Corrections: Final Exam

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Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in jail or prison in the United States? a)2 million b)5 million c)7 million d)8 million

A) 2 million

What percentage of U.S. adults are currently under some form of correctional control? a)2% b)5% c)3% d)1%

A) 2%

Most states define inmates over the age ______________________ as elderly. a)50 b)55) c)60 d)65

A) 50

Defendants who do not appear for a court hearing are called __________________. a)absconders b)air heads c)forgetters d)inmates

A) Absconders

_____________________ theory stats that prison disorder results from unstable, divided, or otherwise weak management. a)administrative-control b)officer-balance c)prisoner-control d)inmate-balance

A) Administrative control

Which of the following is NOT one of he special accommodations made for veterans? a)better conditions while incarcerated b)specialized criminal courts c)separate housing d)special programs

A) Better conditions while incarcerated

Parole officers are usually asked to play two roles: _____________________ and ________________. a)cop; social worker b)social worker; mentor c)mentor; cop d)cop; teacher

A) Cop; social worker

Based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs, this type of release is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to conditional supervision in the community when they are deemed ready to live as law-abiding citizens. a)discretionary b)conditional c)mandatory d)expiration

A) Discretionary

The relationship between staff and prisoners is one of __________________. a)exchange b)service c)power d)discipline

A) Exchange

Veterans who survive combat may struggle with all of the following EXCEPT _______________________. a)lack of education b)physical injuries c)depression d)psychological trauma

A) Lack of education

Technical violations can be categorized as ___________________. a)non-criminal infractions b)minor felonies c)criminal misdemeanors d)major felonies

A) Non-criminal infractions

Which of the following terms is best described as the ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards? a)normative power b)coercive power c)formal power d)remunerative power

A) Normative power

The most common form of prison violence in America is _________________ violence. a)prisoner--prisoner b)prisoner--officer c)officer--prisoner d)officer--officer

A) Prisoner--prisoner

Groups of people whose sexual orientation or gender identity differs from what is considered normal in the population are known as _______________________. a)sexual minorities b)sexual misfits c)outcasts d)independents

A) Sexual minorities

Which of the following is NOT one of the indications of PTSD? a)sexually violent behavior b)tension, agitation, or hypervigilance c)panic attacks d)sleep disturbance

A) Sexually violent behavior

The aim of the cognitive approach is to teach offenders new ways to ______________________. a)think about themselves and their actions b)commit crimes c)treat their mental illness d)treat their chemical use

A) Think about themselves and their actions

_____________________ is a management principle holding that a subordinate should report only to one supervisor. a)unity of command b)span of control c)chain of command d)hierarchical command

A) Unity of Command

A medical condition that occurs when the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a defect in the immune system's ability to function. It increases susceptibility to serious and life-threatening infections, and is transmitted primarily by exposure to contaminated body fluids, especially blood and semen.

AIDS

People who fail to appear for a court date have no legitimate reason for doing so.

Absconders

The ability to adjust or to adapt to new and unfamiliar conditions in one's environment.

Adapting to change

A governance theory which states that prison disorder results from unstable, divided, or other wise wealth management.

Administrative control theroy

A drug that, when combined with alcohol, causes violent nausea; it is used to control a person's drinking.

Antabuse

The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without resorting to force.

Authority

_________________ power stresses the application or threat of physical force in order to gain compliance. a)normative b)coercive c)formal d)remunerative

B) Coercive

Which is an option for the early release of an elderly prisoner who is deemed to have a low risk of recidivism? a)elderly release b)compassionate release c)adaptive release d)demency

B) Compassionate release

Restrictions that parolees must legally obey after being released are referred to as ________________. a)exiting guidelines b)conditions of release c)parole regulations c)post-release policy

B) Conditions of release

The goals of the __________________ model are to "punish offenders - fairly and justly - through lengths of confinement proportionate to the gravity of the offense." a)warehouse b)confinement c)security d)retribution

B) Confinement

According to the text, the most severe sanction that can be handed out by a disciplinary committee is the: a)revocation of accumulated good time. b)confinement in administrative segregation. c)addition of more prison time. d)revocation of parole.

