Consciousness and Personality
anal retentive
A fixation that develops during the anal stage if a child's freedom to have bowel movements is restricted that can result in obsessively organized and meticulous personality traits
Rationalization example
A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable"
example of change blindness
A man asked another man for directions. During the exchange two men carrying a mirror passed between the two men. After the mirror men left, the two men continued the conversation. However, the man giving directions failed to notice that he was no longer giving directions to the same man he was before, and that one of the mirror men had switched with the original.
Orexin
A neurotransmitter associated with narcolepsy Lack of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin results in narcolepsy
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with
Defense mechanisms
Alcohol
Depressant Lowers our inhibitions, slows neural processing, disrupts memory formation, and reduces self awareness
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
terror management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
unified account of hypnosis
a theory that hypnosis combines dissociation theory, role theory, and selective attention
What do stimulants do to the body?
accelerate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, depress appetite, pupils dilate (stimulate somatic nervous system), increases self confidence
oepidus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Fixate
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Sleep
periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
When does the Oedipus complex occur?
phallic stage
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Hallucinogens
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Natural alternatives to sleeping pills
Exercise (not at night) Avoid caffeine after early afternoon Avoid rich foods Try milk (has raw materials for serotonin)
Reduced Self-Awareness and Self-Control
Increased loss of focus/mind wandering. People fail to notice when they are not focused.
Sleep Disorders (5)
Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, sleepwalking
Nicotine
Nicotine- every cigarette= 12 minutes of life gone •Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine boosting alertness and also dopamine to reduce anxiety •Why smoke??
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Horney's theory
sense of helplessness- childhood anxiety caused by dependent child's sense of helplessness triggers our desire for love and security.
Conscious states that are psychologically induced
sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Expectancy Theory
the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. Empirically derived (based on evidence verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic) like Binet who developed first intelligence test •Personality inventories are scored objectively which differs from projective tests which are more subjective
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
dual processing
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
What is the person-situation controversy?
the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
The person situation controversy
the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors Personality traits are stable •Behaviors are not= makes personality test scores weak predictors of behavior •Averaging behaviors across many situations can reveal distinct personality traits.
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
projection example
the thief thinks everyone else is a thief
neuroadaptation
the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect
social influence theory
theory that hypnotic subjects are just role-playing; so caught up in hypnotized role that they convince themselves it's real; trying to be a "good subject"; imaginative acting
Repression
to have suppressed thoughts, feelings, or memories that are too painful to bear in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Although our personality _______ may be both stable and potent, the consistency of our specific ________ from one situation to the next is another matter.
traits behaviors
Acceptance
unconditional positive regard= values us even with knowing our failures
Daniel Wagner
Illusion of Conscious Will
sleep schedule of newborns and adults
Newborns: 2/3 of the day Adults: 1/3 of the day
Genuineness
people nurture our growth by being open with their own feelings
Empathy
people nurture us by sharing and mirroring our feelings
hollow face illusion
people will mistakenly perceive the inside of a mask as a protruding face when visual perception track and visual action track conflict
Barbiturates
(Tranquilizers) drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety and inducing sleep but impair memory and judgment Can be lethal if paired with alcohol
psychological influences: drug use
- Lacking a sense of purpose - Significant stress in life - Psychological disorders, such as depression
NREM stage 3 & 4
-Delta Waves -30 minutes -Blood pressure drops -Heart rate slows -Blood supply to brain minimized -Stage 4 is referred to as deep sleep -sleep walking and bed wetting
5 possible explanations to why we dream
-To satisfy our own wishes -To file away memories -To develop and preserve neural pathways -To make sense of neural static -To reflect cognitive development Also known as -Freud's wish fulfillment -information processing -physiological function -activation synthesis -cognitive develop
hypnosis biological influences
-distinctive brain activity -unconscious information processing
hypnosis psychological influences
-focused attention -expectations -heightened suggestibility -dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness
biological influences: drug use
-genetic predispositions -variations in neurotransmitter systems
Agreed upon facts on hypnotism
-power resides not in the hypnotist, but in the subjects willingness to be hypnotized -hypnotists merely engage peoples ability to focus on emotions or behavior
Hypnosis Social-Cultural Influences
-presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context -role-playing "good subject"
Social Cultural influences: drug use
-urban environment -cultural attitude toward drug use -peer influences
The dual processing system that is vision has two tracks:
-visual perception track -visual action track
selective attention and accidents
-when engaged in a task, you blink less, refreshing your eyes less, causing your vision to suffer -takes a few milliseconds to adjust once you switch your attention -no significant difference in accident risk between handheld devices and hands free devices
How many people suffer from sleep apnea
1 in 20
perception, memory, thinking, language, and attitudes all operate on two levels...
