corrections exam 2

Agricultural and farming programs are found in ____ percent of state facilities. Public works assignments—including highway and street cleaning—exist in 46 percent of the publicly operated correctional facilities. Prison industries, so common at the federal level, are found in 25 percent of state-level facilities.

17

In 2000, prison authorities reported nearly ______ incidents involving inmates and staff, resulting in a rate of 15 staff assaulted for every 1,000 inmates.

18,000

In _____, Massachusetts hired the first state employee whose job it was to help parolees adjust to free world life.

1845

The second group of detainees consists of those individuals convicted of a federal felony and admitted to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In 2010, this was 29 percent of all BOP admissions, up from ____ percent in 2000,

19

The federal prison population has grown dramatically in recent years. In 1980, the system held fewer than 20,000 inmates. By 2005, 166,173 people were being housed in federal prisons, and in 2010 there were _______ federal inmates.

190,642

At the federal level, parole began in _____

1910

A review of state paroling authority websites reveals that only about ______ states use the independent parole board model

20

The number of inmates housed by the BOP between 1940 and 1980 grew slowly, from _______

20,000 to nearly 25,000

In 2010, among the_____ percent of parolees who returned to incarceration, seven in ten were simply revoked, while slightly more than one-fourth received a new conviction and sentence.

33

State and federal prison authorities reported more than ______ assaults on inmates in 2000 (Stephan and Karberg 2003, 10). Based on the average daily population of the reporting facilities, this works out to a victimiza-tion rate of 28 violations per 1,000 inmates.

34,000

___ percent of mentally ill state prisoners reported being involved in a fight compared to 25 percent of other prisoners.

36

between 1925 and 1970, the overall rates typically rose slowly, leveled off, and then dropped: the rate in 1970 (96 per 100,000) was close to the rates recorded in 1925 and in 1945. In 1975, the rate was 111 per 100,000. It rose steadily throughout the next four decades. In fact, by 1986 it had nearly doubled, doubling again over the next 10 years. By 2007, the rate was 506, an increase of more than ____ percent in a period of 40 years. Never before in the 80-plus years of recorded national prisoner statistics had there been an increase of as much as 100 percent in a similar time span.

400

The change in the federal parolee rate, given the elimination of discretionary parole between 1987 and 1992, was in the wrong direction. In 1980, the federal per capita parole rate stood at 12. By 2010, the rate had increased to _____

45

In 2010, OJJDP reported that ______ adolescents were held in state custody as a result of juvenile court commitments.

48,427

the state systems most affected by gangs were Illinois, with _____ percent of the prison population (14,900) gang members, and New Jersey, with 24.4 percent of the population (6,000) gang members.

48.1

immigration detentions peaked in 2000 at 1.8 million, declining to slightly more than ______ in 2010, their lowest level since 1972

500,000

______percent of the parolees completed the term of supervision and earned unconditional release, a figure that has increased from 45 percent, where it had stood from the mid-1990s to 2009

52

of all persons who exited supervision in 2010, only 65 percent of probationers and ____percent of parolees were successfully dis-charged

52

In terms of classification levels, about _____ percent of state facilities operate at the minimum or low security level, largely due to the fact that most community corrections facilities are operated at that level. Another 25 percent of all such institutions operate as medium-security institutions. The remain-ing 21 percent are maximum-security prisons,

54

race stats for mental health problems

62 percent of white inmates, 55 percent of black inmates, and 46 percent of Hispanic inmates reported having mental health problems. For jail inmates the numbers were 71 percent for whites, 63 percent for blacks, and 51 percent for Hispanics

About ____percent of state-operated facilities provide at least adult basic education (ABE), usually leading to a GED. About 50 percent operate vocational, technical, prerelease, or job-readiness training. Roughly 32 percent of state prisons have special education programs, including programs for people with learning disabilities. College programs also operate in 32 percent of public facilities, but fewer than 8 percent operate study release programs.

66

For female state prison inmates the numbers are even more dramatic and astounding: about _____ percent report physical abuse and nearly 59 percent report sexual abuse during their lifetime. The numbers for female inmates in local jails are lower for physical abuse (60 percent) but higher for sexual abuse (almost 64 percent).

68

AIDS-related deaths in federal prison are relatively rare events, having occurred only_____ times in 2010.

7

Estimates of undocumented immigrants in the United States vary from _____million

7 to 20

In 2000, nearly _____percent of all state correctional institutions reported that they had a policy to treat inmates for HCV

70

The 50 states operate 1,719 correctional facilities, _____percent (1,190) of which are confinement facilities.

70

As with federal prisons, the term "facilities support services" best describes nearly all job programs in both types of facilities, meaning the inmates take care of the prison and its grounds, as ____ percent report this form of work program.

72

The most common of these, found in ____ percent of public facilities, focus on drug and alcohol dependence, substance abuse, and drug awareness programs.

72

the raw number of AIDS-related deaths in state prisons had dropped from a peak of 1,010 in 1995 to _____in 2010.

72

2008 the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention found that nationwide there were about ______local jurisdictions operating juvenile detention facilities.

734

At midyear 2010, the nation's local jails held an estimated ______ inmates (Minton 2011). Another 60,632 individuals were under jail supervision but lived outside the facility

748,728

The actual number of parolees also experienced dramatic growth between 1980 and 2010. By 2010, the number of parolees in the country had more than tripled, from 222,036 to_______

784,408

in 2010, there were about _______PPOs and correctional treatment specialists nation-wide (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012), equivalent to about 21 percent of the number of institutional employees overall.

93,200

In a 2000 survey, 1,394 (_____ percent) of the nation's 1,558 public and private prisons reported that they offered inmates some type of mental health services

95

In 2008 the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reported that local jails experienced_______deaths and in 2009 the number was 948

960

radial-design prison (6):

A facility in which the cell blocks and functional areas of the prison are laid out like the spokes of a wheel.

close-custody unit (7):

A form of administrative segregation used in some prison systems to maintain control over dangerous inmates, including members of prison gangs.

clinical psychologist (10):

A person who treats individuals with mental and behavioral problems; in corrections, this person is responsible for supervising counselors and approving treatment plans.

building tenders (7):

A system of inmate-guards used extensively in Texas and Arkansas, among other states. This system became the basis of litigation against the operation of cruel and unusual penal systems.

prisoner reentry (9):

A term by John Irwin used to refer to the general reentry of convicted, sentenced, and incarcerated offenders back into the community, whether through parole or some other legal means, including expiration of sentence; often used to indicate programmatic and procedural actions taken against and on behalf of those being released.

false negatives (9):

A term taken from statistics and used to refer to prison inmates who are assessed to be poor risks for parole and are, therefore, denied conditional release from prison, but who, in reality, are actually unlikely to return to prison; nearly always unknown because they are not released.

Guardians (9):

A term used in the nineteenth century to describe citizen volunteers in New York, to whom released prisoners reported while on parole.

BOP Facility support services

About 75 percent of federal inmates work at institutional jobs, in health services, food services, educational and recreational services, the law library, the business office, and maintenance. Inmates working in their facility earn considerably less money—from $.12 cents an hour for farming, forestry, and ranch-ing, to $.40 an hour for non-UNICOR goods pro-duction

______is a crucial factor in the operation of any jail and prison

Age

Accreditation and certification by professional organizations such as the __________________________________ have further strengthened the professionalization movement.

American Correctional Association ( www.aca.org ) and the American Jail Association ( www.aja.org )

prison Hepatitis stats

Among prison inmates, between 16 and 41 percent have ever been infected with HCV, and 12 to 35 percent are chronically infected; these latter figures are 10 to 20 times the estimates for the general US population

percentage of state prisoner relationship status

Among state prison inmates, 57 percent have never been married; another 26 percent are divorced, separated, or widowed. The rest say they are married. About 5 percent are citizens of another country, a rate far below that observed for federal inmates.

joint-venture program (6):

An association of people or business organizations that undertakes a commercial enterprise.

punk (7):

An inmate personality or type according to Sykes and Messinger; an otherwise heterosexual inmate coerced into a submissive homosexual role.

The assault that ended the 1971 ______ uprising was the bloodiest encounter between two groups of Americans in the twentieth century (New York Special Commission on Attica 1972). Attica Prison is in the farming community of Attica, 30 miles east of Buffalo. Guard retaliation against two inmates precipitated the riot. It ended after four days with a police firestorm that left ten hostages and 29 inmates dead, and another three hostages, 85 inmates, and one state police trooper wounded.

Attica Prison

1946 takeover of Alcatraz, labeled the ______ by the warden at the time. Alcatraz—called "The Rock" by inmates and guards alike—was a federal penitentiary on an island in San Francisco Bay. It was home to the nation's most dangerous prisoners. The takeover was actually a failed escape attempt. Authorities responded with the combined firepower of federal prison guards, Marines, and Army soldiers, and the Coast Guard and harbor police patrolled the waters around The Rock throughout the three-day uprising

Battle of Alcatraz

How is hepatitis spread?

Both forms of the disease are spread through infected blood, most commonly through sharing needles or sexual contact.

Consolidated parole boards dominate the state and the federal systems, including jurisdictions with very large prison populations such as _____________________, and the federal system.

California, New York, Ohio, Texas, Pennsylvania

Veney v. Wyche (2002):

(1) housing homosexuals and homosexuals together could increase sexual activity, leading to reductions in prison security; (2) homosexual activities between cellmates could lead to heightened levels of certain communicable diseases, including HIV; (3) housing heterosexuals and homosexuals together could cause friction (but only in the case of males, since it was noted by the court that female heterosexuals are far more tolerant of homosexuality than are heterosexual males); and (4) homosexuals are at greater risk of being sexually attacked in prison than heterosexuals.

the US Department of Justice (2012) announced new rules that respond directly to the vulnerabilities of GLBT prisoners.

(1) security staff must be trained in how to conduct respectful search of transgender inmates, (2) transgender inmates cannot be assigned to a male or female facility based solely on their anatomy, and (3) transgender inmates must be given the opportunity to shower separately from other inmates.

we can see that ethical issues seem to cluster around the following topics: (

1) use of discretion, (2) use of force, (3) the code of silence and whistle-blowing, (4) improper relations with inmates or clients, (5) loyalty to conflicting standards, (6) a general concern with corruption, and (7) sexual harassment

Nationwide, there were more than 9,500 high-level administrative jobs in correctional institutions:

1,821 of them—1,719 in state facilities and 102 in federal facilities—were for the position of warden, and 473 jobs were for superintendent , the chief administrator in a juvenile correctional facility

the numbers of accused delinquents continued to decline from a nearly 4,000 average daily population in the 1970s to a low of 1,009 in 2005. In 2010 the number stood at _____

1,912

Out of the nearly 1.4 million inmates in state and federal prisons in 2000, ______ participated in mental health counseling or therapy programs, 114,400 received psychotropic drugs, and another 18,900 were under 24-hour care (Beck and Maruschak 2001; Guerino, Harrison, and Sabol 2011).

150,900

_______ conduct initial intake assessments, review test results and inmate records, and make recommendations for institutional placement. They may also perform rule-enforcement functions, such as reviewing rule infractions and recommending sanctions for those found to be guilty.

Classification officers

cultural importation hypothesis (7):

Clemmer's idea that convicted offenders bring key elements of the inmate code, along with most inmate role adaptations, into the prison community.

______________ are among the highest-paid prison workers, although they tend to make less than equivalently trained individuals in the private sector.

