies? Select all that apply. A.Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B.Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. C.The client will seek to apply cancellation whenever he feels anxious about the possibility of stuttering overtly. D.The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation.

A.Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B.Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. D.The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation.

Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on A.evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention B.strengthening exercises for the oral articulators C.a trial period using the yawn-sign technique D.complete vocal rest

A.evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention The client has a resonance and phonation disorder indicative of velopharyngeal and laryngeal problems. The velopharyngeal problem could be assisted by prosthetic or surgical intervention.

Native speakers of a language possess several capacities or abilities that provide insight into their language competence. Sentences such as "Visiting friends can be a nuisance" are especially useful to test a person's ability to A.recognize syntactic ambiguity B.interpret metaphoric language C.distinguish homophones by means of syntactic cues D.recognize a semantically anomalous sentence

A.recognize syntactic ambiguity

A 9-month-old child was observed during a speech-language evaluation. To express herself, the child occasionally touched her mother, gained eye contact, and then gestured toward an object. If the child's development is normal, within the next month or so the child will begin to A.use consistent sound and intonation patterns as signals for specific intentions B.reach for objects that she desires C.establish joint reference with her caretaker D.use recognizable words and phrases to express her intentions

A.use consistent sound and intonation patterns as signals for specific intentions In normal development, a child begins to use vocalizations to express specific intentions at around 10 months of age.

Language impairment in a child with Down syndrome is often determined by comparing performance on one or more standardized language tests with the child's mental age, rather than with the child's chronological age. Although mental age should not be used to specify the need for treatment, mental age can legitimately be used as a performance criterion because A.using chronological age would overidentify language disorders B.using chronological age would underidentify language disorders C.mental age always correlates with verbal performance D.language performance is expected to exceed mental age

A.using chronological age would overidentify language disorders

What is Prentke Romich Company, what are the hardware systems, what are the software programs, and what is distinguishing about it?

AAC company with devices that include the Accent 800, 1000, 1400 and PRiO and PRiO mini, software include Words for Life, Unity, UniDAD, Essence, and WordPower, Words for Life is a LAMP based system

What is Tobii Dynavox, what are the hardware systems, what are the software programs, and what is distinguishing about it?

AAC company with devices that include the Indi, I-10, 1-15+, and 1-12+ , software programs include SnapScene, Snap+CoreFirst, Communicator 5, ALL (Alternative Literacy Learning), and Boardmaker Student Center, leaders in eye gaze technology

What is Saltillo, what are the hardware systems, what are the software programs, and what is distinguishing about it?

AAC company with devices that include the NovaChat series, ChatFusion, and TouchChat Express, software includes TouchChat and TouchChat with WordPower, TouchChat and TouchChat with WordPower are avaiable as apps

What is Forbes AAC, what are the hardware systems, what are the software programs, and what is distinguishing about it?

AAC company with devices that include the Proslate and Winslate, Prolates use any available iPad AAC app, Winslate uses Grid 3, company has a wearable microphone/speaker

What is the relationship between AAC and assistive technology?

AAC is a subset of assistive technology that covers communication needs, assistive technology can include physical needs such as wheelchairs and glasses

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of Specific-Need AAC Communicators?

AAC is not primary mode of communicator Need assistance with situations that require person to be very clear, specific, or efficient in their communication

What three tests are there for comprehension?

ACTS, RTT, Weidel

What apps for AAC area available for purchase on a non-dedicated device?

ALL, Go Talk app, Lingraphica (several free apps), Proloquo2go, TouchChat/WordPower, SnapScene, Snap+CoreFirst

What should and SLP listen for with someone suspected of having spastic dysarthria?

Strained-strangled voice quality, slow speech rate and slow-regular speech AMRs

Establishment of which of the following is most important in ensuring that the results of any diagnostic test of speech or language are replicable? A.Content validity B.Interjudge reliability C.Split-half reliability D.Face validity

B.Interjudge reliability

What are some frequent characteristics of AOS?

Articulatory groping increased errors with increased word complexity Perseverative errors Speech initiation difficulties Awareness of errors (e.g., self-corrections) Automatic speech better than propositional speech Islands of error free speech

What part of the brain is damaged in anomic aphasia?

Temporal/Parietal/Supra-Marginal region

What would the articulation and resonance of a person with spastic dysarthria sound like?

Articulatory-resonatory incompetence - imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, hypernasality and/or voicing errors - probably due to the reduced ROM and force of articulation movements

How is respiration affected in those with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Faster than normal breathing rates Paradoxial movements Reduced range of motion of the respiratory muscles Shallow breath support may lead to short rushes of speech and partly account for the soft voic

To provide greater independence for a client who has a brain injury and is in a late stage of speech-language treatment, which of the following techniques is most appropriate? A.Increasing memory-retention span B.Using word-repetition drills C.Teaching compensatory strategies D.Training visual-perceptual skills

C.Teaching compensatory strategies

What are the symptoms of phonation breaks?

Temporary loss of phonation. Coughing throat clearing in response.

What are some intervention strategies for the late phases of ALS?

Adapt and accommodate Some individuals may prefer low tech options

Why might someone in acute care have temporary needs for AAC?

Temporary needs may be due to ventilators and trachs

What is the result of AAC assessment?

Feature Matching: portability symbols vocabulary capability/organization Accessibility output modes rate of message production learning costs integration with other technologies future expansion capabilities

What type of individuals may use AAC?

Individuals with severe expressive communication disorders (Complex Communication Needs) speech and /or written communication There is no typical AAC user. Those who use AAC come from all types of backgrounds

What are some examples of speech tasks that can be used to improve resp-phono coordination?

Feedback on chest wall movement through phonation with the goal teaching patients to continue phonation throughout the breath stream. Teaching evaluation of loudness monitoring Teaching the "right size" inspiration Using optimal breath group

What are some assessment strategies for AAC for aphasia?

Baseline Modality Assessment Conversational Strategy Trial Multimodal Screening Trial use of AAC devices and strategies Using stored and generative messages Communication Needs/Social Network

What is BICS?

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills o Language proficiency needed to function in everyday interpersonal contexts—pronunciation, grammar, vocab o NORMALLY reaches plateau around school age—nonrelated to academic achievement; takes ELL 2 years under ideal conditions

What might AAC for someone with Guillain-Barre Syndrome look like?

Temporary use of AAC

True or False raw scores can be calculated to age equivalency scores on many formal tests and age equivalency scores can be used to calculate percent delay?

True

What is the relationship between AAC and moderate aphasia?

At times additional information may supplement natural speech, and at other times, may entirely replace natural speech. Beneficial strategies here are: gesturing pointing to items in a remnant book writing individual letters or words drawing

What motor speech disorder is the result of suppression or damage to the cerebellum?

Ataxic dysarthria

True or false raw scores are calculated into standard scores which are then calculated into percentile rank?

True

What type of therapy is recommenced when completing the SOS approach?

The SOS approach encourages peer treatment for children 18 mo-age 5-6. For 7 plus years either group or individual is typical.

What are reasons one might want to eliminate hard glottal attacks?

Abrupt and unexpectedly hard glottal attacks are one possible source of abuse for the laryngeal organ

Why would one need to know about voice use of the client?

Abuse, Misuse, and Overuse causes most functional voice problems

What is used to check nasally emitted sound?

Accelerometers, when sound escapes through the nasal cavity, the nasal flares vibrate, which can be sensed through touching them during phonation

What are the key concepts of educational inclusion?

Access to the general education curriculum Inclusive Education that includes Academic and Social participation such as Communication and participation Transition Assistive Technology such as devices and services Curricular Accommodations such as Teacher supports

What are the three instrumented approaches that can used in voice diagnostics?

Acoustic voice analysis, Aerodynamic voice analysis or electroglottography (if needed), Visual examination (if needed)

What are the types of AAC feedback?

Activation Feedback Message Feedback

What is the perlocutionary stage?

Active environment exploration Vocal productions with additional gestural signals not directed at others Contingent social outcomes not anticipated ages birth to 8 months Also knows as Hanen Stage:Discoverer

What is multiple baseline across settings?

Administer treatment on a behavior in more than one setting

What is multiple baseline across subjects?

Administer treatment to more than one participant

What types of information is gathered in a personal history?

Age, gender, handedness, address, family names (ask for pictures of family members or others relevant to the client) Educational, IQ Occupational, recreational Social (changes in family structure), Communication style of the family/couple, Pre-morbid personality and language/communication skills

What ages are children eligible for early childhood special education?

Ages 3 to 5

What measure indicates how much air is needed for the type of phonation heard?

Airflow

WHat disorders are related to aphasia?

Alexia with Agraphia

In terms of research what is a population?

All of the persons of interest for a particular study

What is the procedure behind the chewing approach?

Allow the client to make chewing motions while producing intervals of phonation. Give instructions for opening the mouth more when phonating. The chewing motions seem to take tension out of phonation. - First increase awareness of the tension, and tendency to speak with the mouth too closed (video/Webcam feedback can be helpful). - Practice the chewing motions (vertically and laterally) first, and then add phonation to the exercise. - Attempt to integrate some chewing into speech production, and later fade out the actual chewing (and merely "think the chewing").

What are some types of encoding (words and phrases)?

Alpha (letter) encoding Alpha-Numeric Encoding Numeric Encoding Morse Code Iconic Encoding Color Encoding

What are some supplemental strategies of AAC that can be used with those with TBI?

Alphabet Board Topic Supplementation Portable Voice Amplification

What are some low tech AAC options for patients with ALS?

Alphabet board Low tech communication board Partner assisted scanning

What might AAC for someone with MS look like?

Alphabet supplementation AAC individualized - motor, sensory, cognitive, language (varies)

What are regression studies?

Also studies for comparing two or measures At least two measures or test results obtained from each participant

What is important about food when it comes to the SOS approach?

Always use food and not tools. Variety of nutrition and texture categories. Presented in a specific order to keep the child calm. Primary goal: Progression of eating skills. Secondary goal: Caloric intake. (others primary goal)

What is a popular nonverbal communication technique?

Amerind, a type of sign created to bridge the gap between English and Native American languages

How does SFA work?

An object is central here and the client is made aware of it and semantically related information; so the client needs to answer questions (write answers in boxes on the chart) about aspects of the object: - Is useful for .. - Reminds me of .. - Has ...

What are Correlation/Regression Studies?

Analysis of the relationship between or among different variables

What is inferential statistics?

Analysis to determine the likelihood that the findings from a sample represent the situation in a population.

What are mixed model designs?

Another term for for pretest-posttest randomized group designs Mixed designs because the design has both within-subjects and between subjects factors

How might an SLP do resistance training with someone with VPI?

CPAP during speech tasks- challenges the VP muscles during speech to overcome the positive pressure and achieve VP closure.

What part of the cerebellar control circuit seem most involved in speech control?

The cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis, they are important for coordinating skilled, voluntary muscles activity

Do facial responses occur in people of apraxia? Explain.

Anticipation of the dysfluencies is usually not present (nonverbal behaviors, that is, other than immediate facial responses to the dysfluencies themselves, do not develop).

What is ear training or Auditory feedback?

Any methodology where the audible results to the client are changed in ways to produce desired voice changes (voice quality, prosody, speech rate and more

T or F the muscles of speech are bilaterally innervated?

True, This means that the corticobulbar input from the right and from the left BOTH innervate the muscles

What is the etiology of UUMN dysarthria?

Anything that causes damage to UMNs on one side of the brain stroke

What are the etiologies of flaccid dysarthria?

Anything that damages the motor unit (trauma, tumor, disease, infection, etc.), myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, Vascular disorders - brainstem stroke, Botulism, polio, herpes zoster, sarcoidosis, HIV cyptococcal menigitis, Guillain Barre, Chronic demylinating polyneuritis, Muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Percussion myotonia, Polymyositis, Progressive bulbar palsy, ALS, Chiari malformation

What is a good screening tool?

Aphasia Language Scales-ALPS

What is the procedure behind digital manipulation?

Apply finger based pressure on parts of the thyroid cartilage for facilitating adjustments of phonation inside the larynx.

What is the relationship between severe expressive aphasia and AAC?

Are likely to communicate very little using natural speech. And are inclined to completely rely on AAC strategies and techniques. Without the availability of AAC techniques, these individuals are likely to completely rely on others for setting conversational topics. AAC can greatly reduce this reliance. Frequently used options are: picture/photograph books maps drawing simple pictures or diagrams.

What is the mendelsohn maneuver?

Ask the patient to suspend the swallow at the peak of hyolaryngeal excursion and pharyngeal contraction and to prolong this posture for a few seconds before relaxing.

What tool can be used to assess intelligibility of dysarthric speakers during motor speech examination?

Assessment of Intelligibility in Dysarthric Speakers (AIDS) and the sentence portion the Sentence Intelligibility test or the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment or the word intelligibility test

What are some intervention strategies for the middle phases of ALS?

Assess for AAC (see AAC assessment). This doesn't mean that patient doesn't learn about and prepare for AAC until this phase.

What is the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment?

Assesses words, sentences, and conversation.

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for Stored-Message AAC Communicators?

Assist in selecting vocabulary and messages Use low tech systems and AAC devices (with pre-stored messages) Practice use of AAC systems

What resources can be utilized when teaching basic writing skills?

Assistive Technology technology can provide independent access for writing, apps, consulting with OT and PT

What are the two types of semantic cues?

Associational cues, Descriptive cues

What typically happens after a child progresses beyond the stages of vocal development?

At about 1 year, child starts to produce CV combinations with labial and alveolar sounds At 15-18 months, child produces varied CV combinations with open syllables At about 2 years, child produces CVC combinations with fricatives, final consonants, and clusters

What would happen in there was damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

Atrophy, weakness, fasciculations of the tongue on side of lesion.

What is data triangulation?

Attempt to collect data from more than one participants using a similar strategy

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for emerging communicators?

Augmented input Simple choices during daily activities Scrapbooks Establishing joint attention

What are some low tech AAC options for aphasia?

Augmented input/Augmented Comprehension (type of input can vary) Offering opportunities for choice making Scrapbook/Communication Book Written Choice/Scales/Maps Low Tech Visual Scenes Gestures Drawing

T or F you should always estimate the severity of a speech disorder?

True. Have your patient also rate their severity

What is the clinical relevance of understanding flow of CFS?

CSF may become blocked in some cases. Blockage occurs usually in the Cerebral Aqueduct or close to a set of apertures in the fourth ventricle. The interruption of CSF will then cause pressure to rise in the upper part of the ventricular system. complications in some TBI cases

What brain imaging technology uses "one slice at a time" x-rays to measure tissue density in 3D?

CT, CAT

What are transitional foods?

a core food item is offered as part of the meal to assist with the transition of other foods (favorite foods between bites of other foods)

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

a crescent-shaped fold that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum

Which of the following provides the most important diagnostic information to an SLP making a differential diagnosis between childhood apraxia of speech and flaccid dysarthria in a child? A.The child's articulation performance at the sentence level B.A history of the child's development of chewing, eating, and swallowing C.A history of the child's language development D.The child's willingness to function in sociocommunicative events

B.A history of the child's development of chewing, eating, and swallowing A child with childhood apraxia of speech does not have difficulties with chewing, eating, and swallowing, whereas a child with flaccid dysarthria is likely to have such difficulties.

Which of the following is most important for an SLP to do when assessing a child who has an acquired brain injury? A.Evaluate pragmatics through a structured language test B.Compare premorbid performance with present performance C.Ensure administration of an intelligence test D.Compare nonverbal performance with verbal performance

B.Compare premorbid performance with present performance

Which of the following errors is likely to persist the longest in the speech of children who are learning Standard American English (SAE) as a first language and are following the normal developmental course for speech and language acquisition? A.Assimilation B.Consonant cluster reduction C.Final-consonant deletion D.Velar fronting

B.Consonant cluster reduction

A two-year-old child produces the following utterances during a play-based conversation with her mother. *Utterance* *Gloss/Child's Intended Meaning* No kitty It's not a kitty. My doggie This toy dog is mine. No goat It's not a goat. Kitty house The cat is in the house. Big kitty It's a big cat. Doggie ball The dog pushed the ball. Which of the following semantic-syntactic constructions does the child show evidence of using? Select all that apply. A.Disappearance B.Denial C.Possessor + possession D.Attribute + entity E.Agent + action

B.Denial C.Possessor + possession D.Attribute + entity E.Agent + action

Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech? A.It is produced by approximating the arytenoid cartilages so that their medial surfaces are in direct contact. B.It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds. C.Spectrographic analysis of it reveals no discernible formants for the vowels. D.Most people can produce longer utterances per breath using it than they can using conventional phonation.

B.It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds.

Which of the following views make up a standard videofluoroscopic swallow study? Select all that apply. A.Frontal B.Lateral C.Transverse D.Anterior-posterior

B.Lateral D.Anterior-posterior

A client has been determined to have poor upper esophageal sphincter opening secondary to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion, following a lateral medullary stroke. Cognitive functions are within normal limits. Which of the following interventions would be the most appropriate recommendation for this client as an initial course of treatment for the underlying disorder? A.Thermotactile stimulation B.Mendelsohn maneuver C.Thickened liquids D.Chin-down posture (head/neck flexion)

B.Mendelsohn maneuver

Six months ago, an SLP evaluated 4-year-old Molly's speech fluency during conversation. At that time, she displayed physically relaxed repetitions of words and phrases (occurring at a frequency of 2 per 100 words), and interjections such as "um" (occurring at a frequency of 1 per 100 words). She did not display any sound prolongations or facial grimaces; she did not produce any pitch rises or phonatory breaks; and she did not appear to avoid any sounds or words. Results from several formal tests suggested that her articulation and language development were within normal limits. Molly reportedly began producing repetitions and interjections at age 24 months, and the frequency of these disfluency types reportedly has remained stable since then. The SLP did not recommend speech-language intervention following the previous evaluation; however, she did provide the parents with information about fluency development, symptoms of stuttering, and general suggestions for how to facilitate children's fluency. A reevaluation is scheduled for next week. Which of the following is most appropriate for the SLP to do if Molly's speech fluency has remained the same since the previous evaluation? A.Recommend that Molly immediately begin fluency therapy, in which the focus is on reducing the frequency of repetitions and interjections in her conversational speech B.Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload C.Recommend that Molly be referred for psychological counseling, with a focus on on helping Molly improve speech fluency by learning how to manage anxiety more effectively D.Recommend monthly evaluations of Molly's speech fluency until she is five years old

B.Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload Molly's fluency development was within normal limits at the previous evaluation, and, based on the parents' report, it also seemed to be within normal limits at age 2. Further, no other concerns about Molly's communication development were mentioned in the scenario. Thus, it appears that Molly has never stuttered and her communication skills have been and continue to be within normal limits. Therefore, it is unnecessary to reevaluate her speech or enroll her in fluency therapy.

This investigation was motivated by observations that when persons with dysarthria increase loudness, their speech improves. Some studies have indicated that this improvement may be related to an increase of prosodic variation. Studies have reported an increase of fundamental frequency (F0) variation with increased loudness, but there has been no examination of the relation of loudness manipulation to specific prosodic variables that are known to aid a listener in parsing out meaningful information. This study examined the relation of vocal loudness production to selected acoustic variables known to inform listeners of phrase and sentence boundaries: specifically, F0 declination and final-word lengthening. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Results showed that there was a statistically significant increase of F0 declination, brought about by a higher resetting of F0 at the beginning of a sentence and an increase of final-word lengthening from the half-normal loudness condition to the twice-normal loudness condition. These results suggest that when some persons with dysarthria increase loudness, variables related to prosody may change, which in turn contributes to improvement in communicative effectiveness. However, until this procedure is tested with individuals who have dysarthria, it is uncertain whether a similar effect would be observed. Watson and Hughes are cautious when suggesting that the speech of some persons with dysarthria improves because of the prosodic changes that result from increasing vocal loudness. Of the following, which is the most likely reason for this caution? A.Only women were studied. B.The prosody of persons with dysarthria may not show similar loudness effects. C.Several acoustic variables related to speech prosody were not included. D.Reciting a paragraph aloud is unlike spontaneous speech.

B.The prosody of persons with dysarthria may not show similar loudness effects.

Which of the following should be the primary focus of early language intervention for at-risk infants? A.Establishing object permanence through play activities B.Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning C.Creating readiness activities in the context of play D.Enhancing social communication through play activities

B.Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning

Doing which of the following would likely yield the most useful information about the effectiveness of an intervention strategy? A.Reviewing the results of standardized assessment instruments B.Utilizing a single-subject design (ABAB) or a reversal procedure (ABA) C.Utilizing the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) format D.Requesting that a colleague reevaluate the client

B.Utilizing a single-subject design (ABAB) or a reversal procedure (ABA)

Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly influenced by a consideration of the child's A.motor skills B.cognitive skills C.syntactic skills D.articulation skills

B.cognitive skills The cognitive skills of a child at the one-word stage will most strongly influence the child's speech-language responses, so language intervention for the child should take into account the child's cognitive skills.

What is a reasonable commercial alternative to the ALPS?

BEST II

What tests are for word retrieval?

BNT, TAWF

What is a validity coefficient?

Based on a correlation coefficient Ranges from 0.0 to ±1.0

What are direct language treatments groups?

are structured to maximize specific language related goals/skills, or providing opportunities to practice MIT, or AMERIND

What is the hierarchical progression of LSVT?

Begin with words, move to sentences, short connected phrases, to reading passages

What are the stages of jaw skills required for feeding?

Begins around the age of nine and ten months as the child learns to break foods apart. This skill is most often referred to as munching. The child then develops a more mature jaw movement, known as a rotary chew, during the ages of twelve to fourteen months as the child is introduced to chewy texture foods

Why might you need to increase sample size?

Behavior being measured is highly variable Behavior or trait occurs rarely in the population Difference between groups expected to be smaller

What are a SLPs first responsibilities when referral comes in from acute care physician?

are to evaluate oral motor function (and swallowing!) and communicative capacity overall (bed side screening)

What are the theories of how language and literacy are related?

Biomaturational Thoery Linguistic Theory Behaviorist Theory Cognitive-Connectionist Theory Cognitive-Constructivist Theory Cognitive-Emotional Theory Social-Interactionist Theory System Theory

What prosthetic treatment for articulation of dysarthria is there?

Bite blocks - if jaw control is significantly impaired relative to to other articulators

How might fringe vocabulary be selected?

Blank sheets Categorical lists Ecological inventories Ethnographic interviews Communication diaries

What types of AAC symbols are used?

Bliss symbolics Minspeak symbols

What program would be used in loudness treatment for children?

Boone Voice Program for Children

What is the most used test of aphasia?

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation

What are non-speech tasks for improving respiratory support are used and evidence based?

Breathing against resistance (blowing into a water manometer) or against a resistive mask (CPAP) Pushing and pulling techniques Biofeedback of the chest wall to increase abdominal movement and overall lung volume.

What are the symptoms of of functional dysphonia?

Breathy, or strained-strangled phonation (harshness, tightness), or hoarse.

Which aphasia is the most commonly seen type of aphasia?

Broca's

What are the non-fluent aphasias?

Broca's aphasia Transcortical Motor Aphasia Global Aphasia

What is transcortical motor aphasia?

Broca's area becomes disconnected from other parts of the brain, but it isn't internally damaged

What test is similar tp the RICE?

Burns Brief Inventory of Communication and Cognition

An SLP is behaving ethically if he or she does which of the following? (A) Offers to provide speech or language services solely by correspondence for an individual whose disability prevents easy access to the professional's office (B) Diagnoses a speech disorder solely through correspondence as long as the correspondence is thorough and careful (C) Offers general information of an educational nature by correspondence (D) Indicates the specific duration of the therapeutic program

C

What should be checked about duration of a problem and why?

Check with the client if the problem is acute and has developed quickly... as in some cases this could represent a severe health threat to the client and require immediate medical attention

Which of the following statements best characterizes the ethics of formulating prognoses for clients with speech and language disorders? (A) No assessment is complete until a precise statement can be formulated regarding the prognosis. (B) The extreme complexity of speech and language processes and behaviors makes it impossible to formulate prognoses. (C) After an assessment has been completed, it is usually appropriate to make some general statements about prognosis. (D) A clinician's ability to make prognostic statements depends on the availability of standardized tests to quantify the severity of a speech and language disorder.

C (or D)

What is behaviorist theory?

behavior learned through shaping stimulus/following event—operant conditioning • Key assumption shaping behaviors= priming, punishment/reinforcement nurture

What patient perceptions/complaints can inform the SLP on he/she has flaccid dysarthria?

difficulty moving jaw during speech, lack of sensation in jaw, face, lips, and tongue

What are some selection control techniques of scanning?

directed (inverse) scanning, automatic scanning, step scanning

What are some Important Emergent Literacy Skills?

Language Development Print Awareness Phonological/phonemic awareness Letter Sound Correspondence Emergent Writing

What does the direct activation system do?

directly connects the cranial and spinal nerves to the cortex for speech, leads to movement rather than inhibiting movement.

A 412-year-old boy has significant speech and language difficulties exemplified by poor oral-motor control, slight difficulty in swallowing, high palate, poor tongue mobility, and fasticulation on protrusion. During an evaluation, the speech-language pathologist notes very poor paper-and-pencil grasp, poor posture, and an inability to complete performance tasks requiring fine motor control. To which of the following should the child be referred in order to obtain additional diagnostic information? • A.An orolaryngologist • B.A physical therapist • C.A neurologist • D.A physiologist

C.A neurologist

This investigation was motivated by observations that when persons with dysarthria increase loudness, their speech improves. Some studies have indicated that this improvement may be related to an increase of prosodic variation. Studies have reported an increase of fundamental frequency (F0) variation with increased loudness, but there has been no examination of the relation of loudness manipulation to specific prosodic variables that are known to aid a listener in parsing out meaningful information. This study examined the relation of vocal loudness production to selected acoustic variables known to inform listeners of phrase and sentence boundaries: specifically, F0 declination and final-word lengthening. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Results showed that there was a statistically significant increase of F0 declination, brought about by a higher resetting of F0 at the beginning of a sentence and an increase of final-word lengthening from the half-normal loudness condition to the twice-normal loudness condition. These results suggest that when some persons with dysarthria increase loudness, variables related to prosody may change, which in turn contributes to improvement in communicative effectiveness. However, until this procedure is tested with individuals who have dysarthria, it is uncertain whether a similar effect would be observed. Which of the following best describes the experimental design of the Watson and Hughes study? A.A multiple-baseline design B.A between-subjects design C.A within-subjects design D.A mixed between- and within-subjects design

C.A within-subjects design

An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use? A.Assisting the patient to produce a soft glottal attack B.Digitally manipulation of the patient's neck to reduce strap-muscle tension C.Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack D.Employing techniques aimed at increasing airflow

C.Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack Medialization thyroplasty moves the paralyzed vocal fold closer to the mid-glottis to allow better compensation by the unaffected fold. Only the production of a hard glottal attack addresses the compensatory behavior

A videofluoroscopic study of a client with dysphagia revealed post-swallow vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. Which of the following is the most likely overt symptom that the client will experience? A.Watery eyes during swallowing B.Oral pocketing of foods C.Coughing after swallowing D.Esophageal reflux

C.Coughing after swallowing The valleculae are depressions that lie lateral to the median epiglottal folds. Pooling of liquids in the valleculae gives a person the feeling that there is material remaining in the respiratory pathway, so coughing would be a natural reaction to expect in this case.

Control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone is most closely related to the activity of which of the following muscles? A.Posterior cricoarytenoid B.Lateral cricoarytenoid C.Cricothyroid D.Sternocleidomastoid

C.Cricothyroid

A 67-year-old male patient with no history of swallowing problems has undergone a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Postoperatively, he is found to be aspirating while swallowing and is diagnosed with a left vocal-fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology? A.An intraoperative CVA in the right pons B.Damage to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve C.Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve D.A left hemispheric stroke

C.Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

For which of the following conditions is it most appropriate for the SLP to recommend that the patient's primary-care physician refer the patient to a prosthodontist for construction of a palatal-lift appliance? A.Submucous cleft palate B.Unrepaired cleft of the secondary palate C.Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate D.Congenitally short palate

C.Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate Construction of a palatal-lift appliance is appropriate for a patient with flaccid paralysis characterized by an intact palate that does not function.