B) Confinement in administrative confinement.

Parolees are aware that they must meet critical needs to make it in the community. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of those critical needs? a)a job b)counseling c)money d)education

B) Counseling

What category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution's employees? a)program b)custodial c)professional d)support

B) Custodial

Eligibility for an appearance before the parole board is a function of all of the following items EXCEPT: a)an inmate's conduct before prison. b)demographic data. c)statutory criteria. d)the individual sentence.

B) Demographic data.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics that underlie prison behavior? a)age b)education level c)race d)attitudes

B) Education level

Due to the rising U.S. health costs, the increasing number of __________________ offenders may become a major problem for corrections within the next decade. a)sex b)violent c)elderly d)situational

B) Elderly

A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an ________________ organization. a)closed b)formal c)self-contained d)informal

B) Formal

Which of the following men was NOT one of the early pioneers of parole? a)Sir Walter Crofton b)Jeremy Bentham c)Alexander Maconochie d)Zebulon Brockway

B) Jeremy Bentham

____________________ are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals. They have direct contact with the prisoners; such personnel include the custody force, industry and agricultural supervisors, counselors, and medical technicians. a)professional staff b)line personnel c)prison consultants d)administrative staff

B) Line Personnel

One of the best ways to reduce _________________ is to develop specific standards for routine jail operation practices and procedures. a)rehabilitation b)litigation c)recidivism d)overcrowding

B) Litigation

Three strikes laws provide one example of a(n) _______________________ sentence. a)indeterminate b)mandatory c)presumptive d)indeterminate

B) Mandatory

According to your authors, home confinement falls into the category of ___________________ release. a)discretionary b)other conditional c)expiration d)supplementary

B) Other conditional

Which of the following is NOT one of the three concepts that comprise the foundation of parole? a)custody b)personal right c)contract of consent d)grace or privilege

B) Personal right

Drug treatment designed to lessen the severity of symptoms of psychological illness is known as ______________________. a)methadone treatment b)psychotropic medications c)a z-pack d)behavior-modification medications

B) Psychotropic medications

The effectiveness of corrections is usually measured by ______________________. a)crime rates b)rates of recidivism c)probation rates d)uniform crime rates

B) Rates of recidivism

An inmate's eligibility for release to community supervision depends on requirements set forth by the law and a)correctional administration for that jurisdiction. b)sentences imposed by the court. c)correctional policies and procedure. d)parole boards.

B) Sentences imposed by the court.

_____________________ is a management principle holding that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates. a)unity of command b)span of control c)chain of command d)hierarchical command

B) Span of control

The majority of incarcerated veterans in state prisons have committed a _______________________ crime. a)drug b)violent c)sex d)property

B) Violent

Mental illness is more likely among offenders convicted of ________________________ offenses and less likely among those convicted of _________________ offenses. a)drug; violent b)violent; drug c)drug; property d)property; drug

B) Violent; drug

One of the most troubling trends in the U.S. jail system that has occurred over the past two decades is the increasing incarceration rate for _______________________. a)young white males b)young African American males c)young Hispanic males d)young Asian males

B) Young African American males

An amount of money, specified by a judge, to be posted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure the appearance of the accused in court.

Bail

The amount of blame that the offender deserves for the crime.

Blameworthiness

An independent businessperson who provides bail money for a fee, usually 5-10 percent of the total.

Bondsman

A physically rigorous, disciplined, and demanding regimen emphasizing conditioning, education, and job training that is designed for young offenders.

Boot camp

Rigorous military-style regimen for younger offenders, designed to accelerate punishment while instilling discipline, often with an educational component.

Boot camp

Short-term institutional sentence emphasizing physical development and discipline, followed by probation.

Boot camp/Shock probation

An abnormal condition of the brain caused by injury, disease, or aging.

Brain disease

Approximately 140,000 inmates are serving life sentences in the United States. Each life sentence costs taxpayers an estimated: a)$250,000. b)$800,000. c)$1 million. d)$2 million.

