CON 132 exam 2
abbreviations
@-at ABV-above ADJ-adjustable BRD BD-bread board CNTR-counter CMU-concrete masonry unit D-dryer DP-depth DW-dish washer CAB-cabinet DRWR-drawer ELEC-electric FLR-floor GA-guage GALV-galvanized LAM-laminated LR-libing room MAS VEN-masonry veneer MC-medicine cabinet MSTR B-master bedroom MW-midrewove PL HT-Plate Height PREFAB-prefabricated RWD-redwood SFS-surface four sides W/-with WD-wood WM-washing machine
ventilation
Attic or roof ventilation is necessary in hot and cold weather Without ventilation, air becomes stagnant, condensation and ice may build up Ventilation is created by allowing cool air to enter through the cornice and exit at the ridge or through ventilators
box cornice
Boxes the rafter tails Includes fascia (covers ends of rafter tails) and soffit (covers underside of rafter tails)
determining the heights of columns and piers
Columns length or pier height depends on how joists attach to girder Floor joists may rest directly on top of girder or may be butted against it First determine dimension from basement floor to finished first floor Second, subtract from this dimension first floor depth Including all framing and girder Add distance from top of basement floor to bottom of column Result equals height
structural steel framing
Consists of columns (vertical) and beams (horizontal) Girders (largest beams) attach to columns Joists (intermediate beams) are supported at ends by girders Lintels are beams that support weight above an opening Actual lengths of members are not shown on general contract drawings Shown on shop drawings, drawn by steel fabricator, after construction drawings are completed
clay tile
DIE-EXTRUDED PRODUCT MADE FROM BURNED CLAY CHEAP TO BUY AND INSTALL LIGHTWEIGHT, IMMUNE TO DECAY VERY LITTLE EXPANSION/CONTRACTION FIRE RESISTANT
balloon framing
Exterior wall studs are continuous from foundation to top of the wall Floor framing at intermediate levels is supported by let-in ribbon boards
drip caps and flashing
Flashing prevents water from running behind siding Heads of windows and doors may form a small horizontal surface Wood drip cap molding is used to shed water
light gauge steel framing
Formed from flat cold-rolled pieces of carbon steel Design variations Gauge thickness range: No. 12 to No. 20 Available in nailable and non-nailable types Available galvanized or primed with zinc chromate Construction details Floors: steel decking with concrete topping Roofs: any decking available Stud walls: support lightweight steel, roof trusses Finished exterior: can be any typical material
site plans
Gives site information and where the building will be constructed. Boundary is shown with a heavy line or with one or two short dashes between longer line segment.
post and beam framing
Heavier framing members spaced farther apart Joined or fastened with special hardware Uses less material and can be erected quicker
hip rafters
Hip rafters run from the building corner to the ridge at a 45° angle Length can be found by using a table found on most framing squares Second line of table is used to calculate hip rafter length hip jack rafters butt against the hip rafter Cut at an angle Produces a surface longer than the width of the lumber from which the rafter is cut
framing openings
In stud-wall construction: One or more studs are cut off or completely eliminate where windows and doors are installed Load normally carried by these studs must be transferred to sides of opening Header
columns, piers, girders
Joists are parallel beams used in floor framing Buildings too wide for continuous joists are supported by one or more girders (beams) running the building length Girder is supported at regular intervals by wood or metal posts or by masonry or concrete piers Pipe columns are the most common girder support Masonry or concrete piers may be specified Locations are given by dimensions to center lines Bearing plate provides a flat surface at the top or bottom of column or post
clay masonry units
KNOWN AS BRICK MADE FROM PULVERIZED/BAKED CLAY MAY BE SOLID OR HOLLOW CORE GREAT VARIETY OF SIZES/SHAPES BONDED INTO PLACE
concrete masonry units
KNOWN AS CMU'S OR CONCRETE BLOCK MAKEUP PORTLAND CEMENT GRADED AGGREGATE WATER TYPES SOLID HOLLOW CORE: 2 OR 3 CORE BONDED INTO PLACE
valley rafters
Line where two pitched roofs meet is a valley Rafter that follows the valley is a valley rafter Common for both roofs to have the same pitch Valley rafters have no tail Hip jack rafters extend from wall plate to a hip rafter Valley jack rafters extend from a valley rafter to the ridge board Third and fourth lines of rafter are used to calculate length of jack rafters
wall openings
Location and size must be known before window and door openings can be framed Opening locations are given by dimensioning to their centerlines in a string of dimensions outside the floor plan Usually given from face of studs
fiber cement siding