Which of the following procedures would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss? A.Development of phonation from coughing B.Pushing exercises C.Manual depression of the larynx D.Manual elevation of the larynx

C.Manual depression of the larynx

Which of the following muscles produces the opposing action to those that produce velopharyngeal closure? A.Musculus uvulae B.Levator veli palatini C.Palatoglossus D.Stylopharyngeus

C.Palatoglossus

Which of the following areas needs to be evaluated first for a 5 year old who says [pun] for "spoon" and [top] for "soap"? A.Auditory discrimination B.Dialectal differences C.Phonological system D.Receptive language

C.Phonological system

A teacher asks the speech-language pathologist for advice regarding a child who talks excessively during class, rarely listens to instructions, and does work only intermittently. Attempts at alternative seating for the child have not been successful. Of the following, which is the most appropriate recommendation that the speech-language pathologist can provide to the teacher? A.Have the school counselor consider working with the child and the parents on self-control and discipline B.Put the child on a management system for classroom behavior C.Refer the child for evaluation by members of the child-study team D.Suggest remedial speech-language services for the child to improve the child's interactive communication

C.Refer the child for evaluation by members of the child-study team

According to research on the development of Brown's morphemes in young children, which of the following is a determinant of acquisition order? A.Phonological ease of production B.Figurative-language ability C.Semantic and syntactic complexity D.Sequencing and segmentation strategies

C.Semantic and syntactic complexity

This investigation was motivated by observations that when persons with dysarthria increase loudness, their speech improves. Some studies have indicated that this improvement may be related to an increase of prosodic variation. Studies have reported an increase of fundamental frequency (F0) variation with increased loudness, but there has been no examination of the relation of loudness manipulation to specific prosodic variables that are known to aid a listener in parsing out meaningful information. This study examined the relation of vocal loudness production to selected acoustic variables known to inform listeners of phrase and sentence boundaries: specifically, F0 declination and final-word lengthening. Ten young, healthy women were audio-recorded while they read aloud a paragraph at what each considered normal loudness, twice-normal loudness, and half-normal loudness. Results showed that there was a statistically significant increase of F0 declination, brought about by a higher resetting of F0 at the beginning of a sentence and an increase of final-word lengthening from the half-normal loudness condition to the twice-normal loudness condition. These results suggest that when some persons with dysarthria increase loudness, variables related to prosody may change, which in turn contributes to improvement in communicative effectiveness. However, until this procedure is tested with individuals who have dysarthria, it is uncertain whether a similar effect would be observed. Which of the following represent(s) the independent variable or variables used in the Watson and Hughes study? A.Prosody of dysarthric speech B.F0 declination and final-word lengthening C.Vocal loudness D.Speech intelligibility and communicative effectiveness

C.Vocal loudness

Treatment for apraxia of speech most appropriately emphasizes A.coordination of respiration with phonation and articulation B.auditory discrimination, resonance, and respiration C.auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement D.rate of speech, range of movement, strength, and coordination of the oral mechanism

C.auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement

A physician told the spouse of a client that melodic intonation therapy (MIT) would improve the client's speech considerably. The most appropriate next action by the SLP would be to A.provide MIT, as recommended B.tell the physician that it is inappropriate for the physician to make recommendations for a speech treatment C.consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment D.explain MIT to the client's spouse to assist in the decision-making process about the type of therapy to use

C.consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment

An individual attempting to sustain /f/ is shown in the midsagittal view above. The most important reason why this speaker will not produce an acceptable /f/ is that A.the upper central incisors are tipped too far labially B.the lower central incisors tipped too far labially C.intraoral air pressure will be insufficient D.lip placement is inadequate

C.intraoral air pressure will be insufficient The midsagittal section shows that the speaker's velopharyngeal port is open, allowing a flow of air into the nasal cavity; the resulting intraoral air pressure would be insufficient to sustain normal production of the phoneme.

What global tests are used with school age children?

CELF-4; CASL, CREVT-S, OWLS (Oral & Written Language Scales)

What tools can be used to examine the pragmatic skills of preschoolers?

CELF-P2-Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool-2 Pragmatic analysis

What is a guided way that significant others can report observations

CETI-Communicative EffecTiveness Index

Damage to which cranial nerves can affect resonance and result in flaccid dysarthria?

CN IX glossophargeal and CN X vagus

Damage to which cranial nerves can affect articulation and result in flaccid dysarthria?

CN V trigeminal, VII facial, IX glossopharingeal, X vagus, XII hypoglossal

Damage to which cranial nerve can affect phonation and result in flaccid dysarthria?

CN X vagus

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve?

CN eight, also know as auditory nerve, originates in the ear and is sensory, has 2 branches: the cochlear which is responsible for hearing and the vestibular branch which is responsible for balance

What is the accessory nerve?

CN eleven, also known as spinal accessory, motor only, Innervates muscles of larynx and pharynx, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

What is the trigeminal nerve?

CN five, largest cranial nerve, mixed sensory and motor, has 3 branches: Opthalmic is sensory Maxillary is sensory Mandibular is mixed

What is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

CN nine, motor and sensory, elevates the larynx elevates the pharynx dilates the pharynx to permit the passage of a large food bolus, thereby facilitating swallowing, salivation, carries visceral sensory information form the carotid sinus, general sensory information from the skin of the external ear, internal surface of the tynpanic membrane, upper pharynx, and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

What CN is not bilaterally innervated?

CN seven, facial nerve, on lower part of the face, also some muscles of the tongue

What is the facial nerve?

CN seven, mixed motor and sensory, innervates the muscles of facial expression, elevates the hyoid, innervates the stapedius muscle of the ear, carries impulses to tear and salivary glands, taste sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue, hard, and soft palates, sensation of the skin of the concha and behind the ear

What is the vagus nerve?

CN ten, extremely important to the muscles of speech and swallowing The only CN that extends from the medulla and travels through the neck to the thorax and abdomen, mixed nerve. 3 branches: the pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, and recurrent laryngeal, Supplies the voluntary muscles of the pharynx and most of the larynx, as well as one extrinsic muscle of the tongue, Innervation of the smooth muscle and glands of the pharynx, larynx, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Provides visceral sensory information from the larynx, esophagus, trachea, and abdominal and thoracic viscera, as well as the stretch receptors of the aortic arch and chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies . Provides general sensory information from the skin of the back of the ear and external auditory meatus, parts of the external surface of the tympanic membrane, and the pharynx. Provides taste sensation from the epiglottic region

What is the hypoglossal nerve?

CN twelve, motor, Innervates all the intrinsic and most of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

What is neurogenic stuttering?

CNS damage leads to minimal speech changes that, at some point after the damage, are the cause of the development of a stuttering problem

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of Stored-Message AAC Communicators?

Can initiate use of an AAC device (pre-programmed messages) Use Multiple Modalities Have difficulty creating novel messages

What are the 4 sources of information needed for an aphasia diagnostic?

Case history, Reported observations by significant others, Personal History, Medical Information

What are some examples of non-experimental research designs?

Case-control studies Survey research Case study Field study Correlational research Longitudinal, developmental research

What are the parts of the basal nuclei?

Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, And substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

What is the corpus striatum?

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in the basal nuclei

What developmental disabilities may individuals who use AAC have?

Cerebral Palsy Intellectual Disabilities Autism Spectrum Disorders Deaf-Blindness Childhood Apraxia of Speech

What group of nerves can affect respiration and result in flaccid dysarthria?

Cervical &/or thoracic spinal nerves

What is instrumentation when it comes to internal validity?

Changes in either physical equipment or human observers between the pretest and posttest

What are some AAC funding considerations?

Documentation of devices considered and why non-requested devices don't meet the patient's needs Statement explaining why this SGD is the appropriate alternative that will meet the individual's physical, cognitive, and language abilities and basic communication needs Available Funding Sources Develop a funding plan (supports from companies RERC Resources - Medicare Mobile Technologies

What are important considerations when providing AAC to individuals with TBI?

Changing AAC needs during recovery Variations in recovery of speech (difficult to predict) Visual difficulties Males more than females Young children and older adults A variety of living experiences

What does a Research plan for survey studies typically includes?

Characteristics and number of participants Content and type of questions Sequence of questions Survey procedure (written, online, interview, etc.)

What does the Research plan for correlation/regression typically include?

Characteristics and number of participants Measures/tests to administer to participants Number of measures to administer Time frame for obtaining informationStudies for comparing two measures, usually obtained within a short time

What does the Research plan for cohort studies typically include?

Characteristics and number of participants Time frame for the study Measures/data from participants Schedule for obtaining data from participants

What does Research plan for case studies typically includes?

Characteristics of a unique individual or organization Decision about types of data to obtain such as Quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both Sources of evidence and settings

What are some basic communicative functions?

Choice Making Requesting Attention Rejecting Yes/no

What is Boolean Logic?

Combine terms with AND to narrow your search Combine terms with OR for a thorough search that adds synonyms Use NOT to eliminate unwanted topics Use truncation with * for variations on terms

What is meta-analysis/systematic review?

Combined analysis of several randomized clinical trials

How are breath groups used to treat the prosody of dysarthric speakers?

Chunking utterances into natural syntactic units within the limitations of the physiologic capacity

What are the different scanning patterns?

Circular Linear Group-Item Scanning

What are the symptoms of of functional aphonia?

Client begins to speak with a whisper, or a high-pitched shrill sounding high pitched voice; the whisper is with clarity and sharpness; communication aided by gestures, and facial expressions

Who are the ideal candidates for HELPSS?

Clients with agrammatism (clients with Broca's aphasia, or TCM), but at least a moderate level of comprehension. The client should be functioning somewhere between 2 and 5 (substantive) word utterances already, before the program can be expected to have any benefits.

What are areas of disability associated with TBI?

Cognitive Language Motor

What is CALP?

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency o Language needed to function in decontextualized, academic settings—needed to manipulate language out of interpersonal content o Related to literacy skills o Requires 5-7 years to acquire under idea Conditions

What skills are assessed/how in cognitive assessment for AAC?

Cognitive Testing: Nonverbal tests Symbol assessment: Multiple Formats Specific skills for AAC Symbol Categorization and Association

What are some effect size measures for treatment studies?

Cohen's d Effect size r Number needed to treat (NNT)

What are cohort studies?

Cohort studies are a special type of longitudinal research that: Often are investigations the emergence of disorders over time Usually involve identifying a group of persons who start the study at the same age Sometimes involve participants who share a special characteristic

What is quantitative research?

Collect and analyze data of a numerical nature Frequency counts, measures of physical properties, scores on formal or informal tests, and so forth

What is qualitative research?

Collect and analyze data of a verbal nature Recorded speech, direct quotes, detailed descriptions and so forth

What is the procedure for collecting a language sample?

Collect it, transcribe it, analyze for form, content, and use

What is empirical research?

Collect new information or data Make observations and measurements

What are Parkinsonisms?

Collective term for a group of different disorders that share a cluster of symptoms: Tremor Bradykinesia Muscle rigidity Akinesia Disturbed postural reflexes

What would a therapy plan look like for food chaining?

Comfortably double the core favorites

What is a mean?

Common measure of central tendency often called an "average"

When it comes to AAC what issues/consideration about language form, specifically morphology should be considered?

Communication displays may not provide an opportunity for bound grammatical markers

What are some additional consideration when assessing for AAC?

Communication environments Communication partners interaction pattern Conversational versus written needs integration with other technology

Why might someone communicate?

Communication of needs/wants Information transfer Social closeness Social etiquette Internal dialogue

What are case-control studies?

Comparisons of individuals with a disorder and a control group that is free of the disorder

What are Causal-Comparative Studies?

Comparisons of individuals with a disorder and a control group with the goal of identifying potential causal factors

What is unique about "treatment of underlying forms" (TUF)?

Complexity is approached in the opposite direction as expected! Underlying structures are practiced in relatively complex sentences (compared to where the client seems to be now), while generalization to easier forms is expected to occur automatically.

What difficulties at seen in those with transcortical sensory aphasia?

Comprehension is impaired, paraphasias and neologisms are common, Reading and writing

What are some cautions in interpreting correlation coefficients?

Computing a large number of correlations Inferring causation from correlation

What is meant by empirical/criterion way to establish the validity of a study?

Concurrent-based on comparisons between a new test or outcome measure and an existing measure that is a standard of comparison... close together Predictive- same but tests are given farther apart

How does one assess the needs an individual using the participation model?

Conduct an Participation or Activity Inventory Assess the Participation Patterns of Peers Assess the Participation Effectiveness of the individual Identify Participation Barriers

Controlled processing implies what?

Consciousness (you are very aware of it), Can be intentional (and thus optional), But, it is more effortful and subsumes more working memory

What are some literacy instruction methods for conventional literacy?

Consider phonemic awareness Systematic - introduction of vowels and consonants Appropriate Levels of Support - modeling, guided access, independence Provide opportunities for real reading Provide opportunities for writing A balanced approach (bottom-up and top-down processes)

What is meant by the judgmental-empirical way to establish validity?

Construct validity-designed to test the construct or concepts the test covers based on an analysis of the pattern of performance across items

What are the 3 domains of language?

Content (semantics), Form (phonology, morpho-syntax), Use (pragmatics)

What are the three selected types of thinking from SOI?

Convergent thinking , Divergent thinking , Evaluative thinking

What AAC strategies for TBI may change over time?

Low tech and high tech consider cognitive abilities of the individual - early (e.g., use of single switches), middle (role of AAC may depend on language and motor abilities) or late stages.

How might someone train/assess sentence comprehension specifically morphosyntax?

Create constants with other variables (the nouns and verbs) to ensure student understands just the grammar component being tested

What are some way that early communicators/AAC users can develop syntax?

Creating Opportunities Modeling - recasts Contrasts (need to produce syntactical/morphological Structures) Storybooks

What type of assessment is used most often in AAC assessment?

Criterion referenced assessment

What are some potential access barriers of those with CCN and AAC assessment?

Current communication: Modes and Function and Speech Production Potential for Natural Speech Skills and abilities of individual and communication partners - including cultural and linguistic diversity

What sort of unique opportunities are available in aphasia groups?

opportunities to communicate and practice, psychosocial adjustment purposes, generalizing language skills

What tools can be used to digitally record, play back, and loop?

discriminate and learn to control facilitator (has looping), computer programs, or Visipitch; Realtime spectrographic/LPC feedback

What intervention and management strategies are used for ventricular dysphonia?

Removal of medical condition, if one exists. Voice therapy: inhalation phonation, or pitch elevation and aspirated voice onset.

What is system theory?

Meta-theory with 3 pairs of balanced principles (2 sides of coin) • consider both big picture & sub-parts • systems are stable, yet constantly changing • in stages—there are boundaries—yet also a continuous circuit

Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve? A.V B.VII C.IX D.X

D. X (Vagus)

Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab"? A.Locus frequency of burst B.Voice onset time C.Vocal fundamental frequency D.Duration of the preceding vowel

D.Duration of the preceding vowel

Mr. Charles, age 78, has had Alzheimer's disease for the past nine years. A recent speech and language evaluation at his nursing home indicated severe deficits in verbal reasoning, memory, word finding, discourse, pragmatics, phonology, semantics, and syntax. Which of the following should the speech-language pathologist do next? A.Recommend individual treatment to improve his receptive and expressive language skills, beginning with the areas where he is least deficient B.Recommend individual treatment to improve his receptive and expressive language skills, beginning with the areas where he is most deficient C.Initiate group treatment with other adults with language impairments to improve spontaneous conversational speech and pragmatic skills D.Examine his living conditions and, if necessary, educate the nursing staff concerning ways to help him communicate more effectively

D.Examine his living conditions and, if necessary, educate the nursing staff concerning ways to help him communicate more effectively Mr. Charles has Alzheimer's disease with loss of memory and deteriorating language skills. The best that can be done for him is to help his caregivers improve the conditions related to his basic communication needs. Speech-language treatment itself is very unlikely to be effective and thus is not appropriate.

Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice? A.Changes in the frequency range between F1 and F2 over time B.Changes in the frequency range between F2 and F3 over time C.F3 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time D.F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

D.F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

If a child's language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child might say [wɛd] for "red." When asked, "Do you mean wed?" the child may respond, "No! [wɛd]!" Such a response demonstrates which of the following? A.Phonological development lags behind semantic development. B.Semantic development lags behind phonological development. C.Linguistic competence lags behind linguistic performance. D.Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

D.Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

An SLP has a consultation with a self-referred adult who has a fluency disorder. The client had been enrolled in treatment programs with the clinician three times before and had reached from 75 to 90 percent fluency before dropping out of treatment for various reasons. Thirty percent of the client's syllables are spoken disfluently. The client also exhibits signs of depression and anxiety. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take? A.Encouraging the client to re-enroll for remedial services B.Encouraging the client to take responsibility for maintaining fluency by using techniques learned in the previous treatment sessions C.Recommending that the client schedule a neurological evaluation D.Referring the client for psychological counseling

D.Referring the client for psychological counseling

Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of clients with which of the following types of aphasia? A.Conduction B.Anomic C.Wernicke D.Transcortical motor

D.Transcortical motor

A 12-year-old native speaker of Spanish who has been studying English as a second language for three years is most likely to do which of the following when speaking English in casual conversation with teachers at school? A.Use the auxiliary "have" in place of "be" in progressive tenses B.Use incorrect word order within prepositional phrases C.Use conjunctions in place of prepositions D.Use multiple negation improperly

D.Use multiple negation improperly

Which of the following actions will most effectively control the problem of overreferral in school screening programs that use impedance/immittance measurements? A.Obtaining the measurements in a professional sound-insulated room B.Including 500 Hz in the audiometric screening procedure C.Retesting immediately those who did not pass the first screening D.Waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening

D.Waiting three to five weeks to retest those who did not pass the first screening Some children may have a temporary problem due to a cold or ear infection, which may resolve in a few weeks

A child repeatedly inserts an inappropriate sound in certain environments; for example, [fpɪʃ] for [fɪʃ] . Which of the following would likely be most helpful for the child as a target for treatment? A.Bisyllabic words for which a minimal-contrast pair can be easily identified B.Words containing phonemes that have distinctive features in common with the sound the child inserts inappropriately C.Repeated practice with the combinations of phonemes that the child finds particularly easy to produce D.Words that contrast the child's error pattern with the target pattern in the word

D.Words that contrast the child's error pattern with the target pattern in the word

Michael is a 32-month-old boy who has been receiving early intervention services over the past ten months for delayed speech and expressive-language development. Although his birth was reportedly unremarkable, Michael does have a history of recurrent otitis media with effusion. His parents described him as having been a "well-behaved and quiet baby." When Michael began receiving services, he communicated mainly through gestures and crude vocalizations. An open resting mouth position with slight tongue protrusion was sometimes noted. However, his receptive-language skills were found to be age appropriate and he showed no oral motor deficits during feeding. Michael's expressive-language skills have shown some progress since he began working with the speech-language pathologist, but he remains poorly intelligible. Michael's imitation of tongue, lip, and jaw movements is characterized by inconsistent groping and errors of sequencing not observed in his spontaneous oral movements. Michael has an age-appropriate vocabulary and produces utterances of up to five words. Articulation errors, especially metathesis of phones and syllables, increase as his utterance length increases. Michael's intelligibility is greatest at the single-word level. Automatic speech and highly familiar utterances are much more intelligible than his imitated productions As part of ongoing assessment, the SLP's most appropriate action is to have Michael's parents consult with his primary-care provider for referral to A.a special educator B.a neurologist C.a psychologist D.an otolaryngologist

D.an otolaryngologist

A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for A.spastic dysphonia B.acute laryngitis C.vocal nodules D.contact ulcers

D.contact ulcers

An SLP is planning treatment for a 5-year-old child with multiple speech-production errors. The most effective strategy the clinician can use to treat the child is to A.arrange error sounds by developmental pattern and correct them sound by sound B.start with sounds the child can make and use them as bridges to error sounds C.teach sounds in isolation, then use nonsense syllables, and then build to words D.delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs

D.delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal-contrast pairs

Following anoxic encephalopathy, clients are likely to experience the most significant long-term impairments in the area of • A.prosody • B.resonance • C.aphonia • D.memory

D.memory Anoxic encephalopathy, or brain damage resulting from oxygen deprivation, typically leads to global impairment that affects memory. It is difficult to reverse the effects of memory loss, so the impairment is usually long-term.

Research regarding the use of intensive phonemic-awareness treatment for children who have difficulty learning to read has demonstrated that the treatment A.is effective only for children from 4 to 8 years old B.is effective mainly with children who have remediated all phonological process errors C.is effective only when combined with a supplemental literacy program D.might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

D.might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities Intensive phonemic-awareness treatment programs are thought to improve reading by training children to better differentiate and process speech sounds. However, to date, research has not successfully separated the effects of intensive intervention, so no direct relationship has yet been proved.

The major objective of auditory training in the treatment of a client with a hearing loss is to A.improve the client's awareness of position and movements of the speech mechanism B.improve the client's kinesthetic and auditory awareness C.increase the client's kinesthetic and proprioceptive discrimination D.teach the client to make discriminations among speech sounds

D.teach the client to make discriminations among speech sounds

What strategies can be used for controlling rate of dysarthric speakers?

DAF can work Pacing devices - pacing boards Alphabet supplementation Hand tapping Visual feedback

What test is used to determine eligibility for early intervention services in MO?

DAYC

What features of range would be examined during a motor speech examination?

Decreased range is fairly typical (and may be associated with increased rate) Variable range is not unusual in ataxic or hyperkinetic dysarthrias

According to Toomey what are picky eaters?

Decreased range or variety of foods that will eat = 30 foods or more Foods lost due to "burn out" because of a food jag are usually re-gained after a 2 week break Able to tolerate new foods on plate and usually can touch or taste a new food (even if reluctantly) Eats at least one food from most all food texture groups Frequently eats a different set of foods than the rest of the family, but usually eats with the family Will add new foods to repertoire in 15-25 steps on Steps to Eating Hierarchy Sometimes reported by parent as a "picky eater" at well-child check-ups

What is hypotonia? Is it a symptom of flaccid dysarthria?

Decreased resistance to passive ranging, yes

What is negative case sampling?

Deliberate attempt to find instances in data that go against expected findings

What intervention and management strategies are used for PVFM?

Demonstrate how the larynx can be controlled by shaking it gently, while initiating a soft voice (breathy, or with glottal fry) and inhalation phonation. In addition reintroduction to exercising, cold air, and smells that may have triggered the reaction. Where there was a medical cause mixed in with this behavior, medical treatment may be necessary.

What happens if there is damage to the vagus nerve?

Depends upon the branch but all branches - produces weakness of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx, if unilateral would affect resonance and voice, if bilateral would affect resonance, phonation, poor prosody and clarity of articulation

What are case studies?

Description of an individual person or organization

What is qualitative case studies research?

Description of an individual person or organization

What literacy experiences are common that negatively affect individuals who use AAC?

Despite the importance of literacy skills, many Individuals may not achieve optimal literacy development For children with severe communication impairments, emergent literacy experiences may be different. Storybook reading experiences may also differ for these children School experiences - differences in quantity and quality

What technolgies are associated with AAC?

Development of communication boards (e.g. Boardmaker, Overlay Maker, Overboard). Talking Switches Digitized/Static Devices Dynamic Displays Visuals Scenes Semantic Compactions/Iconic Encoding Alphabet-Based Devices Word Prediction Software "Devices" versus "apps' on mobile technologies Alternative Access Adaptations for Visual Impairments

What areas of syntax and morphology are assessed om preschool children?

Development of nouns, verb phrases, articles, adjectives, grammatical markers Note: Only assessed once child hits two-word stage

What features of a high tech device would be best suited for those with aphasia?

Devices with prestored messages - including mobile technology Apps as well as visual scenes Device that allow generation of messages (words or letters) - May also include mobile technologies

T or F Individuals with complex communication needs cannot develop literacy skills

false

What are some considerations for culturally and linguistically diverse individuals and AAC?

Differences in symbol perceived transparency Differences in how families may feel about disabilities in general and AAC specifically (being aware of information that is available) Differences in key family members Programming of appropriate vocabulary and language structures Language needs

What is the etiology of muscle tension dysphonia?

Different types: partial ventricular closure, shortening of the vocal folds, and sphincteric closure in the supra-laryngeal pathway (or even posterior position of the tongue, and closure in the pharyngeal constrictor muscles).

What is the foundation of the SOS approach?

Difficulties are considered predominantly body based, as the child's behavior is understood as a means of communication as well as learned behavior from past feeding experiences. If the child has had positive mealtime experiences in the past, he or she has the ability to appropriately manage the food and they have learned that eating is a pleasurable experience. However, if the mealtimes have been difficult in the past, the positive reinforcement is lacking and the child often learns that eating is to be avoided.

What instrumental support options are available for changing focus therapy?

Digitally record, play back, looping; Visual representations of tongue motions during speech

What are the possible speech-language treatment groups types?

Direct Language Treatment groups, Indirect Language groups, Transition Groups, and Maintenance Groups

What is a positive correlation?

Direct relationship in which higher scores on one variable go with higher scores on other

What are some types of selection techniques?

Direct selection Scanning

What are labile behaviors?

Disinhibition of the expressions of emotion, Patient often doesn't feel particularly happy or sad.

What prosody errors are expected in someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria from dystonia?

Disordered prosodic characteristics are not as prominent as articulatory errors Monopitch Monoloudness Inappropriate silences Short phrases Reduced stress on normally stressed words and syllables Errors are likely to be due to dystonic muscular contractions that reduce range and speed of laryngeal movements

What would the speech-sound errors of a person with AOS sound like?

Distortions (predominant type), perceived substitutions, omissions, an intrusive schwa * Errors that are relatively consistent in type (i.e., distortion) and location (i.e., within a word)

What are the two key neurotransmitters of the basal nuclei?

Dopamine and acetylcholine

What population has better receptive skills than expressive skills?

Down's syndrome

What are the 3 layers of the meninges in order from outside in?

Dura Mater, Arachnoid (Mater), Pia Mater

What is a mild severity of dysarthria?

Dysarthria is noticeable but intelligibility is unaffected. Speech rate is essentially normal.

What are some communication symptoms of ALS?

Dysarthria- mixed - flaccid and spastic 93% needing AAC strategies at time of death Subtle Changes in cognition More overt difficulties related to cognition and language for some individuals

What factors were important in detecting and defining a swallowing disorder?

Dysphonia wet vocal quality Dysarthria Poor secretion management Cough on trial swallows Decreased laryngeal elevation (tested via palpation)

What is chronic drug-induced dystonia?

Dystonic contracting appear near the mouth and face Grimacing and sustained tongue protrusions can occur Also called tardive dystonia

How are diagnostics and treatment focused when it comes to the multi-dimensional framework?

Each one is potentially impaired in case of aphasia and the net result of this may lead to a variety of aphasia subtypes. Diagnostics according to this vision should focus on these possibilities, and treatment should be designed around specifically improving the impaired skills.

What are some AAC considerations for those with developmental disabilities?

Early Intervention - a variety of approaches Emphasis on communication in social and developmental contexts Speech Generating Devices

What is unique to transcortical sensory aphasia?

Echolalia

What is thick description?

Effort to generate a thorough, factual description of an event

What are some physical strategies for treating hypoadduction to improve phonatory function?

Effortful closure techniques such as pushing, pulling - arm or head; grunting and controlled coughing to elicit phonatory behavior

What is the principle of HELPSS: HELM'S ELICITED PROGRAM FOR SYNTAX STIMULATION?

Elicit syntax through sentence/story completions. Sentences are initially modeled.

What 3 levels of liteacy development are used when describing assessment and treatment of literacy with AAC users?

Emergent Literacy Skills Learning to read- learning to decode (approximately 1, 2, and 3rd grade level) Reading to Learn - Focus on Comprehension

What stage of reading development is typically assessed in preschoolers?

Emergent literacy skills

What are the three types of partner dependent communicators in aphasia and AAC?

Emerging Communicators Conversation Choice Communicators Transitional Communicators

Why is peer interaction within the classroom more challenging for those with AAC?

Encounter attitude barriers towards disabilities Simultaneously struggle to communicate Peers are less predictable and responsive than adults in responding to communication attempts

T/F individuals with Wernicke's aphasia have obvious physical deficits

false

What are the types of long term memory?

Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Lexical memory, Procedural memory

What prosodic errors are expected in those with ataxic dysarthria?