Clinical psychologists

internship (10):

College course (for pay, credit, or both) in which students observe and participate in some agency activities; also called field experience or practicum

Approximately one in ten of the states uses the _______ , a system created by the Correctional Services Group (Buchanan and Whitlow 1987). This profile assesses an inmate's needs based on the risk posed to both the institution and the public at large. It examines eight dimensions: medical and health needs, mental health needs, security and public risk needs, custody and institutional risk needs, educational needs, vocational training needs work skills, and the distance between the prison and the location of the inmate's family.

Correctional Classification Profile

four factors started to emerge that have added increased emphasis and urgency on the notion of corrections as a profession.

Education training technology accredidation

___________________ separate PPOs from COs

Education and experience

For transsexual prisoners, the US Supreme Court has established the legal standard for liability—deliberate indifference to a known substantial risk of serious harm—in _____________

Farmer v. Brennan

For transsexual prisoners, the US Supreme Court has established the legal standard for liability—deliberate indifference to a known substantial risk of serious harm—in ______

Farmer v. Brennan (1994).

Federal facilities operate two main work programs. The BOP formed the first,

Federal Prison Industries, Inc. , in 1934 (US BOP 2009). Today UNICOR , the Federal Prison Industries' trade name,

Three special-use facilities are unique.

Federal Transfer Center (FTC) Secure Female Facility (SFF) Administrative-Maximum (ADMAX)

the race and ethnicity, and gender of federal prisoners in 2009.

Fewer than 40 percent of those prisoners were non-Hispanic blacks; about 57 percent were white, while slightly less than 2 percent were either Native American or Asian. terms of ethnicity, about 32 percent were Hispanic. The vast majority—over 93 percent—of federal prisoners was male. The average federal prisoner was 37 years old. Nearly seven in ten federal prisoners were US citizens, 26.7 percent were noncitizens, and the remaining portion was of unknown status. A large contingent (17.8 percent) was citizens of Mexico.

The caseload picture means three things for PPOs.

First, in recent years, because the probationer population is so large, PPOs are seeing many more probationers than they are parolees. Second, the increasing number of probationers means that more, and more serious, offenders are being placed on probation, which in turn diminishes the possibility that PPOs can intervene meaningfully in the lives of their clients (Champion 1990). Third, probation and parole officers can expect excellent job security. The demand for PPOs is not likely to decrease in the near future,

Three factors underlie these trends.

First, in the 1970s, President Richard Nixon declared a War on Drugs, a war Ronald Reagan vowed to carry on when he became president in 1981. Second, the nation's courts began getting tough on drug offenders in the 1980s. Congress enacted the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 , the so-called truth-in-sentencing law, which mandated specific sentencing guidelines for federal judges

there are at least two good defenses against law suits for correctional officers.

First, it can be wise to buy insurance for legal services from the agency or a professional group like the ACA, just in case. Second, corrections staffers should follow departmental policies and procedures to the letter.

Work is important for at least three reasons.

First, it keeps the inmates busy for extended periods. Second, good work habits, combined with vocational training, can lead to a successful post-release job placement. Third, inmates provide a ready labor pool in the prison for institutional jobs.

Among the negative aspects of probation and parole work, three seem especially prominent.

First, probation and parole work can be emotionally intense (burnout). Second, PPOs seldom get feedback about how they are doing. Third, as probation and parole officers come to recognize, some clients seem doomed to fail despite an officer's best intentions to help.

Reentry centers the prisoner release and reintegration debate on a new set of parameters.

First, reentry can help redefine the role of prisons in society. Second, prison managers must redefine their responsibilities beyond just holding inmates and releasing them at a specified time. Third, reentry is central to the thoughtful reconsideration of the nation's sentencing policies, whether it is "three-strikes" practices, sex offender civil commitments, or drug-law violations. Fourth, reentry shows us that successful reintegration and its impact on the offender and his or her family is at least as important a goal as lowered recidivism. Last, reentry allows policy makers, practitioners, and the public to see that prisoner release and reintegration have a dynamic connection to all other social policies, including but not limited to employment, public health, families and children, housing, community strengthening, and civic participation.

Private employment prospects for individuals interested in working in correctional psychology are promising on two counts.

First, the private sector is expanding its operations in jails, detention centers, and prisons throughout the nation: Second, it is becoming more common for public institutions to contract out certain functions, among them counseling and treatment services.

COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS: PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICERS. This career field is difficult to describe for several reasons.

First, titles are not uniform from state to state. Second, the functions of probation and parole officers can vary markedly if they deal exclusively with juveniles or with adults. Third, in different places in the country, we can find probation and parole officers working for local, state, or federal governments Fourth, some local and state governments separate the supervision of probationers and parolees; others combine them.

State and federal agencies do offer co-op placements, and those placements offer some unique advantages over internships.

For instance, co-op students are in paid positions.

______inmates, while not a new problem in prisons and jails, have become far more noticeable, owing largely to litigation concerning violence aimed at them and the unique medical issues of transgendered persons.

GLBT

GLBT inmates (8):

GLBT inmates (8): Abbreviation for jail and prison inmates identified as gay, lesbian, bi-sexual, or transgender.

Connecticut's Department of Corrections initiated a three-phase program for members of security-risk groups at designated institutions.

In the first phase, prison staff members reclassify inmates to a higher security level, meaning that often they end up in a close-custody unit , Phase II. In this phase, the facility's classifica-tion staff groups the inmates into squads of 12, many of whom are members of different gangs. After 60 days or so, inmates enter Phase III. The final phase adds programming on anger and violence management to the earlier elements. After approximately 90 days, once they have formally renounced their gang mem-bership, inmates return to the general population.

Parole boards operate under two basic models.

Independent parole boards Consolidated parole boards

______________ on the job is one of the greatest concerns expressed by prospective employees, followed by litigation concerns, the prospect of which contributes to on‐the‐job stress

Injury or death

_______ is one of the major employment areas in corrections.

Institutional work

gleaning (7):

Irwin's term to describe the practice of some inmates to gain as much personal improvement from their incarceration as they can.

jailing (7):

Irwin's term to refer to the inmate practice of seeking positions of power and authority within the facility; prison or jail is, for these inmates, home.

Commutation of sentence

Legally, commutation literally means exchang-ing one punishment for another less severe one. Practically, it means the release of an inmate from prison in consideration for time served. The chief executive can commute sen-tences for illness, impending death, or other compassionate reasons.

Satellite Prison Camps (SPCs) .

Like FPCs, the BOP operates SPCs as minimum-security camps, adjacent to a main facility, and, again like FPCs, their primary function is to house an accessible workforce for the more secure facility. However, the capacity of satellite camps is smaller than that of the FPCs. Each satellite camp houses between 100 and 500 inmates, and each FPC houses between 500 and 800 inmates.

_______________ are often ignored by most of prisons and jails, unless the state operates a separate forensic facility for such inmates

Mental diseases and disorders

Roughly one-quarter of the states base their classification systems on selected elements of psychometric tests that they have developed or taken from standardized tests such as the ________

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Quay Adult Internal Management System

BOP Jails

Nearly two-thirds of the inmates were white; just under a third were black. Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives accounted for a very small fraction of the inmate population.

Gresham Sykes and Sheldon Messinger (1960) identified the inmate code's five basic tenets.

Never interfere with the interests of other inmates. Don't lose your head. Don't exploit other inmates. Don't be weak. Punish violators quickly and severely.

Parole came into widespread use in the United States only after its adoption by ______

New York State.

_______ alleged immigration violators prosecuted in US district courts are charged with illegal reentry or other aggravated immigration offenses. The median time for a felony prosecution from filing, which generally takes place within two weeks of arrest, to disposition was about nine months in 2010.

Nine out of ten

state prisoner drug statistics

Of the state inmates serving time in 1997, more than 56 percent report alcohol or drug use in the month before they committed their current offense, and nearly 33 percent were using drugs at the time of their arrest for the current offense

In 2005, in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, two programs were initiated.

One, called the National Border Patrol Strategy, was created by Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) and the second was DHS's Secure Border Initiative:

The National Strategic Plan, begun in 1994, focused on the areas of highest illegal activities, in an attempt to curb illegal immigration and drug trafficking and included such high profile programs as ______

Operations Hold the Line and Gatekeeper,

______ or other forms of early prisoner release is clearly one way to manipulate the iron law of prison populations at the back end , just as changing the rules for reincarcerating parolees upon technical violations would reduce the number of people (re)entering prison, or the front end of the process.

Parole

________ is generally an extension of executive branch control, allowing that branch of government to provide a measure of safety and security for the public and provide for offender reentry from prison

Parole

______________________ provides an ex‐offender with the opportunity to demonstrate the correctness of the "ex" in this labe

Parole or supervised release

_______are less secure: cell doors often are standard solid core doors that the inmate can choose to lock, and a single steel door rather than a sally port usually controls entry to the pods.

Podular-design units

What are the elements of a successful reentry system? Travis (2005, 323-52) lists the following five action principles as essential for effective reentry:

Prepare for reentry: Build bridges between prisons and communities: Seize the moment of release: Strengthen the concentric circles of support: Promote successful reintegration:

________provide a relief valve for the nation's crowded prison system

Release mechanisms

Clarence Schrag (1944) suggested that inmates play at least four different roles:

Right guys Con-politicians Outlaws

What does the linear design tell us about a prison's approach to supervision and inmate management?

Security is paramount, but supervision in such a facility is intermittent . Unless a CO is standing in front of a cell or has a direct line of sight into a cell, it is almost impossible to maintain visual contact with the cell's occupants.

Joseph Fishman (1934) provided an early glimpse into the life of prison inmates called _____

Sex in Prison

campus-design

Such facilities more closely resemble a small college than a prison: clusters of living units, which look like private homes but have large dormitory wings, and functional buildings that look like classroom buildings and libraries.

unit management (7, 11):

Supervision by the same team of correctional specialists of the inmates in a given unit, all of whom have similar classifications and release dates; pioneered by the US Bureau of Prisons, it creates prisons within prisons.

those who are infected with both HIV and MDR-TB have twice the risk of developing active _____, as do those who test positive for TB alone.

TB

Johnson v. Johnson (2004)

The Court ruled on a gay inmate's Fourteenth Amendment claim; the plaintiff, who had been repeatedly raped and sold as a sexual slave for 18 months, asserted that the officials' failure to protect him was motivated by his sexual orientation. The Court affirmed this position, saying: "Neither the Supreme Court nor this court has recognized sexual orientation as a suspect classification nevertheless, a state violates the Equal Protection Clause if it disadvantages homosexuals for reasons lacking rational relationships to legitimate governmental aims"

Donald Clemmer gave penologists a new way of thinking about prison inmates. Clemmer was once a correctional officer at Menard (Illinois) penitentiary. He used his experiences and other observations in his classic study, ______ , first published in 1940.

The Prison Community

Susan Craig (2004, 968) observes,

The goal of controlling inmates subsumes all other goals. Even rehabilitative programming, which may involve time away from the prison routine or better quarters than can be had in the general population, is a privilege that may be granted or taken away."

US Penitentiaries (USPs)

The high-security prisons in the federal system They have a highly secure perimeter, usually consisting of walls or several strongly reinforced fences. Inmates live in multiple- and single-occupant cells. COs maintain close control over inmates' movements, and the staff-to-inmate ratio of 1:2 is the highest for any federal prison facility.

solidary opposition (7):

The hostility or resistance of a group of inmates, banded together by common rules, norms, expectations, and deprivations.

In 1979, Congress enacted Public Law 96-157, which created the Private Sector/Prison Industries Enhancement Certification (PS/PIEC) program.