Made of portland cement, ground sand, cellulose fiber, and additives mixed with water and formed into siding Does not rot Termite proof
truss information
Most modern roof frames are built with trusses Some situations call for rafter-framed roofs Rafters are cut and installed onsite Most roof frames are made up of trusses Some call for rafters Trusses must be able to withstand the elements Plans show truss information
finding dimensions continued
Overall dimensions and major wall locations are given outside the view Minor partitions and detailed features are dimensioned either on or off the view Angled wall length is found through trigonometry Architects scale is adequate for estimating As each wall is laid out: Plates are cut to length Positions of all openings and intersecting walls are marked Commercial buildings may require a thicker wall Not always indicated on floor plan Utilities to be stubbed up from a concrete floor slab into a wall are installed prior to floor slab concrete placement
floor joists
Parallel framing members making up most of floor framing Metal floor joists are used in commercial and industrial construction Floor plans notes indicate size, direction, and spacing of joists in the floor above In simple buildings joists run in the same direction Irregularities require them to run in different directions
stuco
Plaster made with portland cement Wall sheathing is covered with waterproof building paper Lath (usually wire netting) is stapled to the wall Stucco is troweled on: First, a rough scratch coat Second, a brown coat to build up to approximate thickness Third, a finish coat
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete uses high strength steel cables to compress lower half of beam before load is placed on it Concrete is prestressed by casting around steel cables that are put in tension Types Pre-tensioned Post tensioned Normally precast at a concrete factory High strength cables are pulled to produce tension While cables are held in place, concrete beam is caste Cables attempt to contract putting beam in compression Post tensioned Cables contained in tubes or coated with plastic material so that they do not bond with concrete Cables are draped according to prints and attached to plate at one end of beam Covered with concrete Tensioned with jack
stone masonry unit
ROCK IGNEOUS,METAMORPHIC,SEDIMENTRY CLASSIFICATIONS ASHLAR, RUBBLE, AND CUT STONE BONDED INTO PLACE
closed cornice
Rafters do not overhang beyond sidewall Interior may be sealed by sheathing and siding or by a fascia
gable ends
Roof gable is a triangle formed at the end of the roof by two top chords of truss and its bottom chord Roof framing at a gable end must include studs Provides a place to attach sheathing and siding Gable-end truss is used
dimensions and rough openings
Rough opening size is listed on the door and window manufacturers' specifications Door and window schedules are lists of all doors and windows, usually nominal dimensions Indicated on floor plan by a mark (letter or number) Rough opening dimensions are not usually given on drawings Contact manufacturer If finished doorway is to be built on site, rough opening size will not be available Manufacturers of hardware for sliding and bifold doors specify rough opening sizes for doors installed with their hardware Sizes of doors and windows are given with width first and height second Often listed as feet/inches Electrical utility installers should be familiar with with locations and sizes of rough openings prior to installing electrical wiring
roof construction terms continued
Run: horizontal distance covered by one rafter Does not include any part of rafter extending beyond the wall On a common two-sided roof with both sides having the same pitch, run is one-half the span Measuring line: imaginary line along which all roof dimensions are taken Measuring line of a rafter is a line parallel to its edges and passing through deepest part of bird's mouth Bird's mouth: notch cut in lower edge of rafter to fit around top of the wall Ridge board: horizontal member to which upper ends of rafters are connected
two way floor slab
SLAB IS SUPPORTED BY A GRID OF BEAMS RUNNING IN BOTH DIRECTIONS OVER COLUMNS
one way floor slab
SUPPORTED BY PARALLEL GIRDERS BEAMS RUN PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER
wood windows
Sash: glass and wood (or metal) that holds glass Made of rails and stiles May include muntins Small strips dividing glass into panes Window frame: side jambs, head jamb, and sill Casing: molding against the wall around the frame
metal and plastic siding
Several manufacturers produce aluminum, steel, and vinyl siding and trim Most common type is made to look like horizontal beveled wood siding A variety of trim pieces are available for any type of application
foundation plans
Shows foundation walls and structural work to be done below living spaces.
