Congenital Heart Defects
A group of nurses is reviewing the cardiovascular system and its function. Which statement by one of the nurses demonstrates an understanding of a child's cardiovascular system? A) "At birth, the infant's right and left ventricle are about the same size." B) "Between the ages of 5 and 6, the child's left ventricle grows to about two times the size of the right." C) "The heart rate of the child decreases whenever the child experiences a fever." D) "The child's heart doesn't mature and function like an adult's until between 8 and 10 years of age."
A) "At birth, the infant's right and left ventricle are about the same size."
A nurse is taking the history of a 4-year-old boy who will undergo a cardiac catheterization. Which statement by his mother may necessitate rescheduling of the procedure? A) "He seems listless and slightly warm." B) "He is allergic to iodine and shellfish." C) "He is very scared and nervous about the procedure." D) "He is not taking any medication."
A) "He seems listless and slightly warm."
The nurse is providing child and family education prior to discharge following a cardiac catheterization. The nurse is teaching about signs and symptoms of complications. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further teaching? A) "The feeling of the heart skipping a beat is common." B) "We need to avoid a tub bath for the next 3 days." C) "Strenuous activity should be limited for the next 3 days." D) "We need to watch for changes in skin color or difficulty breathing."
A) "The feeling of the heart skipping a beat is common."
An 8-year-old child is scheduled for an exercise stress test. Which instruction would be mostimportant for the nurse to emphasize? A) "You need to report any symptoms you are having during the test." B) "You need to lie very still during this test." C) "You'll have to wear the monitor for 24 hours." D) "You get some medicine that will make you sleepy."
A) "You need to report any symptoms you are having during the test."
A nurse is examining a 10-year-old girl who has a heart murmur. On auscultation, the nurse finds that the murmur occurs only during systole, is short, and sounds soft and musical. When she has the girl stand, she can no longer hear the murmur on auscultation. Which statement should the nurse make to the girl's mother in response to these findings? A) "Your daughter has an innocent heart murmur, which is nothing to worry about." B) "Your daughter has a functional heart murmur; I recommend that you limit her physical activity so that her heart rate is not elevated for long periods of time." C) "Your daughter has an organic heart murmur, which indicates that she has some degree of heart disease. The doctor will provide a referral to a good cardiologist." D) Not say anything, as the girl has an insignificant heart murmur and there is no reason to alarm the mother or her.
A) "Your daughter has an innocent heart murmur, which is nothing to worry about."
The nurse is caring for a 10-year-old boy following a cardiac catheterization. Four hours after the procedure, the nurse notes some minor bleeding at the site. Which action would be most appropriate? A) Apply pressure 1 inch above the site. B) Contact the physician. C) Ensure that the child's leg is kept straight. D) Change the dressing.
A) Apply pressure 1 inch above the site.
A 5-year-old is being prepared for diagnostic cardiac catheterization, in which the catheter will be inserted in the right femoral vein. What intervention should the nurse take to prevent infection? A) Avoid drawing a blood specimen from the right femoral vein before the procedure B) Keep the child NPO for 2 to 4 hours before the procedure C) Record pedal pulses D) Apply EMLA cream to the catheter insertion site
A) Avoid drawing a blood specimen from the right femoral vein before the procedure
After assessing a child, the nurse suspects coarctation of the aorta based on a finding of: A) Femoral pulse weaker than brachial pulse. B) Bounding pulse. C) Narrow pulse. D) Hepatomegaly.
A) Femoral pulse weaker than brachial pulse.