C) $1 million

Slightly more than __________________ of adult male inmates currently serving time in American prisoners are doing so because they committed violent offense. a)1/4 )1/3 c)1/5 d)1/2

C) 1/5

Aside from physical injury, an attack by an inmate on an officer can later compromise an officer's _____________________. a)reliability b)integrity c)authority d)power

C) Authority

____________________ is responsible for individuals charged with and convicted of federal crimes. a)U.S. Secret Service b)office of the inspector general c)bureau of prisons d)federal bureau of investigations.

C) Bureau of prisons

Which state currently leads the nation in parole revocations with a staggering 2/3 of all parolees returning to prison within three years? a)New York b)Texas c)California d)Florida

C) California

______________________ refers to a series of organizational positions in order of authority, with each person receiving orders from the immediately above and issuing orders to the one immediately below. a)unity of command b)span of control c)chain of command d)hierarchical command

C) Chain of command

Inmates who are released on __________________ parole release no longer require further correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current offense. a)unconditional b)discretionary c)expiration d)mandatory

C) Expiration

Long-term prisoners are charged with disciplinary infractions ______________________ frequently than short-term inmates. a)slightly less b)slightly more c)far less d)far more

C) Far less

Some transgender inmates suffer from ______________________, which may require sex-reassignment surgery as the preferred method of treatment. a)transgender disorder b)sexual minority disorder c)gender identity disorder d)sexual identity disorder

C) Gender identity disorder

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example of the public to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as __________________. a)specific deterrence b)specific retribution c)general deterrence d)general retribution

C) General deterrence

The goal of punishment that focuses on physically depriving that individual from committing future crimes is commonly referred to as ___________________. a)rehabilitation b)retribution c)incapacitation d)deterrence

C) Incapactiatin

Which of the following is NOT a general trend for the future of jails? a)many jurisdictions have renovated or replaced jail facilities since the early 1970s, b)many jurisdictions are joining together to build and maintain a single jail to serve their collective needs. c)jails are becoming more suitable to treat inmates with mental disorders and drug addiction d)there is a growing emphasis on strengthening alternatives to jail

C) Jails are becoming more suitable to treat inmates with mental disorders and drug addiction.

A major criticism of discretionary release is that it has shifted responsibility for many primary criminal justice decisions from a ___________________ to a(n) ____________________________. a)prosecutor; parole board b)prosecutor; judge c)judge; parole board d)parole board; judge

C) Judge; parole board

The average delay between an arrest and sentencing is ___________________. a)about one week b)about two months c)more than six months d)at least one year

C) More than six months

______________________ are central to prisoner management as correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates. a)sanctions b)regulations c)negotiations d)custodial policies

C) Negotiations

Which of the following is NOT one of the frequently applied options for a parole agency to invoke when a parolee has violated conditions of their release? a)note the violation and increase supervision instead of revocation of parole b)seek advice from the sentencing judge, but have no formal revocation hearing c)not the violation but take no official action d) return the parolee to prison

C) Not the violation but take no official action

Which program provides offenders ideas for communicating and staying connected with their children during their incarceration? a)maintaining ties b)thinking for a change c)parenting from the inside d)inmate parents

C) Parenting from the inside

For most of the 20th century, the term __________________ has referred to both a method of community supervision and a release mechanism.a)reintegration b)reentry c)parole d)probation

C) Parole

Alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (for example, counseling or drug rehabilitation) in exchange for withdrawal of charges. a)exoneration b)parole c)pretrial diversion d)probation

C) Pretrial diversion

A group of upper-class citizens in the U.S. during the early 1900s who attempted to improve social conditions of the urban poor while trying to rehabilitate those who had been sentenced to jail or prison. a)reformers b)quakers c)progressives d)puritans

C) Progressives

Experts suggest that administrators follow three main principles when managing long-term inmates. Which of the following is NOT one of these principles? a)create opportunities for meaningful living b)maximize opportunities for the inmate to exercise choice in living circumstances c)provide conjugal visits for most married inmates d)help the inmate maintain contact with the outside world.