Equal and excess stress Prolonged phonemes Prolonged intervals between phonemes Monopitch Monoloudness Slow rate.

Why is the motor system important?

Essential for normal reflexes, to maintaining normal muscle tone and posture, and for the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movement It includes the efferent connections of the cortex (especially the frontal lobes), the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the cranial and spinal nerves, and the striated muscles.

What is the difference between an essential tremor and a parkinsonism tremor?

Essential tremor is fasterEssential tremor is an active tremor Individuals with essential tremor do not have the other movement disorders that Parkinsonism has

What are the different types of non-experimental qualitative research?

Ethnography Grounded theory Case studies Phenomenology Conversation analysis

What are group studies?

Focus on behavior of typical group member Assume subjects respond the same Have subjects participate in just one condition Report typical behavior of group Analyze data with many, well-developed statistical tests Typically, recruit a minimum of 10 participants per group

What is the big difference between picky eaters and problem feeders?

Eventually, a picky eater will come around to eat some type of food they are presented with outside of their usual repertoire, if they are hungry enough. A problem feeder will not respond to hunger cues to meet their needs with the food options presented to them if it is outside of their "accepted" foods. Problem feeders will go on a food "strike", even if it results in dehydration and malnutrition.

What are the 4 steps to conversation analysis?

Examine transcripts to what participants are trying to achieve (i.e., actions) Examine what lead up to the action (i.e., set up) Examine specific content Examine partner's response

Why might one target resonance in treatment of dysarthria?

Excessive nasal airflow can result in air wastage and place unachievable added demands on the respiratory and laryngeal functions such as reduced breath groups and increased pauses for inhalation Reduced loudness and nasal emissions Reduced perceptual distinctiveness of consonants requiring intraoral pressure

What may occur as a result of disordered thinking and disturbances in emotion and concentration?

Excessive numbers of normal disfluencies

What features of tone would be examined during a motor speech examination?

Excessive or reduced Reduced in flaccid; increased with spastic and hypokinetic; variable in hyperkinetic

T/F muscle tension dysphonia is uncommon?

false

What intervention and management strategies could be used for functional dysphonia?

Experiment with changes in pitch, loudness, or quality based on what appears to be needed

well formed empirical research questions make what clear?

Experimental or nonexperimental study Independent variable(s) Dependent variable(s) Participants

What procedures would be taken in changing focus treatment?

Explanation of how sounds can be made in forward, or backward positions in the mouth while there may be voice changes as well.

What are some way that early communicators/AAC users can develop semantics?

Explicit Instruction Incidental Learning Modeling Choice making Storybook reading

What is the illocutionary stage?

Expresses their intent nonverbally (gestures and vocalizations) Signals are now directed at others, expecting specific outcomes Conventional use of gestures and vocalizations to achieve specific outcomes Evidence of linguistic comprehension AGES 8-12 MONTHS also known as Hanen Stage: Communicator

What would an SLP look for during an oral motor examination of someone suspected of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Expressionless face at rest Lack of animation during nonverbal social interaction Reduced blinking Chest and abdominal movements during quiet breathing may appear reduced and remain reduced in excursion during deep breaths Infrequent swallowing, thus can lead to drooling Tremulousness of the jaw and lips at rest or during sustained mouth opening or lip retraction Tongue may also be tremulous on protrusion or at rest Upper lip may appear tight or immobile at rest and during movement

What is researcher bias?

Extent to which previous experiences, knowledge, and points of view might influence researchers' observations and interpretations

What is descriptive adequacy?

Extent to which researchers provide a factual account that is a good match to participants' experiences

What is internal validity?

Extent to which researchers' conclusions about cause and effect relationships are accurate

What is interpretive adequacy?

Extent to which the researchers captured and conveyed the meaning of an experience

How would an SLP look at individualizing an assessment of a young child?

Family-centered- Consider cultural views •Language used-make it appropriate and not technical •Find out which Family members are involved with child (who's interacting with child the most?) •Logistics - best time and location for family •Health/abilities

What areas of vocabulary development are assessed in preschoolers?

Fast-mapping (incidental learning) Overextensions Underextensions

T or F For multiple regression you have ONE independent variables and a dependent variable

FALSE two or more independent variables and a dependent variable

T or F increased use of grammatical markers does not increase MLU

FALSE, it increases the MLU because there would be more morphemes

How might someone develop relationships with AAC team members?

Face to Face meetings Individual accountability Interpersonal Skills (forming, functioning, formulating) Interdependence

What is meant by the judgemental way to establish validity of a study?

Face-based on clinician's judgment of how well a test appears to accomplish its purpose Content-based on a panel of experts' judgment of how well a test appears to accomplish its purpose and how well it represents an underlying model of theory

What multi modalities can individuals who AAC use?

Facial expressions Gestures Sign Language Vocalizations Verbalizations Objects Visual-graphic symbols Communication devices

What is a Type II error?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is incorrect

What are some sources of bias in sampling?

Failing to identify all members Using samples of convenience Volunteerism

What is hypotonia?

Failure to dampen normal pendular motion of the extremities, decrease tendon reflexes

T/F it is practical to work on every missing word during word retrieval therapy?

False

T or F Learning a new encoding systems may be not be difficult for those with TBI

False it may be difficult to learn a new encoding system

T or F the control circuits feed into the FCP?

False, These circuits feed into the indirect pathways and do not directly make contact with the FCP

T or F in the Hanen program the child is being taught by the SLP?

False, the SLP is teaching the parents intervention strategies that are then implemented in a natural context with the child

T/F individuals with dysarthria have aphasia?

False; although language may be impaired

T/F hypokinetic dysarthria is similar to stuttering?

False; closer to cluttering

T/F the development of neurogenic stuttering is slow but severe?

False; in an accelerated form and tends to not reach the "advanced" level of development.

T/F neurogenic brain damage is brain damage?

False; not the damage itself, but probably an increased self- consciousness/awareness about the changes that initiate this development

T/F individuals with apraxia of speech have no language skills?

False; only those with apraxia and aphasia would have language problems, apraxia of speech strictly speech not language

T/F people who have apraxia have a fast rate?

False; slow speech delivery

What factors can negatively affect the successful use of AAC for those with aphasia?

Families desire to focus on speech Difficulty with acceptance of AAC Use of medical model versus participation model Discontinuation of services Inappropriate match of systems Personalized messages limited Lack of practice in context Lack of support

What is the purpose of completing a literature search?

Find a potential answer to a question Identify prior research on a topic Identify a problem to study Identify methods from other fields of study Generate background information Identify procedures or outcome measures

What is grammatical marker analysis?

Find the Percent of Grammatical Markers

What are the different types of AAC displays?

Fixed Displays Dynamic Displays Hybrid Displays Visual Scene Display

What are the key concepts to food chaining?

Flavor masking, Transitional foods, Anchor foods, Surprise foods, Theme based meals

What are longitudinal studies?

Following an individual or group for some amount of time

nominal- What is meant by exhaustive?

For an attribute or trait, an instance or person fits into a category

nominal- What is meant by mutually exclusive?

For an attribute or trait, an instance or person fits only one category

What are the key features of systematic inquiry?

Formulate a question to answer Define a process for obtaining information Complete predetermined set of procedures

What problems would warrent the need to eliminate abuses?

Frequent screaming, yelling, loud (and long periods of) speech production, or singing, while doing so in noisy environments. Coughing, and throat-clearing. Laughing can be abusive too. Frequent, and abrupt glottal attacks. During strenuous exercises, the vocal folds are pressed together as well. Chemical or other irritants: e.g. smoking, or extremely dry air; allergens.

What are core vocabulary lists?

Frequently occurring words, use patterns, and programmed vocabulary provided on deceives and apps

T/F neurons can be replaced in the brain?

false

Who are the ideal candidates for visual action therapy (VAT)?

Global aphasia, moderate to severe limb apraxia, sevraly restricted verbal output i.e. moderate to severe oral apraxia

What are some core competencies for teaming and AAC?

Goal setting Roles and Responsibilities Effective and efficient process Communication and interpersonal relationships Collaborative problem solving Evaluation (of the teaming process)

What are messages of conversations?

Greetings Small Talk Story telling Procedural Descriptions Content-Specific Conversations Wrap-Up remarks and farewell statements

What is selection when it comes to internal validity?

Groups differ in a systematic way, rather than in a random way, prior to a study Quasi-experimental designs susceptible to this threat

What principles for motor training is LSVT based on?

HIGH EFFORT TASK SPECIFIC SIMPLE

What is the habitual pitch range? average?

Habitual intensity, 65-85 range, 70 dB average

How is phonation affected in those with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Harsh or breathy voice quality

How is phonation affected by hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Harsh vocal quality Excess loudness variations Strained-strangled vocal quality Voice stoppage (phonation intermittently ceases) Phonation abnormalities due to intermittent, involuntary hyperadduction of the vocal folds OR Intermittent involuntary hypoadduction of the vocal folds causing breathy voice

What would phonation sound like in someone with ataxic dysarthria?

Harsh vocal quality caused by decreased muscle tone which prevents full contraction of the muscles Voice tremor

What phonation errors are expected in someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria from dystonia?

Harsh voice quality Strained-strangled quality often accompanied the harsh voice quality Due to increased laryngeal tone resulting in tighter, narrower glottal opening during speech Excessive loudness variation Due to momentary hyperadduction of the vocal folds during speech

How might an SLP modify someones with VPI pattern of speaking?

Have speakers increase effort, reduce rate, or over-articulate. Other ideas include exaggerated jaw opening to increase oral opening during speech: increasing loudness; reducing duration of stops, fricatives and affricates to reduce demands for sustained intraoral pressure. Speaking in the supine position may facilitate VP closure (but obviously this is only compensatory and weird in a number of social settings)

What relaxation and biofeedback strategies can be used to treat hyperadduction of the vocal folds to improve phonatory function?

Head, neck and jaw relaxation exercises like the chewing techniques. Massaging the laryngeal area and strap muscles Whole body relaxation biofeedback of airflow

Damage to what gyrus affects localization?

Heshl's gyrus

What are the main components of LSVT?

High effort drill (2 X a day) with a focus on loudness Move from prolonged vowels to speech - EVERYday Recalibrate our patient's concept of "normal" loudness (loudness scaling) Establish a system of self-cuing using 10 phrases the patient uses every day daily homework SLP should not verbalize too much and should only cheerlead the patient

What things could complicate someone getting a palatal lift?

Hyperactive gag, not enough dentition to support the lift, stiff or spastic palate, and unrealistic expectations

What are some confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria?

Hyperexcitability of reflexes. Legs resist bending and arms resist straightening Clasp-knife response Positive primitive reflexes

What is myclonus?

Hyperkinetic movement disorder distinguished by involuntary and brief contractions of: part of a muscle, a whole muscle, or a group of muscles in the same area of the body. The contractions can repeat in an irregular patter or rhythmically

How is resonance affected by hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Hypernasality Involuntary movements that affect the normal timing of velar elevation Hypernasality is usually intermittent Brief moments of hyponasality are also possible

How is resonance affected in those with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Hypernasality though rare will only be mildly affected

What is reduced phonatory function?

Hypoadduction or hyperadduction of the vocal folds

What are some ways to formulate research problems?

Hypotheses Research questions Statement of purpose Conditional statement

What is a margin of error?

Hypothetical distribution of means that would emerge if you took many samples from a population Calculations from different samples would yield different estimates of the population mean

What are the strength training exercises for swallowing?

I-PRO, EMST, Mendelsohn maneuver, Masako maneuver, Gargling, Effortful Swallow, Shaker Head Lift, McNeil Dysphagia Therapy Program (MDTP), E-stim, Pharyngocise

What are cranial nerves?

I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal (Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven)

What are some useful assessment resources for cluttering?

ICA website Cluttering Severity Instrument (Bakker, Myers, 2011) Soon to be added my new "continuously variable perceptual rating system". PCI

What are the steps to functional communication training?

Identify Problem Behavior Determine function of behavior Determine a replacement behavior Teach the replacement behavior

What is the procedure behind eliminating abuses?

Identify the cause(s) of abuse, or irritation. Create awareness, of when or how often this occurs: have the client make charts and tally these incidences. Of course, any method that would help reduce these instances should be considered as well! If available consider using the Ambulatory Phonation Monitor (APM)

What resonance errors are expected in someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria from dystonia?

If hypernasality does occur, it will generally be mild

Why would one need to know variability of the problem?

If it varies by situation, it is necessary to examine which situations cause the problem to be worse. When is the voice better; morning/evening?

What is decreased resp-phono coordination?

Implies adequate respiratory support but difficulty with synchronization of breathing and speaking.

How is articulation affected by hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Imprecise consonants Distorted vowels Both due to involuntary choreic movements being imposed on the voluntary movements for articulation (e.g., involuntary contractions in the vocal tract) Prolonged phonemes Caused by involuntarily holding an articulatory position longer than needed

What articulation errors are expected in someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria from dystonia?

Imprecise consonants Distorted vowels Irregular articulatory breakdowns Prolonged phonemes Result of sustained dystonic contractions of the oral musculature causing errors in the positioning of the articulators

What difficulties in articulation are expected in someone with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Imprecise consonants due to the reduced range of motion Stop consonants don't receive full closure Fricatives may have a larger area of constriction Affricates have a combination of these two factors Repeated phonemes or 'palilalia' Similar to a festinating gait, where the person cannot stop themselves from walking past their destination

In what ways can we help stimulate comprehension?

Improve (sensory) perception, Intersensory supplements, Prosodic / temporal factors, Syntactic simplifications, Semantic-lexical, Pragmatic

What is Sprech Gesang?

In melodic intonation therapy, changing a tune into speech

What is a CP Bar?

Incomplete relaxation of the cricopharyngeus produces a smooth posterior impression on the esophagus. This impression is sometimes referred to as a cricopharyngeal bar.

What does the effortful swallow do?

Increased hyoid elevation Increased tongue propulsive force Increased pressure of tongue to hard palate Increased duration of laryngeal closure and hyoid excursion

What is maturation?

Increases in performance due to the participants' growth and development Increases in performance due to recovery over time

What are some examples of parametric tests?

Independent t test Paired t test

A Research plan for qualitative case studies typically includes what?

Individual or organization to observe Time spent in the field Use of multiple sources of evidence

What causes difficulties with speech in hyperkinetic dysarthria? What does the speech sound like?

Individuals produce involuntary movements that interfere with speech Speech gives you the impression that normal speech is being executed but then is interfered with by regular or unpredictable involuntary movements that distort, slow or interrupt it

Who are the stakeholders/team members in AAC?

Individuals who use aAC Family members Teachers and paraprofessionals Physcians SLPs Ots and Pts Vision Specialist Rehabilitation Engineers

What are the phases of AAC assessment?

Individuals with CNN AAC facilitators AAC finders General practice clinicians and educators AAC specialists/Experts

What perceptual or observational approaches can be taken during voice?

Intake interview/oral peripheral exam, perceptual voice analysis, clinical probes

In terms of research was is inference?

Information from a sample applied to an entire population

In terms of research what is a census?

Information gathered from an entire population

What is considered the hardest form of communication of those with aphasia and why?

Information sharing, because information conveyed is new and may not be anticipated. There are a multitude of processes going, while the story may need to be adapted to the individual who is listening to it.

What populations may have complex communication disorders?

Intellectual disabilities Cerebral Palsy and other physical disabilities Autism Spectrum Disorders Dual Sensory Impairments Apraxia of speech Traumatic Brain Injury Acquired impairments

What the symptoms of subglotic stenosis/laryngomalacia?

Inhalatory stridor

What is inspiratory checking for improving respiratory function?

Inhale to 50% of maximum capacity and then let the air out slowly when talking. If this is too hard, try sustaining a vowel for 5 seconds with steady intensity and quality.

What does CN VII facial do and if it is damaged what does the result look like?

Innervate muscles of the lips and cheeks for speech, unilateral damage can result in Bell's Palsy, bilateral damage is rare

When planning accommodations what considerations should be discussed?

Instructional arrangement Teacher expectations

T/F people who clutter do not have irregular pauses?

false

What is spasmodic torticollis?

Intermittent dystonic contractions of the neck, resulting in involuntary turning of the head, which is tilted upward

What are some ways to establish reliability?

Interobserver reliability Test-retest reliability Parallel-forms reliability Split-half reliability

When would someone use a pearson correlation coefficient?

Interval or ratio level of measurement

What might AAC for someone with Parkinson's Disease look like?

Intervention to maintain use of speech Environmental controls Alphabet based systems Consider motor control and cognitive/linguistic changes

How is is success determined in the SOS approach?

Intrinsically motivated and sustained interest in trying new foods. Enjoyment in and appropriate skills in eating and drinking a wide range of age appropriate foods and fluids Consumption of sufficient calories. Improve family understanding and functioning during meal time.

What are some goals and interventions for social interactions that later communicators and AAC may work on?

Introductions Initiating and setting the topic Partner - focused questions Non obligatory turns and Comments Regulatory Phrases Conversational Repairs

What is a negative correlation?

Inverse relationship in which higher scores on one variable go with lower scores on other

What features of steadiness would be examined during a motor speech examination?

Involuntary movements during speech such as Tremor (either Action or Resting) or Hyperkinesias Some involuntary movements impact speech and some do not.

What is spasmodic dysphonia?

Involuntary vocal fold movements during phonation Involuntary contractions are generally 'vigorous and active' and generally affects the adductors in the larynx (adductor spasmodic dysphonia) Vocal folds close tightly involuntarily during phonation

What does it mean to Have a communication disorder?

It affects all interactions including the most basic aspects of life. It is difficult for individuals who have not "been there" to understand.

What is the Weidel Yes/No Comprehension test?

It is a screening "yes/no" test often used in immediate/acute situations. This is an auditory reception assessment device. It assesses one's ability to derive meaning from auditorily presented questions.

T/F people with disfluencies caused by fears have secondary behaviors

false

Why can the SOS approach be successful?

It utilizes systematic desensitization. The child is always in charge. Therapist monitors body reactions from child to make sure they are moving up the hierarchy. If they become distressed at any level, they move back down. Once they do get the food in their mouth, you work on oral feeding. SOS allows and encourages play. Play is an avenue for learning. Motivation for children to play with the food.

What is pretest sensitization?

Knowledge gained from taking a pretest or changing ones behavior due to taking a pretest another term: reactive effect of testing

What are the three forms used in the Burns Brief Inventory of Communication and Cognition?

LH and RH forms, and the Neuropathology Form.

What formal tests are used most often to assess the language skills of preschoolers?

LUI-Language Use Inventory PLS-5 CELF-P2

What are some possible confirmatory signs of damage that would result in MSDs one might see in a motor speech examination?

Labile behaviors, fasiculations, pathologic reflexes atypical gait

What high tech options are available for those with aphasia?

Lingraphica (company has free apps and devices) Satillos - Nova Chat has Aphasia page sets Dynavox - Compass Software has page sets for Stroke and brain injury

How can one perceptually analyze speech?

Listen to pitch, loudness, and quality of voice during vowel prolongation ("ah"), listening to steadiness, accuracy, and rate during diadochokinteic rates (AMRs and SMRs), analyzing contextual speech and passage reading

What extrinsic factors can affect literacy development?

Literacy experiences Literacy Instruction

What is spectral tilt?

Look at the relative Noise/Harmonic ratio across the spectrum: The harmonics in the spectrum (up to 1500Hz) should generally exceed the "noise floor" by at least 20 dB SPL. Look at the relative presence of "noise" in the high frequency range. Breathy voices produce some notable increases in noise levels in higher frequencies). Narrow band spectrograms reveal stability of one's pitch; wide band spectrograms reveal the discreteness and clarity of glottal pulses. subjective evaluation of spectrograms only.

What are signs of lesion to the direct activation system?

Loss of skilled, voluntary movement (but much more so if there is bilateral damage verses only one hemisphere) Preserved reflexes Babinski sign Decreased muscle tone Some weakness, but not as pronounced as with LMN lesion. That weakness, if unilateral damage tends to be in the tongue and lower face contralateral to the site of damage

What components of the respiratory system should be addressed in eval?

Lung volume, pressure, airflow, coordination

What is an MLU?

MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, total number of morphemes/total number of utterances, INFORMS the SLP of syntactic complexity, Brown's stages can also be number of words but this is not often used

What brain imaging technology involves hydrogen atoms being aligned and disturbed by radio frequencies to measure differences in tissue make up?

MRI

What is meant by 'justice' when working with human subjects?

Make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research

What is evidence based practice?

Make informed clinical decisions based on: Available evidence identified with a thorough search Professional expertise and knowledge of your client(s) Client and family considerations

What are typical pitch values for men, women, and children?

Males: average 106 Hz. Females: average 193 Hz Pre-pubertal children: about 230 Hz

What is experimental research?

Manipulate one or more factors to create different conditions or experiences Includes true experimental research and quasi-experimental research

What is a quasi-experimental research?

Manipulate one or more factors to create different conditions or experiences Use existing groups of participants without random assignment

What is true experimental research?

Manipulate one or more factors to create different conditions or experiences Use random assignment of participants to groups

What are factorial designs?

Manipulate two or more different independent variables in the same study Determine how each independent variables affects the outcomes determine how the independent variables work together or influence one another

What is an independent variable?

Manipulated by the experimenter For studying cause and effect relationships Designated by the experimenter For studying predictive relationships or group differences

What is the second level of visual action therapy (VIT)?

Manipulating action cards to prepare the client to produce gestures that represent actions

What is the first level of visual action therapy?

Manipulating objects and pictures to prepare the client to produce gestures that represent hidden objects

What is the third level of visual action therapy?

Manipulating picture of objects to prepare the client to communicate entirely representational

What is Rate/Rhythm Control treatment?

Manipulation of rate and/or rhythm Often involves slowing the rate in speakers who already exhibit a reduced production rate.

What are some examples of nonparemetric tests?

Mann-Whitney U Sign Test Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test

T/F preschool children are seen often for voice disorders?

false

What are some non-specific strategies and resources for AAC and social and linguistic competence?

Manufactures provide various materials and resources for specific language structures. - Can adapt device for learning of specific messages Consider how selected activities can provide opportunities for specific language goals (e.g. appropriate books and songs). If child is learning multiple targets, consider the role of contrasts (discrimination activities). Review strategies or activities for particular language components. Literacy activities (making books) for specific syntax and grammar. Explicit instruction may be appropriate

Why might one counsel a voice client?

Many voice problems have psychological correlates. To merely attempt to manipulate the behaviors that produce the maladapted voice would be to only treat part of it in these cases and probably unsuccessfully.

What distinguishes transcortical motor aphasia?

Marked by the absence of spontaneous speech and writing

What strategies can be implemented to increase successful use of AAC by those with aphasia?

Matching person and AAC system (expectations of how the system is used) Acknowledging hesitations toward AAC and balancing AAC and speech Group therapy Continuing to adapt AAC on changing needs and situations Communicator partner training - consider directions for a variety of partners Practice use of AAC Determine AAC Expectations Problem solving best options for individual clients

What is Multiple baseline across behaviors?

Measure and treat two or more relatively equivalent behaviors

What is the interval level?

Measure how much of an attribute or trait is present Determine by how much persons or instances differ (no direct comparisons or ratios) Manipulate interval level measures using addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

What is ratio level?

Measure how much of an attribute or trait is present relative to total absence (true zero) Manipulate numbers in all the ways of interval level - addition, subtraction, multiplication, division compare values directly in ratios

What is a dependent variable?

Measured by the experimenter For documenting participants' responses or outcomes

What do EEGs do?

Measures electrical activity at multiple sites around the scalp

What are measures of variability?

Measures that convey how scores spread around the midpoint of a distribution Minimum and maximum scores Range and interquartile range Standard deviation and variance

What are frequencies and percentages?

Measures that conveys how often phenomena occurred in a data set Primary descriptive statistic for nominal level measurement Proportions are similar to percentages but expressed as fractions of one

What funding sources are available for AAC for those with aphasia?

Medicare Medicaid Private Insurance Tri Care Veterans Affairs

Because of bilateral innervation it is unlikely but possible that UUMN damage can affect the function of the velum, pharynx. and larynx, resulting in?

Mild hypernasality Harsh voice quality

What errors of phonation can be seen in those with UUMN dysarthria?

Mild to moderate harsh vocal quality Harsh voice quality may result from Mild vocal fold weakness or spasticity following UUMN damage

What was the original test of aphasia?

Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Language

What tests are available for determining aphasia?

Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Language, Western Aphasia Battery, or the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation

If there is (weakness) damage to CN VII facial, what would an SLP see during an AMRs and SMRs? During regular speech?

Mismatch betweemm P^ and t^/k^ due to poor mouth/cheek tension and labial weakness. Unilateral lesions tend to be more visible than audible. Bilateral damage can impact /p, m, w, f, v/.

What measures convey information about typical and usual responses?

Mode Median Mean

What is dysarthria?

Neurological based speech disorder characterized by abnormal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone and accuracy. Affects all aspects of speech production, including respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody and resonance. the type of dysarthria has implications for neurological site of lesion.

What are some intervention strategies for the early phases of ALS?

Monitor (rate of speech), prepare for AAC, assist with natural speech (e.g., amplification, reducing fatigue) Education Now people may look at developing voice banks or message banks

What is ethnography?

Observations of participants in their typical environments

What are the speech characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Monopitch Reduced stress Monoloudness Imprecise consonants Inappropriate silences Short rushes Harsh voice quality Breathy voice (continuous) Pitch level Variable rate

What difficulties with prosody are expected in someone who has hypokinetic dysarthria?

Monopitch Reduced stress Monoloudness Short phrases Inappropriate silences What might you do for this? Speech rate abnormalities (individual differences) Overall increased rate of speech (commonly noted) Short rushes of speech (more common, stop and go quality) Decreased rate of speech

How can an SLP distinguish between chorea and dystonia?

More errors of articulation in dystonia More prosodic errors in chorea

What are the differences to feeding and swallowing in infants compared to adults?

Motility: the lower the gestational age the more disorganized the motility In healthy adults gastric emptying of liquids occurs at a fixed rate, with infants it is different. The greater the volume placed into the stomach the slower it empties Pain regulation: immaturity of the pain regulatory system Pre-term infants have repeated pain experiences, so formerly low sensitivity receptors become hyper-sensitive Hyper-sensitivity can last a life time When an infant associates eating with a painful experience it may cause them to refuse oral nutrition

What are some examples of motor tics versus vocal tics?

Motor tics include eye blinks, shoulder shrugs, and head jerks Vocal tics include grunting, humming, and barking

T/F severity does not interact with the recovery of language?

false

What are the multiple baseline designs?

Multiple baseline across behaviors Multiple baseline across settings Multiple baseline across subjects

Why might one use digital manipulation (problem)?

Multiple: functional pitch problems (e.g., mutational voice); vocal fold paralysis; unusual vertical movements of the larynx that affect voice quality.

What is the nominal level?

Name or label an attribute or trait Assign instances to a category

What patient capabilities should assessed in the acute care setting?

Natural communication signals (e.g., licking lips, eye blinks) Assess patients oral motor control and voicing capabilities Assess patients ability to write Assess patients ability to direct select

What is a severe severity of dysarthria?

Natural speech is the primary means of communication, although it is not completely understood in all situations. Speech rate and naturalness are markedly affected.

What is a profound severity of dysarthria?

Natural speech may serve some communicative functions such as greetings or response to questions, but intelligibility is markedly reduced. Function is maintained by supplementing natural speech with other modes of communication.

What is nature vs. nurture?

Nature—innate ability—language acquisition device, we don't learn language—it grows with us (Chomsky) Nurture- people born as blank slate, learn language from environment like any other behavior

Why might someone use alternative access?

Need an alternative method to access AAC system. Need an alternative method to access a computer. Need an alternative method to play with a toy. Need an alternative method to turn on an electrical appliance.

How might someone assess the communication needs of a person with aphasia during AAC assessment?

Needs Assessment Interview Topic Sorting Social Networks

What surgical treatment for articulation of dysarthria is there?

Neural anastomosis - attempts to restore peripheral nerve function

Which type of head trauma is more likely to lead to aphasia? Why?

Open head injury: penetration injuries; can produce extensive contusions and lacerations of brain tissue. Are more likely to lead to aphasia than are closed head injuries, because the damage tends to be more localized.

Why might someone use iPads during peer mediated training?