1) a conscious, deliberate "high road" 2) an unconscious, automatic "low road" This is known as dual processing
How many adults and how many older adults experience insomnia?
1-10 adults 1-4 older adults
Three myths about addiction
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt: morphine for pain often leads to heroin abuse 2. Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily; therapy is required 3. The concept of addiction applies to all pleasure-seeking behaviors- can we? Should we??
The five psychosexual stages
1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage
How many people suffer from narcolepsy
1/2000
How many pieces of sensory information do you take in a second and how much do you consciously process?
11,000,000 40
____% of adults are chronically sleep deprived
43
Questions on The Big Five •How heritable are the traits?
50% + for each dimension
Younger adults (i.e., 18-29 year-olds) sleep an average of ____ hours and ____ minutes during the week and an hour longer on the weekend
6 48
On average, adults sleep ____ hours and ____ minutes during the workweek - recommended ____ hours
6 54 8
Adolescents need _____ hours of sleep - ____ % fall asleep in school
9.25 20
Sleep debt
A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Who proposed the social-cognitive perspective?
Albert Bandura (bobo doll experiment)
Memory Disruption
Alcohol also disrupts the process of recent experiences into long-term memories. This is because alcoholic suppresses REM sleep, when
Disinhibition
Alcohol causes people to "let go" of the inhibitions that would normally constrain their behavior
NREM Stage 1: Light Sleep
Alpha-theta- awake but relaxed •brief, transitional (5-10 min) transition •Sleep- loss of consciousness •Hallucinations- sensory experience w/out stimulus •Hypnagogic sensations - Sensation of falling or floating
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Insula
An the area that lights up when people crave drugs. People who lose this brain region are able to give up cigarettes instantly.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Definitions of Psychology over the years
Beginning: "the description and explanation of states of consciousness" Middle(first half of the twentieth century): behaviorism "the science of behavior" 1960-Now: "the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
postural sway
Being told you're swaying and then actually swaying
Ernest Hilgard's Dissociation Theory
Believed hypnosis is a state of dissociation or divided consciousness
Carl Roger's Person-Centered Perspective
Believed people are basically good and possess self-actualizing tendencies •Growth promoting climate= 3 conditions (like water, sun and nutrients that enable us to grow)- genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Why does appetite diminish with stimulant use
Blood sugar increases
Body temperature throughout the day
Body temperature rises as morning approaches, peaks during the day, dips for a bit in the afternoon, drops again before bed
Exploring Traits: Biology and Personality
Brain scans •Brain arousal- extraverts seek stimulation because normal brain arousal is low •Dopamine and dopamine related neural activity higher in extroverts •Genetics •Autonomic nervous system reactivity- shy and inhibited children react with greater anxiety to stress
big five factors of personality
CANOE, (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion)
manifest content and latent content
Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn't find him. In reality, Calvin's dog had died after being hit by a car. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of _______, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terribly is an example of _________.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
night terrors target mostly
Children
How do we know the upper brainstem contributes to conscious experiences?
Children born without cerebral cortex exhibit signs of consciousness
What is the "dual processing" being revealed by today's cognitive neuroscience?
Cognitive neuroscientists and others studying the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness and cognition have discovered a two-track human mind, each with its own neural processing. This dual processing affects our perception, memory, and attitudes at an explicit, conscious level and at an implicit, unconscious level.