floor framing
Sill construction Sill plate: Piece in contact with foundation Anchor bolts pass to secure floor in place Sill sealer prevents sill plate from coming in contact with foundation, and seals small gaps Acts like a gasket All lumber in contact with foundation must be pressure treated to prevent decay
sill construction
Sill construction or box sill Entire construction of floor frame at the top of foundation Box sill is made up of the sill sealer, sill plate, joist, and joist header Termite shield protects termites from getting into the wood superstructure
gambrel roof
Similar to gable roof Sides slope steeply from walls to a point about halfway up the roof, then have a gradual slope
mansard roof
Similar to hip roof, except lower half has a very steep slope and top half is more gradual
exterior wall systems
Single-thickness metal panels Ribs formed in them for strength and decoration Hollow metal wall panel with insulation in core Insulations: rigid foam, foamed core, board, blanket Exposed exterior surface Colored coating over embossed metal face A stucco-type finish Panels with stone aggregate bonded to material Kiln-fired clay brick surface
hip roof
Slopes on all four sides Has no exposed wall above top plates
girders
Steel beams are used when strength is critical Built-up wood girders are constructed on site Three or more pieces of two-inch lumber nailed together with staggered joints Sizes and specifications are given in the International Residential Code® Laminated veneer lumber are strong and can be manufactured to almost any size
types of cornices
The cornice is construction where the roof edge joins the building sidewall On hip roofs, cornice is similar on all four sides On gable and shed roofs, cornice follows pitch of end (rake) rafters Sometimes called the rake
metal windows
Thermal-break windows: Use a combination of air spaces and materials that do not conduct heat easily to separate exterior from interior
fastening techniques
Three basic ways to join steel members Rivets: high-strength carbon and alloy steels Installed in holes or punched in members Heated to white heat, heads formed on either side Rivet cools and contracts, pulling members together Bolts: used more commonly than rivets They are tightened with calibrated torque wrenches Washers help distribute load on bolt or nut Welding: connections like those for rivets and bolts Most common method: electric arc welding
roof construction terms
Top chord: top member in truss Bottom chord: bottom member of truss Acts as a ceiling joist for space below Web member: interior bracing between top chord and bottom chord Gusset: reinforcing piece of metal or plywood fastened to truss, where members are joined Span: distance between outsides of walls covered by a roof Rise: vertical distance or roof height Overhang: horizontal distance covered by roof outside walls Tail: portion of top chord outside the walls Pitch: way of indicating roof steepness Usually given as number of inches of rise per foot of run (slope or unit rise)
truss engineering drawings
Truss engineering drawings include a detail sheet for each truss type Truss detail includes a truss drawing and engineering data required to build it Carpenters do not usually build trusses The same drawings that go to the site with the trusses are also used in the shop to build them
Gable roof
Two sloping sides that meet at the ridge Gable: triangle formed at the ends of the house between top plates of wall and roof
open cornice
Underside of rafter is left exposed Blocking seals from weather May or may not include fascia
finding dimensions
Understand the relationships of the rooms to one another, then look for more detailed information Dimensioning frame walls: Exterior walls are dimensioned to face of studs or face of sheathing Interior walls may be dimensioned to either face of studs or centerlines
metal framing
Used in commercial construction Strength of structural steel or reinforced concrete is not required Also used in home building where termites and water damage are problems
masonry veneer
Usually brick or natural stone Thin layer of masonry over a structural wall Interesting patterns are created by using half bricks and bricks in different positions
Pre-engineered Metal Building Systems
Various types of building frame members used Structural steel and light-gauge steel Vertical members supported with concrete footings Structural components carry specified load Complete assembly provides the strength needed Common types of pre-engineered buildings Truss-type, rigid frame, post-and beam, sloped roof
depth of footings
When frost forms, the earth expands, if earth under footings freezes, it cracks or moves the building. to eliminate this, footing is placed under frost line. two methods are used to indicate elevation, or depth, of the bottom of footings. key points on elevation drawings, and dimensioning bottom of footing from a point of known elevation.
laying out walls and partitions
When the deck is completed, location of walls and partitions are laid out Size and location of each wall are indicated on floor plans Before looking for specific details on floor plans, mentally walk through the house
energy saving framing
When wall framing is done with 2×4s spaced 16 inches on centers, up to 25% of the wall is solid wood Wood conducts heat out of the building Only spaces between wood framing is insulated Using 2×6 studs spaced 24 inches on centers, area of solid wood is reduced to less than 20% Reduces amount of exposed wood Creates two additional inches for insulation
centerline dimensions
When walls are dimensioned to centerlines: One-half of the wall thickness must be subtracted to find the face of the studs Dimensions are given in a continuous string when practical
framing at openings
Where stairs and chimneys pass through the floor frame, joists are cut out to form an opening Ends are supported by headers made of two or more members Full joists at sides of opening have to carry extra load of shortened joists and headers, so they are doubled or tripled
public land survey system (PLSS)
a section is an area nominally one square mile, containing 640 acres, with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid.