Newer mobile technologies provide additional advantages for fostering interaction infused into daily life for many people, less stigmatized than dedicated AAC systems More appealing and interesting to children

What is anarthric severity of dysarthria?

No useful speech.

Does an age equivalency compare a child to same age peers?

No, it tells you what AGE GROUP the child is equivalent to

Can you change or modify a core diet?

No, just add more foods that are similar. Respect the core.

Does an age equivalency map onto a normal distribution (bell curve)? Why or Why not?

No, percentile ranks and standard scores do age equivalency a comparison of a child's performance to age groups whose score are in the same range

What are the four levels of measurement for quantitative data?

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

What intervention and management strategies are used for puberphonia?

None, unless the symptoms continue beyond six months. Case: uses the cough method to find the new voice. psychological/counseling

What is a Mann-Whitney U?

Nonparametric test to examine the difference between groups Used to analyze data from two independent groups Used with ordinal level data or scores converted to ranks Often used with small groups Used for data with non-normal distributions

What is a Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs

Nonparametric test to examine the difference between two related sets of scores Use with paired scores from matched samples Used with ordinal level data or scores converted to ranks Often used with small groups Used for data with non-normal distributions

What is a sign test example?

Nonparametric test to examine the difference between two related sets of scores Used for two scores from same participant or for matched pairs Used with ordinal level data or scores converted to ranks Often used with small groups Used for data with non-normal distributions

What are the four possible distributions or shapes of data?

Normal Positively skewed Negatively skewed Bimodal

During AMRs, someone with CN XII hyoglossal damage would?

Normal bilabials and poor t^ and k^

What are the symptoms of puberphonia?

Normally: Male voice drops a full octave; female voice drops about 2-3 Semitones. Boys often experience hoarseness and occasional pitch breaks. If the change doesn't complete: "male mutational falsetto", or a "female juvenile voice".

When it comes to articulation, is unilateral damage of CN V trigeminal resulting flaccid dysarthria detectable?

Not usually

What is the etiology of vocal fatigue?

Not well understood/ unclear diagnostic entity. It simply appears as if voice related musculature fatigues more quickly. All aspects of voice that require effort may be involved.

What are quality indicators?

Number of baseline observations Number of observations of experimental effect Treatment of meaningful behaviors Measures of behavior with social validity Detailed description of treatment variable Independent measurement of behaviors

What aspects of the environment should be assessed when assessing young children?

Number of communication opportunities

What are some physical characteristics to consider with AAC?

Number of items Size: individual items and overall display Spacing and arrangement of items orientation of the display

What is a median?

Number that occurs at the midpoint of a distribution

In terms of research what is a statistic?

Numerical summary based on a sample from a population

In terms of research what is a parameter?

Numerical summary based on an entire population

What is grounded theory research?

Observations of participant behaviors, events, situations with the goal of developing conceptual or theoretical models

What is meant by conflict of interest in research?

Occur when persons perform more than one role with differing responsibilities

What are the cranial nerves?

Olfactory, Optic , Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducent, Facial, Acoustic/estibulo-cochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

What is the etiology of diplophonia?

One of the following: (1) one vocal fold with a differing mass, (2) laryngeal web, (3) ventricular fold vibration, (4) aryepiglottic fold vibration, (5) functional (can even be produced with a normal voice organ).

What are some Parametric Tests for One-Way Designs?

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Repeated measures analysis of variance

What competencies are needed for successful communication with AAC?

Operational Linguistic Social Strategic

What does an assessment of preschool children involve?

Oral mech, hearing screening, formal test, collecting and analyzing a language sample, interview families

What does an assessment of a young child consist of?

Oral mech, hearing screening, parent interview, organization and behavior assessment of the child, standardized tests if applicable

What are the stages of oral motor skills for feeding?

Oral motor skills for eating table foods are developed by about age two mo: the ability to move food from the front of the mouth to the back within a month of being introduced to solids. Between the ages of seven and nine months-cup the tongue for the spoon and demonstrate appropriate lip closure around the spoon. Soon after - demonstrate tongue lateralization.

What are the four phases of a normal swallow?

Oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

What are the 7 different areas of human function involved in the process of learn to eat in the SOS assessment?

Organs Muscles Sensory Learning Development Nutrition Environment

What medical treatments are there for strokes?

Osmotherapy, Anti thrombotic, Surgery

T/F those with transcortical sensory aphasia will readily initiate speech?

false

What errors in smoothness and direction of movement are expected when there is damage to the cerebellum?

Overreaching a target Underreaching a target

What is reflexivity?

Overt reflection and discussion of relevant prior experiences and beliefs

What part of IDEA covers 3-5?

PART B

What specific tests are used with school age children?

PPVT EVT TNL TEEM TOSS GORT SPELL-2

What test is used most often to assess vocabulary development of preschool children?

PPVT (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test)

WHat is A TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR FUNCTIONAL AND DIVERGENT LANGUAGE USE?

PROMOTING APHASIC COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY

Who might be on an AAC team?

Person who uses AAC and his/her family Speech language pathologist Occupational therapist Physical therapist Teacher - special ed and general ed Para professional Vision specialist Rehab engineer Physician/nurse Vocational Specilist

T/F when doing a case history you should not ask about medications used

false

What is PVFM?

Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion

What happens if there is damage to the facial nerve?

Paralysis or paresis of the ENTIRE side of the face. This damage would affect all voluntary facial movement including when emotional. There would not be reflexive movements Eventually, you could expect asymmetry as atrophy occurs (although the fat covering the face sometimes hides this). Smoothing of facial wrinkles on the impacted side.

What can put stress on parents and children when it comes to feeding?

Parental distress is common. Frustration among families that have children with a feeding difficulty can cause stress and have an effect on the parent's ability to be sensitive and respond to the child during mealtimes, which may then interfere with the child's desire for autonomy and independence. When children are suffering from feeding difficulties, the parents often describe feeding as a major source of stress and frustration

What part of IDEA covers birth to 3?

Part C

What symptoms of apraxia are fluency related?

Part word repetitions Prolongations

A Research plan for case-control studies typically includes what?

Participant characteristics such as Age range for both groups Type of disorder for the "cases" Way(s) to match "cases" and "controls" Way(s) to measure the comparison variable

A Research plan for Causal-Comparative Studies typically includes what?

Participant characteristics such as Age range for both groups Type of disorder for the "cases" researchers obtain several pieces of information about each participant Identify key variable(s) to investigate and additional, competing factors to measure Way(s) to match "cases" and "controls" Way(s) to measure the comparison variable

What is survey research?

Participant responses obtained through a written questionnaire or interview

What is mortality?

Participants drop out before the end of a study Loss of participants more significant when it is not random

How might a researcher collect participant feedback?

Participants read a description or interpretation of an event, conversation, etc. and provide their views on the accuracy of the account

What does AAC assessment for patients with ALS look like?

Participation Patterns and Communication Needs Current and (anticipated) future capabilities Motor capabilities, language, cognitive, vision, hearing Assess Constraints - attitudes, support of facilitators, funding, team/family consensus Acceptance of AAC Operational Competence facilitator support

What literacy skills are assessed during AAC assessment?

Participation in early literacy Print Awareness Phonemic/phonological awareness Decoding Word recognition Reading comprehension Writing: Spelling (level of spelling), Grammar, Semantics, Narratives

When it comes to AAC and aphasia what are the 2 main categories of communicators?

Partner Dependent Communicators Independent Communicators

The impact of individuals with mild aphasia's communication problem is relative to what?

Personal needs and expectations, Social needs and typical daily communication situations, Vocational needs/Educational needs/Recreational needs

What would an SLP look for in an oral mechanism exam of someone suspected of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Pathologic oral reflexes may not be present Drooling is occasionally observed Chewing and swallowing difficulties can occur Motor unsteadiness is easily observed in choreiform movements quick unpredictable, involuntary movements may occur Movements can range from subtle exaggerations of facial expression to movements that are so pervasive and prominent that affect structures are rarely at rest It can be difficult to recognize these movements as hyperkinesias if the movements are subtle and infrequent, as it may be hard to distinguish between normal unsteadiness

When completing an oral motor examination where does the description of speech come from?

Patient and family history, oral mechanism examination results, Perceptual characteristics of speech, sometimes standardized test results and acoustic and physiologic testing

Well formed EBP questions or PICO include what?

Patient/Population Intervention Comparison Outcome(s)

What respiration errors are expected in someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria from dystonia?

Respiratory problems in general are not a problem in dystonia However, excessive loudness may be due to effects of dystonia on respiration

In Hanen Concepts what is meant by creating communicative opportunities?

Pause/wait/time delay (for about 7-10 seconds), sabotage (forget to do something or violate what they would expect), novelty (do something new and intriguing), put something in their sight but out of reach

What are some affects on swallowing with age?

People 65+ swallow more slowly than those under 45 lower peak suction pressure during straw drinking

What are the symptoms of diplophonia?

Perception of two different voices (fundamental frequencies)

When it comes to differential diagnosis, severity judgments, management /treatment decisions and measures of progress of motor speech disorders what is the gold standard?

Perceptual Methods: look/listen for salient perceptual characteristics (mostly auditory but visual and tactile assessment will add to our confidence in our diagnosis)

How can one measure resonance?

Perceptually (usually) Possible instrumented solutions: Nasometer, Accelerometer (nasal flow or pressure measurements)

What population have special protections during research using human subjects?

Persons in prison Children Women who are pregnant and their fetuses Persons with impaired capacity to consent

ordinal- what is meant by coincidence?

Persons or instances can share ranks

What does an independent sample for an independent t test look like?

Persons randomly assigned to each group Equal numbers in each group or or unequal numbers in each group

What does a related sample for a paired t test look like?

Persons tested twice or matched samples

What dimensions are probed in SORRT?

Phase I. Paradigmatic-Syntagmatic Association Probe Phase II. Semantic Association Probe Phase III. Oppositional Association Probe Phase IV. Rhyming Association Probe Phase V. Probing Conversational Behaviors

What is statistical regression?

Phenomenon that occurs when retesting persons who initially scored very high or very low on a test Tendency for persons who received extreme scores when first tested to score closer to the mean when retested

What are some Important Skills in Learning to Read and Reading to Learn

Phonemic Awareness Phonics Word identification Fluency Vocabulary/Comprehension Text Comprehension

What types of traditional articulation approaches have been effective for dysarthria treatment?

Phonetic derivation Imitation tasks Phonetic placement Exaggerating articulation Increased effort Compensating

What are representational symbols?

Photographs Line Drawings

What types of line drawings are used in AAC?

Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) Symbol Stix Proloquo2go Symbols

What problems can be helped with ear training or auditory feedback?

Pitch, Loudness, or Quality differences; Prosody; Rate

What brain imagery technique involves draining CFS to see the brain with X-ray?

Pneumo- (Air-) encephalography/ ventriculography

What are some possible opportunity barriers to for those with CCN and AAC assessment?

Policy barriers Practice barriers Knowledge barriers Skill barriers Attitude barriers

What are some Important Interaction Styles to teach use of an AAC device for language learning?

Positive Communication Environment Appropriate modes available and appropriate vocabulary Augmented Input/AAC Modeling/Aided Language Stimulation - Modeling Communication Opportunities - e.g., communication opportunities , choices, pausing Chain of Cues/prompts as appropriate (Tobii Dynavox) Responding to the child Adapted fromTobii Dynavox Implementation Tool Kit and Penn State Early Intervention

What is meant by using different contexts when collecting a language sample?

Possible contexts: o In the home o In the therapy room o Or in a classroom/daycare center Want to get a variety if possible but the home is the best for small children because that is where they are typically more comfortable

What are some randomized clinical control?

Posttest-only randomized groups designs Pretest-posttest randomized groups designs Solomon randomized four-group design Randomized switching replications design Randomized factorial designs

What are the signs/symptoms of cerebellar disease?

Postural instability: Patient cannot maintain steady position, broad stance, difficulty walking in a straight line, staggers, Delayed initiation and termination of movement Slow to initiate a movement on command Tendency to overshoot a target Inability to perform continuous, repetitive movements Poorly executed alternating movements Irregular rhythm, nystagmus

What is RTI?

Practice of providing high quality instruction & intervention to match student needs—monitor progress frequently to make decisions about goals -PREVENTION -IDENTIFICATION -INTERVENTION

What is a research hypothesis?

Prediction of outcome of study

What is the PCI?

Predictive Cluttering Inventory (Daly's checklist)

How is respiration affected by hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Rapid unexpected inhalations and exhalations Due to involuntary movements of the chest and or diaphragm During speech, this can cause extraneous phonations, halting utterances, and short phrases Sudden increased subglottic air pressure and involuntary exhalation during phonation will also result in excess loudness variations

What is palatopharyngeal myoclonus?

Rare disorder characterized by abrupt rhythmic or semirhythmic unilateral or bilateral movement of the soft palate, pharyngeal walls, and laryngeal muscles

What is Meige's Syndrome?

Rare idiopathic disease that resultsin Repetitive eye blinking and abnormal dystonic facial movements (can include jaw, mouth, and neck) occur

What strengths do those with mil aphasia have?

Preserve nearly normal discourse abilities (even though language may be slightly simpler and less efficient than before), May benefit from context in natural situations and interactions, May benefit from nonverbal behaviors displayed by the speaker

What produces differences in "loudness"?

Pressure differences

What are some nonrandomized control studies?

Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design Switching replications with nonequivalent groups Double pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups

H0w is a child eligible for early intervention services in MO?

Previously diagnosied condition OR 50% delay in one or more areas using age equivalency scores

What aphasia is labeled as neither fluent or non-fluent aphasia?

Primary Progressive Aphasia

What features of accuracy would be examined during a motor speech examination?

Problems with speed, tone, strength, range...all can impact the accuracy of movement. They can result in overshoot or undershoot of the target

What is chi-square?

Procedure for investigating degree of association between categorical variables Data often displayed in a contingency table Columns for levels of one variable Row for levels of a second variable

What is simple random sample?

Procedure in which every member of a population has equal chance of being selected as a participant

What is random assignment?

Procedure in which researchers actively recruit participants who have a predetermined characteristic resulting in Equal opportunity for assignment to treatment or control group

What is purposive sampling?

Procedure in which researchers actively recruit participants who have a predetermined characteristic(s)

What is cluster sampling?

Procedure in which researchers obtain a random sample of predefined groups such as medical centers, classrooms, or communities

What is stratified random sampling?

Procedure in which researchers use population characteristics or "strata" such as gender, age, SES, ethnicity, geographic region, urban/suburban/rural in random sampling

What is multistage sampling?

Procedure that combines cluster sampling and simple random sampling

What is a one-way ANOVA?

Procedure to test for differences among three or more independent groups Calculation based on variability within and across groups

What is a repeated measures ANOVA?

Procedure to test for differences among three or more related sets of measures Measures from the same participants Participants serve as their own comparison

What is systematic sampling?

Procedures in which every nth numbered person from a list is selected

What intervention and management approaches are used in functional aphonia treatment?

Prognosis with voice therapy is good. Help the client find voicing through 'vegetative' use of the larynx (coughing, inhalation phonation, or use of masking); vegetative phonation vowels, syllables and beyond.

What are the benefits of the mendelsohn maneuver?

Prolong hyolaryngeal excursion and PES opening Longer duration of lateral pharyngeal movement Increased peak contraction Improved bolus transit time

What are the benefits of the supraglottic swallow?

Prolonged airway closure, increased anterior laryngeal movement, increased tongue base movement, increased PES opening

What strategies are there to enhance descriptive adequacy?

Prolonged engagement Methods triangulation Data triangulation Thick description

What are distinctive speech errors in chorea?

Prolonged intervals b/w syllables and words Variable rate of speech Inappropriate silences Excess loudness variations Prolonged phonemes Rapid, brief inhalations or exhalations of air Voice stoppages Transient breathiness

How is prosody affected by hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Prolonged intervals between syllables and words Variable rate of speech Monopitch Inappropriate silences Monoloudness

What are test is there for reading comprehension?

RCBA

What characteristics of prosidy are expected in those with spastic dysarthria?

Prosodic excess - excessive and equal stress likely due to the slowness Articulatory-resonatory incompetence - imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, hypernasality and/or voicing errors - probably due to the reduced ROM and force of artic movements Prosodic insufficiency with monopitch, monoloudness, reduced stress( lack of variation from syllable to syllable for example) and short phrases due to reduced vocal variability. VC may appear normal at rest but incomplete abduction during inhalation can be seen Phonatory stenosis - low pitch, harshness, strained voice, pitch breaks, short phrases and slow rate likely due to attempts to voice through a narrow glottis. There is excessive adduction resisting abduction. The effort forces speaker to work against resistance. Speakers sometimes release a bunch of air for relief. This can result in short phrases and breathiness.

What would the prosody of a person with spastic dysarthria sound like?

Prosodic excess - excessive and equal stress likely due to the slowness Prosodic insufficiency with monopitch, monoloudness, reduced stress( lack of variation from syllable to syllable for example) and short phrases due to reduced vocal variability. VC may appear normal at rest but incomplete abduction during inhalation can be seen

What is meant by 'beneficence' when working with human subjects?

Protect the wellbeing of the persons who participate in research

What skills are assessed in a language assessment for AAC?

Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Syntax and morphology Receptive Language Abilities (e.g. TACL) Again consider this specific skill in relationship to AAC systems/devices

What is meant by 'respect of persons' when working with human subjects?

Recognize potential participants' ability to make their own decisions

What are the advantages of using formal tests when assessing children below the age of 5?

Provide in-depth information, typically standardized (norm-referenced or criterion referenced)

What is an institutional review board (IRB)?

Provide institutional oversight of research Evaluate proposed studies before data collection begins considering the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice Consider risks/benefits of proposed research

What does the trigeminal nerve do?

Provides tactile facial sensation Provides motor innervation for the muscles of mastication, tenses the soft palate, innervates the muscle of the oral cavity floor, elevates the hyoid bone, tenses the tympanic membrane

What tests are available for the right hemisphere?

RICE, TONI

What are some environmental arrangement interventions to promote peer interaction in educational settings?

Providing access to motivating toys Address environmental barriers

What are some peer mediated interventions to promote peer interaction in educational settings?

Providing information to peers about disability and AAC; training peers in specific strategies to support interaction Address peer barriers

What is the etiology of functional aphonia?

Psychological, often associated with an acute (sometimes long term) stress; also, often associated with a recent bout of the flu, or URI.

What causes puberphonia?

Pubertal growth changes (girls at 9, and boys at 11-12)

What is the direct activation pathway?

Pyramidal tract or direct motor system. It forms part of the upper motor neuron system Has direct connection with and activating influence on the FCP It can be divided into: Corticobulbar and Corticospinal tracts

What is the ordinal level?

Rank order attributes or traits Compare ranks of different persons or instances

What happens if there is damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Reduced phayrngeal sensation Decreased gag Reduced pharygeal elevation, glossopharyngeal neuralgia (radiating throat pain)

What features of speed would be examined during a motor speech examination?

Reduced-slow to start or slow to stop or slow throughout, Variable, perceptually fast (only hypokinetic), most often spastic dysarthria is associated with slowed rate but so is AOS and other MSDs

What happens if there is damage to the basal nuclei?

Reduces movement or fails to inhibit involuntary movement Hypo=less kinetic=movement

What are some strategies to reduce influence of possible researcher biases?

Reflexivity Negative case sampling Researcher triangulation

What are the functions of the basal nuclei?

Regulate muscle tone Regulate movements that support goal-directed movements Control postural adjustments during skilled movements Assist in learning new movements

What is the role of the basal nuclei?

Regulate muscle tone, maintain normal posture, regulate the amplitude, velocity, and initiation of movement. Probably have a role in motor learning Activities of the BG probably damp the effect on cortical discharges (the excessive movements from the cortex are "tamed")

What is a Type I Error?

Reject the null hypothesis when it is correct

What is meant by confidentiality and privacy in research?

Relates to handling research data and documents in a secure way Protect the identity of participants and their information

What is meant by accuracy in reporting in research?

Relates to knowingly misrepresenting data or other facts about your research Inadvertently reporting inaccurate data or other facts is no necessarily research misconduct

What is meant by credit for intellectual effort in research?

Relates to recognition for your role in a research project

What is research integrity?

Relates to responsible conduct of research including: protection of non-human animals conflicts of interest care in data acquisition and handling relationships with mentors/mentees and collaborators accuracy and honesty in publishing findings

What is personal health information PHI?

Relates to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

What is meant by attribution of ideas in research?

Relates to the need to indicate when you are citing or quoting information from another author

What tongue position would lead to a "back of the throat" or "muffled" voice quality?

Relatively backward and low tongue positions for all vowel sounds

What is athetosis?

Relatively slow hyperkinesia Characterized by an inability to maintain a body part in a single position Due to superimposed slow, writhing, purposeless movement

What is relatively preserved in those with transcortical motor aphasia?

Repetition, Writing to dictation, Reading

T/F in palilalia repetitions slow down and units become more intelligible?

Repetitions accelerate and units become increasingly less intelligible

What are signs of palilalia?

Repetitions of words, phrases, and sentences (88%)

What are some considerations when using ANOVA?

Report your descriptive information Determine type of ANOVA Determine significance Determine need for follow up test

What is meant by setting up the environment?

Set up the environment to elicit child's language in natural context (i.e. placing desired items in and out of the child reach etc.)

What communication functions are involved in functional communication training (FCT)?

Requesting Attention Rejecting

What are some ethical issues that an IRB and researchers must consider before a study is conducted?

Research Integrity Conflicts of interest Credit for Intellectual Effort Attribution of ideas Citations Quotations Accuracy in reporting Confidentiality and privacy

What is conversation analysis?

Research based on recorded conversations in well-defined situations

What is phenomenology?

Research that investigates a phenomenon or situation from the viewpoint of participants

What are some child specific interventions to promote peer interaction in educational settings?

Researchers & educators work directly with children with CCN to improve social interaction Address intrinsic barriers

What are the three basic principles of working with human subjects?

Respect of persons Beneficence Justice

What are the 5 speech areas that are looked as when assessing motor speech disorders?

Respiration phonation Resonance Articulation Prosody

What two aspects of speech are most often given priority in dysarthria management? Why?

Respiration, phonation, improvement at these levels may improve other aspects of speech

What treatment system has a pragmatic component and involves forward training?

Response Elaboration Training (RET)

What are some of the focuses of dysarthria therapy?

Restoring Compensate Adjust

What is anomic aphasia?

Severe word finding difficulties but in the context of fluent, well-formulated speech; speech may sound "empty" in severe cases

According to Toomey what are problem feeders?

Restricted range or variety of foods, usually less than 20 different foods Foods lost due to food jags are NOT re-acquired Cries and "falls apart" when presented with new foods Refuses entire categories of food textures Almost always eats different foods than the family Adds new foods in more than 25 steps Persistently reported by parent as a "picky eater" across multiple well-child check-ups

What are the characteristics of spastic dysarthria?

Result from combo of weakness and spasticity slows movement reduces range reduces force.

What happens / is looked at during an intake interview

Review Case History, Duration of the problem, Variability of the Problem, Voice Use, Check about possible previous voice therapy, medical conditions, hydration, impact of the problem

What are some ways to develop interdependence in AAC teaming?

Sharing philosophies, goals, and roles Identifying styles Sharing resources Mutual Goals

T/F minimal severity will have a longer recovery than high severity?

false the more minimal the faster recovery is, the more severe the longer recovery takes place

What sections are available in the Burns Brief Inventory of Communication and Cognition?

Right Hemisphere abilities, Cognitive problems, and Aphasia

What Parkinsonism symptoms are most directly related to the most common form of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Rigidity, reduced range of motion, slowed movement

How would a researcher calculate the standard error?

SD divided by the square root of the number in the sample

What are the SFF (speaking fundamental frequency) for men, women, and children?

SFF: 123Hz males SFF: 220 Hz females SFF: 264-294 Hz children

How does a food chaining individualized eating profile work?

SLP would evaluate a 3-day food log and nutritional evaluation. It looks at: Child's current taste, texture, and temperature preferences Accepted and rejected food groups Previously accepted foods and food loss Number of foods in the core diet, and successful eating environment, parent's food goals

Who might be on a patients AAC acute care team?

SLPs, nurse and OTs and PTs. The AAC staff will need a referral from the medical team.

What are some older word retrieval training programs?

SORRT: Semantic, Oppositional, Rhyming, Retrieval Training, LEXICAL FOCUS

What tests are often used to look at syntax and morphology development of preschoolers?

SPELT-p2 Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test Preschool Second Edition PLS-5- Preschool Language Scales Fifth Edition

What are the rolls for research?

Satisfy scientific curiosity Answer important clinical questions Evaluate clinical service programs Document the need for program support Influence public policy Engage in evidence-based practice

What are hand to mouth skills?

Self‐feeding skills are typically mastered by the age of fourteen to sixteen months of age and the use of a spoon for self‐feeding should be seen by the age of three.

What is one particularly effective semantic approach?

Sematic Feature Analysis, SFA

T/F older adults engage in more small talk than any other age group

false, 26%

What does SPECT do?

Shows blood flow by tracing radio isotopes

How is the CETI administered?

Significant others fill it out and are asked to compare how capable the client is compared to before the stroke/brain damage.

What are some combined symbol systems?

Sigsymbols Makaton Vocabulary

What are the symptoms of muscle tension dysphonia?

Similar as hyperadductive dysphonia (strained-strangled), but more of a chronic pattern.

What are some sampling methods?

Simple random sample Systematic sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling Multistate sampling Purposive sampling

What things should be considered when developing student specific accommodations?

Size Time Levels of support Input Output Difficulty Universal Design

What is is Bradykinesia?

Slow and reduced range of motion as a result of dysfunction of the basal nuclei, NOT a result of muscle weakness

Speech of those with spasmodic torticollis tends to be what?

Slow in rate Mildly reduced intelligibility Lower in pitch (in female

What are the signs and symptoms of AOS?

Slow rate speech-errors disturbed prosody

What should an SLP listen for when determining if someone has AOS?

Slow rate -increased interval time between words /syllables; increased time to produce individual sound & to transition between sounds Distortions, perceived substitutions, omissions, an intrusive schwa Disturbed prosody

How can rate affect intelligibility of dysarthric speakers?

Slower rate allows for more time for full movement, increased time for coordination, and improved phrasing. listeners have more time to process the speakers degraded signal

Why might one have a client slow down speech in neurogenic stuttering treatment?

Slowing down speech and simplifying utterances gives the system extra time to form utterances.

In terms of research what is a sample?

Smaller group of persons, from the population, who actually participate in a study

What intervention for later communicators/AAC users can be used to develop later pragmatics?

Social Interactions - Introductions, initiations, partner focused questions, non obligatory turns, repair strategies, conversational breakdown strategies

What assessments are specific to AAC?

Social Network - communication partners Communication Matrix- early communication TECEL - current communication Design to Learn/Environmental Inventory TASP - Test of aided symbol performance - testing behaviors that will help in selecting an appropriate AAC device AAC Communication profile - A method for monitoring operational, linguistic, social, and strategic competence APAR - Assessment of phonological awareness and reading - adapted for individuals who are nonspeaking Accessible Literacy Learning

What tool can be used to assess the participation of individual with CCN?

Social Network, Design to Learn

What are some pragmatic skills that may be worked on with school age kids?

Social expectations, contextual variation, intention/message function, paralinguistic elements, proxemic elements, informativeness, theory of mind, discourse analysis

If there is unilateral damage to the pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus, resulting in flaccid dysarthria what would be seen during an oral mechanism exam?

Soft tissue hangs down on the side of the lesion When asked to phonate it will pull toward the nonparalysed side. Gag may be weak on paralyzed side.

What techniques can be used in eliminating hard glottal attacks?

Some clients may have benefit from practicing "breathy" onsets to help initiate the production of easy and gentle voice onsets. The "whisper phonation" technique is a good preventative for excessive (frequent and hard) use of sudden glottal attacks

How might an SLP use feedback with someone with VPI?

Some speakers benefit from feedback from a mirror, nasal flow transducer, etc that provide feedback during efforts to decrease hyper nasality and nasal airflow during speech. This is only effective if the soft palate has some movement though

What are symbols?

Something that stands for or represents something else or a referent, they are not unique to AAC

What is tachylalia?

Speech characterized by perceptually high rates of speech production in the absence of other forms of breakdown

What is a moderate severity of dysarthria?