The law removed most of the restrictions placed on inmate-manufactured goods by the Hawes-Cooper and Ashurst-Sumners acts.

Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 ,

The so-called truth-in-sentencing law, which mandated specific sentencing guidelines for federal judges Under the act, which went into effect in late 1987, federal offenders must serve a minimum of 85 percent of their actual sentence those who have violated the nation's immigration laws constitute a unique offender group, one typically buried within several offense categories

BJS sponsored a second national survey of 167 state and federal prisons, 286 local jails, and ten "special confinement facilities" to assess the ongoing issue of sexual violence in confinement.

The survey of 76,459 inmates found that 2,861 reported experiencing sexual victimization within the previous 12 months. This resulted in an estimated number of 88,500 sexual victimizations nationwide (or about 4.4 percent of prison inmates and 3.1 percent of jail inmates). Among the prison inmates, 2.1 percent reported being victimized by another inmate, 2.8 percent reported being victimized by a staff member, and 0.5 percent said they had been victimized by both. For jail inmates, 1.5 percent said they had been victimized by another inmate, 2 percent said their victimizer was a staff member, and 0.4 percent reported being victimized by both groups

Bernard McCarthy (2012: 270-71) identifies four specific types of corruption in prisons

Theft of items from inmates

GLBT stats

This figure means that about 3.5 percent of the adult population is gay, lesbian, or bisexual, with about 0.3 percent indicating that they are transgen-der. Sexton, Jenness, and Sumner

Community-based programs typically demonstrate higher success levels than do institutional-based programs. At least two factors are at work here.

Those in diversionary programs have the added advantage of not having to be concerned about reintegrating into the community: they have never left it. Second, offenders ordered into community-based programs by definition pose a less serious threat to public safety, which may mean that the public is more amenable to funding job training and educational programs for them.

iron law of imprisonment (9):

Travis's term to express the idea that nearly all prison inmates leave prison under some legal authority and return to the community.

On May 14, 1930, President Hoover signed legislation creating the _______

US Bureau of Prisons

The high-security prisons in the federal system are ______

US Penitentiaries (USPs)

Most detentions (87 percent) and arrests (92 percent) occurred along the ______

US-Mexico border.

Violent young offenders will enter the corrections pipeline, but fewer than in the past will leave the nation's prisons, increasing the proportion of those who are older.This trend has at least two implications for corrections:

We will be filling prisons with people who know no life other than juvenile and adult correctional facilities, and we will be creating an extremely disaffiliated class of people.

Profiles of parolees

Whites were in a plurality among parolees (42 percent) in 2010, although blacks were close behind (39 percent), followed by Hispanics (18 percent) and American Indian/Alaska Native (1 percent), and Asian/Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (1 percent). Males far outnumbered females on parole (88 percent versus 12 percent).

At a minimum, candidates for psychological technician or case manager positions should have _______

a bachelor's degree in counseling, psychology, social work, or criminal justice, and some positions require a master's degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012). Although generally considered entry-level jobs, some institutions may require at least a year's experience in either an internship or a similar full-position to secure these jobs.

citation

a legal document roughly equivalent to a traffic ticket. The citation orders the parolee to appear at a violation hearing.

gang-free facilities (GFFs)

a minimum-security prison, and the inmates assigned to it must have no gang affiliations, memberships, or associations, as determined by classification staff.

for consideration for release In states that set indeterminate sentences, The members usually examine an inmate's current and past crimes along with the following:

any indication of repentance for his or her prior criminal acts; ● any indication of prior adjustment in the community; ● the inmate's physical, emotional, and mental health; ● the adequacy of the parole plan, including questions about a job, a residence, and social support systems in the community; and ● a summary report of the inmate's institutional conduct, including disciplinary reports, participation in programs, and the like. The presentence investigation (PSI) report may find its way into the parole board's deliberations and the members may hear from the prosecuting attorney and the offender's victims

Metropolitan Correctional Centers/Metropolitan Detention Centers (MCCs/MDCs) .

are administrative-security prisons. These institutions are relatively new: the BOP opened the first MCC/MDC facilities in the mid-1970s. In many ways, these facilities resemble large jails. They house between 700 and 2,500 male and female inmates of virtually every possible legal des-ignation: accused, convicted, and in-transit federal felons and misdemeanants

Consolidated parole boards

are autonomous panels within the governmental department responsible for administering correctional institutions or community corrections. These boards make all release and revocation decisions; parolee supervision is usually the responsibility of another unit within the department of corrections.

Square Johns

are inmates who follow the prison's official rules, take part in institutional programming, and generally ignore all but the snitching provision of the inmate code. Are low on the prison subculture hierarchy. Despite being convicts, these indi-viduals are prosocial; they are the least pris-onized of Schrag's role types.

Outlaws

are inmates who rely on force and physical violence to obtain what they want from other inmates. Given the exploitation found in jails and prisons, some inmates need outlaws for protection, but most inmates avoid them.

Con-politicians

are inmates with money and influence, the latter with both guards and other inmates. Moreover, through skill and manipulation, they can obtain virtually any good or service wanted by inmates with enough money to pay. These inmates are pseudo-social: they pretend to be prosocial while engaging in anti-social conduct.

Risk-screening instruments for parolees

are similar to those used for probationers (see Box 4.1). They help intake personnel make suitable institutional assignments and determine inmate suitability for release prior to their termination date.

Administrative Facilities

are special-use prisons that provide a range of security conditions for a range of inmates. Like jails, these facilities house inmates at all risk levels.

Environmental factors

are stressors caused by physical, social, and psychological elements within the location where the person works, and include the need for and exercise of personal security in the workplace, extent of personal contact with offenders, and even the age and condition of the physical workspace itself.

Campers

are the lowest risk of all federal prisoners. Most are white-collar criminals or other nonviolent offenders.

Right guys

are those rare inmates who follow all of the precepts of the code, are the most prisonized of all prison or jail residents. They tend to be antisocial, which only increases their status. Right guys are what inmates think of as model prisoners.

hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

are viral diseases that attack the liver.

Most police and sheriff's departments set height, weight, and eyesight requirements for their officers, and would-be recruits must pass strength or endurance tests (for example, run a mile in a certain time limit or do so many push-ups). These requirements are what the law calls ________ , also known colloquially as a BFOQ, meaning physical and other requirements essential to performing the job.

bona fide occupational qualifications

the following protocols developed for processing transgendered individuals, many of whom are often charged with prostitution and other sex-crimes:

booking name forms of address strip searches

Jurisdictions that do not want a traditional-looking prison often choose a _______prison

campus-design

psychological technicians or treatment spe-cialists are called classification officers ; in the US Bureau of Prisons (BOP) they are ______________

case managers

parole officers or parole agents , therefore, are state-level_______

civil service employees.

psychological technicians or treatment specialists are called _______________

classification officers

Relying largely on inmates' criminal records, personality inventories, and interviews—tempered by the individual assessor's personal experiences in the penal system—a prison employee called a ________________________ would recommend a security level for each prisoner.

classification officer, case manager, or case worker

new corrections officers in the US Bureau of Prisons are required to

complete 200 hours of basic training within their first year, and to complete another 120 hours of specialized training within 60 days of appointment (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012). State agencies typically require any-where from four weeks (160 hours) to 10 weeks (400 hours) of training for new employees. A quick online search shows that St. Petersburg College in Florida offers a basic corrections academy that consists of 15 weeks of training (576 hours), and New Mexico Junior College has a comparable academy of 8 weeks (320 hours). Rhode Island's state correctional academy is 9 weeks long (360 hours).

special needs inmates

constitute a class of inmates for whom imprisonment creates a greater likelihood that their civil and human rights will be violated.

Even with a fluid and growing corrections job market, employment odds are increased with a ____________________

cooperative experience or internship

Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)

deals directly with immigrant detainees. identifies and apprehends removable aliens, detains these individuals when necessary, and removes illegal aliens from the United States. Prioritizes the apprehension, arrest, and removal of convicted criminals, those who pose a threat to national security, fugitives, and recent border entrants.

A key element in these rites of passage, practiced to a greater or lesser extent in all total institutions, is ______ —the process of stripping inmates of their person-hood.

dehumanization

According to the _______ , a major function of the inmate subculture's normative system is to prevent the internalization of social rejection and its conversion into self-rejection. An inmate subculture "permits the inmate to reject his rejecter rather than himself

deprivation hypothesis

American Probation and Parole Association's report entitled Probation and Parole's Growing Caseloads and Workload Allocation: Strategies for Managerial Decision Making

describes caseloads and workloads built around the risks, needs, and responsivity to various treatments of the person being supervised and does not simply divide them into two groups, probationers and parol-ees

Custody Determination Model

developed by the National Institute of Corrections (NIC). This model bases custody and security assignments on such factors as the offender's expression of violence before and since incarceration, the offender's history of alcohol and drug abuse, and the severity of the current offense.

One criterion of modern podular design is ______ : COs spend most of their workdays in the common area among the inmates.

direct supervision

in cases of ______ parole, the parole board decides.

discretionary

In most_______ inmates become automatically eligible for a parole hearing after serving a minimum amount of time expressed in months. This method is common in states using indeterminate sentencing.

discretionary-release systems

Psychologists working in prison settings often hold a

doctorate in psychology, counseling, or education (Williamson 1990, 134). As a requirement of that degree or of state licensing practices, clinical psychologists also may have had to complete a clinical internship.

The BOP operates three primary drug treatment programs along a drug-treatment continuum

drug education nonresidential drug abuse treatment residential drug abuse treatment program

Federal facilities operate two main work pro-grams. The BOP formed the first, Federal Prison Industries, Inc. , in 1934 (US BOP 2009). Today UNICOR , the Federal Prison Industries' trade name, has the following five goals

employ and provide job skills training to as many inmates as possible to help them prepare for a productive—and crime-free—return to the community after their release; contribute to the safety and security of federal prisons by keeping inmates constructively occupied; produce market-priced, quality goods for sale to the federal government; operate in a self-sustaining manner; and minimize any negative impact on private busi-ness and labor.

many COs continue to treat female inmates as "_______" (Pollock-Byrne 1990, 122), which contributes to the already high frustration levels many inmates experience

errant children

state-use system

evolved in response to charges of unfair competition from prison labor. This system created a sheltered market , in which prison labor does not compete directly with private industry; instead, prison systems use inmate labor to produce goods consumed by the prison system itself or by state government (Schaller 1982). In some states, the work is limited to the production of license plates or the construction of new prison facilities; in others, most notably Texas, prison labor produces everything consumed by inmates, from food to clothes.

supermax prison

exceeds even maximum-security prisons in control and custody. The supermax is reserved for the "baddest of the bad," those inmates who pose such a threat to other prisoners and staff that they must be locked down 23 hours a day in single-person cells. Prisoners are fed in their cells and have few opportunities to mix with one another. There are two staff members for each inmate in this facility. These special features mean that such prisons cost two to three times more than a standard maximum-security facility to build, maintain, and operate. More than 30 states and the federal government have one or more of these units.

both institutional correctional employees and community corrections personnel (such as probation and parole officers) can have improper relationships with inmates or clients. These relationships can involve _________________

exchanging favors (including sex), smuggling contraband into and out of jails and prisons, and accepting gratuities.

In jurisdictions where they are used, parole officers receive their authority from the ______ branch.

executive

In jurisdictions where parole boards still have a lot of discretion, members try to reduce the number of what statisticians call ______

false positives

inspector of released prisoners (9):

first parole office , A nineteenth-century civilian governmental employee who aided the police in the supervision of ex-convicts released from prison under the Irish ticket-of-leave system; essentially the first parole officers.