C) Provide conjugal visits for most married inmates

Correctional officers often rely on _________________ and ______________ to gain cooperation. a)promises; fear b)confinement; force c)rewards; punishments d)fear; confinement

C) Rewards; punishments

Surgical procedures to alter a person's physical appearance so that the person appears more like the opposite gender. a)psycho-sexual surgery. b)trans identity surgery. c)sex-reassignment surgery. d)trans plastic surgery.

C) Sex-reassignment surgery

Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that make managing prisons different from administering other public institutions? a)the limited rewards and punishments b)the strength of inmate leadership c)the issue of safety d)the defects of total power

C) The issue of safety

What is the central argument against separate housing for elderly inmates? a)there are no laws requiring separate housing. b)they would be more likely to get depressed and attempt suicide c)they should be treated the same as other inmates d)they can have a calming effect on the younger, more unpredictable population.

C) They should be treated the same as other inmates.

Serious violations can earn prisoner's a "________________"; a disciplinary report forwarded to a hirer authority for action. a)reprimand b)warning c)ticket d)receipt

C) Ticket

There are five basic mechanisms for release from prison. Which of the following is NOT one of these mechanisms? a)expiration release b)discretionary release c)unconditional release d)mandatory release

C) Unconditional release

An architectural design by which the functionalist units of a prison are individually housed in a complex buildings surrounded by a fence.

Campus style

A series of organizational positions in order of authority, which each person receiving orders from the one immediately above and issuing orders to the one immediately below.

Chain of command

A process by which prisoners are assigned to different types of custody and treatment.

Classification

Process by which private investigative firms contract with convicted offenders to conduct comprehensive background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options as alternatives to incarceration.

Client-specific planning

The ability to obtain compliance by the application or threat of physical force.

Coercive power

A form of behavior therapy that focuses on changing the thinking and reasoning patterns that accompany criminal behavior.

Cognitive skill building

A federal initiative to provide funding for community mental health centers and to encourage deinstitutionalization.

Community Mental Health Act

Compensation for injury to society by the performance of service in the community.

Community Service

A model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system.

Community corrections

Requires the offender to perform work for the community.

Community service

Used alone or in conjunction with probation or intensive supervision and requires completion of set number of ours of work in and for the community.

Community service

An option for the early release of an elderly prisoner who is deemed to be of low risk of recidivism.

Compassionate release

Obedience to an order or request.

Compliance

Restrictions on conduct that parolees must obey as a legally binding requirement of being released.

Conditions of release

A treatment technique, usually done in a group, that vividly brings the offender face-to-face with crime's consequences for the victim and society.

Confrontation therepy

A penitentiary system developed in Auburn, New York, in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence.

Congregate system

A strategy of building new facilities to meet the demand for prison space.

Construction strategy

A range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of intrusiveness and control over the offender, along which an offender is moved based on his or her response to correctional programs.

Continuum of sanctions

The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted criminal offenses.

Corrections

An architectural design by which the functional unites of a prison are housed in separate buildings constructed on four sides of an open square.

Courtyard style

A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Crime control model

A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.

Custodial model

Nationally, 35% of all new prison admissions are violators of conditional release; of this group, nearly ___________________ are returned to prison for technical violations. a)1/5 b)1/3 c)1/2 d2/3

D) 2/3

Today, slightly over _______________% of adult offenders are released on parole and remain under correctional supervision for a specific period of time. a)27 b)37 c)57 d)77

D) 77

Jail sentences are typically reserved for those who have committed misdemeanors and minor felonies and usually do not exceed __________________. a)a month b)six weeks c)three months d)a year

D) A year

Transgender offenders enter prison with a disproportionate amount of ____________________. a)substance abuse problems b)mental health issues c)past and physical sexual victimization d)all of these choices

D) All of these choices

The image of the "________________" was popularized in movies and television shows and is still very much the portrayal of what most Americans believe prison to be. a)castle b)hole c)rock d)big house

D) Big house

A form of behavior therapy that focuses on changing the thinking and reasoning patterns that accompany criminal behavior is known as _____________________. a)transactional analysis b)reality therapy c)confrontation therapy d)cognitive skill building

D) Cognitive skill building

Which of the following is NOT one of the major release criteria considered for a potential parolee? a)prior criminal record b)history of community adjustment c)adequacy of parole plan d)credit and driving records

D) Credit and driving records

The ____________________ model of corrections assumes that criminal behavior can be controlled by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision. a)medical b)community c)social control )crime control.