Speech is intelligible but rate and naturalness are reduced.

What are variations in message needs?

Spoken and Written communication School Talk and Home Talk Age variables Gender Variables

Why should SLPs play a role in literacy?

Spoken language is the foundation for reading & writing Spoken and written language have reciprocal relationship

What are the stages of typical vocal development?

Stage 1- reflexive and vegetative sounds ages 0-2 months Stage 2- cooing and laughter ages 2-4 months Stage 3- vocal play ages 4-6 months Stage 4- canonical babbling ages 6 months and beyond Stage 5- jargon ages 10 months and beyond

What are the three types of independent communicators in aphasia and AAC?

Stored Message Communicators Generative Communicators Specific Needs Communicators

What is a null hypothesis?

Stated in the negative

What is a pearson correlation coefficient?

Statistic for testing the relationship between two continuous measures

What is Cohen's d?

Statistical means to estimate magnitude of effect Calculation converts mean difference between groups to a standard unit of difference

Describe pureed solids.

Stay together in the mouth to make a cohesive bolus

WHat are correlation studies?

Studies for comparing two measures, usually obtained within a short time

What is nonexprimental research?

Study existing characteristics or differences

What is SFA?

Stuttering Foundation of America

What are the two spaces in the meninges?

Sub-dural space, Sub-arachnoid space

What are the symptoms of pitch breaks?

Sudden drops, or increases, in pitch (but really in mode of vibration!)

T or F in mixed model designs Treatment and control comparison involves measures from three different groups of participants

false, from two different groups of participants

What articulation strategies for treatment of dysarthria are available?

Surgical Prosthetic Strengthening-controversal Traditional artic approach

What are intervention and management strategies used with diplophonia?

Surgical: remove the obstruction, or web, or effect normal size for the abnormal vocal fold. Voice therapy: reducing the hyperfunction, or tension. (chewing, yawn sigh, nasal sounds, /i/ vowel)

T or F if a child's utterance is unintelligible it is not counted as response during Fey analysis?

false, it is counted as a response

What are some factors to consider in choice making/requesting and AAC?

Symbols Arrays Natural Consequences ** partner assisted scanning for choice making

What are AAC device features designed to support language?

Symbols on communication system Organization of symbols - semantic-syntax, thematic, taxonomic, Pragmatic organization of dynamic display (PODD), visual scene, and hybrid displays Vocabulary Message Units

What are the different types of message output?

Synthesized Speech: Text-to-Speech and Digitized Speech Visual Output Hard copy

WHat are the o Hanen TIPS for language intervention strategies for young children?

T - taking turns I - imitating the child P - pointing things out to the child S - setting the stage

What etiologies can result in upper motor neuron damage?

TBI CVA Infections and inflammatory diseases Tumors Demyelinating diseases Primary Lateral Sclerosis or Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

What procedure is not evidence based?

TOT, tip of the tongue sensation

How does the pharyngeal phase occur in swallowing?

The bolus arrives at level of the valleculae and ends when the PES closes or according to logemann when it passes between the anterior faucial pillars and the point where the tongue base crosses the lower rim of the mandible, contraction of the pharyngeal muscles shorten and narrow the pharynx, the PES relaxes and them the forward hyolaryngeal movement and downward driving orce of the bolus yank open the segment along w

T or F For simple regression, you have one independent variable and a dependent variable?

TRUE

How can data be visually represented?

Table Pie Chart Scatterplot Column graph Bar graph Line graph

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for Generative AAC Communicators?

Teach individual to use AAC system for a variety of communicative purposes and situations (asking questions, starting conversations) Multiple modes Consider writing needs

What are the different types of instructional arrangements?

Teacher Led -whole class Teacher led - small group Teacher led - sharing time Cooperative groups One to one instruction Self-directed seat work

What type of expression is exhibited in Broca's aphasia?

Telegraphic expression

What are some adult interaction types that facilitate language development during storybook reading activities?

Telling Request for imitation followed by a model Testing Initiate, respond, evaluate Syntactic expansions or structured recasts Semantic extensions with content recasts

What does TONI stand for?

Test of Nonverbal Intelligence

What is the episodic buffer?

The Episodic buffer is linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing (or chronological ordering), like how a "story" evolves.

What is the participation model?

The belief that everyone has the right to participate in activities, inclusion, and can receive services

What does a child need to be able to do when it comes to sensory skills?

The child must be able to integrate the information from all eight of the sensory systems: hearing, touch, seeing, tasting, smelling, balance, awareness of body in space, and information received from joints/tendons

What is the etiology of a transgender voice?

The client chooses to change gender and tries to meet the qualities of the opposite sex within a context of obvious biological limitations.

What is the smelling food stage of the SOS approach?

This step ranges from smelling the food from just the odor in the room to leaning down (usually not touching but I found some people discussing kiddos picking up the food to smell).

What is the taste the food stage of the SOS approach?

This step ranges from the child licking the food to his or her lips or tongue to chewing and swallowing the food independently

How does Lexical Focus work?

The client is encouraged to name as many items as possible in a designated category. This is expected to help the client develop searching strategies. The categories are narrowed as time goes on.

What are efferent neurons?

This term refers to the motor division of the peripheral nervous system, carrying impulses from the CNS toward the periphery.

What might a patient with spastic dysarthria complain about?

The effort of speaking, fatigue

What are the different parts of the motor system?

The final common pathway the direct activation pathway The indirect activation pathway The control circuits

What part of the esophageal phase can be affected by multiple swallows?

The first and a largest contraction which can be inhibited by the multiple swallows

What is the head tilt postural technique, what are the benefits of it, and who needs this technique?

The head is tilted TOWARDS the STRONG side, patients who have unilateral pharyngeal damage, The purpose is to direct the bolus down the strong side.

What part of the face does not receive bilateral innervation?

The lower face and to some extent the tongue

What is done during the observation of a client?

Use a Voice Rating Scale, a combined perceptual/instrumental evaluation form, for perceptual ratings of the relevant voice components, and the information collected from instrument based procedures.

T/F patients with Broca's don't have difficulties with writing?

false; Severe writing difficulties are common mostly because of the motor deficit in addition to the disabilities in the grammatical domain

In what ways can we help stimulate expression?

phonemic/phonetic cueing, gestural. written, sematic, fluency/timing, self-cueing

What is the SOS approach to feeding?

The sequential oral sensory approach to feeding

According to the uni-dimensional framework aphasia is considered what?

a disorder that affects all of language, no matter what is its actual clinical appearance

What is the Test of Adolescent/Adult Word Finding?

The test has a variety of word retrieval conditions that are related to specific reasons for word finding limitations. It wasn't originally designed for neurogenics. Importantly, this test requires a fairly high level of language competence.

What is the toleration step of the SOS approach?

The toleration step includes five steps beginning with tolerating the food in the room to looking at the food when directly in front of the child.

What are the symptoms of of PVFM?

The vocal folds move in the opposite direction as needed during breathing. Wheezing results, and difficulties with breathing.

How many and what are the steps to HELPSS: HELM'S ELICITED PROGRAM FOR SYNTAX STIMULATION?

There are 11 steps of grammatical form. Each step begins with (A) modeling or showing the complete and correct response basically, and then a condition where the (B) sentences are elicited and the client is expected to respond more independently.

Why might a child hang onto their "old voice"?

There are a variety of reasons some of which are psychogenic, and others related to how they use their voice.

How does the cerebellum monitor ongoing movements and communicate with the cortex concerning planned upcoming movements?

There are three neural tracts through which the cerebellum communicates. The inferior, middle and superior peduncles

How are place, manner, and voice related to apraxia?

There is no inability in using the muscles per se, rather it represents a loss in knowing how (manner) to move the speech structures for certain speech sounds, or where (place) for example in place, manner, or controlling the voicing characteristics of these sounds.

What does the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve do?

These nerves double back on themselves (hense the name). The right loops under the right subclavian artery and the left loops beneath the arch of the aorta. This branch of the vagus innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid. The left is susceptible to damage during surgeries

What are standard scores?

They are based on normal distribution, and indicate how many standard deviations the child is from the mean

What is the behavioral clinician centered model of language intervention?

This is considered the "traditional behavioral" approach. i. More drill based ii. You are not following the child's lead; you are expecting the child to follow your lead. this falls on the end of the continuum and is the least natural.

What is the final common pathway?

This is the LMN system The peripheral system Cranial nerves Spinal nerves "final" meaning it is the endpoint to stimulating the muscles (or gland).

Besides those with ALS and aphasia, what other patients with acquired disabilities may use AAC?

Those with: Multiple Sclerosis Guillain-Barre Syndrome Parkinson's Disease Brainstem Stroke Locked in syndrome (BCI)

What are the different activation strategies?

Timed Release filtered

What are ischemic infarcts

Tissue that is severely deprived of oxygen and nutrients begins to die

What is the goal of therapy for dysarthria?

To improve communication by: Improving intelligibility Improving efficiency Improving naturalness Developing AAC

What are the goals of AAC?

To meet needs To participate To express oneself To develop language

What do strokes result from?

a disruption of the normal bloodflow or a bleeding

What are the AAC companies and resources?

Tobii Dynavox Prentke Romich Company Saltillo Forbes AAC Lingraphica AssistiveWare Missouri Assistive Technology AAC Medicaid Evaluation Sites

What does hyperkinetic mean?

Too much movement

What is TNW?

Total number of words within a language sample

What interventions were most successful in research of peer-mediated strategies?

Training peers in 1) social skills, 2) prompting AAC usage, 3) modeling AAC usage

What is an essential voice tremor?

Tremulous voice quality caused by rhythmic, involuntary, contractions of the vocal folds, along with vertical laryngeal movements

What is the rotated head postural technique, what are the benefits of it, and who needs this technique?

Twist head TOWARDS the damaged side. Utilized with patients who have unilateral pharyngeal damage, Main purposes a) force the bolus down the strong side of the pharynx and cut off the weak side b) assist in VC closure (if there is a weak side) by applying extrinsic pressure. Another purpose might include eliminating perform sinus residues by reducing pressure in the cricopharyngeal sphincter

What are some parametric tests for factorial designs?

Two-way analysis of (ANOVA) Mixed model analysis of variance

What is a mixed model ANOVA?

Two-way analysis of variance for a randomized pretest-posttest design Repeated measure for the pretest-posttest Between-group factor for comparison of treatments Analysis for randomized clinical trials

What is TTR?

Typer -token ratio, the number of different words/total number of words, informs the SLP of lexical diversity, looking for a score between 0 and 1 in decimals as 0 would be no words and 1 would be all the words were different with no repetition

What is nonempirical research?

Use existing information or data

What are the different types of message input?

Unaided symbols Aided symbols

What is intersystemic reorganization treatment?

Use of relatively intact systems to facilitate speech production Facilitative effects derived from additional afferent or efferent cues

What is methods triangulation?

Use of several different strategies to collect data

Hyperkinesias seem to result from what?

a failure of the thalamus and basal nuclei pathways to properly inhibit cortical motor discharges

What is a feeding disorder?

a failure to develop or demonstrate developmentally appropriate eating and drinking behaviors

What is the candidacy model?

a false belief that a person much have specific qualifications in order to receive services or use AAC

What is dysarthria?

a family of motor speech disorders due to the inability to execute, or coordinate the execution, of movements related to speech

What are the 5 parameters of language?

phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

When it comes to AAC what issues/consideration about language use, specifically later pragmatics should be considered?

Using a variety of communicative functions including initiation of communication Engaging in conversation turns

How can the identity of participants be protected?

Using of identification codes rather than names Keeping documents in a secure location Obtaining participant consent if you plan to share data Remembering that participants might be identified by their images or voice

What are the intervention and management strategies used with transgender clients?

Usually behavioral, rarely medical (phonosurgery; hormone treatment). While the desire to change pitch may be difficult to meet, other changes can be considered: voice quality, prosody, resonance or linguistic/pragmatic changes.

What is the etiology of a phonation break?

Usually situational and following prolonged hyperfunction. Possible causes, lack of pressure (near end of utterance), or loading by ventricular folds or mucus.

When it comes to AAC what issues/consideration about language form, specifically syntax should be considered?

Utterances may be "telegraphic" telegraphic utterances or programmed messages may be more efficient

What can having a patient preform a cough or coup de glotte (glottal coup) inform the SLP of?

VF weakness, respiratory weakness, both, neither particularly a weak cough would inform you of poor respiratory function while a weak glottal coup would be indicative of poor vocal fold closure

What therapy approaches are used to treat severe aphasia?

VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF INVOLUNTARY UTTERANCES (VCIU), VISUAL ACTION THERAPY (VAT), MELODIC INTONATION THERAPY (MIT) (Sparks) , NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES, BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD (Lyons)

How is the speech of someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized?

Variable articulatory imprecision Vocal harshness Prosodic abnormalities

What is working memory?

a fixed "space" or capacity that can be devoted to real and current information presented to the brain

What intrinsic factors can affect literacy development?

Vision Motor Skills Hearing

Besides AAC specific assessment for aphasia what other capabilities should be assessed during an AAC assessment for aphasia?

Vision and Hearing Language and Cognition Motor Life experiences Partner supports/expectations

What instrument could be used for measuring rate, loudness, pitch, tremor (acoustic)?

Visipitch

What instruments can be used for eliminating hard glottal attacks?

Visipitch (Energy or Loudness Envelope feedback screen). Also, consider using Praat for this.

What is measured with a spirometer?

Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, and the percentage of Vital Capacity used for speech production

What are AAC device/system features?

Vocabulary Symbols Message Output Display Selection Rate Enhancement Portability Learning associated with using the device

What is the etiology of functional dysphonia?

Vocal folds are either hypo-adducted or hyper-adducted (tight); also, supralaryngeal valves may attempt to close (aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds) and interfere with good phonation. Absence of a medical cause; there maybe psychogenic causes; occurs somewhat more often in adult females.

What problems can be helped with the chewing approach?

Vocal hyperfunction (hyperadduction: strained strangled quality). Especially, if it is noted that the client has the tendency to "clench the teeth" and keep the mandible immobile.

What are some AAC options for treatment of repiration and phonation problems?

Vocal intensity controllers - inform speakers that their loudness has fallen below a certain level Portable amplification systems Electrolarynx (aphonic but you have to have very good articulation ability)

What are some HIGH tech AAC options for patients with ALS?

Voice and Message Banking Alphabet based systems Picture based systems for quick access to some message, but also ability to generate messages Alternative Access - Eye gaze, switch access

What does the voice of those with spasmodic dysphonia sound like?

Voice quality sounds strained and effortful If intermittent, the voice will sound 'jerky' and 'tight' Mild cases may just sound 'shaky'

What are the symptoms of vocal fatigue?

Voice symptoms in the absence of visible vocal fold abnormalities. Dryness in mouth and throat; pain in the base of the tongue, throat and neck area; sensations of "fullness, or a lump in the throat"; shortness of breath; effortful phonation.

Why might one want to know the relevance of the cranial nerves in terms of TBI?

Vulnerability of brainstem in terms of "shearing" and ruptures in case of trauma when the brainstem moves over the base of the skull- vulnerability for pressure changes (concussion) e.g. in case of edema that develops secondarily relationship to speaking (dysarthria) Relationship to hearing effects on swallowing, eating, and facial expression

Which aphasia has rapid speech like they are "pressed for speech"?

Wernicke's aphasia

Which aphasia has seemingly normal, fluent speech?

Wernicke's aphasia

Which type of aphasia is harder to work with because the individuals are less aware of their condition?

Wernicke's aphasia

WHat are the fluent aphasias?

Wernicke's aphasia Conduction Aphasia Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Anomic Aphasia

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

Wernicke's area loses the ability to communicate with much of the rest of the brain, but it does remain intact by itself and is still connected to the other language areas.

Which is easier to administer the Western Aphasia Battery or the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia evaluation?

Western Aphasia Battery

During the trial swallows what findings are the most predictive of dysphagia?

Wet voice after swallow "failure" on thin and thick liquids Cough after the swallow Inability to self feed.

using Wh questions in training underlying forms (TUF) work?

Wh question production is elicited using the sentence production priming task. Presentation of a pair of pictures, one depicting the target sentence, and the other depicting its semantically reversed counterpart. The examiner elicits sentences by modeling the target sentence type using the semantically reversed picture and then asking the client to produce a similar sentence using the actual target picture.

What questions should be considered when assessing vision for AAC?

What size/type of symbols are most appropriate? What is best placement of device/symbols? Adaptations if person is blind

What is cluttering?

a fluency disorder characterized by a speech delivery rate which for a speaker is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both, while timed syllable rates do not necessarily exceed normal limits.

When might someone communicate?

When there are opportunities to communicate When there is a reason to communicate When they have a way to communicate

What is the CADL-2: Communicative Ability in Daily Living?

a functional approach to assessing the patient's communicative impairment. It assesses not only linguistic abilities, but also how the client is taking benefit of the context, nonverbal cues in real life

How does Schuell define aphasia?

a general language deficit that crosses all language modalities and may, or may not, be complicated by other sequelae of brain damage

What are some postural strategies for treating hypoadduction to improve phonatory function?

With unilateral weakness, rotating the head can be helpful. Turn to the weakened side. or gently pushing on the larynx weak side inward may help, but is probably a temporary solution. both are compensatory

What are some signs of a sensory processing disorder?

Withdrawal from touch or finger splay with touch of food Gag with touch Oversensitive to odors Likes or dislikes types of movement never crawled Works with fingertips only Upset when dirty, washing hands frequently Bothered by haircuts, tags on clothes, seams on socks

How does the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment work?

Words are randomly selected and read by the patient. Prodductions are rated on a 5 point scale based on the ease with which they are recognized

What might a pre-reading comprehension activity consist of?

a "picture walk", relevant personal experiences, providing background information, and brainstorming activities

What is palilalia and what dysarthria is it associated with?

a compulsive, increasingly rapid repetition of a word or phrase, hypokinetic dysarthria

What equipment options are available for AAC in acute care settings?

Writing kits (notebooks, dry erase boards, boogie boards) Written choice notebooks (e.g., cover card, pre-printed scales) Communication boards (emotions/needs, alphabet) Materials for eye gaze and partner assisted scanning Eye Gaze for Yes/no Yes/no tag questions Signal Dictionary (Garrett and Van Tatenhove, 2017) Communication partner trainings Augmented input Slow down and wait for a response Electrolarynx SGDs/mobile technolgies Switches Mounting equipment Information posters/instructions Easy access to hearing aids and glasses (pouches): Hearing aid directions and batteries

What are the specific AAC techniques?

Written Choice communication, Remnant books/materials, Gestures, Electronic Communication Devices for expression, Drawing for Expression, Partner drawing, Communication Book- both generic and personal, alphabet board, word dictionary, picture/photo dictionary, instruction card for listeners, rating scales, eye gaze

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the intervention strategies for Contextual Choice AAC Communicators?

Written Choice, Scales, maps Tagged yes/no questions Augmented comprehension strategies

What way can one look at the integrity of the skull but not soft tissue?

X-ray

What intervention and management strategies are used in muscle tension dysphonia treatment?

Yawn sigh; tongue protrusion /i/; aspirated phonation onset; palpation or massaging the tensed areas.

How does the the Boston Naming Test (BNT) work?

You simply show pictures and the client is expected to give you the name. If no response is forthcoming, prompts may be given (stimulus cue, which is of a semantic nature), or if that doesn't work, a Phonemic Cue. You need to time the responses.

What is apraxia?

a planning and programming problem

How does a palatal lift work?

a portion that is attached to the teeth and a lift portion that extends posteriorly to lift the palate to close off the port

What is SORRT: Semantic, Oppositional, Rhyming, Retrieval Training?

a program that stimulates word retrieval skills, and sets up a treatment program that leads to spontaneous use of learned skills in gradually more natural situations. Its strength is that it capitalizes on the individual's apparent relative strengths.

What is "treatment of underlying forms" OR (TUF)?

a program that targets use of syntactic processing directly in the hope that results will generalize into an independent syntactical system for the client.

What is a stroke or CVA?

a relatively sudden disruption of bloodflow to portions of the brain resulting in permanent damage and clinical signs that last beyond 24 hours

What is the RTT:Revised Token Test?

a series of subtests which differ in complexity and length of utterance. Each stimulus utterance is an instruction about what to do with a set of tokens (shapes of different sizes and colors)

What is global aphasia?

a severe form of aphasia that reflects aspects of both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia

What are some possible etiologies of spastic dysarthria?

a single brainstem CVA, VA dementia, inflammatory disease of white matter, degenerative diseases such as PLS (NOT ALS)

What are the initial effects of ataxic dysarthria?

a slurring and imprecision in speech production

What is taken and looked at during a perceptual voice analysis?

a speech sample, emphasis on pitch, loudness, qualities, and resonance

What type of voice is associated with spasmodic dysphonia?

a strained, groaning, staccato, effortful voice

What is alphabet supplementation?

a strategy in which the speaker provides orthographic information to listeners by identifying the first letter of each word (on an alphabet board or a forward-facing screen) just prior to each spoken word.

What is semantic or topic supplementation?

a strategy in which the topic of a message or a series of messages is provided to listeners just before the message(s) is spoken. The traditional form of topic context is a cue word or phrase that provides information about the intended meaning of an utterance or the intent of the speaker.

What happens if there is a bleed in the sub-dural space?

a sub-dural hematoma results. The major damage to the brain caused by this is pressure

What is a hyponym?

a subordinate semantic category

What is a hypernym?

a superordinate semantic category

What is the Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia?

a supplemental (to alpha test), elaborated reading test

What is negative practice?

a symptom is produced on purpose without the usual "natural rewards or reinforcements" that maintain the behavior

What is information literacy?

a term for the skills needed to: Find prior research efficiently i.e. Conduct a literature search Evaluate the quality of prior research Summarize or paraphrase key information Use existing information appropriately

What is the Milieu approach?

a type of hybrid model sometimes referred to as "incidental teaching" 1. You are using the child's interests, environment, and surroundings to enhance their language skills. The goal is to manipulate the environment (setting up communication temptations, for example, putting a toy out of their reach and not opening those bubbles until they indicate in some way they want them open). a. Often used with kids who have developmental delays of language (late talker, client's with ASD, etc.)

What is the mand-model approach?

a type of hybrid model that is an an extension of milieu therapy 1. This involves the clinician modeling and manding (requesting) a response from the child. 2. You still use their interests and their environment, but you are requesting their communication. a. For example, a child hands you candy. You say "what do you want?" the child says nothing. You say "tell me you want candy." The child still says nothing. And you say "say candy." i. When the child says "candy" you give them the candy immediately or with a time delay, and if they don't say candy you model the request for them and then present them with the candy.

What problems would need hierarchy analysis?

a voice quality affected by tension due to situational demands and stress. Or, existing voice problems that are exacerbated by such tensions and concerns.

What is Ambulatory Phonation Monitor (APM)?

a wearable voice recording device

What type of client typically experiences PVFM?

a young female (teenager) with a history of multiple visits to emergency rooms because of breathing difficulties

What are the language modalities according to Schuell as well as the "sequelae"?

a) comprehending of spoken language, (b) speaking, (c) reading, and (d) writing. The "other sequelae" are modality specific perceptual disturbances (agnosias), dysarthrias, apraxia, and sensorimotor deficits.

What fluency symptoms are observed in ataxic dysarthria?

a) prolongations b) accelerating repetitions of parts of words c) later in development: syllabification as a strategy for gaining control over the errors that are occurring.

What are the symptoms of hypokinetic dysarthria?

a) speech comes in rapid spurts followed by relatively long pauses; b) rapid syllable, word, and phrase repetitions are heard, but appear to be effortless; c) speech movements have a reduced range (range of movement appears traded off for speed); d) lack of facial expression.

What are the symptoms of neurogenic stuttering?

a. Predominantly repetitions (many part word repetitions); prolongations rarely occur b. Facial and other reactions may occur in response to the dysfluencies c. dysfluencies may occur in the middle and final positions of words and sentences

What treatment approaches may be used in neurogenic stuttering?

a. Prevention b. Explanation c. Slowing down

What are possible activities for a psycho-social group?

a. using rhythmic/musical instruments b. participating in group singing c. listening to short stories read by a group leader d. participating in various speech games and discussion of proverbs e. recording and replaying speech samples f. taking part in group-centered discussion

What is an unbiased sample?

all members of a population have an equal opportunity of being selected

What is synergy?

all parts work together

What is meant by "organization and behavior state of a child" when assessing a young child?

ability to be awake, alert, and self regulate

What are the advantages of the FIM scales (FAM: Functional Assessment Measures)?

ability to compare institutions, set standards for what can be reimbursed (at a central level); define reimbursement rates for services

What prerequisites are needed before conducting visual action therapy?

ability to recognize drawings and retain their meaning

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of Generative AAC Communicators?

able to generate message on their own, but may still have difficulty functionally creating messages across environment

What is de-factor curriculum?

academic knowledge from textbook & materials used

What are anchor foods?

accepted food item that is offered consistently with meal, never altered but portion is reduced. This can help a child feel safe about eating.

What is additive bilingualism?

achieving high levels of proficiency in both L1 & L2

What damage is often confused with Wernike's aphasia?

acoustic verbal agnosia

What instrumental methods are available for the diagnosis of motor speech disorders?

acoustic, physiologic, visual

A broad diagnostic differentiation can be usually quickly made between what?

acquired (traumatic: neurogenic or psychogenic) stuttering developmental (or ideopathic) stuttering

What are the two types of voicing when it comes to syntax?

active, passive

What strategies can be used to treat hypoadduction of the vocal folds to improve phonatory function?

physical postural LSVT

asdfa

adfaaasdf

When does puberphonia become a problem?

after 6 months

What are the expected results of voluntary control of involuntary utterances (VCIU) therapy?

after a few sessions: at least a few words upon confrontation naming. Ultimately, the expectation (most clients) is: 200-300 words or (sometimes) phrases in all three use modalities.

What personal factors can affect prognosis?

age, gender and handedness, psychosocial factors

WHat ages is play audiometry used with?

ages 3-5

What is nonfluent aphasia?

agrammatism (symptom of omission)

Caprsal peak is what?

all harmonics combined

What is the gold standard of looking at blood?

angiography, although this can be dangerous

What is a noninvasive way to do a carotid study?

angiography, ultrasound procedures

Damage to what causes alexia with apgraphia?

angular gyrus

What area of the brain affects written expression/reading and vision?

angular gyrus

What gyrus is important for writing "visual images that belong to sounds/ words/ letters"?

angular gyrus

What is the most prevalent symptoms of aphasia?

anomia

What are typical problems experienced by those with mild aphasia?

anomia, dysfluency, and susceptibility to distractions. Reduced efficiency overall.

What needs to be looked at during an oral eval for voice?

any possible consequences of central or peripheral nervous system damage, any characteristics associated with "hyper-function", tensions in the neck area, position of the laryngeal structure, breathing difficulties.

What two motor speech disorders may not follow 'Brown's weights' and may increase in response to DAF, masking, or fatigue?

apraxia ataxic dysarthria

What is the clinical relevance of considering apraxia when working with clients who have aphasia?

apraxia as a condition is very often associated with Broca's (or: "expressive") aphasia. It is often difficult to separate the consequences of both and commonly the apraxia "hides" the extent of the coexisting aphasia.

What is a language difference?

are linguistically diverse, and their native language is fine but may have delays in second language or dialectal • this is a result of the process of acquiring a second language or dialect

What are indirect language groups?

are unstructured with respect to specific language goals and, rather, are organized around such activities as: conversation, role playing, and field trips. Obviously, these situations are not designed to maximize language specific goals, but do of course offer a variety of spontaneous and "divergent" language/communication opportunities.

What does PET show?

areas of activity, changes in activity due to changes in behavior or processing, metabolic changes in tissue due to changes in available oxygen.