______ emerged to fill the power vacuum created by the elimination of the building tenders

gangs

Mandatory-release regimes

generally found in states using determinate sentencing, give eligible inmates an estimated release date.

parole agreement

generally lists a state's standard conditions of parole; these conditions are often indistinguishable from the conditions the state sets for probationers. If an inmate has special needs, his or her special conditions of parole also become part of the parole agreement.

nearly ______ of jail suicides occur within the first week of custody—one in seven on the same day they are processed into jail—suggests a close tie between the detention event and suicides.

half

radial-design prison and the Auburn design

half a radial prison

telephone-pole design prison

has a central corridor (the pole) for easy movement around the facility. Wings set at right angles to the central corridor (the cross-members of the pole) house the cells and functional and administrative areas.

All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the US Bureau of Prisons _____ the authority to test inmates for HIV.

have

Jail suicide rates

have declined from 129 per 100,000 in 1983, when they accounted for the majority (56 percent) of all jail deaths to 41 in 2009, when they were second to illness

The War on Drugs and various legislative actions concerning "truth in sentencing" _________________________

have increased both the number of prison inmates and the number of people on parole

In 2001, the three main singular causes of death were, in declining order, ____________

heart disease, cancer and AIDS-related disorders

Another highly contagious disease that threatens the nation's prisoners is hepatitis. There are several forms of this disease: the most serious are______

hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

women in correctional setting stats

higher rates of drug abuse when they enter the corrections system. They test positive for HIV at proportions higher than men. are disproportionately more likely than men to have drug- and mental-health related issues.

Community-based programs typically demonstrate______ levels than do institutional-based programs.

higher success

The objective of dehumanization is not just the inmates' acceptance of their nonperson status. For Goffman, the dehumanization process is complete when the keepers no longer think of the kept as ______

human beings.

Austin and Irwin observed that because of increased incarceration levels, crowding, and new construction, a kind of _______ would continue into the foreseeable future.

imprisonment binge

Bureau of Justice Statistics mentally ill

in 1998 there were 283,000 prison and jail inmates in the United States who were mentally ill. This figure represented 16 percent of the state prison inmates, 7 percent of the federal prison inmates and 16 percent of local jail inmates

Corrections employment statistics

in 2008, of the nearly 2.5 million people employed in criminal justice systems, 794,825—roughly a third— worked in corrections: 36,770 (5 percent) at the federal level, 485,759 (61 percent) at the state level, and 272,296 (34 percent) at the local level. The total number of corrections employees at all levels in the United States grew by more than 470,423 people between 1982 and 2008.

People who serve on ______ boards typically do not know much about corrections, prisons, or parole before they become members. Members are usually appointed directly by the governor or nominated by a statewide commission and then appointed by the governor; generally, they serve part-time and are paid a nominal salary or per diem expenses. Critics of this model often point to its lack of insight into the process and the needs of offenders.

independent

COs engage in a variety of tasks, but their prin-ipal job is ________________. This means that they perform the most essential services in the institutions

institutional security

two often overlooked but effective ways of entering corrections careers: _______

internships and cooperative education

Institutional corrections

involves employment in any facility in which state and local governments house accused or convicted offenders.

As a corollary of this law, they observe the following: There is no way to change the prison population without changing either the number of people who go to prison or how long they stay there.

iron law of prison populations

Tuberculosis

is a highly contagious disease of the lungs, intestines, and joints. It is spread primarily by inhalation. It is potentially a greater threat to inmates in US jails and prisons than is either HIV/AIDS or any sexually transmitted disease.

Protective custody (PC)

is a specialized form of imprisonment intended to segregate, isolate, and insulate an inmate from a particular harm or threat, which is usually noted specifically in the institutional protective custody order.

Treatment

is a term borrowed from medicine by early penal reformers and refers to a type of therapy associated with a particular diagnosis.

linear design

is among the oldest designs currently in use. In this design, one- or two-person cells line a hallway. COs control movement in and out of the cell area from one end of the hallway, usually by means of a sally port. A secure hallway connects the doors, which face each other. They operate electronically or manually, but both doors cannot open at the same time—a security measure that both staff and inmates often find a nuisance.

Expiration release

is an unconditional release from prison when the offender's sentence— minus any good-time credits—ends. This is not a form of parole: inmates released at the end of their term are not under supervision and do not have to meet any other conditions for release.

pardon

is another form of executive clemency or mercy and is a rare event. Under the US and various state constitutions, the chief executive—the president or governor—may grant a pardon or forgiveness for some or all past criminal deeds.

mental illness

is normally associated with more focused and severe medical conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, delusions, or hallucinations

Theft of items from inmates

is normally committed by COs. Trafficking in contraband Embezzlement Misuse of authority

nonfeasance

is the failure to act in a situation where one should act. The classic example of this is a CO who stands and watches one inmate beat another inmate into unconsciousness.

Maximum security _______

is the highest security level found in most prison systems. Correctional authorities reserve it for inmates who rep-resent the greatest threat to society, the institution, and other inmates.

Misfeasance

is the improper performance of an act that is within the scope of the worker's authority. An example of this would be a CO's disciplining an inmate by having the inmate wash the officer's uniforms and shine the officer's uniform shoes.

custody

is the legal or physical control of a person. Prison authorities are responsible for inmates' legal and physical control.

The state-level department of corrections

is the most common pattern of employment for post-release agents/officers, found in 36 states.

The 1970s, notes Duffee (1989, 350), provided a climate of change for prison industries in the United States. At the start of the 1980s:

labor unions no longer exerted the political influence they had from the 1930s to 1950s; state and federal legislators were encouraging prison managers to become more efficient and to cut costs; prisoners' rights activists had successfully attacked post-incarceration barriers to employ-ment for convicted felons, increasing the value of prison-based vocational training; and rehabilitation was out, and work, along with the security it brought the institution, was in. The Free Ventures Project, a seven-state exper-iment in private enterprise, gave inmates real jobs and real skills with post-incarceration marketability.

Most jails and prisons support two inmate economies.

legitimate inmate economy sub rosa inmate economy

Typically, jobs in community-based programs pay _____than those in state or federal institutional settings,

less

In medium-security prisons

living units may be arranged like dormitories, with 50 or more inmates sleeping in a huge open area. In podular design facilities, inmates may have small individual cells for sleeping and common areas for the rest of the time.

combination probation/parole officers (PPOs) , and may be either_______

local employees or state employees

private corporations will continue to expand. That growth should be especially rapid among three types of facilities:

local jails and detention centers, specialized facilities (for example, those housing illegal aliens, women, juveniles, drug-dependent inmates, or people who are mentally ill), and low-security prisons and boot camps.

Secure Female Facility (SFF)

located at USP Hazelton (WV), exclusively houses female offenders.

the Declaration of Brussels and the Hague Convention

made parole practices part of international law (Friedman 1972). These practices established the idea that an impris-oned person could be freed in exchange for a promise to behave in accordance with a set of agreed-on conditions.

The problems of discretion, arbitrariness, and prediction would seem to be missing from parole decisions in states that use ______.

mandatory-release procedures

The buildings within a ______ prison typically are stone, reinforced concrete, or cinder-block structures. Most of these prisons are linear, and access to and from the cells is controlled by means of a sally port

maximum-security

inmate assaults on staff are highest in those institutions with a ______ classification, facilities where the restrictions on inmates' lives are the greatest.

maximum-security

Juvenile detention centers

may be free-standing structures or they may be part of larger city or county jail complexes.

most ________ prisons do not have high masonry walls. Instead they may be enclosed by a double chain-link fence topped by razor wire.

medium-security

in 2005, 56 percent of the prison and jail inmates in the United States reported having a ______. This included 705,600 state prison inmates along with 78,800 in federal prisons, and 479,900 in local jails

mental health problem

if the inmate has served the______ term required by law, he or she is eligible for a parole hearing.

minimum

The BOP operates a few Federal Prison Camps (FPCs) , all ______.

minimum-security facilities

Federal Prison Camps

minimum-security facilities, Many are located adjacent to a larger institution—a federal penitentiary, correctional institution, medical center, or detention center—that draws on the FPC population for workers; others are located on mili-tary bases. The camps have limited or no perimeter fencing, house inmates in dormitories, and have a relatively high staff-to-inmate ratio (1 : 10).

the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a limited infection. Most victims recover in a matter of ______; people with weakened immune systems, however, can become lifelong carriers and may develop cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, cancer, or liver failure and eventually die.

months

The future of parole is likely tied to the extent to which policymakers and the public embrace the proactive elements of prisoner reentry as a _______method of providing for effective prisoner reintegration

new and improved

the BLS notes that correctional officers have one of the highest rates of______ on-the-job injuries.

nonfatal

The Federal Bureau of Prisons does_____ allow conjugal visitations,

not

in 2008 detention centers reported only ____ of the six suicide deaths that occurred in juvenile facilities nationwide.

one

The federal detention centers (FDCs)

one of which houses male inmates exclusively, primarily hold short-term federal detainees.

multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

one that does not respond to traditional treatment.

Only about 4 percent of state facilities hold 2,500 or more inmates. About 24 percent of state facilities hold between 1,000 and 2,499 inmates. A further 17 percent house between 500 and 999 inmates each. More than _____of the nation's correctional facilities house fewer than 500 inmates.

one-half

in 2010, over _____of federal prisoners were drug offenders, another roughly 8 percent were personal offenders, 6 percent were property offenders, and about 34 percent were public-order offenders.

one-half

In jurisdictions employing mandatory release, a parolee may leave prison after serving two-thirds of his or her sentence and be required to continue on parole for the remaining ______

one-third.

Internships, conversely, tend to be _____ propositions.

one-time

psychological technician (10):

or psychological diagnosticians, An entry-level psychologist at a corrections facility; not certified as a counselor or clinician, but can conduct certain types of screening tests and other preliminary psychometric testing.

Occupational stress has at least two origins:

organizational factors and environmental factors

paraprofessionals

people who lack the educational background of professionals (for example, most have only a high school diploma or an associate's degree), but who are trained to work alongside professionals.

Where COs tend to resort to coercion, treatment providers employ______; where the former rely on suspicion and wariness, the latter resort to nurture, trust, and hope.

persuasion

the greatest divergence between custodial staff and treatment staff is_______

philosophical.

Three primary types of inmate-initiated violence are____

physical violence, psychological victimization, and economic exploitation.

consensus-based classification systems

prison personnel, based on their experiences with problem inmates, identify the factors that determine risk.

According to Clemmer, the _______ is negativistic, its animosity directed equally at the prison staff and at the free society. Whatever prison authorities or society values, the prison subculture devalues.

prison subculture

Joseph Fishman (1934) provided an early glimpse into the life of prison inmates. In Sex in Prison , Fishman wove a rich tapestry of images about a system of social arrangements he called the ______

prison subculture

contract sytem

prison wardens sold inmate labor to private vendors, who provided the necessary machinery, tools, raw materials, and even supervisory staff.

If the facility or state correctional organization classifies correctional counselors as________________, they may be exempt from the civil service testing required of COs and probation and parole officers.

professional employees

Richard Seiter and Karen Kadela (2003) examined what works, what does not work, and what is promising in prisoner reentry. Their conclusion:

programs that emphasize vocational training and work release are effective in reducing recidivism and preparing ex-offenders for jobs with marketable skills

Sex in men's jails and prisons can be a consensual act, an economic exchange identical to______

prostitution in the free world, or a forced act of violence between an aggressor and a victim, a form of rape.

