Cooper Ch 13

abbreviation for Continuous reinforcement

CRF

schedule thinning

Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.

limited hold

a finite period of time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval, in which the reinforcement remains available

variable interval

a schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of various durations of time

chained schedule

a schedule of reinforcement similar to the multiple schedule, except there is always a specific order to the basic schedules, may require the same behavior or different behaviors for different elements, and each successive element is dependent on the previous

multiple schedule of reinforcement (mult)

a schedule that presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence

what are two applications of progressive schedules of reinforcement

assessments and interventions

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

contains 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement, operates independently and simultaneously and is for two or more behaviors

compound schedules of reinforcement combine the elements from what other schedules of reinforcement

continuous reinforcement (CRT), 4 intermittent schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH and DRL) and extinction (EXT)

what are the two types of differential rates of responding

differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH) and differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

when the problem is responding too often or too infrequently, what types of schedules of intervention are needed

differential reinforcement of rates of responding

interresponse time

duration of time that occurs between two responses

Which schedule produces a postreinforcement pause during the early parts of the interval, it creates a rates of response that is initially slow, but accelerates toward the end of the interval, reaching a maximum rate just before delivery of the reinforcer

fixed interval

Which schedule, typically produces the highest rates of response?

fixed ratio

What are the four types of intermittent reinforcement

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval and variable interval

the number of responses does not change when the reinforcer is delivered with a

interval schedule

Intermittent reinforcement is used to

maintain established behaviors.

extinction

no occurrence of the behavior produces reinforcement

ratio strain

occurs with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. it can involve avoidance, aggression and unpredictable responding

mixed schedule

procedure identical to multiple schedules except the mixed schedule has no discriminative stimuli correlated with the independent schedules

what are two types of progressive schedules of reinforcement

progressive ratio and progressive interval

An elapse of time does not change the contingency with a

ratio schedule

Differential reinforcement of high rates

reinforcement of responses higher than predetermined criterion

intrinsic motivation

reinforcement that is received by manipulating the physical environment

Ratio schedules

require a number of responses before one response produces reinforcement

Postreinforcement pause

responding stops for a period of time following reinforcement

differential reinforcement of low rates

response are reinforced only when they are lower than the criterion

Fixed schedules

response or interval times remain constant

Variable schedules

response ratio or the time requirement can change from one reinforced response to another.

schedule of reinforcement

rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered

what name is given to describe the rounded curves shown on a cumulative graph, for a Fixed Interval

scallop

conjunctive schedule

schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement follows the completion of response requirement for both a ratio schedule and an interval schedule of reinforcement

Fixed Ratio

schedule of reinforcement requires the completion of a number of responses to produce a reinforcer

Fixed Intervals

schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first response following a fixed duration of time

Variable ratio

schedule of reinforcement that requires the completion of a variable number of responses to produce a reinforcer

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)

schedule that provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined time interval when the number of responses is less than criterion that is gradually decreased across intervals

alternative schedule

schedule that provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule is met

tandem schedule

schedule that uses a procedure identical to chained schedule, except it does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain

intermittent schedule of reinforcement

some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior are reinforced

Continuous Reinforcement is used to

strengthen behavior, primarily during the initial stages of learning new behaviors.

progressive schedule of reinforcement

systematic thinning each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participant's behavior

what is the relationship between the length of of the interval and the postreinforcement pause with FI schedules?

the duration of the time interval influences the postreinforcement pause and the rate of response - the larger the fixed interval requirement, the longer the postreinforcement pause and the lower the overall rate of response.

matching law

the rate of responding is typically proportional to the rate of reinforcement received from each choice alternative

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs

adjunctive behaviors

time filler behaviors such as doodling, idle talking, drinking, smoking, etc. these occur independently of schedule control

which schedule of reinforcement produces a stable, yet low to moderate rate of response

variable interval (VI)

Which schedule produces a steady rate of response and typically does not produce a postreinforcement pause

variable ratio

whats a key difference between fixed ratio and fixed interval schedules of reinforcement?

with a FR, responses are emitted at a consistent rate until completing the ratio requirement, whereas responses under an FI schedule begin slow and accelerate towards the end of each interval