Connect Chapter 6

FADH2 CO2 NADH ATP

After glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle occur, and before molecules enter the electron transport chain, what has been produced from the original glucose molecule?

Acetyl CoA An intermediate in the Krebs cycle Pyruvate

After nitrogen is removed from the amino acids in protein-containing foods, the remainder of the amino acids can enter aerobic respiration pathways as what molecules?

C6H12O6 + O2 --> H20 + CO2 + ATP

Equation for aerobic respiration

Electrons

NADH and FADH2 transfer energy-rich _________ from the molecules of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration

Substrate-level: Glycolysis Krebs cycle Chemiosmotic: Electron transport chain

Phosphorylations

1. Glycolysis 2. Photosynthesis using H2S as electron donor 3. Photosynthesis using H2O as electron donor 4. Aerobic respiration

Rank in order

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain (ETC)

Rank of cellular respiration

1. Fermentation 2. Anaerobic respiration 3. Aerobic respiration

Rank smallest ATP production to largest

Reactant: NAD+ Glucose Product: NADH Pyruvate

Reactants and products in glycolysis

1. Supplies power to almost all cellular activities requiring energy 2. Uses light energy to produce food in the form of glucose 3. Converts the energy in food to an enzyme-carrying molecule

1. ATP 2. Photosynthesis 3. Cellular respiration

1. Gases diffuse across cell membrane 2.Blood is circulated through gills, and water passing by blood vessels and diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels and diffusion of carbon dioxide out of blood vessels 3. Inhaling and exhaling of air causes diffusion of oxygen into blood vessels and diffusion of carbon dioxide out of blood vessels at the lungs

1. Bacteria 2. Shark 3. Human

1. Wetland bacteria that use SO4 as the electro acceptor in anaerobic respiration 2. Archaea inside cow intestines that use CO2 as the electron acceptor in aerobic respiration 3. Bacteria living in water-logged soils that use NO3 as the electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

1. H2S byproduct 2. Generate methane 3. Results in production of nitrogen gas

1. Cytoplasm 2. Mitochondrial matrix 3. Cell membrane 4. Inner mitochondrial membrane

1. Krebs cycle in prokaryotes 2. Krebs cycle in eukaryotes 3. Electron transport in prokaryotes 4. Electron transport in eukaryotes

1. 36 ATP 2. Produces 4 but requires 2 3. 2 ATP 4. 34 ATP

1. Theoretical total 2. Glycolysis 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport

Chloroplasts Mitochondria

All the organelles that contain electron transport chains within their inner membranes or inner compartments and that are likely to have arisen from endosymbiosis of bacteria with ETC on their cell membranes

ATP; oxygen

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two pathways that generate _______ in the absence of ________

D) 4

Before the NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are "crashed in" during the electron transport chain, the net number of ATP molecules produces per glucose molecule is ___ molecule A) 6 B) 8 C) 2 D) 4

C) NADH

During fermentation, ____ reduces pyruvate and is oxidized to NAD+, which can then be used in glycolysis A) ATP B) Glucose C) NADH D) Acetyl CoA

B) Glycolysis

During which step of cellular respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules? A) ETC B) Glycolysis C) Krebs D) Fermentation

Starch Glycogen

Food molecules that can be broken down into glucose monomers, which enter aerobic respiration at the beginning of glycolysis

Phosphate; proton gradient

In a substrate-level phosphorylation, a molecule donate a(n) _______ group to ADP to form ATP, and a _____ is not required

B) Oxygen

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor, ____ combines with hydrogen ions to form water A) FADH2 B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) NADH

D) Krebs cycle

In aerobic respirations. what group of reactions release O2, ATP, NADPH, FADH2? A) Fermentation B) Glycolysis C) ETC D) Krebs cycle

Mitochondria

In cells of protists, plants, fungi, and animals, the Krebs cycle and the ETC take place in organelles called ____________

D) Pyruvate

In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into 2 molecules of _____, and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH A) Oxaloacetate B) Citrate C) Acetyl CoA D) Pyruvate

