Corrections Exam 1

b. Bridewell

1. A work house, created for employment and housing in London during the 16th century, is called: a. Brank b. Bridewell c. Stocks d. Sanctuary

c. Rehabilitation

1. The basic reason for punishment include all of the following reasons except: a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

d. Programs and services are provided in relatively equal proportion to individuals with suspended sentences and individuals on probation...

1. The relationship between the suspended sentence and probation are accurately depicted in all of the following statements except: a. A suspended sentence does not require supervision while probation does. b. The practice of suspending sentences in America has, to al large extent, been replaced by probation. c. Probation is a form of suspended sentence. d. Programs and services are provided in relatively equal proportion to individuals with suspended sentences and individuals on probation.

a. Make treatment the central element to probation.

10. The "Broken Windows" approach to probation calls for all of the following strategies except: a. Make treatment the central element to probation. b. Place public safety first. c. Emphasize performance-based initiatives. d. Collaborate with the community.

c. Moral and religious instruction

10. The Pennsylvania System initially used the following basic elements except a. Humane treatment b. No work c. Moral and religious instruction d. Solitary confinement

a. Punishment has a specific beneficial and social consequence

10. The utilitarian view of retaliation argues which of the follow? a. Punishment has a specific beneficial and social consequence b. Guilt must be washed away through suffering inflicted by punishment c. Retaliation fulfills a religious mission d. Punishment resolves social discord created by the offense and re-establishes a sense of harmony through requital.

b. 5%

11. On average, prosecutors bargain away ______ of cases. a. 30% b. 5% c. 10% d. 60%

c. Correction in behavior is found through allowing interaction among inmates

11. The Auburn prison system is characterized by the following concepts except a. Relatively small cells b. Enforced idleness c. Correction in behavior is found through allowing interaction among inmates d. Used an inside cell-design

a. Probation

11. Which of the following types of correctional control is not considered to be a form of intermediate sanction? a. Probation b. Intensive supervised probation c. Electronic monitoring d. House arrest

d. Release from prison should be based on time served

12. Maconochie's principles are based on all of the following except a. A prisoner should earn everything he receives in prison b. Labor in prison is based on improvement of conduct, frugality of living, and habits of living c. When appropriate, offenders should form small groups where everyone is responsible for each other's behavior d. Release from prison should be based on time served

a. Compensate the victim for loss of injury.

12. Restitution requires the offender to: a. Compensate the victim for loss of injury. b. Be incarcerated for his or her crime. c. Plea bargain for a lesser sentence. d. Be placed on probation.

d. Attorneys' personal attributes

12. The following factors are generally taken into account when prosecutors determine whether or not to dismiss a case from the court system except: a. Harm done to victim b. Research on sentencing c. Case's strength d. Attorneys' personal attributes

...d. Day fines are still a fairly uncommon practice in the U.S. compared to Australia and England.

13. All of the following statements describe day fines except? a. Money paid to the criminal justice system based on a graduated punishment system. b. The offender's daily earnings determine the specific dollar amount of the fine. c. The revenue made by day fines is diverted to victim compensation funds. d. Day fines are still a fairly uncommon practice in the U.S. compared to Australia and England.

b. Rehabilitation

13. Indeterminate sentencing is most consistent with which goal of punishment? a. Deterrence b. Rehabilitation c. Incapacitation d. Retribution

a. The dismantling of the "fortress" type prisons

13. The period of transition, from 1935 to 1960, was marked by all the following except a. The dismantling of the "fortress" type prisons b. Effort to rehabilitate offenders c. The first Supermax prison in America d. The federal Bureau of Prisons became a national leader in corrections

c. To divert drug-abusing offenders to intensively monitored treatment instead of incarceration.

14. Drug Courts were created to do which of the following? a. To increase the level of supervision of offenders over that of ISPs. b. To lower the rate of recidivism compared to that of ISPs. c. To divert drug-abusing offenders to intensively monitored treatment instead of incarceration. d. To more effectively utilize the principles of effective intervention.

b. Presentence investigation report

14. One main problem with sentencing is that judges have to be able to predict human behavior. A judge uses all of the flowing tools to make his or her sentencing decisions except: a. Intuition b. Presentence investigation report c. Research on prediction d. Experience

a. Hard labor

14. The early part of the 1950's posed particular discontent because of a. Hard labor b. Lack of professional leadership c. Substandard personnel d. Excessive overcrowding of institutions

a. Administrative policies of sentences

15. As advocated by Walter C. Reckless, a presentence investigation report or PSI should include all of the following information except: a. Administrative policies of sentences b. Recommendations for sentence c. Objective content d. Subjective content

b. Electronic monitoring terms average almost 1 year....