What are some confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria?

arms and legs are bilaterally impacted, pseudobulbar palsy

What is the most salient feature of UUMN dysarthria?

articulation

What is the most salient feature of ataxic dysarthria?

articulation

What are the speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?

articulatory - "drunken quality"; irregular breakdown Prosody is monotonous due to equal stress; scanning speech

What treatment approaches work for those with AOS?

articulatory-kinematic and rate/rhythm approaches BUT also maybe intersystemic facilitation/reorganization and alternative and augmentative

What are possible solutions to xerostomia?

artificial saliva, chewing sugarfree gum, water or swish and spit

Why might agnosia effect an aphasia diagnosis?

as agnosia symptoms may appear as difficulties with language performance

How do uni-dimensional framework representatives explain differences in clients?

as being caused by modalities of language use ("channels" or modalities) that are affected rather than language itself

dfasd

asdfa

How does one go about interviewing about problem/cause?

ask about the client's understanding of what is the nature of the problem and what caused it. Verify with family members, spouse, or teachers, if available

What are some means of conducting a hearing screening on a small child?

ask parents if the child had newborn hearing screening, visual reinforcement audiometry, play audiometry

What are some indirect screening methods for infants/toddlers?

asking parents, questionnaire, not directly observing

What is the leading cause of death in skilled nursing facilities? Leading cause of transfer from the nursing homes to hospitals?

aspiration pneumonia

How is coordination measured?

assessed with pneumographs; abdominal and thoracic- breathing needed for speech and voice

WHy might the Minnesota be useful?

assessment of moderate very useful for therapy planning, informal assessments; the MTDDA is very thorough also; allows for task- and item analyses which are helpful; the pictures are simple and can be easily recognized by individuals with head injuries.

What are some different types of direct selection?

physical pressure physical contact pointing voice recognition Eye gaze Head pointing Handing items to communication partner

In expressive language in clients with aphasia we may recognize problems at what?

at the sound level, word level, and sentence level in clients

What changes to muscles occur and can be seen with flaccid dysarthria?

atrophy & fasciculations, fasciculations are typically seen within 1-3 weeks after the damage occurs

Besides offication of the cartilages what other changes occur with age in the larynx?

atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, dehydration of the laryngeal mucosa, loss of elasticity of the laryngeal ligaments, and flaccidity and bowing of the vocal folds

What types of modeling techniques work for AAC when working on social and linguistic competence?

augmented input- one component of the System for Augmenting Language (SAL) Aided Language Stimulation Natural Aided Language Aided Language Modeling

What does a normal functioning brain rely on?

automatic processing which requires lower levels of effort in consciousness

What does treatment usually cover for individuals with who have mild aphasia?

awareness and emotional reactions to the difficulties need attention, probably some level of word retrieval therapy may be needed, a focus on reading and writing is relatively important, learn to tolerate distraction, counseling

What does negative practice do?

behavior gives the client opportunity to examine feelings and thoughts surrounding the behavior and possibly increase control over it

Hypokinetic dysarthria is associated with damage to what part of the brain?

basal nuclei

What are the control circuits?

basal nuclei and cerebellum

What does age equivalency mean?

based on average raw score for each age interval

What is meant by classification based on location?

based on information regarding the location and size of the damage, using functional knowledge about these specific areas

What is nonlinear regression?

basic correlation statistics work for relations that are in linear nature, this is adpated for curvilinear data

Why do dysfluencies occur during aphasia (anomia or mild expressive aphasias)?

because of hesitations in word retrieval, or uncertainties in language formulation

What are some examples of neoplasms?

benign and malignant tumors, extra- or sub- dural hematomas, abscess, edema

What is used to measure shimmer?

best measured with the MDVP of the Visipitch system as it is integrated with all other variables of interest during a voice evaluation. If not available such measures can also be obtained with PRAAT if used in good quality recording conditions and in a manner already described under jitter.

Where is the central fissure?

between motor and sensory strips

What is speech and what are the 5 aspects of it?

physical representation of language a. PRARP-Prosody (rhythm, fluency, intonation), Respiration, Articulation, Resonance, Phonation

What ages are considered prelinguistic in typical development?

birth to 18 months

What in particular can be seen with angiography?

blockages/occlusions/stenosis/infarcts, changes in the location of certain arteries or vessels, aneuryms are clearly visible, arterial venous malformations can be seen

WHat is Cognitive-Connectionist Theory?

born knowing nothing, but anything can be learned constructed using OLD brain parts, with NEW input • Key Assumptions= parallel distributive processing—connecting things in 2 different ways at same time; basic info processing used to learn language (memory, attention, exec. Functions) nurture

What happens if there is damage to the frontal lobe?

both inhibition, more in the sense of: reduction of desirable abilities, and dis-inhibition of, often less desirable, behaviors takes place.

What is a language disorder in terms of differentiating if from a difference?

both languages or dialects are disordered

If there is bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X vagus, resulting in flaccid dysarthria what would be seen during an oral mechanism exam?

both vocal chords in paramedian position. You often hear inhalatory stridor secondary to abductor paralysis.

What are the long run neural mechanisms of recovery?

brain plasticity

What brain imaging technique uses gamma rays?

brain scans

What is the super-supraglottic swallow?

breath hold plus effortful swallow

What would hypoaduction of the vocal folds in reduced phonatory function sound like?

breathiness, hoarseness, reduced loudness

How is pitch measured without an instrument?

by comparing the perceived pitch to a tone on a calibrated keyboard, or instrument and convert the tone to a frequency with a conversion table

How might the RH "out guess" verbal messages?

by understanding: (1) pragmatic aspects of, and (2) nonverbal, expression and (3) prosody.

What is a derivational morpheme?

changes parts of speech/semantic category of a word (i.e. judge to judgment)

What is an inflectional morpheme?

changes the syntax (i.e. big to bigger)

What fissure is in the center of visual projection area?

calcarine fissure

WHat is biofeedback for the treatment of decrased respiratory support? What instruments?

can be used to gauge respiratory force and maintaining constant subglottal air pressure. Pressure transducers Visipitch Loudness meters

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of Transitional AAC Communicators?

can use external symbols or strategies to communicate May use devices or spelling Continue to need cues from partners

Why is it important to collect patient history during a motor speech examination?

can you learn about the client, their perceptions of their disorder, onset, how it impacts their social life, ADLs and gather a contextualized speech sample

What are the rolls of parents when it comes to feeding?

caregivers teach their children how to eat; including developmentally appropriate foods, making meal times enjoyable, and focusing on the mechanics of the task of eating

What preparations are are needed for a voice diagnostic?

case history form (and any questionnaires like the Voice Handicap Index) ahead of time. Request results of a medical exam, be aware if other specialists, Visipitch will be needed, an aerodynamic or video endoscopic evaluation may be needed too, materials for Oral Peripheral Exam, hearing screening

What is the striatum?

caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal nuclei

What is an essential tremor?

causes tremulous movements in affected body parts No apparent cause Most common of the hyperkinetic movement disorders

What type of damage can result in lack of motor plasticity or learning?

cerebellar damage, results in the lack of ability to adapt motorically to changing conditions

What is simultaneous bilingualism?

child's L1 is replaced by L2

What does assertiveness mean in a Fey analysis?

child's assertive utterances/adult's + the child's assertive utterances

What is the difference between childhood apraxia of speech and acquired apraxia of speech?

childhood apraxia of speech is a specific underlying speech motor impairment that impacts the development of higher phonological and linguistic processing levels

What are environmental barriers to educational inclusion?

children with AAC are often in wheelchairs & walkers

What expressive issues do those with conductive aphasia exhibit?

circumlocution, word finding problems; problems in sequencing phonemes, paraphasias (but client is relatively aware of them), there is a somewhat depressed tendency to communicate, there usually are severe writing problems (but "comprehension reading" should be intact, while oral reading is difficult)

What compensatory behaviors are common in anomic aphasia?

circumlocutions, reduced use of content words, Normal disfluencies

How might psychosocial factors affect prognosis?

clients who have depression have lower recovery chances due to memory loss and distortion of thinking, clients who are in better health have the most favorable chances of recovery

What are patterns of recovery?

clients with aphasia move from one classification to another, while these changes follow distinct patterns

What candidates are ideal for Back to the Drawing Board therapy?

clients, for whom other approaches have already failed (e.g., MIT).

How is hyperkinetic dysarthria easily distinguishable?

clinician can make an accurate diagnosis just by observing the individual's movements

What sets the super supraglottic swallow apart from the supraglottic swallow?

closes the airway to a "higher level" or ensures that the airway is completely closed

What is a thrombus?

clot

What is an important component of "quality care and patient safety"?

communication

What communication needs might a patient in acute care have?

communication about medical care a well as expressing feelings about concerns

Classification of neurogenic communication disorders can be based on what?

communication skills such as they are being measured in prevalent and comprehensive aphasia tests of our discipline

Language and social use of language is vital for what?

communicative competence

What is evaluative thinking?

comparing to criteria, for example in terms of: correctness, completeness, identity, relevance, adequacy, utility, safety, consistency, logical feasibility, practical feasibility, or social custom; and awareness of consequences

What should be considered when thinking about yes/no questions and AAC or early/disordered communication?

complexity of the questions and that there is limited research

What are Some possible conclusions following an assessment using RTT?

comprehension is affected in the sense of length of utterance, - comprehension is affected in the sense of complexity of the utterance; - comprehension difficulties may be near the beginnings of utterances, near the ends of utterances, randomly occurring throughout utterances

What might an after reading comprehension activity include?

comprehension questions and writing activities

How is small talk relevant to aphasia treatment?

conducting small talk is mainly to pass the time with someone you may not know very well and determine if this person wants to have a conversation with you. Small talk is fairly easy to learn for people with aphasia, while it signals one's readiness to fully participate in social situations despite the apparent disability.

What features of strength would be examined during a motor speech examination?

consistent weakness or progressive weakness with use, Weakness tends to be the most dramatic in LMN disease never excessive strength

How might the etiology of brain damage be connected to age?

correlation rather than a cause... younger individuals are more likely than older clients, to incur various TBIs, which have a better chance for recovery from aphasia. hemorrhagic strokes, common in younger people, if the victim survives, and can be "healed" through surgery, present a better chance for recovering from aphasia than ischemic types of strokes.

What part do the mucosa play in swallowing?

cover the oral cavity and facilitate bolus transport

What are semantic cues?

cues that use a word that is related to the word needing retrieved

What skill areas should be assessed during AAC assessment?

current communication: speech and language, gestures position and seating motor skills - access cognitive skills symbols assessment receptive and expressive language literacy skills Vision hearing

T/F in dementia, "language of confusion" and language production are not overlapping?

false; The effects on language performance compared to language of confusion are at the same time overlapping, and distinctly different.

What is the role of the direct activation system?

for direct voluntary skilled movement

T/F measuring lung volume (with spirometer) is always necessary?

false; In the vast majority breathing conditions are met by clients unless there is some severe neurogenic damage, severe lung diseases, or advanced terminal diseases (lung cancer).

During the inability to purchase equipment needed to measure pressure during speech production, the SLP should focus on what?

dB SPL ("sound pressure level"), or the sound intensity produced by pressure variations

What is thought to be the cause of conduction aphasia?

damage to the arcuate fasciculus that seperates Wernicke's from Broca's area

What problem can lead to scanning speech?

damage to the cerebellum resulting in Lack of coordination or synergy of movement

If there is unilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X vagus, resulting in flaccid dysarthria what would be seen during an oral mechanism exam?

damged side vocal chord in a fixed paramedian position.

What are some different sentence types/functions?

declarative, interrogative, imperative

What is does manipulating breathing patterns for improving respiratory function consist of?

deeper inspiration which triggers better elastic recoil of the lungs, this can result in loudness bursts

What are some causes of ataxic dysarthria?

degenerative diseases, Friedreich's ataxia, Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, stroke, toxic conditions, deficiency E or B12, hypothyroidism, Wilson's disease, TBI, tumor

What is reliability?

degree to which test free from errors—measurements will be the same across from, raters, and time

How is spasmodic dysphonia treated?

deinnervation/reinnervation- most common in Japan thyroplasty botox injection- most common in US and other countries besides Japan

What are the mourning stages of the grieving process?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

What are maintenance groups?

designed to maintain the language/communication and other skills developed in therapy.

WHat is Biomaturational Thoery?

development depends on health production of brain structure & function • Key assumptions= both macrostructures (Broca's, Wernicke's, Arculate fasciculus) & microstructures (neurons, axons, dendrites) are responsible for developing language & are grown/developed overtime through experience BOTH NATURE & NURTURE

What is believed to be the cause of palilalia?

difference in the striatum/basal ganglia area

What does the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve do?

divides into and internal and external branch. The external laryngeal nerve supplies the inferior pharyngeal constrictors and the cricothyroid muscle which controls pitch by lengthening the vocal folds. The internal laryngeal nerve is a sensory nerve that receives mucosal sensory information from the pharynx down to the epiglottis, the aryepiglottic folds and the arytenoids.

What is content validity?

do test items represent a defined domain; is content true to name?

What are symptoms of commission?

doing things that don't make sense

How does the Sentence Intelligibility Test portion of the AIDS

done on the computer so it speeds along the scoring. The program selects 22 random stimulus sentences that range from 5-15 words in length The speaker is recorded reading the sentences A judge transcribes the sentences

What is xerostomia?

dry mouth

What are 2 types if motor speech disorders?

dysarthria and apraxia

What is Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (UUMN)?

dysarthria caused by Damage in an upper motor neuron on one side

What is a strong indication that dysfluencies are neurogenic in nature?

dysfluencies may occur in the middle and final positions of words and sentences (rather than just initial)

What causes hyperkinetic movement?

dysfunction in the basal nuclei, related portions of the extrapyramidal system, or sometimes the cerebellar control circuit

What treatment methods use real-time amplification?

ear training or auditory feedback

At what stage does the SLP conduct therapy?

early stage

When does maximum language recovery take place?

early stage (months 1-3 post onset of aphasia)

How is understanding effective greeting relevant for aphasia treatment?

effective greetings help clients to better participate in the community and get engaged in social interactions.

What tools can be used to determine best pitch for a client?

electronic keyboard; instrumented method (e.g., a Visipitch: RTP or use one of the pitch games)

What does CN IX glossopharyngeal do? How is damage assessed?

elevate the pharynx & sensation from the pharynx and posterior tongue, important for the gag reflex, assessed by symmetry of the gag

What distinguishes AOS with phonemic paraphasia?

errors present in AOS but not PP sound distortions (as prolonged phonemes and devoiced sounds) location of errors is consistent from trial to trial types of errors NOT VARIABLE on trials sound insertions not common except for schwa INCREASED interword intervals abnormally long vowels increased movement durations

How does aging affect the esophageal phase?

esophageal transit and clearance are slower and less efficient in the aging individual , delays in dilatation of the esophagus

What is the purpose of melodic intonation therapy (MIT)?

establish expression through using rhythmic and melodic capabilities of the right hemisphere (inter-systemic reorganization). This involves facilitation of expression, rather than language building per se

What type of information would an SLP want from a parent when conducting an assessment on a young child?

ethnographic, how the environment affects the child, context-based assessment

What do independent and paired t tests measures?

examine the difference between means, used to analyze data from two groups

What does decreased resp-phono cooridination sound like?

excess loudness variations, inappropriate silences, harsh voice, inappropriate breath patterning, transient breathiness, voice stoppages

What is specificity?

excluding individuals who are free of a disorder

T/F anxiety, tension. and fear cannot affect quality of voice production?

false; One's voice is a barometer for how you feel, and so tension definitely is noticeable in voice quality

What are some challenges in message selection for AAC?

experience (or lack of experience) in message selection individual and environmental differences storage of messages such as Storage capacity and Storage organization

What is prosthetic assistance in treatment of decreased respiratory support?

expiratory boards or paddles and arms can provide a stationary object to lean into while speaking to increase the force of expiration- these are rarely used

Why might one use explanation treatment in neurogenic stuttering?

explain the nature of the problem, and the fact that the dysfluencies are, in all likelihood, not related to the original damage, but are secondary developments

An environmental approach to language intervention includes what?

exploiting aspects of the environment for optimizing the potentials of language rehabilitation.

What does collecting a language sample on adolescents and older children consist of?

exposed to & use different communication genres • Overall: should be assessed with different groups of people, contexts, & interaction styles • Expository discourse—monologue providing factual description/explanation—highly revealing in abilities to use complex language & requires higher cognitive abilities • Peer-conflict resolution—more complex language required—SLP gives set of hypothetical conflicts • Peer conversation partners- teens have different way of talking to peers than family

What strategy would go about helping children with hoarseness?

exposure to the abusive factors compared to some baseline, self reporting on these situations motivates and makes the client more aware

What brain imaging technology uses oxegen and hydrogen to image the brain?

fMRI

What is an atheroma?

fat globule

If a soft voice is functional what procedures are used to increase loudness?

find the best/optimal pitch and quality (which by nature is relatively loud) and increase respiratory support (more subglottal pressure). With fairly loud masking (bilateral if possible) the client will speak more loudly as a reflex (Lombard effect), of course generalization to normal speaking situations will still be necessary.

How are forms of stimulation therapy used for word retrieval?

finding successful stimuli and cues for triggering retrieval of specific words

What types of dysarthria would manifest in hypoadduction of the vocal folds during reduced phonatory function?

flaccid hypokinetic

What type of dysarthria mostly manifests with decreased respiratory support?

flaccid dysarthria

How can naturalness be targeted during treatment of dysarthric speakers?

focusing on prosody using breath groups and constrastive stress tasks

How does aging affect the oral prep stage?

food is tasteless, may have difficulty producing saliva, possible affects of poor dentition or poorly fitting dentures results in increase number of chewing strokes, more lingual movements to form a bolus

What are some feeding behaviors?

food refusal, food selectivity, disruptive behaviors, extended meals

What is multiple regression?

for prediction Has independent and dependent variables Adds possibility of two or more independent variables Identifies best combination of variables for predicting

What is the primary purpose of pycho-cocial groups?

foster the development of emotional and psychological bonds that help group members cope with the consequences of aphasia

What is the touching the food stage of the SOS approach?

fourth step is for the child to touch the food with just his or her fingertips to touching the food to the tip or full tongue.

What are peer barriers to educational inclusion?

frequent reports of bullying—children with AAC considered less popular & less desired play partner; peers may not know how to interact without specific instruction

What is recurrent stereotypic utterance?

frequently repeated, involuntary, nonsense utterances. They represent the worst possible distortions in aphasia

What lobe is Broca's on?

frontal lobe

What problems would cause the need to establish a new pitch?

generally attempt to speak at pitch ranges unnatural for their vocal organ

What is an embolism?

generally develops around the heart valves moves up with the blood flow and gets lodged somewhere in the brain

What is divergent thinking?

generation of alternative solutions, responses, from given information

What muscles of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus.

What are some non-symbolic means of communication?

gestures and vocalizations

Besides alphabet and semantic supplementation what other signal supplementation strategies are there?

gestures, syntatic supplementation

What are some direct screening methods for infants/toddlers?

giving a test, observing, communication charts both formal and informal

If parts of the neurons are removed what may replace them?

glial cells, calcium formation, or cysts

Why might Computer-Aided Visual Communication (C-ViC) be helpful for those with global aphasia?

global aphasic patients are able to develop a formal visual syntax in the absence of natural language which may be used successfully in a visual communication system.

What part do the lips play in swallowing?

good lip closure to prevent contents from leaking out of the mouth

What is meant by function when it comes to semantics?

grammatical type

How might a family counseling and support group be structured?

groups can be "open" in format or more or less structured to cover a planned range of topics. You can invite speakers, or pass out materials that are informative, or supportive, for those who are dealing with "a neurogenic loss" in a significant other. There is also a range of supportive and informative video programs, also include other professionals

What would hyperaduction of the vocal folds in reduced phonatory function sound like?

harsh/strained quality, slow rate, low pitch

How would someone test for damage of the accessory nerve?

having pt shrug their shoulders

Resonance sounds that sound unnatural are caused by speech having what?

having the tongue in a relatively high, low, forward or backward position

What is a feeding disorder?

having trouble with the actions involved with eating and only eating certain foods or taking along time to eat

What is loop playback?

hear the same over and over again

What are theme based meals?

help teach the child societal eating routines. For example; hot dogs at a baseball game.

What are symptoms of TIA?

hemiparesis, hemisensory changes, transient aphasia, transient changes in vision

What is myoclonus?

hyperkinetic movement disorders that involves a quick and simple jerk and cannot be consciously suppressed

What contexts can clinicians serve adults with neurogenic communication disorders?

hospitals, rehabilitation centers, skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, long-term care centers, independent speech and hearing centers, home health

What is meant by manner in Grice's Maxisms?

how info is presented

What is meant by semantic breadth?

how many words a person knows

What is predictor validity?

how well test score predict future performance

What is synchrony?

how well the part work together in time

What happens overtime to damage of the indirect activation pathway?

hyper-excitability occurs as time goes on, Inhibitory influences from the central pathways are still lost, pathologoical reflexes are common, labile behavior

If there is no change in voicing after pulsing the abdominal area what is suggested?

hyperfunction

What is the most common cause of hoarseness in school age children?

hyperfunction

What types of dysarthria would manifest in hyperadduction of the vocal folds during reduced phonatory function?

hyperkinetic spastic

What types of dysarthria manifests with decreased resp-phono coordination?

hyperkinetic due to abnormal, involuntary movements ataxic due to inaccurate timing and range of movement

What are the etiologies of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

hyperkinetic movement disorders chorea Sydenham's chorea Huntington's Disease Stroke/vasucalar disorders (uncommon), Tardive Dyskinesia

What are the 3 distinctive features of a goal?

i. Conditions ii. Behavior iii. Criteria

WHat is phonological awareness?

i. Metalinguistic awareness—being able to manipulate units of language has a Reciprocal relationship with reading has varying levels the deepest level being phonemic awareness

What are the main goal areas/targets that are worked on with early language learners?

i. Sound production ii. Expressive words iii. Early word combinations iv. Form content and use of language v. Receptive language vi. Morphology vii. Function of language viii. Modes ix. Symbolic play x. Literacy xi. social communication

What is phonics?

i. Teaching children about sound patterns graphemes (letters) & how they match to the sound

What is sensitivity?

identifying individuals who have a disorder

When can apraxia be mistaken for a fluency disorder?

if it starts gradually, and in a relatively pure and minor form

Practice of more abrupt and harder attacks can be helped with what?

imagery, increase subglottic pressure, and use of the "pushing approach"

What visual measures can be taken during diagnosis of motor speech disorders?

imaging methods such as nasoendoscopy laryngoscopy videostroboscopy

flaccid dysarthria affects what areas of speech and how?

impacts respiration, phonation, resonance, or/and articulation typically in the form of weakness and reduced muscle tone.

What are the characteristics of UMN lesions to the indirect activation pathway and spastic paralysis?

impacts the inhibitory role Lesions = increased tone, spasticity, and hyperactive reflexes. Spasticity in hyperactivity of stretch reflexes. Resistance to movement (more pronounced at the beginning of movement) especially response to quick movements, Pathologic oral reflexes are common in bilateral UMN disease

What are negative symptoms?

impaired processing

What is school/classroom curriculum?

implicit/explicit rules of classroom (if not explicitly said—children must figure it out on their own)

What articulation errors are expected from those with ataxic dysarthria?

imprecise consonant articulation distorted vowels (slurred quality) irregular articulatory breakdown: imprecise consonant and vowel productions that can vary from utterance to utterance. Primarily in multisyllabic words. Breakdowns give the appearance that the syllables are compressed during the production of a word.

What is interaction step of the SOS approach?

is the child interacting with the food through assisting with preparation through touching the food with another food.

What is a percentile rank?

indicates can individual's standing within the normed sample

How is the RCBA helpful?

indicating where treatment should initate

What is a phone?

individual token of speech sound produced by actual speaker i. Each person produces slightly different

What is an allophone?

individual token of speech sound produced by actual speaker i. Each person produces slightly different

What type of medical information is especially important to gather?

information about anything that could possibly affect speech therapy, or needs your special consideration during assessment and treatment. Try to obtain results of: neurological exams, laboratory tests, surgical reports, doctor's notes. Medical charts Medical history current and prior medical problems; previous strokes; possible complications: heart disease, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, alcoholism; neurosis or psychotic conditions

People with transcortical motor aphasia have difficulties with what?

initiating and organizing responses

What does the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X vagus nerve do?

innervates all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid. sensory carries sensation from vocal cords and larynx below them

What is decreased respiratory support?

insufficient breath support for speech which manifests as reduced loudness, short phrases, reduced pitch variability and reduced loudness variability

What separates anomic aphasia from Wernicke's?

intactness of auditory comprehension: that is, overall it is OK, but definitively there are impairments in the single word comprehension domain that don't show at the surface.

What populations experience difficulties with expressive and receptive language?

intellectual disabilities cerebral palsy Autism Spectrum Disorders Down's syndrome Dual sensory impairment Dysarthria, childhood apraxia of speech Young child with a developmental delay (YCDD) Late talker/late language emergence

What arteries are the major inputs of bloodflow to anywhere in the brain?

internal carotids and vertebral arteries

What is shimmer?

is the instability of glottal pulses in the energy domain. Or the pulse to pulse sound intensity variability

What are missing in the case of anomic aphasia?

involuntary paraphasias and neologisms are missing

What is the average time from onset to completion of puberphonia?

is 3-6 months

What is agnosia?

is a family of difficulties with stimulus recognition

What is visual action therapy (VAT)?

is a non-vocal program where the ultimate goal is for the client to be able to use representational gestures for communicating about hidden objects, or actions (with those objects). Component skills are systematically trained, while means to communicate (overcoming verbal and limb-apraxia) are treated as well.

WHat is the Weidel Yes/No Comprehension Test?

is a screening "yes/no" test often used in immediate/acute situations.

What are the FIM scales-Functional Independence Measures (FAM: Functional Assessment Measures)?

is a system designed to express the measure overall severity of disability or "burden of care".

How do multi-dimensional framework representatives view the linguistic system?

is made up of multiple component processes

How do psycho-social groups help with language?

leads to psychological, emotional, and social benefits for individuals with aphasia.

Family counseling and support groups form unique environments where members can what?

learn from each other and help/trouble shoot common and shared problems that would be difficult to discuss with others in their "daily lives".

What is the purpose of Back to the Drawing Board therapy?

learn how to communicate through cartoon like simple drawings and express needs, feelings, or events. Multiple sequenced cartoons maybe used as well.

Why might psychosocial adjustment be important?

learning from the problems of others, and the experience that "you are not alone"; or for helping each other with suggestions in a supportive atmosphere. Groups of family members of clients can also be created, which is a strongly rewarding experience for most.

AAC is not about learning technology it is about what?

learning to communicate

What artery "feeds" the speech and language areas?

left Middle Cerebral Artery

Where is damage located with acoustic verbal agnosia?

left association area

When it comes to AAC what issues/consideration about language content, specifically semantics should be considered?

lexicon is selected by someone other than child The vocabulary that is available and/or accessible may be limited. Unless appropriate types of words are provided, the opportunity to produce a variety of semantic relations will be limited.

What is fluent aphasia?

linguistically fluent productions that are characterized by missing words, incorrect words, or distorted words; jargon: also fluent in production but there is little or no meaning. Empty speech

What is the multi-dimensional framework?

localize specific problems and attempt to fix them

What are basal nuclei?

located in the gray matter embedded within white matter. Basal nuclei is a cluster of cell bodies that determine the onset (beginning) and cessation (ending) of intentional movements. contribute to a better motor plan.

What is convergent thinking?

logical conclusions, or inferences

What would the phonation of a person with spastic dysarthria sound like?

low pitch, harshness, strained voice, pitch breaks, short phrases and slow rate likely due to attempts to voice through a narrow glottis. There is excessive adduction resisting abduction. The effort forces speaker to work against resistance.

At what severity level do clients tend to change from one classification to another during recovery?

low severity

What are some possible speech tasks for improving respiratory function?

manipulating breathing patterns inspiratory checking biofeedback

If there is bilateral damage to the pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus what is the range in severity of speech aspects?

marked to severe hypernasality. Very obvious nasal emissions may be heard. The nasal emission can result in decreased pressure consonants, decreased loudness, and decreased phrase length.

What are the muscles of mastication?