The courts have upheld objections to opposite-sex supervision in areas of "________" (toilets and showers, for example).

protected privacy

GLBT individuals can request a housing assignment in a _____________________ inside the facility on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity

protective custody or segregation unit

Virtually all applicants for CO positions must take a battery of written tests. Usually, these are general aptitude tests, although they may require some broad knowledge of corrections philosophies and practices. Aptitude in two areas—____________________—is especially important.

reading and writing

courtyard-design prison

relies on the institution's walls for security. Although prison experts view the courtyard design to be one of the more modern prison plans, the design is not unlike that of the fortresses and castles with central courtyards that have served as prisons for centuries in Europe.

Podular design

represents a break with two traditions: linear living areas and intermittent supervision. Pods generally are triangle-shaped structures lined with individual cells that share a central day area. Like modified-linear-design units, cells in the pods can be stacked, opening onto a single common area.

Some correctional counselors carry out _______ to determine the most appropriate security classification and treatment programs for new inmates

screening and psychological testing

In jails, suicide (often by hanging) is the______ leading cause of death, after illness

second

Custody is the legal or physical control of a person. Prison authorities are responsible for inmates' legal and physical control. This means they have an obligation to provide for inmates' basic needs; however, that obligation is ______ to protecting the public.

secondary

In most jurisdictions a completely transgendered person, one who finished the process of moving physically from one biological sex to the other through the process of _______ (SRS) , is classified as the re-assigned sex and housed in the appropriate prison facility or unit of a local jail.

sexual reassignment surgery

parole officers or probation officers who supervise parolees typically oversee a _______ number of releasees than do probation officers working entirely with probationers.

smaller

These include prisoners with mental health care needs, prisoners with disabilities, incarcerated children, adolescents, and young adults and foreign national inmates

special needs inmates

intake interviews

specialized personnel questioned new inmates about their criminal and social histories—supplemented

To minimize a parole decision's adverse risk to public safety of a parole decision, about half the states—whether they use the discretionary-release model or the mandatory-release model—employ a_______

statistical method

Response to job-place stress takes many forms

tardiness or absenteeism. sick leave or problems at home. chronic depression, job burnout, and even suicide.

collateral damage

that is, youth who are detained because their parents are unauthorized immigrants.

Private Sector/Prison Industries Enhancement Certification (PS/PIEC) program. The law removed most of the restrictions placed on inmate-manufactured goods by the Hawes-Cooper and Ashurst-Sumners acts. Just three restrictions remained in place.

the pay inmates working in private-sector prison industries receive must be the same rate paid for similar work in the local area. before beginning a prison construction project, state officials must consult local labor unions. inmate employment cannot displace workers in the private sector, cannot involve work for which there is a surplus of labor in the locality, and cannot impair existing contracts for services.

In a typical co-op experience

the student works for six months and goes to school for six months.

The most secure institutions are most likely to offer mental health services, and the services frequently provided were _______

therapy or counseling (84 percent), administration of psycho-tropic drugs (83 percent), and screening at intake or admission (78 percent).

Private-sector prisons

there were 415 of them in 2005—housed 128,195 inmates at the end of 2010. Here, too, the vast majority of inmates (94 percent) were men (Stephan 2008).

Research by the Bureau of Justice Statistics also demonstrates that inmates with mental health problems also exhibit other social maladies. `

these inmates have drug and alcohol dependency problems along with (or resulting in) their mental health issues. Second, inmates with mental health problems were more than twice as likely as other inmates to have been homeless in the year prior to their most recent arrest (20 percent versus 9 percent). inmates who experienced mental health problems frequently came from families with a history of drug or alcohol abuse, and over one-half had a family member who had been incarcerated (including almost 24 percent who had an incarcerated parent and over 40 percent who had an incarcerated sibling). mentally ill inmates reported a significant amount of physical or sexual abuse prior to incarceration.

what can they do with fish?

they can place these inmates in the general prison population and hope they can survive and learn to adapt, or they can place them in protective custody and forever brand them as weaklings.

in 2008, of the nearly 2.5 million people employed in criminal justice systems, 794,825—roughly a_____— worked in corrections

third

residential drug abuse treatment program

this program reaches about 10 percent of the federal inmates, constituting roughly one-third of federal inmates with serious drug-related problems. The program is voluntary, and inmates who sign up begin 9 months of unit-based education and intensive individual and group counseling.

A reasonable estimate, then, is that there are between 11 and 12 million individuals whose residence in the United States is illegal, unauthorized, or undocumented. 11 Of this number, ______ are Hispanic, and six in ten are Mexican nationals

three-quarters

The realities of creating correctional responses to political pressures concerning widely publicized false positives and subsequent policy changes, such as____________________, led to the mass incarcerations reported in the late

three-strikes legislation and truth-in-sentencing laws

The only widely available programs for women are those geared to _______l" women's work: cosmetology, food preparation and service, sewing, housekeeping, and the like.

traditional

Among federal entries, then, there were two types of supervision for individuals leaving prison:

traditional parole, which accounts for less than 3 percent of all releasees, and supervised release, which accounts for nearly all of the rest.

hearing officer

typically a supervisory-level or senior member of the parole agency staff, conducts the preliminary hearing. Here, too, the preliminary hearing is to determine probable cause.

modified linear design

typically does not place the cells in a straight line. Instead, sally ports control access from a central security area to clusters of cells, which may share a common area (also called a day area ). Each cell, which is generally open except during sleeping hours, holds one, two, or more inmates.

This _______ approach helps break up existing ties based on race, ethnicity, or gangs. The intended result is the emergence of a new form of prosocial group cohesion.

unit management

Rose Giallambardo (1966), Esther Heffernan (1972), and Alice Propper (1981) independently reported that for the most part, homosexual activities among women inmates are _______.

voluntary

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), a CO's median 2010 annual earnings (salary plus overtime pay)

was $39,040. In the public sector, the median earnings for COs in federal facilities were $53,310; in state facilities, $38,690; and in local facilities, $38,980. 3 By comparison, private-sector COs had median annual earn-ings of $30,460.

lease system

was a modification of the contract system that came into use after the Civil War. Under this system, private vendors paid a fixed fee, generally to the warden, for prison labor. Often, the work occurred off-site on farms or in mines. The lease system, which closely resembled the indentured servitude outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment, largely affected African American and poor white males in the South

Holt v. Sarver (1969)

was an Arkansas case that took several years to work its way through the appellate courts. The decision in Holt was the first to identify the link between living conditions and housing assignments,

Morris v. Travisono (1970)

was the first case to result in a court ordering a state (Rhode Island) to design a classification system because such a system "is essential to the operation of an orderly and safe prison"

state releases

where only about 6.5 percent were super-vised releases and the rest were either discretionary parolees released by a parole board (28 percent) or mandatory parolees (44.5 percent) released from prison owing to determinate sentencing, good-time provisions, or emergency releases.

The Volstead Act

which enforced the Eighteenth Amendment's prohibition on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of all alcoholic beverages—was passed in 1919,

Gender Identity Disorder (GID)

which is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as the presence of persistent and strong cross-gender identification for which medical treatment and surgical procedures may be recommended.

Ashurst-Sumners Act

which made it a crime for the interstate transportation of prison-made goods into a state whose laws restricted their sale.

PC units

within a prison or jail are generally segregated from the facility's general population by secure doors or other physical barriers. They may consist simply of special cells or cell blocks within the larger correctional institution or entire wings of the prison or jail, depending on demonstrated administrative needs.

Parole is a conditional release from prison. The term comes from the parole d'honneur, a French phrase meaning "______." In medieval times, a defeated knight could give his word of honor to withdraw from combat and leave the battlefield, escaping injury or death.

word of honor

Two major websites with job listings and links to job information are _________________ , particularly for jobs with the federal government.

www.criminaljusticejobs.com and www.usajobs.gov

the biggest drawback of co-op programs is that they can delay graduation by as much as a _______________.

year

standard parole agreement in West Virginia:

● Must report [to their parole officer] within 24 hours [of release]. ● Stay within a certain area. ● Obtain permission before changing residence or employment. ● Obtain and maintain employment. ● Maintain acceptable, nonthreatening behavior. ● Must not possess firearms or weapons. ● Report any arrest within 24 hours. ● Complete monthly written report. ● Report as instructed. ● Must not use drugs or alcohol or enter drink-ing establishments. ● Must not break any state or local laws. ● Abide by other written requirements. ● Pay $40 supervision fee monthly. ● Sex Offenders of children cannot live with anyone under 18. ● Sex Offenders must register with WV State Police within 3 days. ● Allow contacts at home or employment without obstruction. ● Submit to search of person, residence or motor vehicle at any time by Parole Officers.

Joycelyn Pollock (2004) uses three sets of forces to summarize the nature of prison life:

● The black market, where anything from drugs to sex can be purchased or bartered. ● Racial tension, which accounts for much prison violence and often is associated with prison gangs that have ties to similar groups outside the prison. ● Prison violence, committed by both inmates and staff.

Once an offender is statutorily eligible for parole mandatory-release sentences, three criteria alone determine its award:

● The inmate generally must have followed the correctional institution's rules and regulations. ● The inmate must not pose a significant public safety risk. ● The inmate must not have committed a crime so serious that his or her release would lead citizens to question the validity of the criminal justice system or to disrespect the law.

the parole boards are more than an administrative entity. They also have quasi-judicial powers, including the power to:

● issue subpoenas; ● compel the attendance of witnesses; ● compel the production of books, papers and other documents pertinent to the subject of its inquiry; and ● administer oaths and take the testimony of persons under oath.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), institutional corrections jobs are located in the following settings:

● prisons and penitentiaries; ● reformatories; ● jails; ● houses of correction; ● correctional farms; ● workhouses; ● industrial and training schools; ● institutions and facilities exclusively for the confinement of those who are criminally insane; ● institutions and facilities for the examination, evaluation, classification, and assignment of inmates; and ● certain facilities for the confinement, treatment, and rehabilitation of drug addicts and alcoholics

Travis (2005, xxi) observes about the unprecedented return of ex- convicts:

"Reentry is the process of leaving prison and return to society. Reentry is not a form of supervision, like parole. Reentry is not a goal, like rehabilitation or reintegration. Reentry is not an option. An emphasis on reentry reflects the iron law of imprisonment: they all come back."

Goffman

"Their encompassing or total character is symbolized by the barrier to social intercourse with the outside and to departure that is often built right into the physical plant, such as locked doors, high walls, barbed wire, cliffs, water, forests, or moors"

Lambert, Hogan, and Barton:

"Worker stress should be lowered. This can be done by reducing role conflict and role ambiguity for staff. Staff responsibilities should be clearly defined and should not be in conflict with one another."

Daniel Lockwood (1980) observed that even con-sensual acts between male inmates could involve coercion if one inmate gives another three choices:

"fight, flee, or f*ck."

The best-paying jobs are typically in UNICOR: inmates in the program earn from _______ an hour

$.23 to $1.15

State prison inmates average______an hour, about $.10 an hour more than federal inmates do. Most inmates work between 20 and 44 hours a week.

$.56

One website lists correctional treatment specialist salaries that vary from $26,000 per year for overnight residential counselors to $88,000 per year for psychologist mental health counselors. Most salaries in this classification range from_____________

$40,000 to $60,000 per year

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012) found that in 2010, PPOs (and correctional treatment personnel) had annual median earnings of ______, or over $8,000 a year more than a CO.