The nurse in a pediatric cardiovascular clinic is talking with the father of a 5-year-old child who underwent cardiac surgery for a heart defect at the age of 3. The father reports that the child has been having increased shortness of breath, tires easily after playing, and has been gaining weight. The nurse is aware that the child is most likely demonstrating symptoms of which acquired cardiovascular disorder? A) Heart failure B) Infective endocarditis C) Cardiomyopathy D) Kawasaki Disease
A) Heart failure
The nurse in a pediatric cardiovascular clinic is talking with the father of a 5-year-old child who underwent cardiac surgery for a heart defect at the age of 3. The father reports that the child has been having increased shortness of breath, tires easily after playing, and has been gaining weight. The nurse is aware that the child is most likely demonstrating symptoms of which acquired cardiovascular disorder? A) Heart failure B) Infective endocarditis C) Cardiomyopathy D) Kawasaki Disease
A) Heart failure
The nurse is performing echocardiography on a newborn who is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The child's mother is concerned about the safety of using this on a newborn and wants to know how this technology works. The nurse assures her that this technology is very safe and may be repeated frequently without added risk. What should the nurse mention in explaining how this diagnostic test works? A) High-frequency sound waves are directed toward the heart B) X-rays are directed toward the heart C) A radioactive substance is injected intravenously into the bloodstream and is traced and recorded on video D) A microphone is placed on the child's chest to record heart sounds and translate them into electrical energy
A) High-frequency sound waves are directed toward the heart
A 6-year-old girl is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. The mother asks the nurse what the likely treatment for this condition will involve. What should the nurse tell the mother? A) Insertion of a catheter with an uninflated balloon tip into the affected valve, followed by inflation of the balloon to break up adhesions B) No treatment is necessary, as the defect will resolve spontaneously C) Insertion of Dacron-coated stainless-steel coils by interventional cardiac catheterization D) Surgical closure by ductal ligation
A) Insertion of a catheter with an uninflated balloon tip into the affected valve, followed by inflation of the balloon to break up adhesions
A 6-year-old girl is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. The mother asks the nurse what the likely treatment for this condition will involve. What should the nurse tell the mother? A) Insertion of a catheter with an uninflated balloon tip into the affected valve, followed by inflation of the balloon to break up adhesions B) No treatment is necessary, as the defect will resolve spontaneously C) Insertion of Dacron-coated stainless-steel coils by interventional cardiac catheterization D) Surgical closure by ductal ligation
A) Insertion of a catheter with an uninflated balloon tip into the affected valve, followed by inflation of the balloon to break up adhesions
An infant with poor feeding is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The parents are asking why a chest x-ray is necessary in their infant. What is the best response from the nurse? A) It will determine if the heart is enlarged. B) It will determine disturbances in heart conduction. C) It will show if blood is being shunted. D) This image will clarify the structures within the heart.
A) It will determine if the heart is enlarged.
An infant with poor feeding is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The parents are asking why a chest x-ray is necessary in their infant. What is the best response from the nurse? A) It will determine if the heart is enlarged. B) It will determine disturbances in heart conduction. C) It will show if blood is being shunted. D) This image will clarify the structures within the heart.
A) It will determine if the heart is enlarged.
The nurse is caring for a child who is preparing to undergo an exercise stress test. Which interventions will be included in the care? select all that apply A) Monitor vital signs prior to the start of the test. B) Monitor vital signs at completion of the test. C) Remind child to verbalize any feelings of discomfort during the test. D) Complete EKG one hour after test is completed. E) Assess blood glucose level prior to the start of the test and one hour after.
A) Monitor vital signs prior to the start of the test. B) Monitor vital signs at completion of the test. C) Remind child to verbalize any feelings of discomfort during the test.
The nurse is caring for a 5-year-old child with a congenital heart anomaly causing chronic cyanosis. When performing the history and physical examination, what is the nurse least likely to assess? A) Obesity from overeating B) Clubbing of the nail beds C) Squatting during play activities D) Exercise intolerance
A) Obesity from overeating
An infant with tetralogy of Fallot becomes cyanotic. Which nursing intervention would be the firstpriority? A) Place the infant in the knee-chest position. B) Start an IV for fluids. C) Prepare the infant for surgery. D) Raise the head of the bed.
A) Place the infant in the knee-chest position.
A parent brings an infant in for poor feeding and listlessness. Which assessment data would mostlikely indicate a coarctation of the aorta? A) Pulses weaker in lower extremities compared to upper extremities B) Pulses weaker in upper extremities compared to lower extremities C) Cyanosis with crying D) Cyanosis with feeding
A) Pulses weaker in lower extremities compared to upper extremities
When caring for a child with a congenital heart defect, which assessment finding may be a sign the child is experiencing heart failure? A) Tachycardia B) Bradycardia C) Inability to sweat D) Splenomegaly
A) Tachycardia
When caring for a child with a congenital heart defect, which assessment finding may be a sign the child is experiencing heart failure? A) Tachycardia B) Bradycardia C) Inability to sweat D) Splenomegaly
A) Tachycardia
A nurse is providing education to a family about cardiac catheterization. What information would be included in the education? A) The catheter will be placed in the femoral artery. B) The catheter will be placed in the brachial artery. C) The child will be able to move the leg again immediately after the procedure. D) The procedure will be performed even if the child has a fever.