Dream Theories: Freud
Dreams provide a safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest content (the dream itself) is a censored, symbolic version of its latent content (what the dream is actually about) Ex. A gun is a penis With this theory, we could take a look at our unconscious motives by studying the manifest content of our dreams and discovering the latent content This has been found controversial because there is no correct way to identify latent content and if there is any latent content at all. It also lacks scientific support
Stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Age regression
During hypnosis, a hypnotized person is given suggestions to re-experience an event that occurred at an earlier age and to act like and feel like a person of that particular age. (can we relive forgotten memories if hypnotized)- 60 years of research says no •Age regressed people may act as they think children would but their relfexes, brain waves and perceptions maintain that of an adults •Ex: "age-regressed" adult writes like a 6 year old child with perfect spelling
dissociation theory
Ernst Hilgard Believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a state of disassociation -split between different levels of consciousness •Hypnosis does not block sensory input, but our attention to it •when hypnotized brain activity changes- ex: when asked to imagine a color when hypnotized areas of the brain lit up as if it were seeing color..imagination had become a hallucination
Exploring Traits: Factor Analysis
Factor analysis- statistical procedure- identifies clusters of correlated test items that touch on basic components of intelligence. •Used Eysenck Personality Questionnaire •Eysenck and Eysenck- believed we can reduce normal individual variations to two or three dimensions- they believe factors are genetically influenced •Extroversion versus introversion •Emotional stability versus instability •Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
-Serotonin: sleep regulation -body temp: higher = more alert -adenosine: more = sleepy
Factors Related to Sleep
Gordon Allport
Founder of Trait Theory Looked to describe traits, not explain them
Which of Freud's ideas did his followers accept or reject?
Freud's early followers, the neo-Freudians, accepted many of his ideas. They differed in placing more emphasis on the conscious mind and in stressing social motives more than sex or aggression. Most contemporary psychodynamic theorists and therapists reject Freud's emphasis on sexual motivation. They stress, with support from modern research findings, the view that much of our mental life is unconscious, and they believe that our childhood experiences influence our adult personality and attachment patterns. Many also believe that our species' shared evolutionary history shaped some universal predispositions.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
sleep deprivation increases the hunger arousing hormone __________ and decreases its hunger suppressing hormone __________. It also increases the stress hormone ___________ which stimulates the body to make fat.
Ghrelin, leptin, cortisol
Conscious states that are physiologically induced
Hallucinations, Orgasm, Food or Oxygen Starvation
When is the use of hypnosis potentially harmful, and when can hypnosis be used to help?
Hypnosis can be harmful if used to "hypnotically refresh" memories, which may plant false memories. But posthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate some ailments, and hypnosis can also help control pain.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Hypnotherapists- help people master their own healing power •Posthypnotic suggestion- suggestion made in hypnosis to be carried out after hypnosis- when you "wake up" have been helpful •Positive suggestions for ailments outside of hypnosis work equally as well
Why do pupils dilate when taking opiates?
It stimulates the peripheral nervous system
The biological clock
Light striking the retina signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to suppress the pineal glands production of the sleep hormone melatonin. At night the SCN calms down, allowing the pineal gland to release melatonin into the bloodstream
slowed neural processing
Low doses of alcohol relax the drinker by slowing sympathetic nervous system activity. In larger doses, alcohol can become a staggering problem. Larger doses=slowed neural processing- slurred speech, slow reactions, performance deteriorates
Alcohol dependence shrinks the brain
MRI scans show brain shrinkage in women with alcohol dependence compared with women in a control group
What are near-death experiences, and what is the controversy over their explanation?
Many people who have survived a brush with death, such as through cardiac arrest, report near-death experiences. These sometimes involve out-of-body sensations and seeing or trav- eling toward a bright light. Some researchers believe that such experiences closely parallel reports of hallucinations and may be products of a brain under stress. Others reject this analysis.
Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state?
Many psychologists believe that hypnosis is a form of normal social influence and that hypnotized people act out the role of "good subject" by following directions given by an authoritative person. (Social influence theory) Other psychologists view hypnosis as a dissociation—a split between normal sensations and conscious awareness. Selective attention may also contribute by blocking attention to certain stimuli.
