Connect Chapter 10 Multiple Choice

One reason that more children are in child care today than ever before is that U.S. adults ______. are not interested in raising children are having fewer children do not receive paid leave

do not receive paid leave

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience? joy disgust fear guilt

guilt

As compared to the parents, adolescents are more likely to experience ______. less extreme but more fleeting emotions stability in emotions more extreme and more fleeting emotions more extreme but less fleeting emotions

more extreme and more fleeting emotions

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. separated divided very different mutually regulated

mutually regulated

Romantic love has strong components of ______ and infatuation. sexuality friendship commitment companionship

sexuality

Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar? shyness with strangers need for regularity extroversion low activity level

shyness with strangers

Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence? Adolescents are able to recognize depression in most situations. Adolescents who have higher levels of stress are at risk of developing anxiety issues but not depression. Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources. Adolescents do not attach stigma to depression.

Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by ______. Erikson Bowlby Ainsworth Harlow

Ainsworth

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up? Jerome Kagan Jean Piaget Mary Rothbart and John Bates Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people. Emotional competence Temperament Social interaction Attachment

Attachment

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan? He is an insecure avoidant baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure resistant baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby.

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control? Kagan Rothbart and Bates Watson Chess and Thomas

Rothbart and Bates

As individuals move into emerging adulthood, which of the following is true about their romantic relationships? Most remain single for a period of years. Long-term relationships are more common. Short-term relationships are more common.

Short-term relationships are more common.

Most people first begin to form attachments to romantic partners during ______. early adulthood adolescence childhood middle adulthood

adolescence

Romantic relationships in adolescence are linked to ______. negative developmental outcomes only both positive and negative outcomes secure adjustment for girls but not for boys secure adjustment for boys but not for girls

both positive and negative outcomes

Romantic relationships in adolescence have been linked to all of the following except ______. more substance use better friendship competence higher levels of social acceptance career success

career success

If passion, intimacy, and commitment are all strong, the result is ______, which is the fullest type of love. infatuated fatuous consummate affectionate

consummate

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. resistant disorganized avoidant detached

disorganized

Araceli is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Araceli has developed healthy ______. emotion coaching emotion language self-conscious emotions emotion regulation

emotion regulation

Which term refers to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions? emotion-dismissing parents emotion-coaching parents authoritarian parents permissive parents

emotion-coaching parents

Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships. emotional satisfaction familial closeness intellectual interaction physical interaction

emotional satisfaction

Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to Adam when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. This is an illustration of ______. how children do not care whether adults acknowledge them how children use social comparison to make judgments about themselves and others how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older

how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older

Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is ______. concerning wrong normal hurtful

hurtful

Recent studies have shown that infants will react to their mother's stress with a(n) ______. increased heart rate decreased heart rate decreased blood pressure increased blood pressure

increased heart rate

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar. inhibition to disassociation with comfort with acceptance of

inhibition to

Which of the following has been associated with the undermining of attachment stability? contentious romantic relationship parental separation or divorce overly involved mother lack of peer support

parental separation or divorce

According to studies, adult attachment styles with romantic partners are ______. totally unrelated to childhood attachment patterns with parents solely influenced by their adult experiences and environments completely the same as their childhood attachment style reflective of childhood attachment patterns but also influenced by later experience

reflective of childhood attachment patterns but also influenced by later experience

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? agitated aggravated reflexive social

reflexive

An important component of self-regulation or of executive function is emotion ______. regime relationships regulation requirements

regulation

Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others. regulation language coaching dismissing

regulation

Researchers consider the growth of emotion ______ in children a part of becoming socially competent. regulation coping internalization externalization

regulation

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. avoidant disorganized resistant attached

resistant

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies. disorganized avoidant resistant securely attached

resistant

Dewi rocks and sings to her infant when he is upset. Dewi is using these methods to ______ her baby. swaddle soothe validate arouse

soothe

Nine-year-old Rizky used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______. suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions redirect feelings have a capacity for genuine empathy