drainage
after foundation walls are erected, and before outside wall excavation backfill, footing drains are installed. if there is a natural slope drains are run to the lowest point and if no slope is present then there will be a dry well or municipal storm drain.
platform framing
also called western framing Used in most houses built in last 60 years As rough floor is built at each level, a platform is formed to work on while erecting the next level Wall studs extend the height on one story Interior walls (partitions) are the same as exterior Bottom and top plates hold studs in position Double top plate ties intersecting walls and partitions together
foundation walls
base of a building. may be poured in place concrete or masonry. shown as a solid line on the foundation plans foundations walls and footings shown as hidden lines in elevation views.
vapor barriers
coatings foundation wall with asphalt prevents groundwater from seeping through.
laying out foundations
concrete footings harden and forms are removed. carpenters begin erecting forms or concrete foundations. foundation plans include overall, interior corner, special constructions, and special smaller features dimensions.
slab on grade foundation
concrete slab placed directly on soil with little to no other support.
elevation information
design of buildings-general shape, patios, steps, porches. roof-type, slope, material, vents, gravel stops. openings-window:type, size, swing, location doors: type, size, location.
building layout
floor plans show locations of all walls, doors, windows, how building is divided into rooms and how to get from one to another.
special features
foundations may include steel or wooden beams acting as girders to support floor framing over long spans. steel girder is indicated by a single line with a note specifying size and type. wood girder is indicated by two or more lines and a note specifying number of pieces of wood and sizes.
dimensions
given for sizes and locations of all walls, partitions, doors, windows, and other important features. windows and doors may be dimensioned about there center line or edges of openings. masonry openings needs to be dimensioned from edge to edge of the opening.
spread footing
house foundation that rests on a footing separate from the concrete floor
concrete slabs
if the house has a basement, floor is a concrete slab on grade.
sections and details
larger-scale drawings and section views show how individual pieces fit together. these drawings are grouped together in the drawing set.
sections
nearly all drawing sets include a typical wall section. transverse sections are taken from an imaginary cut across the buildings width. longitudinal sections are taken lengthwise. details may be best shown by combining elevations and sections or using isometric drawings.
elevations
orthographic projections showing the exterior view of one side of the building and/or interior walls.
grade beams
reinforced concrete beam that pans from footing to footing
floor plans
section view taken at a height. shows placement of walls, windows, doors, cabinets.
property boundary line
shown on a site plan, the direction of a property line is expressed as a bearing angle. the angle of the bearing line is an angle between the line and north or south. north or south depending on which keeps bearing under 90 degrees. 360 degrees in a circle, 60 minutes in a degree and 60 seconds in a minute. point of beginning (P.O.B.) may or may not be shown on the site plans. approximate boundary direction can be found with a hand held compass.
shed roof
simple sloped roof with no ridge
footings
soil can change shape under force. when weight of a building is placed on soil, soil compresses under foundation walls and the building settles. footings prevent settling by spreading building weight. slab on grade foundations are simple and common in warm climates.
orienting sections and details
some sections and details are labeled as typical. sections and details referring to a specific locations include a reference indication where it came from.
stepped footings
sometimes footings depth needs changing to accommodate for slope. step footing allows concrete blocks to be laid so the top of each footing step is even with masonry course. normally in eight inch increments.
interpolating elevations
sometimes it is necessary to find an elevation falling between two contour lines. interpolation is finding an unknown value by comparing it with known values.
reinforcement
steel reinforcement bars provide footing reinforcement. 1/8 inch scale 3=.375" 4=.500" 5=.625" 6=.750" 7=.875" 8=1.000" 9=1.128" 10=1.270" 11=1.410" 14=1.693" 18=2.257"
footing
supports foundation walls with a concrete base.
footings
the enlarged base of the foundation walls. distributes the weight of the building to the ground below. must be below the frost line. footings our shown with hidden lines and there sizes our on the foundation plan or a detail of the foundation wall.
insulation
usually rigid plastic foam board placed against foundation wall or laid over gravel under fill.
column pads
where steel columns, masonry piers, and wooden posts are used, a special concrete pad is indicated on foundation plan.