15. Findings from the use of electronic monitoring include all of the following except: a. The longer the period of monitoring, the higher the odds of success. b. Electronic monitoring terms average almost 1 year. c. Success rates for electronic monitoring range from 74-86%. d. Offenders may be charged to lease the electronic monitoring equipment.

c. Solitary living conditions

15. Hallmarks to prisons in the 1960's include all the following except a. Power struggles between gangs and other groups b. Nature of inmate demands revolve around basic rights in prison c. Solitary living conditions d. Crowded living conditions, harsh rules, and poor food

c. Banning early release to institutionalized offenders...

16. In recent years legislatures have increased control over the sentencing process of their state. Which of the following is not one of the strategies of legislative control? a. The introduction of determinate sentencing b. The institution of sentencing guidelines c. Banning early release to institutionalized offenders d. The use of mandatory prison terms

c. The creation of intermediate sanctions

16. There were several events that coincided between 1975 and 1985 to create prison population boom. Which of the following is not a reason for this dramatic increase in prisoners? a. The War on Drugs b. The shift to conservative beliefs to deal with crime c. The creation of intermediate sanctions d. "baby boom" group in crime-prone age range

b. Food deprivation is necessary to control behavior

16. Which of the following statements does not characterize the reformatory at Elmira? a. Increase academic education for reformation b. Food deprivation is necessary to control behavior c. A goal was to reform youths d. A gymnasium with modern equipment and bath facilities is advocated

b. These prisons widely adopted freedom of religion into the institution

17. Most prisons built during the Reformatory Era had all the following characteristics except a. These prisons abandoned the silent system b. These prisons widely adopted freedom of religion into the institution c. These prison started using indeterminate sentencing and parole d. These prisons were based on the Auburn System

b. The correctional system's finite size

17. There are several sources of "pressure" in the correctional system discussed in your textbook that leads to practical problems in sentencing. Which of the following is not one of them? a. Limited resources b. The correctional system's finite size c. Sentencing discrimination d. The number of prisoners in institutions

d. The degree of repentance demonstrated by the offender...

18. Judicial and administrative sentencing processes share common criteria in decision-making. Which of the following is not one of them? a. The offender's past criminal record b. The use of good time c. Classification of the crime as aggravated, "normal," and mitigated d. The degree of repentance demonstrated by the offender

b. Medical treatment

18. The prison population increased since 1960 due to all the following factors except a. A fear of crime b. Medical treatment c. Media and special interest groups d. The War on Drugs

a. Offenders are no different than the rest of society

19. Corrections must always ask, "Who are offenders and what are we expected to do with them?" Which of the following statement does not reflect a way that corrections historically answered this question? a. Offenders are no different than the rest of society b. Offenders are uneducated and ill-trained to function in modern society c. Offenders are out of touch with God and must repent d. Offenders are evil and must be destroyed

b. Weapons offenders

19. The least represented group of offenders in state prison are: a. Property offenders b. Weapons offenders c. Drug offenders d. Violent offenders

d. Systematic autonomy from government officials

2. John Howard argued for four principles for prison reform. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. Abolition of fees b. Reformatory regime c. Secure and sanitary structures d. Systematic autonomy from government officials

c. 1878

2. Probation became an official sanction, supported by state statute, in what year? a. 1812 b. 1856 c. 1878 d. 1907

b. Retaliation fulfills a religious a religious mission

2. The theological view of retaliation argues which of the following: a. Punishment has a specific beneficial and social consequence b. Retaliation fulfills a religious a religious mission c. Punishment resolves social discord created by the offense and re-establishes a sense of harmony through requital d. Guilt must be washed away through suffering inflicted by punishment

a. Two to ten years

20. An example of indeterminate sentencing would be which of the following sentences? a. Two to ten years b. Three strikes and you're out legislation c. Ten years plus five for aggravating factors of the crime d. Two years