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

Which of the following terms refers to the interactional nature of emotional communication between a parent and an infant when all is going well? synchronous reflexive separate unregulated

synchronous

A poll completed by Match.com in 2009 reports ______ times as many marriages occurred between individuals who met through an online dating site than between people who met in social settings. two three four five

two

Research finds that women are more vulnerable to social and life stressors and are more likely to respond by ______. using fight using a tend and befriend pattern using flight fluctuating between flight and depression

using a tend and befriend pattern

When individuals have an easy temperament during childhood, their behaviors during young adulthood are more likely to be ______. ill-adjusted erratic confused well-adjusted

well-adjusted

In the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care? 40 percent 6 percent 24 percent 18 percent 12 percent

12 percent

In the United States, approximately ______ of children 5 years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement. 10 percent 15 percent 20 percent 25 percent

15 percent

In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age. 10-12 months 8-10 months 4-6 months 2-3 months

2-3 months

______ of fathers in the United States care for their children at home. 11 percent 32 percent 24 percent 18 percent

24 percent

What percentage of adults describe themselves as securely attached? 30 to 45 percent 60 to 80 percent 5 to 25 percent 50 to 60 percent

60 to 80 percent

The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of ______. 7 months 11 months 9 months 5 months

7 months

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up? Jean Piaget Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas Mary Rothbart and John Bates Jerome Kagan

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Which statement is false regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood have an increased understanding of complex emotions.

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

Which of the following is not a good strategy for parents with regard to child care? For optimal development, one parent must quit their job to stay home and provide child care. Monitor children's development personally and do not rely solely on reports from child-care providers. Take the time to observe child-care facilities and select the best that you can. The quality of parenting is a key factor in a child's development regardless of whether the child is in child care.

For optimal development, one parent must quit their job to stay home and provide child care.

______ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups. Preschoolers Elementary schoolers Infants and toddlers Kindergartners

Infants and toddlers

Which of the following is a criticism of attachment theory? It relies too much on genetic characteristics and temperament. It ignores the different styles and personalities of infants. It focuses too much on cultural determinants. It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.

It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.

Passionate love would be least commonly found in which country? Argentina United States France Japan

Japan

According to research, which of the following is true about parents of children who showed more avoidant attachment? They were more responsive and less punitive. The were more responsive and more punitive. They were less responsive and less punitive. They were less responsive and more punitive.

They were less responsive and more punitive.

Which type of love occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person? affectionate romantic consummate passionate

affectionate

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting? emotional cry basic cry anger cry pain cry

anger cry

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know. anxiety shame danger anger

anxiety

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous. avoidant insecure anxiety anxious

anxious

According to the differential susceptibility and the biological sensitivity to context models, programs that deal with "difficult" temperaments should target children who ______. are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations will fail to flourish when given a lot of care and support are unflappable in the face of adversity are without attachment to any adult

are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations

According to the differential susceptibility and the biological sensitivity to context models, programs that deal with "difficult" temperaments should target children who ______. will fail to flourish when given a lot of care and support are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations are without attachment to any adult are unflappable in the face of adversity

are more vulnerable to difficulty in adverse situations

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting. avoidant organized resistant disorganized

avoidant

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry. basic emotional anger pain

basic

Which of the following identifies a key way that older children learn to deal with stress? cognitive coping strategies behavioral therapy suppression of negativity denial

cognitive coping strategies

In which type of culture is intimacy more diffused in love because of the strong group emphasis on connections outside of a romantic love relationship? clan hierarchical collectivist individualistic

collectivist

The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional ______. empathy adaptability competence strategies

competence

Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal? locomotion social referencing attachment cooperation

cooperation

In the Second Step program, which of the following is the focus of social-emotional learning for grades 6-8? coping with stress making friends attention skills self-regulation

coping with stress

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development? culture disregulation multiculturalism lack of competence

culture

Two-year-old Indah was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Bayu, age 1, simply cried and had to be comforted. This illustrates ______. gender differences in how children use and communicate emotion, that Bayu is showing the early signs of a behavior disorder, developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions, developmental differences in how personality is manifested