D) Crime control

According to the text, indeterminate sentences were created with this goal of punishment in mind? a)retribution b)rehabilitation c)restorative justice d)deterrence

D) Deterrence

_____________________ theory states that for a prisoner system to operate effectively, officials must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders to keep order. a)administrative-control b)officer-balance c)prisoner-control d)inmate-balance

D) Inmate-balance

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the missions of the confinement model? a)keep them safe b)keep them in line c)keep them busy d)keep them isolated

D) Keep them isolated

_______________________ release occurs hen the sentencing judges requires a period of post-custody supervision in the community. a)unconditional b)discretionary c)probation d)mandatory

D) Mandatory

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible harsh realities that a newly released prisoner may face once paroled? a)barriers to success b)the strangeness of reentry c)unmet personal needs d)misses physical safety of prison

D) Misses physical safety of prison

Which of the following is NOT one of the major sources of prion violence? a)prisoner--prisoner b)prisoner--officer c)officer--prisoner d)officer--officer

D) Officer--officer

For many victims of prison violence, _________________ is the only way to escape further abuse. a)fighting back b)death c)joining a gang d)protective custody.

D) Protective custody

In theory, parole boards evaluate an offender's progress toward __________________ and readiness to abide by laws. a)restoration b)rehabilitation c)rehabilitation d)reentry

D) Reentry

_________________ power is a way of gaining compliance in exchange for material resources. a)normative b)coercive c)formal d)remunerative

D) Remunerative

When discretionary release is used, the parol board's power is much like that of the a)jury. b)probation officer. c)prosecutor. d)sentencing judge.

D) Sentencing judge

_____________________ support line personnel. They usually work under the deputy warden for management, handling accounting, training, purchasing, etc. a)professional staff b)union officers c)prion consultants d)staff personnel

D) Staff personnel

_______________________ veterans have the greatest representation among incarcerated veterans. a)World War II b)Korean War b)Iraq War d)Vietnam War

D) Vietnam War

A criminal penalty based on the amount of income that an offender earns in a day's work.

Day fine

Clients report to a central location every day where they file a daily schedule with their supervision officer showing how each hour will be spent - at work, in class, at support group meetings, etc.

Day reporting

Facility where offenders such as pretrial releases and probation violations attend daylong intervention and treatment sessions.

Day reporting center

Execution

Death

A fixed period of incarceration imposed by a court; are associated with the concept of retribution.

Determinate sentence

Specifies a certain length of time to be served.

Determinate sentence

A method of correctional supervision in which staff members have direct physical interaction with inmates throughout the day.

Direct supervision

The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.

Discretionary release

A specialized way of handling drug-involved offenders in which the court takes a more active role in the probationer's progress while the probationer is under supervision.

Drug court

Community supervision technique, ordinarily combined with home confinement, that uses electronic devices to maintain surveillance on offenders.

Electronic monitoring

The 1700s in Europe, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works."

Evidence-based corrections

Using correctional methods that have been shown to be effective by well-designed research studies.

Evidence-based practice

The release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision; the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense.

Expiration release

A legal process that results in the removal of a conviction from official records.

Expungement

"Natural life" means there is no possibility of parole. True/False?

False

For the most part, U.S. Correctional leaders agree that jails do quite a lot for inmates who have mental, emotional or alcohol-related problems. True/False?

False

Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated and paid employees in the entire correctional system. True/False?

False

Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment. True/False?