third-force perspective
Maslow & Rogers perspective that emphasized human potential
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
Effects of sleep loss
Mood shifts, decreased socialization & sense of humor •Decreased motor and cognitive performance •Reduced ability to concentrate and decision skills •Reduced ability to handle complex tasks •Increased risk taking behavior and accidents (driving) •Decreased efficiency of immune system •Decreased functioning of frontal lobes •Increased "microsleeps" and daytime sleepiness (43%) •Sleep restriction appears to trigger hormonal changes that increase hunger •Studies have found a link between short sleep duration and increased obesity •Mortality rates are especially high among those who consistently sleep over 10 hours
Three barbiturates
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No, though it can make them do things they may not do otherwise Hypnotized patients were told to throw "acid" at researchers, and did so. However they later denied they had. They then asked the same of a control group of unhypnotized people. All the unhypnotized participants (perhaps believing that the laboratory context assured safety) performed the same acts as those who were hypnotized. •Studies show that an authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not to perform unlikely acts
night terrors
Not nightmares a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Opiates vs. Opioids
Opiates are natural Opioids are synthetic We use the word opioids to encompass both Both depressants
inattentional blindness example
Participants were asked to count how many times the white team passed the ball. The participants focused all of their attention on the white players and failed to notice that a man dressed in a gorilla costume passed by.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology
As a neurologist studying neurological disorders, Freud asked whether some neurological disorders have some BLANK causes? This led Freud to discover the BLANK
Psychological Unconsciousness
Freud's idea of the minds structure
Psychologist have used an iceberg image to illustrate for his ideas that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface know that the air is totally unconscious but ego and super ego operate with consciously and unconsciously I like the part of a frozen ice because ever it even super ego interact
Day dreams vs. dreams
REM Dreams- hallucinations of the sleeping mind- vivid, emotional and bizarre •Unlike daydreams which are familiar details of our lives
What stage of sleep do those who suffer narcolepsy enter when suffering attacks, and how long do they last
REM Sleep 5 minutes
Dream Theories: Activation Synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories This activates brain areas that process visual images (NOT THE VISUAL CORTEX) PET scans show increased activity in the limbic system (emotions) and frontal lobe is idle (inhibition and logic) With the emotional activity from the limbus system and the random visual images processed by various brain regions, we get dreams PROBLEM: BECAUSE IT IS THE INDIVIDUALS BRAIN WEAVING THE STORIES, THIS TELLS US SOMEThING ABOUT THE DREAMER.- if the activity is random, how is this possible?
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
How has the humanistic perspective influenced psychology? What criticisms has it faced?
Renewed interest in self-concept- questions and the relationship to self-concept and health •Criticisms •Vague and subjective- not scientific description •Individualistic- "Am I living a way in which is deeply satisfying to me, which expresses me?"= self- indulgence, selfishness, and erosion of moral restraints. •But, humanists argue that self-acceptance= ability to loving others •Naïve- humanists fail to appreciate human capacity for evil- instead it encourages the need for hope but not realism about evil.
BLANK underlies all the other defense mechanisms
Repression
Process of meth
Triggers the release of dopamine, which elevates mood and energy 8+ hours Men have a higher release of dopamine, and higher rates of addiction crystal meth - (crystalized form of meth)
For Maslow and Rogers, the central feature of personality is
Self concept
How do humanistic psychologists assess a persons sense of Self?
Self-report tests •Ideal versus actual self- asked people to describe themselves both as they ideally like to be and as they actually are. •When the ideal self and the actual self are alike= positive self-concept •Some humanists believe standard assessment (questionaire) = dehumanizing. Instead they interviewed and had intimate conversation.
Dreams can also incorporate...
Sensory stimuli in dreams
Who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams?
Sigmund Freud
K complex
Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
five reasons sleep may have evolved
Sleep protects - hard to hunt in the dark Sleep helps us recuperate- restore brain tissue Sleeps helps make memories- restoring and rebuilding our day's experiences Sleep feeds creative thinking- dreams have inspired scientific achievements Sleep may pay a roll in the growth processes - during deep sleep, the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone
NREM stage 2
Sleep spindles and K complexes •rapid, rhythmic brain activity •Body temp dropping, HR slowing •Sleep-talking- can happen in any other stage •Theta waves •Easily awakened
What stage of sleep do you spend most of your time
Stage 2
Cocaine
Stimulant Snorted or injected(better) Rush of euphoria depletes supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine Followed 15-30 minutes later with a depressive crash
T/F Tolerance DOES NOT mean that the addicted person does not suffer the damage from excessive usage
T
T/F Sleeping pills and alcohol are not good fixes for insomnia
T - they can disrupt REM
T/F: You take in sensory information even when you are asleep
T -EEG recordings reveal that the auditory cortex responds to stimuli while we are asleep. but, just like we are awake, most information is processed outside our conscious awareness
What happens to you if you're exposed to bright light during the night?