a. The refusal to provide meals for violating prison rules

20. Methods of discipline that have been used in the Auburn system include the following except a. The refusal to provide meals for violating prison rules b. Flogging to maintain control over prisoners c. Solitary confinement for violating prison rules d. Lockstep formation to maintain control over offenders

a. Increase the imposed sentence for technical violations

3. Probation departments have duties to perform. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Increase the imposed sentence for technical violations b. Restitution management c. Investigate facts about the offense, offender, arrest, and technical violations d. Prepare the Presentence Investigation Report(PSI)

d. Incapacitation

3. Which of the following is a theory of punishment that argues the reason for punishment is to disable the offender from committing another crime? a. Retaliation b. Prevention c. Deterrence d. Incapacitation

b. Great Law

3. William Penn, and the Pennsylvania Quakers, created a body of laws called the a. A. Code of Draco b. Great Law c. Sumerian code d. Hammurabic code

a. Private presentence reports

4. The Presentence Investigation Report generally includes all of the following information except: a. Private presentence reports b. Plan of supervision c. Past criminal information d. Level of risk of the offender

c. In the Walnut Street Jail

4. The first American institution exclusively dedicated to the correction of felons was a. In hulks b. An abandoned copper mine in Simsbury, Connecticut c. In the Walnut Street Jail d. In Gaols

b. Indeterminate

4. Which sentencing structure underlies the treatment model? a. Presumptive sentencing b. Indeterminate c. Mandatory minimum d. Determinate

d. Prisons are declining in use

5. Corrections is an important field of study because of all the following except a. A. corrections is undergoing rapid change b. Interests in reducing crime and safety c. Corrections impacts ordinary individuals everyday d. Prisons are declining in use

b. Drugs and alcohol use and abuse...

5. Offenders in prisons and jails have problems that contribute to crime commission. Which of the following is generally NOT one of these factors? a. Criminal or "bad" companions or friends b. Drugs and alcohol use and abuse c. Anti-social attitudes and values d. Self-esteem

a. Expulsion from school to target for outside programming

5. The prevention ideology contains all of the following concepts except a. Expulsion from school to target for outside programming b. A focus on a child's social and emotional problems c. A focus on the individual and the environment around him or her d. Programs that generally begin in the school

a. Unification of the Church and State

6. Sir Thomas More refused to accept which of the following statements that resulted in his death? a. Unification of the Church and State b. Change ecclesiastical law to suit the marital desires of Henry VIII c. Corporal punishment prevents crime d. Social conditions do not cause crime

c. An increase in supervision and program participation by the court due to non-compliance on the part of the probationer.

6. Tourniquet sentencing is: a. When the probation officer enhances probation requirements after the probation term begins. b. Specific conditions of probation reserved for drug, using offenders. c. An increase in supervision and program participation by the court due to non-compliance on the part of the probationer. d. Specific conditions for probation primarily used on high-risk offenders.

a. Correctional ideology is a body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders, as determined by law

6. Which of the following statements best describes the notion of correctional ideology? a. Correctional ideology is a body of ideas and practices that pertain to the processing of offenders, as determined by law b. Correction ideology is a relative notion of punishment adopted by a particular society c. Correctional ideology refers to all practices and procedures that seek to reform offenders d. Correctional ideology refers to those practices and procedures believed to be most effective in reducing recidivism

c. Not allow the victim a voice in the criminal justice process

7. Restorative justice purports all of the following elements listed below except a. Crime creates the obligation to make things right b. Make amends to the victim and community c. Not allow the victim a voice in the criminal justice process d. "the balanced approach."

...

7. The Gagnon v. Scarpelli decision governs how probation may be withdrawn from an offender. This decision created all of the following due process rules except: a. A written notice of the probation hearing must be given to the offender. b. The probationer has the right to cross-examine witnesses. c. The probationer has the right to legal counsel when the case is too complex for the ordinary person to comprehend the legal issues involved. d. The hearing is before a jury.

d. Utilitarianism

7. The doctrine in which the aim of all action should be the greatest pleasure for the largest number of citizens is called a. Deterrence b. Penitence c. Rehabilitation d. Utilitarianism

b. The correctional system is given sole responsibility to supervise probationers....