A) The catheter will be placed in the femoral artery.
A nurse is providing education to a family about cardiac catheterization. What information would be included in the education? A) The catheter will be placed in the femoral artery. B) The catheter will be placed in the brachial artery. C) The child will be able to move the leg again immediately after the procedure. D) The procedure will be performed even if the child has a fever.
A) The catheter will be placed in the femoral artery.
A nurse is interviewing a mother who is about to give birth. Which response would alert the nurse for a higher potential for a heart defect in the newborn? A) The mother states she has lupus. B) The mother states she took acetaminophen while pregnant. C) The mother has seizures, but did not take medication while pregnant. D) The mother states she slept all the time while pregnant.
A) The mother states she has lupus.
A nurse is interviewing a mother who is about to give birth. Which response would alert the nurse for a higher potential for a heart defect in the newborn? A) The mother states she has lupus. B) The mother states she took acetaminophen while pregnant. C) The mother has seizures, but did not take medication while pregnant. D) The mother states she slept all the time while pregnant.
A) The mother states she has lupus.
A nurse is caring for an infant who just had open-heart surgery and the parents are asking why there are wires coming out of the infant's chest. What is the best response by the nurse? A) These wires are connected to the heart and will detect if your infant's heart gets out of rhythm. B)The wires are measuring the fluid level in the heart. C) The wires are left in the heart for 1 month after surgery in case needed for potential arrhythmias. D) The wires will administer ongoing electrical shocks to the heart to maintain rhythm.
A) These wires are connected to the heart and will detect if your infant's heart gets out of rhythm.
A child with a congenital heart defect is getting an echocardiogram. How would the nurse describe this test to the parent? A) This test checks how blood is flowing through the heart. B) This noninvassive test will check the electrical impulses in the heart. C) This test will only determine the size of the heart. D) This invasive test will measure the blockage in the heart.
A) This test checks how blood is flowing through the heart.
A child with a congenital heart defect is getting an echocardiogram. How would the nurse describe this test to the parent? A) This test that check how blood is flowing through the heart. B) This noninvassive test will check the electrical impulses in the heart. C) This test will only determine the size of the heart. D) This invasive test will measure the blockage in the heart.
A) This test that check how blood is flowing through the heart.
The nurse has administered oral penicillin as ordered for prophylaxis of endocarditis. The nurse instructs the parents to immediately report which reaction? A) Wheezing B) Stomach upset C) Nausea with diarrhea D) Abdominal distress
A) Wheezing
After assessing a child, the nurse suspects coarctation of the aorta based on a finding of: A) femoral pulse weaker than brachial pulse. B) bounding pulse. C) narrow pulse. D) hepatomegaly.
A) femoral pulse weaker than brachial pulse.
After a cardiac catheterization, the nurse monitors the child's fluid balance closely based on the understanding that: A) the contrast material used has a diuretic effect. B) blood loss during the procedure can be significant. C) the insertion of the catheter into the heart stimulates a diuretic response. D) the prolonged preprocedure fasting state places the child at risk for dehydration.
A) the contrast material used has a diuretic effect.
When educating the family of an infant with a small, asymptomatic atrial septal defect (ASD), what information would be included in the education? A) "Surgery is usually performed in the first two months of life for this." B) "Most infants do not need surgical repair for this." C) "The medication indomethacin is used to try to close the hole." D) "The medication prostaglandin E1 is used to try to close the hole."
B) "Most infants do not need surgical repair for this."
A child will be undergoing a Holter monitor test. Which statement by the mother indicates the need for further instruction? A) "Wearing a snug shirt the day of the test will be helpful." B) "My child cannot have any thing to eat or drink after midnight the day of the test." C) "This test will monitor my child for about 24 hours." D) "We do not need to alter our activities during the testing period."