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. difficult slow-to-warm-up slow-to-cool-down easy

difficult

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the ______. short attention spans of most infants fear reactions that infants have when strangers are involved ability of infants to self-regulate their emotions difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them. resistant secure disorganized avoidant

disorganized

Which of the following refers to the finding that the more severe the disaster or trauma, the worse the adaptation and adjustment following the disaster or trauma? socioemotional selectivity dose-response effects tend-and-befriend pattern fight-or-flight manner

dose-response effects

A well-adjusted young adult most likely had what sort of temperament as a child? easy inhibited open difficult

easy

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition. affective effortful inhibited self

effortful

Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model? effortful control goodness of fit the slow-to-warm-up child inhibition to the unfamiliar

effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called ______. emotion intuition desire personality

emotion

Compared with younger adults, older adults experience ______. more emotional highs and lows fewer emotional highs and lows more emotional highs and fewer emotional lows fewer emotional highs and more emotional lows

fewer emotional highs and lows

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term ______. adjustment parenting goodness of fit parenting challenge lack of fit

goodness of fit

Which of the following is a proper recommendation for helping children cope with disaster or traumatic events? avoid all discussion of the trauma ask them to employ denial and suppression techniques constantly reexpose them to the situation in order to breed familiarity help them make sense of what happened

help them make sense of what happened

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of ______. dependence social need support independence

independence

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually ______. deteriorates after the age of 24 months influences the child's subsequent responses to other people develops into seven more developmental stages that occur over the life span

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people

A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive ______ of emotional experience and daily life. expulsion separation integration diffusion

integration

Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional ______. imagination intelligence cognition regulation

intelligence

What relationships are characterized by both elevated levels of support and higher levels of control and jealousy? short-term relationships in emerging adulthood long-term relationships in emerging adulthood short-term adolescent relationships long-term adolescent relationships

long-term adolescent relationships

Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children? social referencing primary emotions separation protest maternal sensitivity

maternal sensitivity

According to a recent longitudinal study, which of the following predicted secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood? maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence higher levels of executive function absence of child care from anyone other than a parent the ability to handle conflict

maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence

Which of the following is a major problem with online romantic relationships? misrepresentation extreme expense lack of marriage prospects intensity of interpersonal connection

misrepresentation

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people. large minuscule total moderate

moderate

The most current and common thinking among developmentalists as to how much soothing of infants should occur is that it should ______. occur regularly not occur because it spoils them occur only infrequently

occur regularly

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as ______. reactivity self-regulation fight or flight selectivity

reactivity

Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation. cooperation sophistication insight referencing

referencing

What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation? marital romantic affectionate companionate

romantic

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment? exploratory personality insecurely attached securely attached secure personality

securely attached

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 to 24 months begin experiencing what type of emotion? self-defeating raw moral self-conscious

self-conscious

What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame? self-aware secondary primary self-conscious

self-conscious

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"? positive primary negative self-conscious

self-conscious

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called ______. social protest reflexive anxiety separation protest stranger anxiety

separation protest

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? reflexive attachment joint attention social referencing socioemotional selectivity

social referencing

Which theory states that older adults narrow their social networks? socioemotional selectivity theory socioemotional withdrawal theory social reduction theory attachment theory

socioemotional selectivity theory

Which of the following is a major milestone of early childhood? the ability to verbalize only basic emotions the ability to intuit others' emotions the ability to shift one's emotions away from societal norms the ability to control one's emotions

the ability to control one's emotions

Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates ______. the slow-to-warm up child self-soothing the notion of swaddling the concept of goodness of fit

the concept of goodness of fit