The bright light awakens the proteins that signal the SCN to stop the pineal glands production of melatonin, thus delaying sleep.
The problem with taking sleeping pills
The person may need to keep increasing the dose when it begins to lose effect. And when the drug is discontinued, insomnia ends up worse
hypnotic induction
The process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject, generally by voicing a series of suggestions
How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis?
They give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, to the struggle to cope with our sexuality, to the conflict between biological impulses and social restraints, and for some forms of defense mechanisms (false consensus effect/projection; reaction formation) and unconscious terror-management defenses. But his concept of repression, and his view of the unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, cannot survive scientific scrutiny. Freud offered after-the-fact explanations, which are hard to test scientifically. Research does not support many of Freud's specific ideas, such as the view that development is fixed in childhood. (We now know it is lifelong.)
What happens to those with sleep apnea
They intermittently stop breathing during sleep. After an airless minute, they wake up to snort air. They are unable to enter slow wave sleep, so they often report fatigue, obesity, high blood pressure. They can wear a mask with an air pump.
Common feature of psychoactive drugs
They trigger negative after effects that offset their immediate positive effects and grow stronger with repetition
Questions on The Big Five •How stable are the traits?
Very stable in adulthood- we become more agreeable as we age
Opioids
Vicodin, Percocet, ocycontin, fentanyl all made in a lab
reciprocal influence
Ways individuals and the environment interact •Different people choose different environments- your disposition is reflected in your environment- friends, music, entertainment- then the environment shapes you. •Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events- adventurous, open people see the world as an adventure and react based on that trait •Our personalities help create situations to which we react-how we view and treat people influences how they treat us. If we expect someone to be angry with us, we may give them the cold shoulder which will in turn give us the anticipated anger. ex. Easy going people are less confrontational and less bothers them
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
We permanently store only some of our experiences, and we may be unable to retrieve some memories we have stored. "hypnotically refreshed" memories combine fact with fiction
How much information do we consciously attend to at once?
We selectively attend to, and process, a very limited aspect of incoming information. We even display inattentional blindness, blocking out events and changes in our visual world. Shifting the spotlight of our attention from one thing to another contributes to car and pedestrian accidents.
Sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations (stopping) of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Evidence of awareness?
When asked to imagine playing tennis or navigating her home a vegetative brain exhibited activity similar to a healthy person's brain. Although the case may be an exception, researchers wonder if such fMRI scans might enable a "conversation" with unresponsive patients by instructing them, for example, to answer yes to a question by imagining playing tennis or no by imagining walking around their home
Questions on The Big Five •Do the traits predict other personal attributes?
Yes- ex: conscientious people do better in high school and college
What happens if you start taking opiates?
Your brain stops making natural opiates- endorphins Extreme Withdrawal and quickly develop high tolerance
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Marijuana
a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive
Displacement example
a little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room
Denial example
a partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued Ex. Physical pain, intense cravings
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) Chemically similar to serotonin= •Causes euphoria to detachment to panic. Current mood of the user will dictate the experience of the "high" •Hallucinations are generally the same= beginning with simple geometric forms (lattice, cobweb or spiral) then progress to more meaningful images (emotional experiences) peaking with an out of body experience.
Methamphetamine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions Often comes with stress relieving drugs
personality inventories
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
dreams
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
Alcohol + Sex = the perfect storm
alcohols effects on self-control and social expectations often converge in sexual situations
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
paradoxical sleep
another name for REM sleep
Jung's collective unconscious
common images shared by a species' universal experiences. An inherited set of beliefs and understandings. Ex: spirituality is of great concern.
addiction
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences Physical symptoms like aches, nausea, and distress follow withdrawal
Social cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through... They also emphasize the importance of...
conditioning or by observing others (social part) mental processes: what we think about our situations affects our behavior (cognitive part)
Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Electra complex
counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females
crack
crystallized form of cocaine Faster Brief but intense high
Conscious states that occur spontaneously
daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
Rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Three major categories of psychoactive drugs They all do their work where
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens Neural synapses- they stimulate, mimic, or inhibit the brains neurotransmitters
Eugene Aserinsky
discovered REM sleep when he hooked his son up to an EEG.