$47,200

Recent surveys have shown that corrections workers in the private sector earn about________________a year less than state-level public sector employees

$8,500

Morrissey v. Brewer

(1972), the Supreme Court ruled that parolees, like probationers, have limited due process rights. The Court did not mandate that a preliminary hearing take place before the parole board: its only stipulation was that the hearing had to be before a neutral party.

all parolees in 2010

(95 percent) were felons, a much higher percentage than for probationers who committed felonies. When considering their most serious offense, more parolees were drug offenders (35 percent) than were property offenders (24 percent) or violent criminals (27 percent). Public order or other crimes were the most serious offense for 12 percent of all parolees.

Detention centers

(sometimes called juvenile halls) operate very much like adult jails, and they provide short-term incarceration prior to, or immediately following, juvenile court adjudication

According to Clemmer, prisonization is highest among inmates with the following seven characteristics

*a long sentence; ● an unstable personality originating in pre-prison life; ● no positive relationships outside the prison walls; ● a readiness and capacity for integration into the inmate subculture; ● complete acceptance of an inmate code as a reflection of the inmate subculture's norms and values; ● living in the same cell or in close proximity with others of like persuasion; and ● participation in gambling and homosexual behavior.

only about______percent of all prisoners in the United States participated in certified joint-venture programs. About 200 certified private employers used more than 5,000 prison inmates by 2004.

0.3

a small number of adolescent offenders ,between______ percent of all accused delinquents, are transferred to criminal courts where they are tried as adults.

1 and 2

A few states— including Florida, Georgia, California, Michigan, New York, and Texas—have many very big public correctional facilities that house _____ or more inmates.

1,000

California has ______ state correctional facilities of varying security levels, including 32 state prisons.

100

From 2000 to 2010 the number of women in prison in the United States grew from 93,324 to ______

112,822.

In 2006, the BOP operated _____jails—metropolitan correctional centers, metropolitan detention centers, and federal detention centers—that held about 13,000, about three-fourths of them not convicted of any crime

12

There has been a general decline in the number of youths incarcerated since 2000, and between 2006 and 2008 there was a_____percent decrease in the number of juveniles in custody.

12

In 2010 private prisons held ______ prisoners (33,830 federal and 94,365 state inmates). This was about 8 percent of the nation's prison inmate total

128,195

Sexual orientation

refers to the preferred sexual partner of the individual.

The biggest challenge facing PPOs who work with parolees is_______

reintegration.

One of the original mandates of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was the ______

removal of juveniles from adult jails

A 2006 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) study

revealed that participants in traditional prison industries found work sooner and survived longer after release than did inmates who did some-thing other than work while incarcerated, and prison industries enhanced programs faired even better than did their cohort in traditional prison work

According to Goffman, when inmates enter a total institution, they undergo ______ , rituals that reinforce the idea that the inmates are no longer free, that they are "the property" of the institution.

rites of passage

shakedowns

searches of cell areas and inmates for weapons, drugs, and other contraband.

As Joan Petersilia (2001, 360) so aptly observed: "Virtually no systematic, comprehensive attention has been paid by policy makers to deal with people after they are released, an issue that has been termed prisoner reentry." She based this statement on four sets of observations:

Determinate sentences means automatic release: More parolees have unmet needs. Parolee supervision replaces services: Most parolees return to prison:

______ is one of the key measures of the increased emphasis on professionalization in the corrections workplace.

Education

All BOP institutions offer literacy classes such as ____

English as a Second Language (ESL), adult continuing education, parenting classes, library services, wellness education,

A good rule of thumb for most criminal justice positions is that the application, testing, interview process, and back-ground check take_________________.

six to nine months

Prison gangs have replaced the______ inmate social system,

solidary

The value of experiential learning cannot be overstressed. This kind of learning meets several needs.

First, students get real-world experience. Second, co-op placements and paid internships provide seasonal income for college students. Third, these programs give agencies a no-risk chance to recruit students and prepare them for employment. Finally, these programs give students the opportunity to try out a particular job for a limited time to see if this is where they want to spend the rest of their professional lives.

First, by the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, only three states_______did not have a prisoner release statute

Florida, Mississippi, and Virginia

total institution (6):

Goffman's term for a facility in which others control nearly every aspect of residents' daily lives.

conjugal visits

such programs exist in at least six states: California, Con-necticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, and Washington

In most states, a parole officer who observes a violation in person can immediately take the parolee into custody, an act called a _____

summary arrest

Administrative-Maximum (ADMAX)

super-max penitentiary, also called USP-Florence-ADX.

Unlike parole, _______does not replace a portion of the sentence of imprisonment but is in addition to the time spent in prison.

supervised release

ACA Professional certification has several benefits. I

t can provide the basis for defense against inmate or client lawsuits. It also serves as a point of "bragging rights" for the agencies and organizations that meet the ACA standards.

Parolees (and probationers) who fail commit new offenses and ______ violations.

technical

Community corrections organizations

tend to have the fewest hiring restrictions of any correctional agencies. They seldom set physical standards for candidates, and virtually none require a written entrance examination. There may be a cursory back-ground check

President Herbert Hoover signed the Hawes-Cooper Act into law.

The act made all inmate-manufactured goods transported through a state subject to that state's laws.

rates of increase

The percentage of white inmates increased from 41.9 percent in 2000 to 44.3 percent in 2010. For blacks in the same period the percent-ages decreased from 41.3 percent to 37.8 percent. For Hispanics and those of other races (or those who were reported as multi-racial) the percentage remained relatively unchanged.

According to the 2005 Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities (CSFCF),______

the BOP's 29,755 staff, including more than 14,000 COs, was supervising 145,780 inmates in 102 correctional facilities. 9 Nearly 75 percent of these facilities were moderately large, housing between 1,000 and 2,499 inmates; only two housed 2,500 or more inmates. The remainder, about one in four had an average daily capacity of less than 1,000 inmates.

superintendent

the chief administrator in a juvenile correctional facility

warden

the chief administrator of an adult correctional facility

There are many positive aspects to working in community corrections:

the close client contact, the flexibility, the opportunity to be creative, the ability to help others.

Prisonization

the mechanism by which one becomes a member of that subculture—is the process through which prison inmates "take on in greater or less degree the folk-ways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary"

Tuberculosis is potentially a greater threat to inmates in US jails and prisons than is either HIV/AIDS or any sexually transmitted disease. There are four important reasons for this

Transmittal mechanism Symptomology Drug-resistance Disease progression

One of the earliest institutions to use the New York state reentry program was ______

Zebulon Reed Brockway's Elmira reformatory

By _____, every state restricted the sale of inmate-manufactured goods.

1940

Much of the groundbreaking research on the inmate subculture dates back to the _____

1940s and 1950s.

Life in prisons today, even without a truly unified prison culture, may be more dangerous than in the 1950s and 1960s, largely due to the imprisonment binge begun in the ______

1980s

Parole is clearly not dead, as was predicted in the________

1980s and 1990s

sex offenders, who constitute roughly_____ percent of the parolee population

2

the number of HIV/AIDS cases as a percentage of the total custody population remained relatively flat, hovering just under _____ percent.

2

correctional officers (COs)

the staff members directly responsible for monitoring the security of the facility, and for supervising, escorting, and ensuring the safety of inmates.

drug education

an information-oriented program available to almost all inmates in federal facilities. Every year, more than 15 percent of federal inmates participate in this program.

nonresidential drug abuse treatment

an outpatient program consist-ing of individual and group counseling, self-help groups, and seminars. Less than 10 percent of federal inmates participate in this program.

fish

and they represent prime targets for assault, sexual abuse, and exploitation by experienced prisoners

low-security federal facilities ______

are FCIs. In these facilities, perimeters are double-fenced; 20 to 30 or more residents live in dormitories or cubicles; and the staff-to-inmate ratio averages 1 : 4.

Independent parole boards

are free of any other state agency's control and generally report directly to the governor. Such boards make all release and revocation decisions for parolees in their jurisdiction.

Undocumented aliens

are noncitizens without a lawful immigration status as previously defined, and who either (1) entered the United States illegally or (2) were lawfully admitted but whose status expired or was revoked by actions of the CIS.

Equity-based classification systems

attempt to treat all inmates the same. They weigh only those factors that relate to the current offense— violence, for example, or the nature of the crime.

Prediction-based classification systems

base inmate classifications on a range of legal, psy-chological, social, and even medical informa-tion about the offender. The goal is both to predict and to control inmate behavior by making classification decisions based on scien-tifically verifiable information.

Some prison-based studies have revealed that males were more likely to express homophobic attitudes, but _____ were more tolerant of homosexuals

blacks

______ maintained economic and social control over their respective buildings in the Texas prison system.

building tenders

negative aspects to working in community corrections

burnout the lack of financial stability.

Once every 5 years or so, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) conducts a census of jails, including public and private, state and federal facilities, with the most recent one in ______

2006

The_______overall jail incarceration rate of 242 inmates for every 100,000 US residents was up from 2000 when it stood at 220, but it was down from 259 in 2007

2010

Most state training schools can hold offenders until they become _____years old, at which time they are released or turned over to the state corrections department for incarceration.

21

In 2012 the federal prison population was over _____

218,000

By age _____, one in three US adults has an arrest record, for something other than a minor traffic violation

23

Inmates aged less than _____ tend to report the highest rates of mental health problems. By contrast, those over the age of 55 reported the fewest problems.

24

Fights were even more numerous among inmates younger than _____: an estimated one in five reported being in a fight or being punched.

25

those officers working in intensive probation or parole supervision programs who gen-erally carry a maximum caseload of _____ clients

25

The number of HIV-AIDS inmates in the nation's prison systems increased from 17,551 in 1991 to ______in 1999,

25,807

Prisons present an even bleaker picture of deaths and assaults. In 2009, the nation's private, state, and federal prisons reported ______ inmate deaths

3,408

Local jails housed roughly ______ federal prisoners for such diverse agencies as the BOP, the Bureau of Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the US Marshals Service, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Minton 2011).

30,000

The average state prisoner is a _______ male (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2000).

32-year-old black

the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported ______private jails and 415 secure and community-based private adult correctional facilities in the US

37

Just over ____ percent of all local jail inmates are unconvicted of any crime

38

American Correctional Association (ACA) found prison gangs—what the ACA calls security threat groups — in _____ state prison systems and the District of Columbia, and in the US Bureau of Prisons

40

In the twenty-first century, mandatory parole has become the most prevalent form of release, used in about _____percent of all prison releases.

40

Between 1930 and 1940, the number of people released on parole increased to more than ____

40,000

in 1986 the federal prison population stood at more than ______ sentenced and yet-to-be-sentenced inmates,

40,000

The National Institute of Justice reports that in 2005 ____states and the District of Columbia had passed some form of truth-in- sentencing legislation, and 28 states and the District of Columbia had met the legislative criteria for federal grant funding

41

In 2008 when the OJJDP took its one-day census, the 734 detention centers reporting indicated that they housed over 32,400 juveniles or about _____ youngsters on average per facility.

44

the combined parolee populations of California, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas account for almost ____ percent of the nation's state parolees.

50

___ percent of the mentally ill state prison inmates had at least one sentence for some type of violent offense.

53

Psychological or psychiatric counseling is less common, found in about ____ percent of public facilities, roughly the same percentage having training in life skills, community adjustment, and employment skills. Counseling programs for people with HIV/ AIDS are less common: only about 50 percent of all public confinement and community-based facilities offer them.

55

roughly ____ percent of the nation's prison population belonged to a prison-based gang.