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

What are some examples of non-speech tasks that can be used to improve resp-phono coordination?

matching rate of respiration to a metronome Rehearsing quick inspiration and slow controlled expiration Inspiratory checking without speech Sniffing then blowing Practice switching between inspiration and expiration, then work to increase the speed of the switch

If there is unilateral and/or bilateral damage to the Superior laryngeal branch of CN X vagus, resulting in flaccid dysarthria what would be seen during an oral mechanism exam?

may be missed because the vocal chords look normal, however, if there is also damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch unilateral lesion will have a shorter cord and the anterior larynx may shift to the intact side. Bilaterally both cords will look short and will bow. The epiglottis can overhang the anterior portion of the vocal chords

What would the AMRs of someone with hypokinetic dysarthria look like?

may be slowly initiated and completed or rapid and markedly restricted in range of motion

In terms of communication what is a message?

meaning being conveyed

What is Cognitive-Emotional Thoery?

means for connecting with others & expressing sense of identity; psychological • Key Assumptions = foundation for language & cognition= nurturing relationships & emotional security nurture/nature

What expresses the "efficiency of the system" for speech production?

measure of airflow

What is the ELT?

measures how well a patient can use daily living skills to get their message across in a verbal interaction

What does the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Examination-RICE do?

measures right hemisphere dysfunction

WHat does PET do?

measures tissue metabolism directly, by tracing the consumption of radioactively labeled sugar molecules

Prior to planned procedures/surgeries what AAC planning could occur?

message banking, education

What are some rate enhancement techniques?

message encoding message prediction

What might a soft voice be related to?

middle ear problem (sounds louder "inside the head"), a medical/physical problem, or psychological problem for which referrals are necessary

When it comes to articulation, someone with unilateral CN XII hyoglossal damage would have what?

mild articulation distortions

How does aging affect the pharyngeal phase?

mild delay in triggering the swallow this appears as the bolus head traveling further down the pharynx before the swallow occurs shorter cricopharyngeal opening durations The pharyngeal musculature seems to make up for this because higher pharyngeal amplitudes compensate for the reduction in UES opening, increase in pharyngeal residue , increased rate of dry swallows, increase in penetration of materials into the vesvtibule, older men noted to elevate the larynx just enough to open the UES and no more

What appraoch is considered incidental learning?

milieu therapy appraoches ," you are using their environment to raise the chances of AN INDIVIDUAL developing language.

What two tools can be used to measure nasal leaks?

mirrors and nasometer

What is the hybrid-mix of clinician and client centered model of language intervention?

mix between client centered and clinician centered approaches,follow chidl's lead and child follows your lead this falls in the middle of the continuum of naturalness (and you use the environment...a lot!)

How are pitch changes achieved in establishing new pitch?

modeling and imitation

RH support to verbal expression is more what?

moderate

Who are the ideal candidates for PROMOTING APHASIC COMMUNICATIVE EFFICIENCY?

moderate severity or better; a reasonable ability to comprehend

When does spontaneous recovery start and decline?

months 1-3 begins months 6-7 declines

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of Contextual Choice AAC Communicators?

more spontaneous communication (e.g., more pointing than emerging communicators). Recognize symbols and aware of daily routines. Difficulty initiating and adding to conversation.

What type of words are more likely to be used by a patient with Broca's aphasia?

mostly content words, nouns, and few verbs; function words generally are left out

What are intrinsic barriers to educational inclusion?

motor & language skills of those with disability, personality, motivation to interact

What are tics?

motor or vocal behaviors that can be controlled voluntarily However, the desire to move becomes difficult to suppress

What is cerebellar ataxia?

movement deficits of timing, force, range, and direction Impairment of equilibrium during walking Deficits in voluntary eye movements Intentional tremors, Hypotonia of the muscles Problems with motor learning

What happens if there is a bleed in the sub-arachnoid space?

multiple consequences: plaque formation, pressure, and areas of the brain not getting enough blood

Who helps with selecting fringe vocabulary?

multiple informants (parents, teachers, peers, etc.)

What is puberphonia?

mutational falsetto or juvenile voice

What is intra-systemic reorganization?

mutually supportive effects from capacities within the language system

What was the evidence behind SFA?

naming of treated and untreated objects improved, but not in the sense of spontaneous use in conversation! Findings of several studies were mixed positive

What are the different types of alternative nutrition?

nasogastric tube, PEG tube, IV, J tube

What are Grice's Maxisms?

necessary for communicating effectively with someone else Quantity Relation Manner

What are the essential elements of the definition of aphasia?

neurogenic, acquired, affects language

What are afferent neurons?

neurons that carry sensory information about the external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord

Do people who clutter reveal adaption to the same extent as PWS?

no

Do people who clutter reveal evidence of expectancy and consistency with regard to dysfluencies or episodes of cluttering?

no

Do people with ataxic dysarthria experience anticipations?

no

Do people with ataxic dysarthria have learned nonverbal behaviors aside from startles?

no

What makes quasi-experimental design different from true experimental design?

no random assignment

What are the issues behind the multiple swallow technique?

no studies, second swallows may lead to fatigue, prolonged mealtimes, and interrupt the esophageal phase

What does aphonia mean?

no voice

Is the Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Language still used?

no, because its differential between other disorders not subtypes of aphasia

Are individuals with Wernicke's aphasia aware of paraphasias / neologisms?

no, unware

Can SLPs measure sunglottic pressure?

no; but may be estimated by measure the intra-oral pressure during the "p" sound during the production of the syllable "pea"

What is the NHR?

noise-to-harmonic ratio- an average ratio of energy of the inharmonic components to the harmonic tones

If there is unilateral damage to the pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus what is the range in severity of speech aspects?

non perceptible - up to mild/mod hypernasality

What are some strategies for improving resp-phono coordination?

non-speech speech tasks

What are the sentence production labels of aphasia?

nonfluent aphasia, fluent aphasia

What is a paraphasia?

nonsense words that may have a meaning

Loudness therapy will not work if there isn't what?

normal hearing

What is meant by quantity in Grice's Maxisms?

not too much or too little info

What type of word does phonemic cueing work best for?

nouns, sematic cues work better for verbs... think Broca's or conductive needs more verbs so semantics may work better, Wernike's is the opposite

What muscles does the facial nerves innervate?

nuscles of facial expression, postierior belly of the digastric muscles and stylohyiod, and stapedius

What questions are asked (and answered) in Curriculum-Based Language Assessment?

o 1) What does this curricular context require (What skills do they need?) o 2) What does the child currently do? o 3) What might the child learn to do differently? o 4) How could the CONTEXT be modified?

What is the eligibility criteria for early childhood special education?

o 2 standard deviations below the mean in 1 area o 1.5 standard deviations below the mean in 2 areas

What interaction styles would an SLP want to look for in the communication partners when collecting a language sample?

o Are they modeling language? o Are they asking questions?- Only yes/no questions or labeling items, Asking open-ended questions or interactive questions o Are they commenting about the environment? o Are they Recognizing and responding to child's communicative attempts? o Are they Creating opportunities for child to speak?

What screening tools are used on kids ages 3-5 (preschool)?

o CSBS—checklist that the parent fills out (birth-3) o Fluharty—a direct assessment (3-7) ** can be a screening tool used for preschool

What is Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching (PMT)?

o Designed for children who have not yet become clear, intentional communicators by 12-18 months o Used to increase clarity and complexity of nonverbal communication acts (eye gaze and gestures) o Follow the child's lead (clinician should do motor and vocal imitations) o Child-centered play with strategies that up the ante for communication o Building social play routines o Using prompts (wait for child to respond) o Using naturalistic consequences (respond to child's communicative intentions)

What is the relationship between spoken and written language?

o Difficulty in one often means difficulty with another o Instruction in spoken language can result in growth of written language & vice versa

What strategies used by the parents could be assessed when assessing a young child?

o Do they directly elicit response from the child? o Do they model language for the child? o Do they provide opportunities for communication?

What is Separate Underlying Proficiency (SUP)?

o Erroneous—taught that proficiency in first language (L1) was SEPARATE from L2

What is Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP)?

o Matches most current research & beliefs o Model of bilingual proficiency—L1 & L2 draw from common proficiency—draw from one another & interact; experiences in one can promote development in the other o Research shows bilingualism builds abilities on cognitive & linguistic tasks

What are some examples of non-linguistic input that can be used with children birth to 5 during language intervention?

o Sound makers o Musical instruments o Toys to manipulate o Cause and effect devices (switch toys) o Play (cooking, house, babies, telephone)

What are the disadvantages of suing formal test when assessing children below the age of 5?

o They are not very contextualized or show was child's communication is in a natural setting; don't look at the child's communication abilities in daily life. o Should not be used as the only means of information on the child

What areas are assessed in preschoolers?

o Vocabulary development o Syntax and morphology o Stages of reading development o Pragmatics

What are some examples of linguistic input that can be used with children birth to 5 during language intervention?

o Words o Signing o Reading words o Letters

Assessment of aphasia still requires consideration of cognitive aspects like what?

o attention o memory o status and quality of executive functions

What is the "baseline" from where intonational "jumps" and inflections are made?

of habitual (or modal) pitch

What is an intra-cerebral hemorrhage?

often a rupture of the thin-walled lenticulo-striate artery (from MCA) which leads to damage in the Internal Capsule

What is the preferred breathing method?

on abdominal-diaphragmatic breathing as the main source for air, perhaps complemented by a little thoracic air for longer utterances

What is phonation dependent on?

on the integrity of our "power supply" for sound production

Where is Broca's?

on the lower left frontal lobe of the cortex

What is test-retest reliability?

one examiner uses the measure to assess the same persons at two different times analysis compares the scores from the two test administrations

What type of case history form is best for aphasia?

one that is specific to neurogenic communication disorders

What needs to be practiced and identified to establish new pitch?

optimal pitch

What is seen in FFT of a strained voice?

or hyper-adducted; here, compared to "normal" the f0 and first few harmonics maybe suppressed (possible restricted in movement because of the tension).

Which has a higher percentage of recovery oral or written language?

oral

What is the path of speech production?

organized in Broca's area. Specific instructions (sets of impulses; triggers) for speech-related movements go to appropriate points on the sensory motor strips that have to do with executing these speech movements (mostly left)

What does the Weidel Yes/No Comprehnsion test measure?

orientation more than comprehension at any depth. It is also used to determine which response modality maybe the best choice for developing a communication system.

What is meant by official curriculum?

outlined in materials, textbooks, common core/bench-mark standards

What is flavor masking?

pairing new food with a flavor that the child already enjoys, the mask is faded

What is the most studied intervention for pharyngeal dysfunction in dysarthria?

palatal lift

If there is bilateral damage to the pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus, resulting in flaccid dysarthria what would be seen during an oral mechanism exam?

palate hangs low and moves minimally on phonation. difficult to elicit a gag may see nasal regurgitation

Speech of patients with Wernicke's is characterized by what?

paraphasias / neologisms

Who would be possible communication partners for a small child?

parents, siblings, friends, clinicians, daycare workers anyone who spends a lot of time with the child and the child is comfortable with

What happens if there is damage to the trigeminal nerve?

paresis or paralysis of the masticatory muscles and eventually atrophy, unilateral lesion don't impact jaw much but with bilateral lesions the jaw hangs open, moves slowly with limited range, articulatory challenges

What are the salivary glands?

parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands

What types of repetitions occur in neurogenic stuttering?

part word repetitions

What is the primary strategy for establishing interpretive adequacy?

participant feedback

What is informed consent?

participants need to know: purpose of the research what will happen during the study what the potential benefit(s) might be what the potential detrimental effects might be they can discontinue participation at any time

What is the rubrospinal tract?

passes through the red nucleus. The cerebellum sends messages to the spinal nerves along this tract. Information flows from the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus and finally to the spinal nerves. This information is very important for somatic motor, or skeletal muscle control and the regulation of muscle tone for posture.

Why might topographical thinking be a problem?

patients may not present the way we assume based on damage location

What is the result of damage to both the direct and indirect activation pathways?

people have spastic paralysis (paresis) and exhibit decreased skilled movement and weakness from DAP and increased tone and spasticity from the IAP

According to Schuell, problems are related to what?

performance factors rather than competence

What part does the tongue play in swallowing?

permit bolus manipulation to permit chewing and mixing with saliva

What is the principle motor nerve of the pharynx?

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

How is resonance errors treated?

pharyngeal flap or a sphincter pharyngoplasty, Restylane, palatal lift prosthesis

What is the most salient feature of spastic dysarthria?

phonation

What are the most salient features of flaccid dysarthria?

phonation and resonance

What aspects of speech are affected if there is damage to CN X vagus?

phonation and resonance

EBP what is the most effective form of cueing overall (as in for any type of aphasia)?

phonemic stimulation; people with aphasia can form the relationships between words, they just can't find the word

The difficulties associated with apraxia are in reference to?

place, and to some extent manner and voicing

What part do the faucial pillars play in swallowing?

point of the pharyngeal swallow

What is scanning speech?

poor rhythm, tonal modulation, and volume

Why might word retrieval be harder than word recognition?

possibly because there are more steps

How is speech affected by damage to CN IX glossophargeal?

posssibly resonance due to atrophy of the tongue and some phonatory functions, however you really cannot assess this nerve directly (most damaged along with X)

What are the 6 skills that need to be established for achieve successful eating the SOS assessment?

postural stability, oral motor skills, jaw skills, sensory skills, hand to mouth skills, and parenting skills

What areas should be considered when thinking about respiration for speech in motor speech disorders?

posture, shortness of breath during speech or all the time, rate (normal breaths per minute is 16-18), Persistent hiccups can be a sign of medullary stroke

What does a FEY analysis look at?

pragmatics, particularly turn taking

What are some other things one would need to know about the client?

previous voice therapy, -medical conditions, such as: allergies, medication or hormone therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, and of drugs, hydration of the client (drinking habits, or use of medication that potentially affects hydration), impact of the problem on daily living frequently occurring situations professionally, in education, or socio-recreationally

What are positive symptoms?

problems that are indicative of processes remaining intact; for example in the case of functions that are used to compensate for others that are lost

When it comes to AAC/aphasia what are the characteristics of emerging communicators?

profound cognitive-linguistic disorder (global aphasia)

What is lexical focus?

program focuses on a systematic sharpening of semantic boundaries. It is predicated on the notion that many of the word retrieval problems of aphasics represent verbal paraphasias

What is ALS?

progressive degenerative disease involving motor neurons

Aphasia involves mostly what forms of language use?

propositional forms of language use, that is, language that involves content that is unique and not predictable, unlike automatic speech, or speech recited from memory

The area similar to Broca's but in the right hemisphere seems to control what?

prosody

What is the most salient feature of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

prosody

What are the most salient features of hypokinetic dysarthria?

prosody and articulation (tremor can affect phonation) More specifically, reduced stress and mono pitch and loudness wit inappropriate silences, short rushes of speech, and variable rate tend to be distinctive or more severely impaired than in any other dysarthria.

What are the communication functions?

protest, request, greeting, comment

What is important about PICA's scoring?

provide a multi-dimensional judgment, but the combination of these dimensions is ultimately expressed on one scale only Each number 1 thru 16 represents an exact meaning which is determined by a combination of multiple features

What part do the cheeks play in swallowing?

provide counter force to the tongue to facilitate proper bolus control

How might an SLP teach families interaction strategies to use during language activities?

provide information -provide examples of strategies -provide coaching while the parent is working with the child -provide feedback -encourage questions and explaining and evaluating procedures -plan for generalization and maintenance

In Hanen Concepts what is meant by routines?

provides frequent practice, natural consequences, children do better in familiar settings

What is prolonged engagement?

rapport with participants and develop sufficient opportunities to observe important phenomena

What is considered one of the most powerful modifications for improving intelligibility of dysarthric speakers?

rate

What would AMRs be like in those with ataxic dysarthria?

rate is slower than normal with an unsteady rhythm; sometimes they speed up abruptly and then unexpectedly slow down during the speech production task. Difficulty maintaining a regular rhythm highlights how cerebellar damage can affect the timing of movements by different muscle groups.

What are tangible symbols?

real objects miniature objects partial objects artificially associated and textured symbols

What is meant by relation in Grice's Maxisms?

receiver has context

Individuals using AAC must learn what?

receptive language of their environments as well as the "language" of their AAC systems.

What is the Structure Of Intelligence model-SOI for?

recognition/understanding (including perception and attention), memory, and thinking (convergent, divergent, and evaluative).

In Hanen Concepts what is meant by responsiveness?

recognizing and responding to child's attempt at communication

What are the thoughts on prognosis in terms of the acute care setting?

recovery can take place when immediate acute threats vanish: could relate to (1) edema reduction, (2) recovery of circulation, (3) 'psychologically settling' following an often unexpected severe crisis and change in life.

What is late or long term recovery?

recovery that takes place take place months or even years after stroke

What imagery could be used to produce glottal attacks?

think about pursing your lips, and attempt to do the same thing with your vocal folds

When it comes to articulation, what does bilateral damage of CN V trigeminal resulting flaccid dysarthria present like?

reduce precision, or impossible bilabial labiodentals, lingual-dental, and lingual-alveolar articulation as well as lip and tongue adjustments for many vowel, glides, and liquids. Sometimes the jaw can be manually held closed to assist in speech

What happens if you push the thyroid in during digital manipulation?

reduce the length of the vocal folds and can help some males who maintain an inappropriately high pitch to find their true potential

What are the characteristics of UMN lesions to the direct activation pathway and spastic paralysis?

reduced ability to facilitate fine discreet movement. Initially this means reduced tone and weakness. Reflexes are initially diminished

What are the initial neural mechanisms of recovery?

reduction of edema, absorption of damaged tissue, improved local circulation

What is augmentative and alternative communication or AAC?

refers to an area of research, clinical and educational practice. AAC involves attempts to study and when necessary compensate for temporary or permanent impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions of person with severe disorders of speech-language production and/or comprehension, including spoken and written modes of communication

What is the indrect activation pathway for?

regulating reflexes and maintain posture, tone. and associated activities

Why is articulation affected in UUMN dysarthria? Severity?

related to the weakness, reduced range of motion, and decreased fine motor control of the tongue and lips Severity can range from mild to moderate

Are individuals with mild aphasia aware of their deficits?

relatively aware of the mistakes they make, and they react to them with frustration and concern

What strategies can be used to treat hyperadduction of the vocal folds to improve phonatory function?

relaxation and biofeedback speech tasks

What is an extra (epi) dural hemorrhage?

results from damage to meningeal arteries; usually as a result of trauma. The main problem is a rising intra-cranial pressure because of the accumulation of blood

What is a sub-arachnoid hemorrhage?

results from leaking or rupturing aneurysms

T/F speech that is not articulated can make assessing language difficult?

true

What is the relationship between mild aphasia and AAC?

rely mostly on natural speech. Because many suffer from a residual anomia, word lists/books should be a welcome aid to overcome this problem

What is Articulatory-Kinematic treatment?

repeated, motoric practice modeling-repetition articulatory cueing.

What would passage reading and conversational speech be like in someone with ataxic dysarthria?

repeating sentences containing multisyllabic words: reveal inaccurate speech movements: irregular articulatory breakdowns; reveal prosodic errors

What is parallel-forms reliability?

researchers or test developers construct two different, but equivalent, forms of a measure an examiner administers the two forms of the test to the same persons at two different times analysis compares the scores from the two test administrations

What is the "power supply" for sound production?

respiratory system

What are the 4 extrapyramidal tracts?

rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract

What is phonology?

rules for sound system of language

What is syntax?

rules for system of constructing/comprehending sentences—how words can be combined- grammar

What is semantics?

rules for the meaning of language system signs/symbols

What is morphology?

rules for word parts (structure)

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

runs from the vestibular nuclei located in the lower pons and medulla to the spinal nerves. It is involved in balance.

When it comes to articulation, someone with bilateral CN XII hyoglossal damage would have what?

s,z,sh,ch,j, r,l are very susceptible to impairment at first. More marked weakness will result in velar difficulty.

What practical test can be used to indicate voice efficiency (air usage)?

s/z ratio

What other research protections should researchers provide their human subjects besides the three main principles?

safeguard the privacy of personal information maintain confidentiality and security of records

What role do the salivary glands play in swallowing?

saliva serves to maintain moisture, to reduce tooth decay, and assist in digestion. it also naturally neutralizes stomach acid when it reflexes into the esophagus

What is sequential language learning?

second language learning begins after first one established

In Hanen Concepts what is meant by modeling?

self talk (talking about what you're doing), parallel talk (talking about what they're doing), recast (correcting child's error with a correct response without disrupting the flow), expansion (recast child's utterance and expand on the language)

What are some effect size measures for diagnostic studies?

sensitivity and specificity

What are some early symptoms of ALS based on the type?

spinal-upper extremity and leg weakness bulbar-speech

How does carbonation affect swallowing?

sensory option for dysphagia rehabilitation. It's effective through a process called chemesthesis, where the "bubbly" or "fizzy" of the carbonated beverage acts as a Trigeminal irritant. The trigeminal is very susceptible to irritants No significant effect on oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time, initiation of pharyngeal swallow or pharyngeal retention however decrease penetration/aspiration with 5 & 10 ml swallows.

What are the sensory treatment methods for swallowing?

sensory stimulus, mechanical stimulation, thermal tactile stimulation

What is hidden curriculum?

set of expectations instructors have for who is considered good/bad student

What are the different ways to elicit a language sample?

set up the environment, use a variety of different contexts or the context most comfortable to the child, use familiar communication partners, examine the interaction style of communication partners and adjust if needed

What population is best suited for the CETI?

severe aphasia It can also be used to measure progress in these cases.

When conducting an oral mechanism exam on someone with spastic dysarthria what would be seen/heard?

severe dysphagia, drooling, pathological laughing/crying, subtle laughing or pouting fixed expression, hyper active gag, pathologic reflexes

What clients would benefit best from metronomic pacing?

severe neurogenic clients (e.g., apraxic mixed in with dysarthria) for whom the pacing works as a facilitation of hopefully any form of speech production (as opposed to none).

Who are the idea candidates for melodic intonation therapy (MIT)?

severely expressive aphasic clients, or clients with severe verbal apraxia with some level of comprehension and only where no gains were made with tradition therapy in up to 6 months

Who are the ideal candidates for voluntary control of involuntary utterance therapy (VCIU)?

severely non-fluent patients with a few stereotypical, or involuntary, words/syllables and with the preserved ability to be able to learn to read syllables, or words

What does Schuell think is the way to differentiate clients with aphasia?

severity

What features to client's with mild aphasia exhibit?

share more features with normal language use than that it deviates, capable of conveying comparable amounts of information as normal speakers, but with reduced efficiency

What is communication?

sharing needs, experiences, thoughts—creating joint meanings

What is the definition of developmental disabilities?

significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social , and practical skills

What is simple regression?

similar to correlation but adds notion to prediction by using the independent variable to predict dependent variable and estimating the value of the dependent variable from the value of independent variable

How is the grammar usage of Broca's aphasia explained?

simplified grammar

What is the direct activation pathway for?

skilled discrete movement

Why might generalizing language skills be important?

skills learned in individual sessions to more natural and spontaneous contexts, somewhat representative of real life.

What amount of air is needed for normal speech?

slightly more than tidal breathing , 1.5 times tidal volume

What would AMRs sound like for someone with spastic dysarthria?

slow but rhythmic

What is a morpheme?

smallest meaningful unit of language

What is a phoneme?

smallest unit of language that changes meaning—linguistically recognized as one speech sound by speaking community

What is underground curriculum?

social expectations/rules; determine peers acceptance

What is language?

socially shared CODE—conventional, complex/dynamic system of arbitrary symbols

Describe the dysphagia-advanced diet.

soft foods that require more chewing ability, nearly normal textures are allowed with the exception of of crunchy, sticky, or very hard foods

Describe mechanically soft.

soft, requires the ability to chew

What are the prerequisites of voluntary control of involuntary utterances therapy (VCIU)?

some ability to associate the automatic words with their written form; and the desire to communicate

Why is dysarthria clinically relevant for aphasia?

some brain damage involves changes in the motor systems as well, producing a mixture of dysarthria with neurogenic language disorders.

What is a time delay?

some clinicians choose to respond to a clinician's request with a time delay such as wainting a few seconds after a request is provided

What is a biased sample?

some members of a population have an unequal opportunity, or perhaps no opportunity, of being selected

What is orthographic principle?

sounds that go together

How does the Assessment of Intelligibility in Dysarthric Speakers work?

speaker reads aloud 50 random words selected from 12 phonetically similar words and for each of the 50 items. a judge listens to recordings of the responses, and chooses the word they think the speaker said intelligibility = the percent of words correctly identified

Actual damage is not what?

specific to one particular system, and usually involves

What would respiration be like in someone with ataxic dysarthria?

speech can contain exaggerated or paradoxical movements Exaggerated movements can lead to excessive loudness; Pardoxical movement can limit subglottic air available for speech which causes the person to speak on residual air which can lead to an increased rate of speech, decreased loudness and a harsh voice

What is ataxic dysarthria?

speech is impaired due to the unreliable control of the strength, displacement, and velocity of movement as a result of some change or lesion in the cerebellum

What is the alphabetic principle?

speech sounds are represented by letters

What does apraxia of speech look like?

speech that is slow and labored

What are optimal breath groups?

the number of syllables that can comfortably be produced on a breath

What is the traditional approach tp aphasia therapy?

stimulation approach

What is primary prevention?

stopping the disability from happening altogether

Why is the Western Aphasia Battery easier to administer?

streamlined, shorter

What is straw singing used for?

strengthen/stretch vocal folds

What are some threats to internal validity?

studies that lack random assignment to treatment and control groups History Maturation Pretest sensitization Statistical regression Instrumentation Selection Mortality

What muscles/glands does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

stylopharyngeus muscle, ipsilateral parotid gland

Which type of infarct have the best prognosis?

subcortical infacts

What are the symptoms of a sub-arachnoid hemorrhage?

sudden excruciating headache, nausea and vomiting, and subsequent changes in consciousness

If audible changes occur after pulsing the abdominal area what is suggested?

suggest a voice that is produced by a relaxed mechanism

When perceptual analyzing speech why might one stress test and how do you stress test?

suspected myasthenia gravis, count as precisely as possible 2 numbers per second with no rest

What is dystonia?

sustained, involuntary contractions of muscles in one or more body parts Contractions come and go in a waxing and waning pattern Generally slower and more prolonged than chorea movements. May result in postural abnormalities.

What is the "pushing approach"?

swing your arms down suddenly from shoulder height while producing a voice onset

What are areas of special interest in cluttering?

syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

Besides the muscles for mastication what muscles does the trigeminal nerve innervate?

tensor veli palatini (tenses the soft palate) mylohyoid (forming the floor of the oral cavity) anterior belly of digastric (When the digastric muscle contracts, it acts to elevate the hyoid bone) tensor tympani (tensing the tympanic membrane)

What is postural stability and why is it important for feeding?

the ability to maintain the position of the body within specific boundaries of space. In a younger child, the ability to sit upright is critical for self‐feeding and ability to eat more difficult foods. Also, the lack of appropriate seating allows the child to get in and out of their chair during meals.

How might age affect prognosis?

the age-factor interacts with (1) the type of aphasia that develops, as well as the (2) etiology of the brain damage to begin with.

What connects Broca's and Wernike's?

the arcuate fasciculus

What is Exner's area?

the area for writing in the brain

What is brain plasticity?

the brain's flexibility for allowing certain functional changes, the capacity of the brain to modify structural organization and functioning

What is mode?

the category, response, or number that occurs most frequently

What are the problems associated with changing loudness?

the client is talking too loud, or soft, given communication contexts (a functional loudness problem). Also, a soft ineffective voice may be the result of other voice problems (sustained periods of vocal abuse).

What feedback would be best for establishing a new pitch?

the client's own voice and have the client produce a target tone for some duration and record it for practice purposes.

What is the interquartile range?

the difference between scores at the 75th quartile and 25th quartile

What is range?

the difference between the the minimum and maximum scores

What is layrngomalacia?

the epiglottis fails to develop normally and is too soft. The epiglottis is pliable even during normal breathing and maybe in the way of normal airflow.