Latency (6 to puberty)
dormant sexual feelings
Dream theories: Cognitive Development
dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding •Dreams are part of the brain maturation and cognitive development •Dreams draw on our relative concepts and knowledge PROBLEM: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF NEUROSCIENCE??- NERVOUS SYSTEM
Royal road to the unconscious
dreams
Dream theories: information processing
dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories PROBLEM: WHY DO WE SOMETIMES DREAM OF THINGS WE HAVE NOT EXPERIENCED ??
Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
When do we dream?
during REM sleep
visual perception track
enables us "to think about the world"—to recognize things and to plan future actions ; part of dual processing
cocktail party effect
example of selective attention ability to attend to only one voice among many
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus Occur during NREM Stage 1
Neo-Freudians
followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories agreed with Freud on id, ego and superego, the significance of the unconscious, shaping of personality and dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms •But, they differ from Freud in 2 ways 1. more emphasis on conscious minds role in interpreting experience and coping with environment 2. doubted sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations
visual action track
guides our moment-to-moment movements ; part of dual processing
Those who have "hypnotic ability" typically...
have good imagination and can become imaginatively absorbed- reading books, watching movies
illusion of conscious will
people believe their consciousness is controlling their actions when it isn't
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
The main focus of the social cognitive perspective
how we and our environment interact •How do we interpret and respond to external events? •How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior patterns?
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?
hypothalamus
erogenous zones
in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
Preconscious
in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing Ex. Freud asks his patients to relax and tell him everything on their mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Adler's inferiority complex
inferiority complex- much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority
ambiguous stimuli
patterns allowing more than one interpretation
hypnagogic sensations
life-like hallucinations that occur shortly after falling asleep; usually sensation of falling or floating
Genital Stage (puberty on)
maturation of sexual interests
Opiates
morphine, codeine, heroin
Psychodynamic theory
much of our mental life is unconscious, we struggle with inner conflicts, and childhood shapes our personality and ways of becoming attached to others.
psychoactive drugs change perceptions and moods through their actions at the BLANK
neural synapse
Apnea means
no breathing
Ideal self
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin and codeine; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Pupils constrict, breathing slows, lethargy
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
Projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Denial
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Dream Theories: Physiological Function
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways PROBLEM: WHY DO WE ALSO EXPERINCE MEANINGFUL DREAMS?
Nicotine is not only compulsive and mood altering it also BLANK
reinforcing - triggers a release of epinephrine and norepinephrine in only seven seconds
reaction formation example
repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness
Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called
repression
Maslow studied the lives of exceptional, healthy, and creative people such as Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt. He found that these people were
self aware, self-accepting, open, spontaneous, loving, caring and not bound by others' opinions Interests= problem centered rather than self-centered •Most had few deep relationships rather than many superficial ones •Many had peak experiences that moved them beyond ordinary consciousness
For Maslow, the major motivating force is ____.
self-actualization
LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter BKANK. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
serotonin antagonist
Freud viewed jokes as expressions of repressed...
sexual and aggressive tendencies
sleep spindles
short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep
Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a BLANK and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's
slide show cognitive development
cognitive neuroscience
study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ____________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Sleepwalking
walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep; stage 4 sleep
pop-out phenomenon
we don't choose to attend to these stimuli; they draw our eye and demand our attention
choice blindness
when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed
change blindness
when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene
When is thinking sharpest and memory most accurate?
when we are at our daily peak in circadian arousal (midday)
REM sleep
•First REM cycle lasts 1-10 minutes, then throughout the night REM becomes longer and stages 3 & 4 become less and less •paradoxical sleep- body internally aroused, externally calm •Brainstem blocks motor cortex messages= Muscles paralyzed (why it is called paradoxical sleep) •Breathing becomes more rapid and irregular during REM sleep • heart rate and blood pressure also increase to near waking levels •Vaginal lubrication and erection occur regardless of dream content •Theta (awake), alpha (awake)and beta (sleep) waves •Where dreams occur- not easily awakened but if awakened this is where you will remember dreams most vivid
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
•Yes- hypnotized people seem to respond with a stronger tolerance to pain •Lack of sensitivity to pain could also be caused from selective attention- hypnosis does not block sensory input, but can block our attention to it •Hypnotic pain relief can be the result of selective attention- remember perception unit •Hypnosis cannot block sensory input- but it can block our attention to it!