6

Correctional institutions employed roughly ______ percent of all state and local corrections workers in the United States

60

arrests increased from 25,500 in 2000 to a record high of nearly 85,000 in 2009, before declining slightly in 2010 to ______.

82,438

Nationwide there are approximately_____ ranch, wilderness, or marine camp programs and 210 state training schools.

85

To qualify for these grants, states were required to ensure that persons convicted of certain violent crimes—for example, murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—serve not less than _____ percent of their sentences. In exchange, the national government would provide the state with additional funds for new state jails and prisons.

85

Work programs are available in _____ percent of the nation's 1,719 state-level correctional facilities.

87

1999 BJS census of jails (Stephan 2001), where nearly ______ inmate assaults on staff occurred in local jails. This translated to a rate of 18 per 1,000 inmates. Four staff members died as a result of the assault.

9,300

______ percent of all state prisoners will leave prison at some point; eight in ten of these releases are to parole supervision

95

race riot (7):

A type of prison disturbance common during 1960s: largely apolitical uprisings based on racial conflict within the institution.

Section VII of the Lieber Code, the laws of war prepared for the Union army during the Civil War, governed the use of parole at first by the North and then by both sides:

captured soldiers received an offer of freedom in exchange for their word of honor not to reenter the hostilities.

A college education is increasingly becoming a requirement of employment in secure facilities (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012). Moreover, most institutions require one or more of the following as well:

certain physical characteristics, written examinations, a background check, and a polygraph examination.

US Bureau of Prisons

charged to centralize and make the administration of the federal prison system consistent, to professionalize the prison service, and to provide more humane care for federal prisoners.

Prostitution also occurs in women's prisons, with _____ or tricks selling themselves to studs.

chippies

the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a limited infection. Most victims recover in a matter of months; people with weakened immune systems, however, can become lifelong carriers and may develop _______ (scarring) of the liver, cancer, or liver failure and eventually die.

cirrhosis

The California prison system uses a prison_______ to break up gangs by sending members to different facilities.

classification system

What can prison authorities do about prison gangs?

close-custody unit gang-free facilities unit management prison classification system

Inmates do not enjoy a right to _____ ( Lyons v. Gilligan 1974),

conjugal visits

prisoner classification systems typically combine two or more methods from the following models

consensus-based classification systems Equity-based classification systems Prediction-based classification systems

In the 100 years after Auburn Prison and its imitators opened their doors in the early 1800s, three forms of prison industries evolved:

contract system lease system state-use system

The inmate code has little variety in penalties. Most code violations result in ________

corporal punishment or death.

In fact, some medium-security facilities are not even called prisons . They are ______

correctional facilities or institutions

The typical entry point position for institutional corrections is either as a _______________; such facilities, however, also employ a range of other employees, but in far fewer numbers

correctional officer or a counselor

Among the people who provide treatment for inmates are

counselors, caseworkers, case managers, psychologists and psychiatrists, social workers, activities coordinators, chaplains, educators, nurses, and physicians.

COs conduct frequent scheduled and unannounced inmate ______ , during which a staff member must physically view each inmate.

counts

Irish ticket-of-leave system (2, 9):

created by Walter Crofton, A four-stage program instituted in the Irish prison system in the mid- 1800s; inmates who advanced through the first three stages, each allowing them greater independence, were rewarded in the fourth stage with a ticket of leave (parole).

Prisons have two widely acknowledged—and some would argue conflicting—goals:

custody and treatment.

Prison architects often joined the courtyards to create a ______structures, each an almost self-contained unit.

daisy chain

first time illegal entrants, particularly those eligible for expedited removal. 14 The median period of detention—most detainees remain in custody and not given bail—is a matter of____

days.

Examples of mental health problem

depression, inability to sleep (insomnia), sleeping too much (hypersomnia), and persistent anger or irritability

Classification systems

developed after World War II assessed the threat offenders posed to the general public.

Staffers in residential programs typically work with between ______ residents;

eight and ten

Immigration stats

eight out of ten immigration offenders in federal prison were Mexican nationals. Nearly all (97 percent) were male. In 2010, among the 22,230 non-US citizens in federal prison, nearly half (47 percent) stood convicted of drug-related offenses, followed closely by an immigration offenses (43 percent); other offenses accounted for the remainder.

the National Border Patrol Strategy

emphasized prevention through deterrence,

The inmate may be told the date of his or her parole hearing soon after_________, depending on institutional policy.

entering prison or shortly before the hearing

Given the significant role of environmental factors, those in direct daily physical contact with offenders experience the greatest ______ stress

environmental

community-based programs often are looking to hire _______for paraprofessional positions, people who would have a difficult time finding work in an institutional setting.

ex-offenders

body cavity searches

examinations of inmates' mouths, anuses, and vaginas.

The second work program is general maintenance of the BOP facility, also called ______

facility support services.

More than half of all facilities operated by the BOP are ______

federal correctional institutions (FCIs)

Only one _______ treats women exclusively. The rest treat only men or women at an adjacent camp. A sixth medical facility, the Medical Center for Federal Pris-oners (MCFP), also treats only men.

federal medical center (FMC)

Two mega-sites are the Government Jobs site ( www.governmentjobs.com ), a commercial site, and USAJobs, a government-sponsored site ( www.usajobs.gov ) tailored specifically to ______ employment positions.

federal-level

_____inmates report substantially higher levels of mental health problems than do males: 73 percent versus 55 percent in state prisons and 75 percent versus 63 percent in local jails

female

studs , butches , or pimps take the masculine role, and ________ take the feminine roles.

femmes , broads , or foxes

The result of this growth is that PPOs who could not imagine caseloads of 100 clients 20 years ago today routinely carry caseloads in the _______________

hundreds

state prisoner statistics

in 2010, non-Hispanic blacks accounted for nearly 38 percent of all state prison inmates, whereas non-Hispanic whites made up just over 32 percent of the state prison population. Hispanics accounted for just over one in five state prisoners, a smaller percentage than for federal inmates. In addition, like federal inmates, state inmates were disproportionately male

GLBT SEXUAL VICTIMIZATIONS

in a 2008 study of released prison inmates, 3.5 percent of heterosexual males reported being sexually victimized by another inmate, while bisexual and homosexual males reported a number that was ten times higher; for females, the inmate-on-inmate sexual victimizations were for hetero-sexuals 13 percent, bisexuals 13 percent, and lesbians 18 percent, higher than for heterosexual males, but lower than for bisexual and gay males (Beck and Johnson 2012, 5). Transgender male inmates are even more likely to report sexual victimizations while in prison than are gays or bisexual men, with lifetime prevalence peaking at nearly 90 percent (Sexton, Jenness, and Sumner 2009). For correctional staff contacts, the differences are instructive: for males, 5.2 percent of heterosexuals, 17.5 percent of bisexuals, and 11.8 percent of gays indicated staff-on-inmate sexual victimizations; for females, 3.7 percent of heterosexuals, 7.5 percent of bisexuals, and 8 percent of lesbians indicated staff-on-inmate sexual victimizations

Most researchers report that COs see_______ (security and control) as the prison's primary goal and rehabilitation as a distant third or fourth, after either retribution or deterrence

incapacitation

Secure Border Initiative

increase in the number of agents, improved detention and removal capacity, and greater reliance on technology.

Lloyd Ohlin (1956: 28) explained the rules this way: "The code repre-sents an organization of criminal values in clear-cut opposition to the values of conventional society, and to prison officials as that society's agents."

inmate code

The attitudinal and behavioral norms of prison sub-culture make up the _______

inmate code

one of the COs most positive, and challenging, is direct contact with ___________

inmates.

the misuse of force is much more likely to occur in ______settings.

institutional

the composition of the consolidated parole board, sometimes referred to as the ______

institutional model

Zebulon Reed Brockway's unstructured discussions with incoming inmates to the Elmira Reformatory eventually gave way to ______

intake interviews histories—supplemented by psychological testing.

Many criminal justice academic programs offer _____ courses either as an elective or as part of the required curriculum. The objective is to expose students to the actual demands and expectations of various careers.

internship

Some colleges and universities offer cooperative (co-op) education , and many criminal justice agencies prefer __________ to co-ops.

internships

mental health problem

is a broad designation for a variety of mental functioning issues that includes genetic issues and both drug- and alcohol-induced psychoses.

prison

is a correctional facility operated by a state or the federal government for the confinement of convicted felons who are serving sentences in excess of 1 year. 1

Gender identity or gender orientation

is a person's self-conception as either male or female that is independent of biological sex.

A subculture

is a social group that exhibits unique characteristics, including norms, rules, and regulations, that distinguish it from—and often place it in conflict with—the larger society.

hepatitis C virus (HCV)

is far more dangerous: about 80 percent of its victims develop a chronic infection.

Malfeasance

is the commission of an act prohibited under any circumstance. An extreme example would be taking the life of a prisoner who failed to return to his or her cell in a timely manner.

Minimum security

is the least restrictive form of prison custody. look like college campuses, ranches or farms, or work camps. facilities for women often look like cottages, based on decades-old thinking that a homelike environment better serves the needs of women.

What determines the methods and severity of control employed by prison administrators?

it is the combination of the operational goals of a given prison, the security levels provided within the prison, and the classification levels assigned to its inmates

Whenever people consider a criminal justice job, three issues arise:

job-related stress, the potential for job-related injury or death, and the possibility of getting sued.

Case law concerning special needs inmates has______ behind the pressures they are placing on the existing correctional resources

lagged

As a result of these court decisions, classification systems had to meet three goals

least-restrictive security level assessment of inmates' needs positive incentives

Federal Transfer Center (FTC)

located in Oklahoma City, and home to the BOP's airline. This facility is responsible for coordinating the movement of inmates between other facilities.

Juveniles committed to ______ (usually more than 1 year) typically are housed in juvenile correctional facilities. These facilities can be open or low-security operations (such as ranch or wilderness camp programs or residential treatment centers) or they can be secure operations such as state training or industrial schools

long-term sentences

federal correctional institutions (FCIs)

medium-security facilities or, less often, as medium- and administrative-security facili-ties. 7 At this security level, the perimeters are double-fenced, usually strengthened with electronic security devices. Inmates live in one-, two-, or three-person cells. the staff-to-inmate ratio averages 1 : 3.

Prison communities today appear organized by the principles of a _____- similar to that described by Clemmer, Sykes, and others.

negativistic code

In a 2011 Supreme Court decision, this issue was addressed in straightforward and unanimous fashion. Parole can be a right extended at the state level, but there is _____ Constitutional right to parole.

no

organizational factors

originate with how a prison hierarchy administers the facility and include management style, communication, and work schedules.

Sykes (1958, 65-78) coined the term ________to describe the inmate's emotional reaction to the loss of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, freedom of movement, and security.

pains of imprisonment

the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham proposed the _____

panopticon

false positives

parolees who looked to be good risks but later committed a crime.

prison subculture (7):

According to Clemmer and others, the inmate social community, governed by the inmate code; traditionally aligned against staff and legitimate society.

The first new federal penitentiary opened in 1902 in ______

Atlanta, Georgia

US______supervise persons on supervised release.

probation officers

By the 1930s, prison classification schemes focused on _______, which often had little to do with the actual services available.

psychiatric diagnoses

New York's Auburn Prison is a modification of this design:

radial-design

Women's gender‐specific medical needs are_____ met inside most prisons and jails, even when the facility is specially designed for them

rarely

In general, COs do not have to meet the same physical requirements or to perform at the same level as police officers do. There are at least two very important exceptions.