B) "My child cannot have any thing to eat or drink after midnight the day of the test." Holter monitor test is a battery-operated portable device that measures and records your heart's activity (ECG) continuously for 24 to 48 hours or longer depending on the type of monitoring used
The nurse is caring for a 7-year-old who is being discharged following surgery with a Gore® Helex device to repair an atrial septal defect. The parents of the child demonstrate understanding of the procedure with which statements? Select all that apply. A) "Our child will be so excited to get back to soccer league in a few days." B) "We will be sure to not allow our child to ride a bicycle for at least 2 weeks." C) "It's wonderful that our child will never have an abnormal heart rhythm again." D) "We will be sure to monitor our child for any signs of infection and notify the doctor if we notice any." E) "We know how important our child's medications are so we will write out a schedule to be sure medications are taken as prescribed."
B) "We will be sure to not allow our child to ride a bicycle for at least 2 weeks." D) "We will be sure to monitor our child for any signs of infection and notify the doctor if we notice any." E) "We know how important our child's medications are so we will write out a schedule to be sure medications are taken as prescribed."
Coarctation of the aorta demonstrates few symptoms in newborns. What is an important assessment to make on all newborns to help reveal this condition? A) Observing for excessive crying B) Assessing for the presence of femoral pulses C) Recording an upper extremity blood pressure D) Auscultating for a cardiac murmur
B) Assessing for the presence of femoral pulses
An 8-month-old infant has a ventricular septal defect. Which nursing diagnosis would best apply? A) Ineffective airway clearance related to altered pulmonary status B) Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inefficiency of the heart as a pump C) Impaired gas exchange related to a right-to-left shunt D) Impaired skin integrity related to poor peripheral circulation
B) Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inefficiency of the heart as a pump
A nurse suspects a child is experiencing cardiac tamponade after heart surgery. What would be the priority nursing intervention? A) Elevate the head of the bed. B) Notify the doctor immediately. C) Administer epinephrine. D) Observe vitals every two hours.
B) Notify the doctor immediately.
When reviewing the record of a child with tetralogy of Fallot, what would the nurse expect to discover? A) Leukopenia B) Polycythemia C) Increased platelet level D) Anemia
B) Polycythemia
When reviewing the record of a child with tetralogy of Fallot, what would the nurse expect to discover? A) Leukopenia B) Polycythemia C) Increased platelet level D) Anemia
B) Polycythemia
The nurse is caring for an 8-month-old infant with a suspected congenital heart defect. The nurse examines the child and documents which expected finding? A) Steady weight gain since birth B) Softening of the nail beds C) Appropriate mastery of developmental milestones D) Intact rooting reflex
B) Softening of the nail beds
A newborn has been diagnosed with a congenital heart disease. Which congenital heart disease is associated with cyanosis? A) Coarctation of aorta B) Tetralogy of Fallot C) Pulmonary stenosis D) Aortic stenosis
B) Tetralogy of Fallot
A newborn has been diagnosed with a congenital heart disease. Which congenital heart disease is associated with cyanosis? A) Coarctation of aorta B) Tetralogy of Fallot C) Pulmonary stenosis D) Aortic stenosis
B) Tetralogy of Fallot
The child has returned to the nurse's unit following a cardiac catheterization. The insertion site is located at the right groin. Peripheral pulses were easily palpated in bilateral lower extremities prior to the procedure. Which finding should be reported to the child's physician? (select all that apply) A) The right groin is soft without edema. B) The child's right foot is cool with a pulse assessed only with the use of a Doppler. C) The child has a temperature of 102.4° F (39.1° C). D) The child is reporting nausea. E) The child has a runny nose.
B) The child's right foot is cool with a pulse assessed only with the use of a Doppler. C) The child has a temperature of 102.4° F (39.1° C). D) The child is reporting nausea.
A mother asks why her infant with a cyanotic heart defect turns blue. What is the best response by the nurse? A) This is due to the lack of oxygen to the brain. B) This is due to a decreased amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue. C) This is a sign of heart failure. D) This is considered a medical emergency and needs immediate surgery.
B) This is due to a decreased amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue.
A mother asks why her infant with a cyanotic heart defect turns blue. What is the best response by the nurse? A) This is due to the lack of oxygen to the brain. B) This is due to a decreased amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue. C) This is a sign of heart failure. D) This is considered a medical emergency and needs immediate surgery.