False

The deinstitutionalization movement of the 1960s had no impact on the mentally ill population in jails and prisons. True/False?

False

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments.

Federalism

A system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each prisoner held.

Fee system

Money paid to the state by the offender.

Fine

Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity.

Forfeiture

Seizure by the state of property either illegally obtained or acquired with resources illegally obtained.

Forfeiture

A structure established for influencing behavior to achieve particular ends.

Formal organization

The diagnosis used to describe an individual who displays a marked incongruence between experienced or expressed gender and his or her biological gender.

Gender identity disorder

Punishment of criminals that is intended to bean example to the general public and to discourage crime by others.

General deterrence

Aging or elderly offenders who may require specialized treatment related to the aging process while under correctional supervision.

Geriatric offenders

A reduction of an inmate's prison sentence, at the discretion of the prison administrator, for good behavior or for participation in vocational, educational, and treatment programs.

Good time

Residential settings for selected inmates as a supplement to probation for those completing prison programs and for some probation or parole violators. Usually coupled with community service work and/or substance abuse treatment.

Halfway house

A disease of the liver that reduces the effectiveness of the body's system of removing toxins.

Hepatitis C

Requires the offender to stay in home during certain times.

Home confinement

Sentence whereby offenders serve terms of incarceration in their own homes.

Home confinement

Used in conjunction with intensive supervision; restricts offender to home except when at work, school, or treatment.

House arrest and electric monitoring

Imprisonment

Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes, usually by detaining the offender in prison.

Incapacitation

Purpose for mandatory sentence

Incapacitation, deterrence

A period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated so that parole eligibility depends on the time necessary for treatment; are closely associated with the concept of rehabilitation.

Indeterminate sentence

Specifies a maximum and minimum length of time to be served.

Indeterminate sentence

A governance theory which states that for a prison system to operate effectively, officials must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders to keep order.

Inmate balance theory

A set of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help define for inmates the image of the model prisoner.

Inmate code

Requires strict and frequent reporting to the probation officer.

Intensive probation

Offender sees probation officer three to five times a week. Probation officer also makes unscheduled visits to offender's home or workplace.

Intensive supervision probation

Probation granted with conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload.

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation bust less severe and costly than incarceration.

Intermediate sanctions

Punishment for those requiring sanctions more restrictive than probation but less restrictive than prison.

Intermediate sanctions

Punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

Intermediate sanctions

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees sentenced for misdemeanants for longer than 48 hours. Most are administered by county governments; sometimes they are part of the state government.

Jail

A practice under English common law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a sentence on condition of good behavior on the part of the offender.

Judicial reprieve

A movement in which money saved by reducing prison populations is used to build up crime-prevention programs in the community.

Justice reinvestment

Savings from community corrections used to help build up the crime-prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision.

Justice reinvestment

What are the issues in jail management?

Leal liability, jail standards, personnel matters, community programs for jails, and the jail facility.

A system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Lease system

Law of retaliation; the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense ("an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth").

Lex tolionis

Employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals-workers in direct contact with clients.

Line personnel

A facility authorized to hold people before court appearance for up to 48 hours. Most (also called drunk tanks or holding tanks) are administered by local police agencies.

Lockup

The required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision on the expiration of a certain period, as stipulated by a determinate sentencing law or parole guidelines.

Mandatory release

A sentence stipulating that some minimum period of incarceration must be served by people convicted of selected crimes, regardless of background or circumstances.

Mandatory sentence

Specifics minimum amount of time must be served for given crimes.

Mandatory sentence

A system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity of their crime. Prisoners could reduce their term and gain release by earning marks through labor, good behavior, and educational achievement.

Mark system

A prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of inmates and visitors.

Maximum-security prison

A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.

Medical model

A prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on inmates and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities.

Medium-security prison

What are the special problems of detainees?

Mental health problems, substance dependency, medical needs, legal needs, and pretrial detainee needs.

A drug that reduces the craving for heroin; it's used to spare addicts from painful withdrawal symptoms.