8. Probation is characterized by all of the following statements except: a. Probation is not a sanction of confinement b. The correctional system is given sole responsibility to supervise probationers. c. Probation is characterized by conditions imposed on the offender that governs release into the community d. Recent developments in technology have increased the ability to monitor probationers' behavior.

c. Treatment ideology

8. This type of correctional ideology argues that criminality is a manifestation of pathology that can be managed or even reversed in some way. The goal of this ideology is to make offenders aware of their maladaptive behavior and to change it. Which correctional ideology does this refer to? a. Incapacitation ideology b. Deterrence ideology c. Treatment ideology d. Restorative justice ideology

b. Capital punishment is effective to deter criminal behavior

8. Which of the following statements did Cesare Beccaria not advocate? a. Crime should be considered injury against society b. Capital punishment is effective to deter criminal behavior c. The purpose of punishment should be to prevent crime d. The currency of punishment is the extent of injury to the victim

c. Harsh

9. For deterrence to work, punishment must be all of the following except a. A. closely linked to behavior that one wishes to stop b. Swift c. Harsh d. Certain

d. The probationer can possess a firearm.

9. Probationers have general conditions of probation they must meet. Which of the following conditions is NOT a general condition of probation? a. The probationer must remain drug free. b. The probationer cannot leave the jurisdiction with court approval. c. The probationer must pay probation fees. d. The probationer can possess a firearm.

d. Transportation

9. The punishment of banishment was replaced by all the following except a. Imprisonment b. Penal servitude c. Capital punishment d. Transportation

Who is the father of probation?

John Augustus

pretrial report?

PSI-Presentence investigation

house arrest

a cout-imposed sentence that orders an offender to remain confined in his or her residence for the duration or remainder of the sentence. can reduce costs and over crowding in the correctional system

Treatment alternatives to street crime (TASC)

a treatment program designed to divert minor drug abusers away from the criminal justice system

cat-o-nine tails?

a type of flogging-consisted of nine knotted cords that were fastened to a wooden handle. got it's name because it left marks on the body that looked like cat scratches

Electronic monitoring (EM) types

active phone line systems, passive phone line systems, remote location monitoring, and global positioning systems

male inmates compared to female inmates

almost 9 out of every 10 inmates are male

inmate race comparison

blacks are almost 3 times more likely than hispanics and 5 times more likely than whites to be in jail

bail bondsman

bonding agents lend money for a fee to people who cannot make bail. they normally charge a percentage of the bail amount

what happens when you first get to jail?

booking process

First code for which we have records

code of Hammurabi

the 20th century mostly uses what kind of programs?

community programs

Formal punishments used by schools?

corporal punishment

3 most pressing issues in corrections

costs, overcrowding, retribution by the public

intent of execution

deterrence

elderly inmates have...

doubled over the past

What is a gallow?

early name for jails

probation sentences are..

fixed

which one do more people go to, jail or prisons?

jail

what does a state have to have to operate?

laws

what branch creates laws?

legislative

whats the goal of just deserts?

making amends

finicial restitution

payment of sum of moneyby an offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime

most people in jails are what class?

poor

just deserts

punsihment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense or the harm dome. the theory of just deserts holds that it is unfair to deprive a person of liberty as a consequence of committing a criminal act for any other reason than the act they engaged in deserves to be punished.

how are EM signals transmitted?

radio signals?

as the case load for probation increases..?

recidivism increases

community service

requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency

indeterminate sentence

sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence

determinate sentence

sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term. its main forms are flat-time sentences, mandatory sentences, and presumptive sentences.

who runs the jail?

sherrif

During the colonial era, instead of cells, inmate housing took the form of..

small rooms

penselvania prison used what method with their prisoners?

solitary confinement

modern method of corrections?

technology

where are people on probation supervised?

the community

specific deterrence

the idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offense

medical model

the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention

general deterrence

the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing similar acts

corrections

the institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control, and change the behavior of convicted offenders

release on own recognizance (ror)

the release without bail of defendants who apper to have stable ties in the community and are a good risk to appear for trial.

where was convict leasing prevelant?

the south

Auburn cellblock

used a silent system

first jail in the U.S.

walnut street jail

in order to have a criminal foriture...

you need a conviction