B) This is due to a decreased amount of oxygen to the peripheral tissue.
When a child is scheduled for a cardiac catheterization, an important health teaching point for parents is that the: A) procedure is noninvasive and not frightening for children. B) child will return with a bulky pressure dressing over the catheter insertion area. C) child will require a general anesthetic and needs to be prepared for this. D) child will have to remain NPO for 6 to 8 hours after the procedure to prevent vomiting.
B) child will return with a bulky pressure dressing over the catheter insertion area.
The nurse is assessing the past medical history of an infant with a suspected cardiovascular disorder. Which response by the mother warrants further investigation? A) "His Apgar score was an 8." B) "I was really nauseous throughout my whole pregnancy." C) "I am on a low dose of steroids." D) "I had the flu during my last trimester."
C) "I am on a low dose of steroids."
The parents of a 5-year-old child with a cardiovascular disorder tell the nurse they don't understand why their child isn't gaining weight, "We make sure our child has 3 very nutritious meals every day." How should the nurse respond? A) "Are you sure you are making nutrient dense foods?" B) "Maybe your child doesn't really like the foods your making. This could lead to not gaining sufficient weight." C) "It's great you are providing nutritious meals, but smaller frequent meals will tire your child less and promote weight gain." D) "It's hard to get your child to eat enough at this age to maintain their weight since they are expending so much energy with the heart condition."
C) "It's great you are providing nutritious meals, but smaller frequent meals will tire your child less and promote weight gain."
The nurse is caring for a pediatric client diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. After speaking with the physician, the parents state to the nurse, "The doctor said something about our child having too many red blood cells. We don't understand how that could happen?" What is the best response by the nurse? A) "The doctor was talking about polycythemia. It's common with this type of heart disorder." B) "It is a very complicated process. Since your child has tetralogy of Fallot, their body is overtaxed with everything it does. The amount of red blood cells being produced is just one more thing the heart has to deal with." C) "Your child's body is trying to compensate for the low blood oxygen levels from the heart defect by making more red blood cells, but this makes the heart actually work harder." D) "I'm not really sure what red blood cells have to do with the heart defect your child has. We should ask your doctor."
C) "Your child's body is trying to compensate for the low blood oxygen levels from the heart defect by making more red blood cells, but this makes the heart actually work harder."
The nurse is caring for a 3-month-old infant with history of congenital heart disease. The infant is brought to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting for 3 days. Admission laboratory results confirm dehydration. The nurse realizes that the dehydrated infant is at risk for: A) Seizure activity. B) Tachycardia. C) A cerebrovascular accident. D) Jaundice.
C) A cerebrovascular accident. Children who have defects which cause a decreased pulmonary blood flow have decreased oxygen saturation. To compensate the kidneys produce erythropoiten to stimulate the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. The increased red blood cells makes the blood more viscous. If an infant with heart disease becomes dehydrated the infant can develop thrombi from the increased amounts of red blood cells and the viscosity of the blood. This places the infant at risk for a cerebrovascular event.
A 5-year-old is being prepared for diagnostic cardiac catheterization, in which the catheter will be inserted in the right femoral vein. What intervention should the nurse take to prevent infection? A) Keep the child NPO for 2 to 4 hours before the procedure B) Record pedal pulses C) Avoid drawing a blood specimen from the right femoral vein before the procedure D) Apply EMLA cream to the catheter insertion site
C) Avoid drawing a blood specimen from the right femoral vein before the procedure
A client's newborn is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. When explaining this condition to the client, which defect would the nurse's description include? A) Atrial septal defect B) Stenosis of the aorta C) Overriding of the aorta D) Left ventricular hypertrophy
C) Overriding of the aorta As well as: R Ventricular Hypertrophy, Pulmonic Stenosis, Ventricular Septal Defect
The nurse is caring for a child who has been experiencing hypercyanotic episodes. Which treatments will be effective in managing them? Select all that apply. A) Apply a cool cloth the child's forehead. B) Administer Demerol as prescribed. C) Provide supplemental oxygen. D) Reduce intravenous fluids. E) Assist the child to a knee chest position.
