Computer Science

All variable names in PHP must begin with which character?

$

Which form is used to denote the LET construct in Scheme?

(LET ( (name1 expression1) ... (namen expressionn) ))

How many reserved words does COBOL have?

300

How many characters could a variable name in FORTRAN I have?

6

In Ruby class variable begins with which sign?

@@

Which factor/s contributes towards increasing cost of a programming language?

A language having expensive implementation system and not portable

The concept of using Blocks which allows static scope inside program units was introduced in which language?

ALGOL 60

Exception handling is:

Ability of a program to intercept run-time errors, take corrective measures and continue

If two variable names can be used to access the same memory location, what are they are called?

Aliases

What is the process of getting a cell to which a variable is bound from a pool of available cells called?

Allocation

The most common data structures in the field of scientific applications of programming languages was:

Arrays and matrices

Which programming language doesn't allow nested subprogram definitions under static scoping?

C - based languages

A language that is writable but not reliable because of its flexibility in pointer usage is

C++

Which of the following is not a scripting language?

C++

In which language do all data declarations in a function, except those in nested blocks, appear at the beginning of the function?

C89

Name the first programming language whose use was mandated by the Department of Defense.

COBOL

The first successful high level language for business was:

COBOL

SIMULA 67 works with coroutines. What is a coroutine?

Controls allowing subprograms to restart at the position where they previously stopped.

PL/I represents the first large scale attempt to design a language that could be used for a broad spectrum of application areas. Which of the following was a contribution of PL/I ?

Detect and handle 23 different types of exceptions or run-time errors.

Which of the following was NOT incorporated in the design goals of BASIC?

Difficult and meant only for science students to learn and use.

Which of the following is true about Orthogonality?

Every possible combination of primitives is legal and meaningful.

Which of the following variables are allocated and deallocated by explicit run-time instructions written by the programmer and can only be referenced through pointers or references?

Explicit Heap -Dynamic Variables.

In ALGOL 68, dynamic arrays are called:

Flex arrays

Which version of FORTRAN added support for object oriented programming?

Fortran 2003

Which version of FORTRAN included If with an optional Else clause?

Fortran 77

Garbage Collection supported by Java is a process which:

Frees the programmer from needing to delete objects explicitly when they are no longer needed.

A lost heap-dynamic variable is also called:

Garbage

Speed coding was an interpretive system developed by John Backus for which of the following?

IBM 701

When do we call static binding?

If it first occurs before run time and remains unchanged throughout program execution.

Which of these is true about inheritance?

It enhances the potential re-use of existing software

The reason for studying concepts of programming languages are:

It helps a programmer to learn several other languages.

What is a reserved word?

It is a special word that cannot be used as a user-defined name.

What is the meaning of an explicit declaration?

It is a statement in a program that lists variable names and types.

What is a named constant?

It is a variable that is bound to a value once, increasing readability and program reliability.

What is a variable?

It is an abstraction of a memory cell or collection of memory cells.

What is a dynamic scope?

It is based on calling sequences of subprograms, not on their spatial relationship to each other.

What is the function of the assignment operation in a pointer?

It is used to set a pointer variable's value to some useful address.

Which of the following is an advantage of using a static variable?

It is very efficient. All addressing is direct and no run-time overhead is incurred.

What is a disadvantage of dynamic scoping?

It makes a program difficult to read.

Which of the following is an advantage of Dynamic Type Binding?

It offers a high degree of flexibility in programming.

The largest impact of Pascal was:

It was used to teach programming from 1971-1990s in colleges and universities.

What is true about Java programs?

Its designers traded execution efficiency for reliability

Machine code was replaced by Assembly language because.

Machine code was tedious and error prone

APL is a programming language that provides

Many powerful operators

For heap management, in which method of garbage collection does reclamation occur only when the list of available space becomes empty?

Mark-Sweep Approach

In the compilation process, which of the following represent the syntactic structure of the program?

Parse trees

Aliasing means:

Presence of two or more distinct referencing methods for the same memory location

What is the von Neumann bottleneck about?

Program instructions often can be executed much faster than the speed of the connection

Which of these is a functional programming language and has only two data types: atoms and lists?

Pure Lisp

When would you prefer pure interpretation of programs?

Small programs where efficiency can be neglected

Name the first programming language that fully supported Object Oriented Programming.

Smalltalk

One common feature of APL and SNOBOL is:

Storage is allocated to a variable when it is assigned a value i.e. dynamic storage allocation.

The evolution of programming design methodology is as follows:

Structured programming -> Data oriented programming -> Object oriented programming

JSP is a Mark-up programming hybrid language used to:

Support dynamic Web documents and provide other processing needs of Web documents.

Which new feature was incorporated in ALGOL 60 that was not available in ALGOL 58?

The concept of block structure was introduced.

Which of these is true of the Von-Neumann architecture?

The execution of machine code occurs in a process called the fetch-execute cycle

What is true about mark-up languages?

They are also called programming hybrid languages

Which of the following properties are similar for Java and C++?

They both have classes and primitive types.

ALGOL 60 was the result of efforts...

To design a universal programming language for scientific applications.

Which attribute of a variable determines the range of values the variable can store and the set of operations that are defined for these values?

Type

Data-oriented program design methodology focuses on:

Use of abstract data types

An example of a markup language would be:

XSLT

State the correct algorithm for the fetch-execute cycle:

repeat forever fetch the instruction pointed by the counter increment the counter decode the instruction execute the instruction end repeat