connect chapter 7
at which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? - 18 months old - 10 years old - 18 years old - 50 years old - 25 years old
50 years old
each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. which would not be life threatening? - inability to maintain the resting membrane potential - declining neuronal communication - decreased blood clotting ability - a deficit of appositional bone growth - irregular heart rate
a deficit of appositional bone growth
which of the following would directly affect osseous tissue? - a vitamin c deficiency - the overproduction of white blood cells, as in leukemia - the malformation of dense regular connective tissue - the erosion of articulated cartilage - a disorder affecting fibroblasts
a vitamin c deficiency
contained within the spongy sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for _____ _________
blood formation
parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of _______ __ _______, which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood
calcidiol to calcitriol
osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone ____________
calcitonin
the hormone _________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone
calcitriol
which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones? - potassium - calcium - sodium - phosphorus - magnesium
calcium
osseous tissue matrix is composed of ..... - adipose - calcium phosphate - blood - cartilage - hyaluronic acid
calcium phosphate
mineralization is a process that extracts ______ and ______ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone... - calcium; collagen - phosphate; collagen - calcium; sodium - phosphate; sodium - calcium; phosphate
calcium; phosphate
if the _______ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised.... - phosphate - calcium - collagen - carbonate - cartilage
collagen
osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of ___________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle - phosphorus - collagen - calcium - sodium - potassium
collagen
a _______ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces - comminuted - greenstick - displaced - non displaced - compound
comminuted
which bone? also called dense bone
compact
which bone? found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses
compact
which bone? made up of osteons
compact
which bone? visible, obvious, central canals
compact
does calcitonin increase or decrease blood calcium?
decrease
does increased use of sunblock increase or decrease blood calcium?
decrease
does living at a northern latitude increase or decrease blood calcium?
decrease
does osteoblastic activity increase or decrease blood calcium?
decrease
when levels of blood calcium ________, parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid
decrease
vitamin d stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ______ system
digestive
minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain __________ __________ throughout the body
electrolyte balance
the internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the ___________ ______
epiphyseal line
the _______ _______ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side
epiphyseal plate
what type of bones are the scapula, sternum, and cranium?
flat bones
as a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to _______ blood calcium levels
increase
does calcitriol increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
does increased bone resorption increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
does increased urinary excretion of phosphate increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
does inhibition of osteoblasts increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
does osteoclastic activity increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
does parathyroid hormone increase or decrease blood calcium?
increase
which component? resists compressive forces (pushing) provides hardness hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate
inorganic
elongation of bones is accomplished via ________ growth
interstitial
what type of bones are the sphenoid bone and vertebra?
irregular bones
growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the _______ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood
length
the __________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers
movement
which component? provides flexibility resists tensile (pulling) forces collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins
organic
involves excessive proliferation of osteoclasts, leading to rapid, disorderly, bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones
osteitis deformans (Paget's disease)
during the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by _______- - osteoclasts - osteoblasts - osteocytes - fibroblasts - chondrocytes
osteoblasts
inhibition of ________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix
osteoblasts
which bone cell? abundant in mitochondria
osteoblasts
which bone cell? bone building cells
osteoblasts
which bone cell? overactivity results in increased bone density
osteoblasts
parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ___________ and greater rates of bone resorption
osteoclasts
which bone cell? bone resorbing cells
osteoclasts
which bone cell? have a ruffled border
osteoclasts
which bone cell? massive, mu.tinucleate cells
osteoclasts
the ________ contain hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called _________ - osteoclasts; mineral deposition - osteoblasts; mineral resorption - osteoclasts; mineral resorption - osteoblasts; mineral deposition - osteoprogenitor cells; ossification
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
which bone cell? bone cells encased in matrix
osteocytes
which bone cell? trapped in lacunae
osteocytes
defect of collagen deposition that renders. the bones exceptionally brittle
osteogenesis imperfecta
which bone cell? differentiate into osteoblasts
osteogenic cells
which bone cell? stem cells
osteogenic cells
inflammation resulting from a bacterial infection
osteomyelitis
most common bone disease, results in a severe bone-density loss
osteoporosis
the most common and deadly form of bone cancer
osteosarcoma
when blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete _________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity
parathyroid
the skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide _________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing then in hardened, shell-like or caged structures
protection
in an adult, which of the following is a bone that does not contain red bone marrow? - radius - rib - sternum - vertebra - skull
radius
a(n) ______ would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system... - fracture involving the growth plate - erosion of the articular cartilage - tear of the anterior cruciate ligament - ruptured calcaneal (achilles) tendon - tear of a meniscus
raptured calcaneal (achilles) tendon
at the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by the increasing __________ from the kidney tubules
reabsorption
what type of bones are the capitate and talus bones?
short bones
which bone? arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered
spongy
which bone? composed of trabeculae
spongy
which bone? convey strength with lightweight
spongy
which bone? found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses
spongy
which bone? found in greater proportions in flat bones
spongy
which bone? gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow
spongy
the bones of the skeletal system provide structure to the body and serve as a ______ to hold ip the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs
support
which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity? - walking - running - swimming - jumping rope - pedaling a bike
swimming
which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system? - tendons - ligaments - cartilage - flat bones - long bones
tendons
greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because ________ - their bones contain a higher proportion of collagen - their bones contain a higher proportion of calcium - their bones contain a higher proportion of phosphate - their bones are shorter - their bones contain larger quantities of elastin
their bones contain a higher proportion of collagen
in an adult, a compound fracture of the _______ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream - sternum - skull - ribs - tibia - carpals
tibia
trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in ______ - bone marrow - children only - adults only - trabecular bone - compact bone
trabecular bone
the most active form of ________ ____ is called calcitriol
vitamin d
the skeletal system hooks maintain acid-base balance by ... - absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts - absorbing carbonic acid and releasing carbon dioxide - strong calcium and adipose in red bone marrow - removing carbon dioxide from red blood cells -storing carbonic acid and absorbing carbon dioxide
absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts
the storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in _____ _____ balance
acid-base
bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow ________ - at different rates - at the same rate - until age 18, then they stop - stronger after age 30 - by intramembranous ossification
at different rates
to help regulate body calcu=ium levels, bone has two reserves, the disadvantages of the stable reserve is that it .... - cannot be stored in large quantities - is easily exchanged with the blood - cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid - will compromise bone growth if it is used - is linked to toxic proteins
cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid
_______ is/are found in compact bone but not spongy bone - endosteum - osteocytes - osteoclasts - central canals - lamellae
central canals
when the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates ______, and the bone can get no longer
close