C) Provide supplemental oxygen. E) Assist the child to a knee chest position. If medications are used, morphine would be the narcotic of choice. With hypercyanotic episodes intravenous fluids are increased not decreased. Reference:
At 3 years of age, a child has a cardiac catheterization. After the procedure, which interventions would be most important? A) Assuring the child that the procedure is now over B) Allowing the child to adapt to the light in the room gradually C) Taking pedal pulses for the first 4 hours D) Allowing the child to talk about the procedure
C) Taking pedal pulses for the first 4 hours
A parent is asking for more information about their infant's patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What would be included in the education? A) Your child may need multiple surgeries to correct this defect. B) An IV for fluids will be started immediately. C) This is caused by an opening that usually closes by 1 week of age. D) This type of defect is caused by having a genetic predisposition for it.
C) This is caused by an opening that usually closes by 1 week of age.
A parent is told their infant has a heart defect with a left to right shunt. What is the best way for the nurse to explain this type of shunting to the parent? A) This type of shunting causes an increase of blood to the lungs. B) This type of shunting causes an increase of blood to the systemic circulation. C) This type of shunting causes a decrease of blood to the lungs. D) This type of shunting causes a decrease of blood to the brain.
C) This type of shunting causes a decrease of blood to the lungs.
The nurse is caring for an infant with Down syndrome who has been diagnosed with atrioventricular canal defect. The parents ask the nurse, "Why do you not put oxygen on our baby more often when his lips and fingernails are blue?" What is the best response by the the nurse? A) "I can only place oxygen on your child if the doctor orders oxygen." B) "Oxygen isn't always the best treatment for your child's condition. Surgery is necessary." C) "This is something we should talk with the physician about. Maybe it would help your baby." D) "While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually worsens this condition. Treating the cause of the disease will help."
D) "While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually worsens this condition. Treating the cause of the disease will help."
The nurse is caring for an infant with Down syndrome who has been diagnosed with atrioventricular canal defect. The parents ask the nurse, "Why do you not put oxygen on our baby more often when his lips and fingernails are blue?" What is the best response by the the nurse? A) "I can only place oxygen on your child if the doctor orders oxygen." B) "Oxygen isn't always the best treatment for your child's condition. Surgery is necessary." C) "This is something we should talk with the physician about. Maybe it would help your baby." D) "While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually worsens this condition. Treating the cause of the disease will help."
D) "While it seems that oxygen would help, it actually worsens this condition. Treating the cause of the disease will help." For children with congenital defects with increased pulmonary blood flow, oxygen supplementation is not helpful. Oxygen acts as a pulmonary vasodilator. If pulmonary dilation occurs, pulmonary blood flow is even greater, causing tachypnea, increasing lung fluid retention, and eventually causing a much greater problem with oxygenation; therefore, preventing the development of pulmonary disease via early surgical correction is essential.
A 2-day-old infant was just diagnosed with pulmonic stenosis. What is the most likely nursing assessment finding? A) Gallop and rales B) Blood pressure discrepancies in the extremities C) Right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG D) Heart murmur
D) Heart murmur
The nurse is performing echocardiography on a newborn who is suspected of having a congenital heart defect. The child's mother is concerned about the safety of using this on a newborn and wants to know how this technology works. The nurse assures her that this technology is very safe and may be repeated frequently without added risk. What should the nurse mention in explaining how this diagnostic test works? A) X-rays are directed toward the heart B) A radioactive substance is injected intravenously into the bloodstream and is traced and recorded on video C) A microphone is placed on the child's chest to record heart sounds and translate them into electrical energy D) High-frequency sound waves are directed toward the heart
D) High-frequency sound waves are directed toward the heart
A nurse is reviewing blood work for a child with a cyanotic heart defect. What result would mostlikely be seen in a client experiencing polycythemia? A) Increased WBC B) Decreased RBC C) Decreased WBC D) Increased RBC
D) Increased RBC
The nurse would teach the mother of a boy with tetralogy of Fallot that if the child suddenly becomes cyanotic and dyspneic, the mother should: A) place him in a semi-Fowler's position in an infant seat. B) have him lie supine with the head turned to one side. C) have him lie prone, being sure he can breathe easily. D) place him in a knee-chest position.
D) place him in a knee-chest position.