● Local detention officers hired as sheriff's depu-ties must demonstrate the same physical agility required of all employees. ● State and federal corrections agencies require reasonable levels of physical fitness for their COs.

We offer one last point. When you contact a correctional agency, a professional organization, or a job-listing service, ask questions. You want to know the following:

● when jobs normally become available; ● where the announcements are posted; ● where and to whom applications should be submitted; and ● how long the application process typically takes.

at the end of the decade ( 2010), AIDS-related disorders were a distant _____, replaced by liver disease and suicide

fifth

Psychological and personality testing

first widely used on draftees during World War I, became the basis of early prison classification systems during the first three decades of the twentieth century.

Inmates new to prison life are ______, a term that indicates their low and easily exploited status in the subculture.

fish

a small number of them are first-time serious offenders who have no experience of incarceration. These inmates are often referred to as "______" and they represent prime targets for assault, sexual abuse, and exploitation by experienced prisoners

fish

In comparison to the general population of the United States, prison and jail inmates are more than____times more likely to report some type of mental health disorder

five

Custody is the primary responsibility of correctional officers (COs). One simple objective guides these men and women:

to ensure the safety and security of the institution and its staff, and then its inmates.

Prison-based ______ represents one of the greatest pressures against effective prison management, threatening both inmates and staff

violence

administrative segregation unit

where inmates who break rules can be isolated, usually for short periods.

Between 1982 and 2010, the number of state and federal inmates increased from

400,000 to 1.61 million, and the number of local inmates grew from 200,000 to over 748,000.

each FPC houses between ______ inmates.

500 and 800

UNICOR provides work assignments for ____percent of the BOP system's work eligible inmates

8

look at the per capita rates in Table 9.3 for a moment. The highest rate is for the ______

District of Columbia.

______ of all parolees will return to prison within 3 years

Two-thirds

Pugh v. Locke (1976),

an Alabama case, an appeals court judge tied inmate treatment to classification systems.

sally port

an entryway secured by two steel or barred doors with glass or screen inserts.

Psychological victimization

is the threat of physical harm.

In most state and local institutional settings, COs need just a_________________________

high school diploma or a GED equivalent

The federal government classifies its facilities by security level:

high, medium, low, minimum, and administrative.

Currently, estimates of the prevalence of HCV infection in prison inmates place it far _____ than that of the general US population.

higher

One factor that has driven prison populations in the past decade is the movement toward "________."

truth-in-sentencing

Male state prison inmates with mental illness were more than_____as likely as other male inmates to report that they had been physically abused growing up (27 percent versus 11 percent). They were almost four times more likely to report sexual abuse (15 percent versus 4 percent). They were almost four times more likely to report sexual abuse (15 percent versus 4 percent).

twice

HBV (Hepatitis B) responds well to immunization if diagnosed within______ of exposure.

two weeks

Although there are nearly twice as many people in prison as in jails, in 2009 the number dying by suicide was about _____ that reported for jails.

two-thirds

_________ of all institutional corrections employees work in custody or security positions

two-thirds

Philadelphia's Eastern Penitentiary

which when viewed from above looks like a cross-section of a spoked wheel, was a radial-design prison.

Professional criminals, including thieves and other property offenders, commonly_______

"do time."

By 2005, almost _____ percent of the public correctional facilities in the United States provided counseling and other specialized programs to treat inmates suffering from mental health problems and related issues.

97

The BOP supports hundreds of occupational training programs, apprenticeship programs, and advanced occupational education programs, as they are available in ____ percent of all federal secure facilities . On any given day, about 10,000 inmates participate in these programs.

98

prison gang (7):

A clique or informal group found in US prisons today, examples are the "Aryan Brotherhood," the "Black Guerrilla Family," "Mexican Mafia," "La Nuestra Familia," and the "Texas Syndicate."

correctional counselor (10):

A professional staff member who provides individual or group treatment to correctional clients. This could take place in institutional (prison or jail) settings or extrainstitutional (community corrections, probation and parole) settings.

marks of commendation (2):

A set of rewards given to inmates for good behavior developed by Alexander Maconochie.

rage riot (7):

A spontaneous prison uprising; often an expression by inmates of their frustration with mistreatment, but also a means to pay back disloyal inmates or to destroy the facility.

whistle-blowing (10):

Actions by employees who make public any illegal, unethical, or improper activities that have been committed by their supervisors or other employees in the organization.

________ are the COs' chief tools

Authority, regimentation, and architecture

discretionary release

Available when they believe an inmate is ready for life on the outside. This system is found in states that have retained some elements of indeterminate sentencing. Another government entity, usually a parole board, must concur and authorize the parole. Typically, inmates released under this system must adhere to certain restrictions including limitations on their movement in the community, types of persons with whom they can associate, and even where they live or whether they can buy or drive a car. This system is an outgrowth of the medical model and indeterminate sentencing.

______observed that even after the racial integration of prisons in the years following World War II, inmates separated themselves by race in their living arrangements, in the prison theater, and even in the gym

Carroll

____________ corrections offers a number of employment opportunities for college graduates

Community

Unless an inmate dies in prison or jail, he or she reenters society in one of five ways.

Commutation of sentence Pardon Expiration release mandatory release discretionary release

According to Irwin (1970), in addition to the specific roles prisoners adopt, they also engage in one or more strategies or adaptive behaviors, to survive.

Doing time jailing gleaning

good-time laws

Established in 1817. These laws allowed prison officials to shorten an inmate's prison term in exchange for good behavior.

examples of courtyard-design prison

Examples include the Conciergerie in Paris and the Tower of London

Holding youthful offenders in adult jails poses at least two sets of problems.

First, from an operational standpoint jails must provide sight-and-sound separation. Second, housing youthful offenders in adult jails potentially exposes them to adult offenders and to staff members whose job is to deal with adult offenders

It is also worth noting that New York (with 3,080 cases), Florida (2,920), Texas (2,394), and California (1,098) house the largest numbers of ______ inmates, continuing to account for one-half of the total

HIV-AIDS

Sexual violence stats is jails

In 2005, local jails reported 1,700 allegations of sexual violence, of which investigations substantiated 336. The rate of allegations per 1,000 inmates was less than two per 1,000 jail inmates. The rate of substantiated sexual assaults per 1,000 jail inmates in 2004 was 0.45. Victims or another inmate reported three-fourths of the cases in which an investigation later substantiated the charges; staff reported less than 30 percen

Most PPOs assume one or more of four roles in their day-to-day work,

Investigator therapist service broker law enforcer

Jail death stats

Jailhouse suicide was the leading cause of jail deaths (29 percent) between 2000 and 2009. Heart disease accounted for another 22 percent of the jail inmate deaths during this period. Intoxication deaths added slightly more than 7 percent, and no other specified cause was responsible for more than 5 percent of the deaths during this time period. The number of murders in jails is small (about 23 in 2009);

_____is a special case, having abolished parole in the 1973.

Maine

the____-- parole board was disbanded and parole ceased owing to a lack of public confidence in both the board and the practice

Maine

_______ started the first US parole system in 1837.

Massachusetts

the states with very small per capita parole numbers, ones below 100 per 100,000 adult residents in that state or roughly one-third the national per capita rate. There are two groups of such states, the first including

Massachusetts, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Rhode Island, Delaware, Florida, Maine, North Carolina, and Virginia

They often are nonviolent offenders (for example, white-collar or professional criminals) or first-time offenders, are under short sentences (unless they are older inmates), or are about to be released from custody.

Minimum security

prison stats for death

Most prison deaths— more than 88 percent—resulted from illnesses, including cancer (911 deaths), heart disease (870), liver disease, 258), AIDS-related (94), and other ill-nesses (881). Only 55 inmates—again fewer than 2 percent—died of injuries caused by another inmate.

cooperative (co-op) education (10):

Paid experiential learning placement in which students alternate between work and a period of class enrollment; many "co-ops" result in job offers.

In 2003, George Bush signed into law the_______ (PL 108-79), mandating that the BJS develop a new national data collection system on the incidence and prevalence of sexual violence in correctional facilities

Prison Rape Elimination Act

classification officer (6, 10):

Prison official who uses testing, inmates' histories, and interviews to determine inmates' security level.

the ________ began to provide probation supervision for low-risk offenders in the mid-1970s; and since that time it has spread to at least ten states

Salvation Army

Classic parole has largely been a ______.

failure

legitimate inmate economy (7):

The commerce conducted through the facility's commissary or store that "sells" inmates food and other products; to make purchases at these "stores," inmates must have money in their accounts, often described as an inmate "trust fund," into which relatives, friends and others may make contributions.

economic exploitation (7):

The idea that inmates are taken advantage of within prisons and jails because of the monopolistic prices they must pay for goods and services in the inmate

sub rosa inmate economy (7):

The illegal means by which inmates acquire and distribute valued goods and services in prisons and jails; the "black market."

iron law of prison populations (9):

The notion that prison populations are a function of both the number of people we send to prison, and the amount of time those individuals must spend in prison.

deprivation hypothesis (7):

The view, derived from the work of Clemmer, that prison culture, including its code and inmate role types, results directly from the act of incarceration and the pains of imprisonment.

Federal Correctional Complex (FCC) .

There are 14 FCCs around the nation. They are a cluster of institutions with different missions and security levels, all located in close proximity to one another. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Federal Correctional Complex at Florence, Colorado, home of USP-Florence-ADX, FCI-Florence, and USP-Florence High; the complex houses approximately 1,500 inmates.

US Bureau of Prisons (BOP) .

This system focuses on a number of factors, including the severity of the current offense, the time the inmate may serve on the current sentence, and the inmate's history of incarceration, escapes, and violence

In 1993, a total of 21 corrections systems reported 186 incidents; however, only _____ were designated a riot

seven

mandatory release

Once an inmate has served a statutorily defined minimum length of time, his or her release is nearly automatic.

wolf (7):

One of three role types based on sex roles; a predatory inmate who provides protection for weak inmates in return for sexual favors.

Jail statistics

Slightly more than 44 percent of jail inmates were non-Hispanic whites; non-Hispanic blacks made up less than 40 percent of the adult jail population. The Hispanic proportion (about 15 percent) was nearly identical to this par-ticular ethnic group's contribution to the national population.

security threat group (7):

The ACA's term for prison gang .

imprisonment binge (7):

Irwin and Austin's term to describe the trend in the mid- to late-1990s of using incarceration as the primary—if not sole—method for combating crime; results in an ever-increasing reliance on prisons and more prison construction, consuming ever-increasing proportions of the state and federal budgets.

doing time (7):

Irwin's term to describe the outlook expressed by some inmates in which prison is viewed as a temporary break in their criminal career.

_____ is a large and growing field of employment

Corrections

More than _____ percent of state parolees—about one in seven parolees—live in California,

14

In 1980, there were about as many drug offenders as there were property offenders; by 2005, although the number of property offenders had about doubled, the number of drug offenders had increased more than _______ times, and between 2000 and 2010 the number of drug offenders increased again by nearly one-fourth.

15

in all of 2010 a total of ____ correctional staff members were killed in the United States compared with 145 law enforcement officers.

15

drug offense (7):

Crime involving a psychoactive substance; includes the actual or attempted unlawful sale, purchase, distribution, manufacture, cultivation, transport, possession, or use of a controlled or prohibited substance.

_______ often live under conditions that would be unacceptable for convicted criminals

Immigration detainees

________, this practice is often called the "85-percent-rule," meaning convicted felons will serve 85 percent of their sentence

In truth-in-sentencing states