Hydrogen

In the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of ________ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Input: NAD+ Pyruvate Output: Acetyl CoA NADH Carbon dioxide

Input and Output in glycolysis

Lipid Proteins Carbohydrates

Molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP

ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Reactions that occur during the second stage of glycolysis, called the energy harvest stage and consisting of reactions 6 through 10 chemiosmotic phosphorylation occurs

Inner membrane

The area between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion is called the ___________________ compartment

FADH2 & NADH

The electron transport chain accepts energy rich electrons from the _____ and ____ produced in the previous reactions of aerobic respiration

NADH & FADH2

The electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules _____, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport change

Acetyl CoA

The fatty acids of fat molecules are converted into two-carbon molecules called ______, which can enter the Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration

Citric acid cycle

The first product of the Krebs cycle is the 6-carbon molecule citrate; hence, the Krebs cycle is also known as the ________________

Matrix

The fluid enclosed within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called _________

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

The following are steps of aerobic respiration that generates ATP by substrate level phosphorylation WITHOUT a proton gradient

ATP

The potential energy stored in food (such as glucose) is used by all organisms to make the energy-carrying molecule, ___, which powers cellular activity.

NADH FADH2

The products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle that carry electrons to the ETC in aerobic respiration

B) NADH & FADH2

The rearrangement and oxidation of intermediate in the Krebs cycle transfers electron to what molecules? A) Glucose and Pyruvate B) NADH & FADH2 C) ATP & ADP D) CO2 & O2

Requires an input of energy (endergonic) A phosphate group is added to ADP

True about ATP synthesis

NAD produced Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2

True about alcoholic fermentation

False

True or False: Glucose is the only food molecule that can enter the pathways of aerobic respiration and lead to the production of ATP

True

True or False: Plants use a portion of the glucose they produce in photosynthesis to make ATP in cellular respiration

Anaerobic; fermentation

Two types of pathways that generate ATP from glucose WITHOUT oxygen are ___________ respiration and ________________

Electron transport chain Glycolysis Krebs cycle

What are the stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

Protons leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane without using ATP synthase ATP is spent transporting pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix

What causes the difference between the theoretical and actual yields of ATP in aerobic respiration?

B) Anaerobic respiration

What cellular process generate ATP and uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain? A) Fermentation B) Anaerobic respiration C) Aerobic Respiration D) Photosynthesis

C) Aerobic respiration

What cellular process uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP? A) Anaerobic respiration B) Photosynthesis C) Aerobic respiration D) Fermentation

B) ATP synthase

What enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to combine a phosphate and ADP? A) Coenzyme B) ATP synthase C) ADP reductase D) Phosphofructokinase

B) Substrate-level phosphorylation

What method is used to generate ATP in glycolysis? A) ATP synthase B) Substrate-level phosphorylation C) Chemiosmotic phosphorylation D) Protein gradient

D) Acetyl CoA

What product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle? A) NAD+ + H B) CO2 C) Pyruvate D) Acetyl CoA

Microorganism in sugar-rich environment single-celled organisms

What types of organisms can rely on fermentation as the sole pathway for producing ATP?

B) Chemiosmotic

When proteins diffuse across the membrane through ATP synthase, energy is transferred to phosphorylate an ADP, making ATP in the process called _______ phosphorylation A) Substrate-level B) Chemiosmotic C) Fermentation D) C4

A) Electron transport chain

When the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 enter ________________________, electrons are removed, and the energy pumps protons into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion A) Electron transport chain B) Cytoplasm C) Krebs cycle D) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

Carbon dioxide Nitrate Sulfate

Which of the following can be a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? -Carbon dioxide -Nitrate -Oxygen -Sulfate

A) Oxygen

Which of the following components is NOT required for glycolysis> A) Oxygen B) ATP C) Glucose D) Energy

B) Inner mitochondrial membrane

Within mitochondria, the electron transport chain and ATP synthase proteins are located in the ____________ A) Matrix B) Inner mitochondrial membrane C) Outer mitochondrial membrane D) Intermembrane compartment