What are salient features?

the features that contribute the MOST to your speech diagnosis: strength, tone, accuracy, range, steadiness, speed (STARSS)

Explain the effortful swallow.

the hard swallow or forceful swallow, volitionally try to increase the force applied to the bolus

In terms of communication who is the receiver?

the intended recipient of a message sent by a sender

What is the definition of language?

the knowledge of a code for representing ideas of the world through a conventional system of arbitrary symbols for communication

What is the uni-dimensional framework viewpoint?

the language system is seen as one unit, indivisible in function. Expressive, receptive, semantic and syntactic components of language are considered inseparable

What is dementia?

the medical term for a family of mostly "degenerative type" disease processes that affect brain functioning

How does the esophageal phase in swallowing occur?

the movement of the bolus is accomplished by a series of ring-like progressive contractions until the bolus enter the LES and the stomach

What is unique about the uni-dimensional framework?

the notion "defies the need to distinguish different forms of aphasia", and generally produces therapeutic procedures that involve stimulation of the entire language system, rather than a focus on specific language related skills

What is the cortex?

the outward layer of the brain It consists primarily of bodies of nerve cells (gray matter) and communicating dendrites

In terms of communication who is the sender?

the person with a message in mind

Specifically, the cerebellum Coordinates and refines what?

the planned motor impulses sent from the cortex based on the sensory information about the positions and conditions of the articulators and on prior practice on what the skilled target movement should be.

When might signs of aphasia be noticed?

the possibility of aphasia may emerge from an evaluation, which may prompt additional diagnostic/assessment related activities

What is Differential diagnosis?

the process of narrowing the diagnostic possibilities and arriving at a specific diagnosis.

What is not aphasia?

the result of a sensory or motor deficit, a general intellectual deficit, or a psychiatric/ psychological deficit

What does symptoms severity depend on?

the size of the artery occluded, the degree of occlusion and how long, the state of collateral circulation, anastosmosis, and particular area of the brain involved

What is a standard deviation?

the square root of the variance

Describe spoon thick liquids.

the thickest "liquid" consistency, It should look like pudding and is sometimes referred to as "pudding thick" liquids It should hold its shape and actually plop off the spoon.

Specifically, the cerebellum adjusts what?

the timing and force of the movements to compensate for unexpected change in the circumstances of a movement may be influenced by connections of the cerebellum to the extrapyramidal system.

The extent and manner in which the right hemisphere contributes to aphasia recovery can interact with what?

the types of language changes that occur and the etiology of the damage

What does hierarchy analysis pertain to?

the use of "systematic desensitization" as a psychological technique for controlling anxiety, tension, and fear

Why is classification based on localization a problem?

the view that a brain functions as a topographically oriented processor

What might a patient with upper motor neuron damage complain of?

their tongue feeling slow and clumsy

What is seen in FFT of normal speakers?

there are plenty of relatively high harmonic peaks across the entire spectrum; the f0 is usually the loudest of all. Peaks in the first 1500 Hz should raise 20dB or better from the noise floor.

What happens if the arcuate fasciculus is damaged?

there can still be language difficulties

How is the weakness of spastic dysarthria different from that of flaccid dysarthria?

there is a resistance to movement

Why might child learn avoidance behaviors during feeding?

they are either communicating that they don't have the physical ability to manage food, or the means to avoid situations that cause physical discomfort.

Describe honey thick liquids.

thick like honey, will flow slowly off the end of a spoon and form a mound

What food consistency requires greater tongue pressure?

thicker foods/liquid but also moderate sucrose, high salt and high citric test samples

What are the 4 liquid consistencies?

thin, nectar, honey, and spoon thick

What is the relationship between AAC and severe receptive aphasia?

this involves the use of AAC in reverse. In order to get through to the client, it is now the listener/partner who now uses AAC representations (e.g., point to pictures, maps, or objects; draw pictures or use gestures). The advantage of drawing is its dual means of supporting conversation because both communication participants can contribute).

What is natural client centered model to language intervention?

this is a developmental and social-pragmatic approach to intervention. i. You are following the child's lead and still using reinforcement to elicit desired behaviors considered the most natural an is on the opposite end of the continuum from the clinician centered

What type of patient would benefit from non-speech tasks to address reduced respiratory function?

those who are unable to generate adequate subglottal pressure to support phonation (those who cannot perform speech tasks)

Who are good candidates for resonance treatment with a palatal lift?

those with velopharyngeal weakness especially when other areas of speech are pretty good, particularly those with flaccid dysarthria, must have a stable dysarthria, best if there is some lateral pharyngeal wall movement

How is the CADL-2 scored?

three point system: fail, ballpark range, success

What are some considerations when it comes to scanning?

timing and speed

Why was the ELT developed?

to assess how well a patient suffering from aphasia can succeed in daily life communication situations

Why might one use prevention treatment in neurogenic stuttering?

to avoid becoming too 'self conscious' about what are basically minor speech differences; seek reduction of emotional/attitudinal reactions to such differences

What type of client would benefit from loop playback?

to clients who need to be focused on the details of speech and voice production

What is the goal of a motor speech examination?

to describe, detect the problem, establish diagnostic possibilities, establish a diagnosis and specify severity and to establish treatment goals

What is the purpose of SPPA?

to enhance functional communication

What functions does counseling have?

to explain the problem in a way that will work for the individual; outward signs of internal psychological conditions, anxieties, or concerns

What was the primary aim of LSVT?

to increase drive to the respiratory and laryngeal muscles by stimulating and training increased loudness

What would the goal of non-speech tasks for treating decreased respiratory function be?

to increase vital capacity and endurance with the hope that you will eventually be able to produce more syllables in a breath and talk for longer time, more loudly

What is the simplest way to convey variability?

to report the minimum and maximum scores

What is the goal of the SOS approach to feeding?

to teach the child how to physically manage the eating so that he or she does not need to avoid feeding experiences , Allows the development of the natural reinforcement related to the enjoyment of eating.

What is the purpose of food chaining?

to understand the core issues of the eating behaviors and plan treatment accordingly

T/F stuttering, articulation difficulties, ADHD, and learning disabilities can coexist with cluttering?

true

What are the 6 main categories of the 32 step hierarchy of the SOS approach?

tolerates, interacts with, smells, touches, and tastes, then eats.

The act of a typical swallow requires what?

tongue base retraction, pharyngeal contraction, hyolaryngeal elevation, airway closure, PES opening

What materials are needed for an oral peripheral exam?

tongue depressor, latex gloves; laryngeal pictures, or if available, a model; or other materials for demonstrating and explaining what is going on in the larynx and motivate the client for coming treatment

What materials can be used to collect a language sample with kindergartners and early elementary school children?

toys with many pieces, puppets, action figures

What is the tectospinal tract?

tract has points of origin throughout the brain stem, but especially in the midbrain area, and ends in the spinal nerves. It is involved in the control of neck muscles.

What is the reticulospinal tract?

tract runs from the reticular nuclei of the pons and medulla to the spinal nerves. It is involved in somatic motor control like the rubrospinal tract and also plays an important role in the control of autonomic functions.

What was the traditional thoughts in handedness and gender to prognosis? What is the current research?

traditional: gender and handed are clear factors (females have better chances) current: inconsistent results make for unclear prognostic indicators

What is narrow phonetic transcription?

transcribe at phone level—add diacritics & allophonic variations within each phoneme

What is broad phonetic transcription?

transcribe sounds at phoneme level

What is the difference between transference and task specificity?

transference is a task that is different than the target behavior but still improves it, task specificity is the target behavior

What is a TIA?

transient ischemic attack; symptoms of a stroke that last shorter than 24 hours

What does the inferior peduncle do?

transmits and receives sensory information from the entire body: position, vestibular system, joints, skin, tendons, and muscles. -provides cerebellum with position of body before, during and after a movement -monitors whether the impulse to the muscles is achieving the intended results. -monitors the timing and force of movements while they are being performed

What does the superior peduncle do?

transmits cerebellar commands to the cortex and the extrapyramidal system. -cerebellum's output channel to the rest of the CNS. -destinations: cerebral cortex or the neurons of the extrapyramidal tract -cortex: sends processed motor impulses to the motor areas of the cortex completing the cortiococerebellar control circuit. Neurons of extrapyramidal tract: cerebellar commands course through the extrapyramidal system to the appropriate lower motor neurons and thus, coordinate and adjust the movements of the voluntary muscles according to the changing positions and circumstances of the body by stimulating or inhibiting the actions of the voluntary muscles. The refined motor commands are then sent (via superior peduncle) to the motor areas of the cortex where they are transmitted to the appropriate muscles.

What does the middle peduncle do?

transmits planned movements from the association cortex to the cerebellum cerebellum receives preliminary information from the cortex regarding planned movements -cerebellum coordinates these planned movements by integrating sensory information it receives from the entire body with the individual's experience of what the appropriate movement should be. The intended movements are refined according to the current conditions of the body and sent back to the cortex via the thalamus.

What does the superior laryngeal branch of CN X vagus do?

transmits sensation from the larynx, epiglottis, base of tongue, and aryefiglottic folds and from stretch receptors in larynx. The external nerve - motor component supplies the inferior pharyngeal constrictors and cricothyroid muscles (for pitch)

What are the 3 levels of iconicity?

transparent Opaque translucent

Optimal generalization results from what?

treatment in which structures that are linguistically similar are selected as treatment targets, and when treatment is applied to the most complex of these structures first

What type of therapy has the best prognosis?

treatment offered at an intensive schedule works both in the sense of language recovery and recovering functional communication.

T or F Individuals with TBI may have residual reading and spelling skills

true

T or F Literacy is vitally important to individuals with complex communication needs

true

T or F Patients may have needs in terms of both receptive and expressive communication.

true

T or F in mixed model designs Pretest-posttest comparison uses two measures from the each participant

true

T or F reduced phonatory function can overlap with decreased resp-phono coordination or deceased respiratory support?

true

T/F 40% of young adult conversation is small talk?

true

T/F Fluent types of aphasia, have a tendency to progress into other fluent types, and nonfluent types tend to evolve into other nonfluent aphasias?

true

T/F a higher percentage of patients improve in comprehension as opposed to production?

true

T/F a symptom of cluttering is irregular rate?

true

T/F above the neck as we progress higher the innervation more bilateral?

true

T/F apraxia problems are inconsistent

true

T/F articulation of those with transcortical sensory aphasia is not bad?

true

T/F cluttering reduces with increased concentration, paying attention to details, and reading

true

T/F confrontation naming is intact in those with transcortical motor aphasia?

true

T/F disfluency can be the result of fears/anxiety?

true

T/F examining Quality of Life/disability of clients is important?

true

T/F facial and other reactions area surprise (rather than learned behavior) to people who neurogenic stutter?

true

T/F fluency is measured in the evaluation of cluttering?

true

T/F hypokinetic dysarthria (Parkinsonism) can be confused with stuttering or cluttering?

true

T/F if individuals continue to improve they may end up residual anomia in the end?

true

T/F if there's sort of improvement in global aphasia shift to Wernicke's or Broca's?

true

T/F in apraxia a "homing in" is heard reflecting approximation of correctness in production?

true

T/F in apraxia, a groping for improved/correct productions is typically heard?

true

T/F in global apahsia, reading and writing parallel verbal linguistic domain?

true

T/F individuals with Broca's aphasia can have intact automatic speech?

true

T/F individuals with Broca's aphasia will have apraxia?

true

T/F infection, intoxication, hard drug use, degenerative disease, and dementia can all lead to aphasia?

true

T/F instruments (ie. visipitch) must be calibrated in order to be reliable?

true

T/F it is important to understand how different ages groups/cultures greet one another and conduct small talk?

true

T/F many people who clutter can't/don't monitor their problems?

true

T/F people who clutter can have distorted words and mazes?

true

T/F people who clutter can have dysfluencies?

true

T/F people who clutter may not be aware of listener cues?

true

T/F pitch can only be reliably measured with instruments?

true

T/F prolongations may be heard in response to other difficulties with speech and not as a problem by itself in apraxia?

true

T/F secondary behaviors except for reactions to failures do not develop in spasmodic dysphonia?

true

T/F spasmodic dysphonia failures in voicing are unexpected?

true

What is dyplophonia?

two sources of phonation (2 voices at once)

What speech tasks a can be used to treat hyperadduction of the vocal folds to improve phonatory function?

typically tension-reducing strategies such as the yawn-sigh, chewing or chanting. Continuous phonation Turning the head from side to side during vocalization.

What are the types of AAC symbols'?

unaided: signs, speech vocalizations aided: tangible, representational (iconic, transparent), and abstract combined

Where is the parietal occipital lobe?

under the surface between parietal and occipital lobe

What is construct validity?

underlying theory instrument it based on (CONSTRUCTED on)

What are surprise foods?

unfamiliar food that is used to help child develop coping strategies. These come later in treatment

What is the result of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria?

unilateral weakness resulting in movements of the tongue being slow with a reduced range of motion The tongue will also deviate to the affected side when protruded A hemi-lower facial droop may also be evident

If there is damage to only the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X vagus what can be heard in the speech?

unilateral= breathy and hoarse voice, decreased loudness, sometimes diplophonia, pitch breaks bilateral=inhalatory stridor but OK voice b/c vc are close to midline. Airway compromise is a serious problem (aspiration)

During an oral mechnism exam of someone with damage to CN XII hyoglossal, what would be seen?

unilaterally the tongue may be shrunken on the weak side. The genioglossus on the strong side will force tongue to weak side upon protrusion, bilateral fasiculations' "thick tongue" drooling

Is spastic dysarthria the result of lower or upper motor neuron damage?

upper motor neuron damage

What postural adjustments for treating decreased respiratory support are there and who benefits most from these adjustments?

upright position for those with Inspiratory problems because gravity assists in pulling down the diaphragm supine position for those with expiratory difficulties because gravity and abdominal contents help push the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity to assist expiration, may also minimize the effects of spasticity

What therapy technique would be used to treat vocal fatigue?

use voice in different ways to find less effortful voice

Where can controlling laryngeal be useful in digital manipulation?

useful where undesirable vertical movements of the larynx during phonation are observed, or for controlling laryngeal height during certain vowels.

How might a client learn self awareness skills?

using a 3-point rating scale

What are lexically/phonologically related cues?

using a part of a word to cue the rest of the word in word retrieval

Why would one use clinical probes during perceptual voice analysis?

using a variety of "facilitative techniques" that appear to apply to the case at hand, with as purpose to formulate effective treatment suggestions.

What types of errors occur in aphasia?

usually normal disfluencies, such as pauses, and word/ phrase repetitions; they often involve function words

Who needs the head back postural techniques?

utilized for patient who have difficulty moving a bolus posterior using gravity to assist

What are the benefits of the postural technique of lying down on a side?

utilized when residues are spread throughout the pharynx bilaterally and the pt is at risk for aspirating them after the swallow. The idea is to eliminate the effect that gravity has on the pharyngeal residues. You will cue pt to produce multiple swallows

What is RAP (jitter)?

variability of the pitch period within the analyzed voice sample

wHAT IS A TWo-way anova?

variance for factorial designs with two independent variables also levels within each independent variable

What might AAC for someone with a brain stem stroke look like?

varies, yes/no, low tech, high tech (access)

What is going on during ventricular dysphonia?

ventricular folds are interfering with phonation

What is a positive side effect of Back to the Drawing Board therapy?

verbal expression may improve (cross over between the response modalities) > inter-systemic reorganization.

What is meant by content when it comes to semantics?

verbs, nouns, etc.

What is special about the PICA?

very controlled

If there is unilateral (weakness) damage to CN V trigeminal, what would an SLP see during an oral motor examination?

via deviation upon opening or asymmetry of the masseter upon palpation

What use is visual feedback?

virtually any problem for which instrumented quantified or graphical results are available

What is VTI?

voice turbulence index- an average ratio of the spectral inharmonic high-frequency energy to the spectral harmonic energy

How can an SLP measure respiration during a motor speech examination?

water glass manometer, also known as 5 for 5, patient must be able to blow air through a straw in 5 inches of water for 5 minutes in order to have adequate respiratory driving force for speech

What happens if there is damage to the accessory nerve?

weaken head rotation Reduced ability to shrug

In terms of communication what is meant by medium?

whatis used to convey the message (mode)

What is a non-specific language impairment?

when a child has cognitive and linguistic difficulty and the impairment is not language specific

What is validity?

when a test measures what it says it measures

What happens for all working memory buffers?

when demands for processing increase the amount of information that can be held in store is going to suffer

How does the oral phase occur in swallowing?

when the tongue tip is elevated the alveolar ridge and the bolus is up at the hard palate, and the lips are closed. Posterior movement of the tongue, respiration stops, arytenoids begin closing for true vocal fold adduction, stripping action of the bolus posteriorly, tongue base puts pressure on the tail of the bolus by contacting the velum while also elevating the larynx and deflecting the bolus away from the bolus, and the posterior pharyngeal wall soft palate closed for positive pressure, airway closes from bottom up

What is secondary prevention?

when you catch it early, your prevention lessens the effects ** SLP can have influence here

What is tertiary prevention?

when you're providing habilitation or rehabilitation ** main role of SLP happens here

What is inter-systemic reorganization?

which promotes, or makes use of, mutually supportive effects from non-linguistic abilities and weakened linguistic abilities

Boone Voice Program for Children establishes what?

whisper, quiet voice, normal voice, "talk across the room voice", and "call someone" voice

What is the corona radiata?

white matter: nerve connections, or 'tracts' between the different areas of the cortex, efferent/afferent pathways to and from the rest of the body, and there are glial cells

Describe nectar thick liquids?

will form a single stream as it flows off end of a spoon, has the consistency of unset gelatin

What is astereognosis?

with damage to either hemisphere: mention the task of recognizing shapes by touch when you don't see them

When would you use the mand-model approach?

with kids who are not using any words

What tends to be a problem in all forms of aphasia?

word retrieval

What is the rationale behind voluntary control of involuntary utterances therapy (VCIU)?

working ingredient of this approach is that accidental involuntary productions may be made purposeful (serve intention) and voluntary if systematically practiced.

What is meant by cultural curriculum?

world knowledge students need in order to access official curriculum—scripts/background knowledge student is EXPECTED to have (BUT cultural situations—CLD students may not have these scripts)

What are orthographic symbols?

written language

Are speech distortions consistent for people with ataxic dysarthria?

yes

Can cluttering be be associated with learning disabilities and attention deficits?

yes

Can people who clutter be taught to pause when appropriate?

yes

Do s/z have the same duration in normal production?

yes

Does artic therapy and slowing down vowels help people who clutter?

yes

Does telescoping speech occur in cluttering?

yes

Does visual biofeedback benefit people who clutter?

yes

Is it possible that cluttering is genetic?

yes

During AAC assessment does the individual get a trial use?

yes, Set up/program appropriate communication devices May need "trial use" of device (ETC) communication partners' wishes and needs about communication devices

Can DAF be used to slow rate in people who clutter?

yes, but typically it worsens

Can ventricular phonation (dysphonia) become a substitute for regular voice?

yes; ventricular phonation becomes a substitute for one's regular voice, and so it hides other conditions

How is SPPA different from HELPSS?

you present a brief story with a picture. Then you elicit target phrases from the client using first delayed repetition (Level A) and then without benefit of repetition (Level B). Once the client has mastered 15 examples in each of eight sentence types the client moves on to the next sentence type. Responses are placed in other sentences to promote generalization. shorter

When discussing aging what are the categories of ages?

young adults-18-40 middle aged-40-60 old aged-60+

Why might someone use visual scenes during peer mediated training?

young children have an easier time location vocabulary when using visual scene displays than with grid

What is a Specific Expressive Language Delay/Late Talker?

• 18-36 months—slow to begin to talk, few words; BUT achieve other developmental milestones on time, hearing is good, normal receptive language

What are the different types of communicators?

• Assertive and responsive - active • Assertive - verbal non-communicators • Low assertive but high responsive - passive • Low in both - inactive communicators

How would an SLP conduct a grammatical maker analysis?

• Conduct a language a language sample and take out clinician's and/or parent's utterances • Calculate the child's total opportunities to use grammatical markers • Then calculate how many times the child actually used the grammatical marker • Divide the child's use of grammatical marker by the number of opportunities - this is the percent

What is the role of the teacher in intervention of small children?

• Emphasize on curriculum-based intervention • This can help with generalization because it's more natural than individual sessions • Provides information on the curriculum and classroom needs

Besides PMT and Enhanced Milieu what are some other approaches and strategies that can be ised with prelinguistic speakers?

• Engage the child in positive social interactions with caregiver support to signal mutual eye gaze, joint attention, joint engagement • Help child regain stability when upset (goal would be emotional regulation and mutual attention) • Engage in mutual attention by facial expressions and imitating sounds the child produces • Introduce taking turns making sounds with child and caregiver • Target reciprocal dialogue - aims at helping parents treat all their child's behaviors as communicative and also to engage the child in exchanges of turn taking and imitation • Help parents develop a playful attitude and enjoyment of their children so that they can become facilitative partners for the child in communication and play • Early vocabulary - often the goal is expressive, but you also want to address the receptive aspect. You want to pick groups of words that are functional • Use phonology to aid in expressive vocab - often pick words that the child already has sounds for (typically bilabials)

What are some things looked at in a semantic analysis?

• Existence: "bird" • Nonexistence: "all gone" • Recurrence: "more" • Action: "throw ball" • Rejection: "no" (in response to, "give me a kiss") • Possession: "mine" • Denial: "no" (in response to, "we need to go inside") • Attribution: "big"

In what way can we help the client respond/comprehend better?

• Facilitation • Compensation • Self cuing

What are some functions and modes?

• Function: requesting action; Mode: child lifts arms to be picked up • Function: requesting object; Mode: reaching • Function: protest; Mode: turns head • Function: comment; Mode: pointing • Function: greeting; Mode: waves

What is the purpose of assessment?

• Identify if there is/isn't impairment, eligibility for services (norm-referenced) • targets for intervention (criterion-referenced, language sample analysis) • language difference vs. disorder (dynamic assessment)

What intervention strategies are there for academic discourse?

• Increase student's awareness through systematic observation • Scaffold newly observed behaviors • Use small groups, mini-lessons, collaboration with classroom teachers

What is the role of parents in intervention of small children?

• Informant • Play partner • Observer • Evaluator • Validator of findings

What literacy activities can be incorporated into language?

• Participation in reading activities • Reading books that highlight the language skills • Interactive book reading

What are some intervention strategies for early language stages (after prelinguistic stage)?

• Look at appropriate areas of emergent literacy such as: participation in reading activities, book knowledge, early writing behaviors, phonological awareness skills, story comprehension, sight word recognition, environmental print, narratives, alphabet knowledge • Look at vocabulary, syntax/morphology, and pragmatics at increased levels of complexity • Important to examine the school and home environments in order to determine the literacy models and supports that are available • Classroom-based intervention that involves incorporating the curriculum and involving the teacher and peers • Focused stimulation

What is pragmatic analysis?

• Look at the child's functions and modes

What are the different types of discourse examined in a Fey analysis?

• Maintenance = maintenance utterances/total utterances • Extension = extension utterances/total utterances • Tangential extension = tangential utterances/total utterances • Initiation = initiation utterances/total utterances

People with mild aphasia have problems with what?

• Personal and social experiences with communication • Vocational demands (or in younger clients: educational demands) mild anomia, dysfluency (and negative emotions/tensions about them), and distractability

What are Lubinski's points on environment of aphasia treatment?

• Many environments where clients live do not give much reason, or motivation to communicate, or provide few opportunities to do so (residential care facilities) • In many situations there is little "built-in" need to communicate, as many of the needs are anticipated by the staff (and procedures). • There may be a lack of positive reinforcement for communication.

What are some considerations when working with CLD populations?

• Need to collect information on what language is used in the home • Need to get to the bottom line of: are they having difficulty in both languages? • May need to use and interpreter • May need to test in both languages and combine results • Translating tests will not be appropriate o You must find tests that are already developed for kids that are CLD or can be adaptive • Dynamic assessment is very important o Test, teach, re-test o If they can pick it up, it and re-test better it may be a difference and they just didn't have enough exposure

What are some emergent literacy skills?

• Phonological and phonemic awareness • Print awareness • Book knowledge • Understanding story structure ("once upon a time") • Early writing (scribbles) • Sight word recognition

What is the role of peers in intervention of small children?

• Play partner • Model • Motivator • More contextualized and natural

How can technology be used to increase literacy?

• Preschool-age children are capable of using computers and/or tablets which can be used to enhance literacy, language development, sentence structure, etc. • The clinician's role is crucial in that they provide appropriate software programs for children that are beneficial, target the child's zone of proximal development (right above what they can already do independently so they can be scaffolded)

What are the different functions of communication examined in a Fey analysis?

• RQAC: request for action • RSAC: response to the request for the action • RQIN: Request for information • RSIN: Response to the request for information • ASST: Assertive statement • ASCO: Assertive comment • RQCL: request for clarification • RSCL: response to the request for clarification

What is discourse?

• Spoken & written communication—usually longer than sentence level

What is the difference between a comment and statement?

• Statement is a declaration ex. "Me eat cookie" • Comment is a remark ex. "The cookie is sticky

What prelinguistic skills would have SLP assess in a young child?

•Shared affect •Joint attention •Joint engagement •Eye gaze •Reciprocity (back and forth exchange) •Expressive language (about one-word) •Receptive language •Communication functions •Communication modes •Symbolic play •Speech-sound development (vocalizations and verbalizations) •Imitations

What speech and language areas are assessed in young children?

•Sound production •Expressive words •Early word combinations •Receptive language •Symbolic play •Emergent literacy •Communicative modes and functions •Communication stage

What are different approaches to language intervention in school age kids?

•developmental/normative approach= end goal: age-appropriate skills •functional approach = end goal: successful in functioning environment

WHat does ASHA say about the roles of an SLP in literacy?

• SLPs play critical & direct role in development of literacy for children & adolescents with communication disorders & make contribution to literacy efforts of a school district or community o Assessment & intervention for children with persistent language difficulties often involves problems with reading & writing

What are the six subscales of the FIM scales (FAM: Functional Assessment Measures)?

• Self-care (eating, grooming, toileting etc) • Sphincter control • Mobility (bed, chair, toilet) • Locomotion • Communication (only comprehension and expression!) • Social cognition

What are the types of dual language learning?

• Sequential • Simultaneous

What is the difference between skills and strategy?

• Skill= automatic procedure, product-oriented, observable behavior, bottom-up • Strategy= conscious plan, process-oriented—cognitive processes, generally unobservable, top down

What is SALT?

• Software that will analyze sample for you • Manages the process of eliciting, transcribing, and analyzing the language sample normative data is in it, so you can compare the child's scores to normative data and this can qualify them for services

What are the different types of bias that Norm-Referenced Tests can have?

•Content bias/linguistic bias •Situational bias/format bias •value bias •Examiner bias •Disproportional representation in norms

What are the roles of parents during an assessment of a young child?

•Informant •Play partner •Observer •Evaluator •Validate findings

What are the different types of dialectal variations?

•Pronunciation/Phonological •Morphological/Grammatical •Lexical/Semantic •Pragmatic

How might an SLP assess academic discourse of a student?

• analysis of school culture curriculum such as observation, looking over curriculum/related materials • Assess student's current level of performance such as theiro Declarative Knowledge: Have student explain/describe classroom expectations and Procedural Knowledge: Observe what they actually do in the classroom

Why is Amerind a popular nonverbal communication technique?

• low level of symbolism (iconic; concrete reference base); it is like meaning is expressed directly • easily acquired by client and ... significant others • easily interpreted by others, even those who don't know it • flexible in encoding: signs maybe combined to create new ones. • Relatively efficient to learn; there is no grammatical structure • Many brain-damaged individuals learn this system the easiest; only 20% of the signs require use of both hands.

What are the cognitive prerequisites for language development?

• object permanence, • representational skills • means/ends

What are useful strategies to use with those with mild mild aphasia?

• the client talks about his/her area of expertise (hobbies, profession etc) • retelling and summarizing stories of increasing length • writing letters and keeping a diary • forming sentences using designated words (on cards; or when verbally presented) • performing multiple step verbal cognitive tasks such as giving directions • writing captions for cartoons • interpreting metaphors and idioms

What is academic discourse?

• ways of thinking/using language specific to school setting; highly pragmatic based "learning how to do school" (raising hands, more formal style, staying quiet while teacher lectures, teachers ask students questions to things they already know the answer to)

What are some suggestions of different communication functions to elicit when collecting a language sample with school age populations?

•Answering/responding •Calling/Greeting •Continuance •Expressing Feelings •Hypothesizing/ Reasoning •Making Choices •Predicting •Protesting Declaring/citing Detailing/ naming •Requesting: Assistance, clarification, objects, permission •Pre-suppositional skills

WHat is the purpose of language intervention in school age children?

•Change/eliminate underlying problem OR change the environment •change the disorder by teaching specific language behaviors OR teach compensatory strategies