Methadone

A prison designed and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration.

Minimum-security prison

A method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment, in which workers interact with clients in ways that promote the clients' stake in the change process.

Motivational interviewing

A facility with a podular architectural design and management policies that emphasize interaction of inmates, and staff and provision of services.

New-generation jail

The ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards.

Normative power

The strategy of doing nothing to relieve crowding in prisons, under the assumption that problem is temporary and will disappear in time.

Null strategy

A probationary sentence used in some states to get around the rigidity of mandatory release by placing convicts in various community settings under supervision.

Other conditional release

An action of the executive branch of the state or federal government excusing an offense and absolving the offender from the consequences of the crime.

Pardon

A system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release form confinement before the expiration of the sentence.

Parole

The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served.

Parole

An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation.

Penitentiary

An approach to probation that establishes goals for supervision and evaluates the effective ness of meeting those goals.

Performance-based supervision

Self-contained living areas, for 12-15 inmates, composed of individuals cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction. Are made up of two or more pods.

Podular unit

An approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of social, economic, biological, and psychological factors and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

Positivist school

The ability to force a person to do something that he or she does not want to do.

Power

An investigation and summary report of a convicted offender's background, which helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence. Also known as a presentence report.

Presentence investigation (PISI)

A sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and a maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances.

Presumptive sentence

An alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (for example, counseling or drug rehabilitation) in exchange for withdrawal of charges.

Pretrial diversion

Detention of an accused person in jail, to protect the community from crimes that the accused is considered likely to commit if set free pending trail.

Preventive detention

The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach.

Principle of interchangeability

An institution for the people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies.

Prison

Any formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and them perform personal tasks.

Prison programs

The process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of prison society and learns to adapt to the environment.

Prisonization

More-serious offenders serve their terms at state or federal prisons, while country jails are usually designed to hold inmates for shorter periods.

Prisons and jails

The operation of prison by a private company under contract with a local, state, or the federal government often as a for-profit business.

Private prison

Allows the offender to serve a sentence in the community under supervision.

Probation

An agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to confinement in prison or jail.

Probation

Offender reports to probation officer periodically, depending on the offense, sometimes as frequently as several times a month or as infrequently as once a year.

Probation

Residential facility where persistent probation violators are sent fro short periods of time.

Probation center

The release of an inmate from incarceration to probation supervision, as required by the sentencing judge.

Probation release

In generic terms, all forms of "treatment of the mind"; in the prison setting, this treatment is coercive in nature.

Psychotherapy

Drug treatments designed to lessen the severity of symptoms of psychological illness.

Psychotropic medications

What are the escalating punishments to fit the crime?

Punishment, intensive supervision probation, restitution and fines, community service, substance abuse treatment, day reporting, house arrest and electronic monitoring, halfway house, boot camp, and prisons and jails.

Constraints imposed on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.

Punitive conditions

An architectural plan by which a person is constructed in the form of a wheel, with "spokes" radiating from a central core.

Radical design

Treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences.

Reality therapy

The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law.

Recidivism

A formally recorded obligation to perform some act (such as keep the peace, pay a debt, or appear in court when called) entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community, often after a sum of money as surety, which would be forfeited by nonappearance.

Recognizance

Courts that supervise ex-offenders' return to the community and their adjustment to life after incarceration.

Reentry courts

An institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

Reformatory

Facility operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units, with a jail board drawn from representatives of the participating jurisdictions, and having varying authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel.

Regional jail

The goal of restoring the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through vocational training, educational services, and/or therapy.

Rehabilitation

A model of correctional institutions that emphasize the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.

Rehabilitation model

The release of offenders to parole supervision following a time in prison for a parole violation.

Reinstatement release

A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of he offender's ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community.

Reintegration model

The belief that crime is caused by poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunity; dealing with crime requires that the effect of these problems be reduced.

Reintegration model

Pretrial release because the judge believes the defendant's ties in the community are sufficient to guarantee the dependent's appearance.

Release on recognizance (ROR)

The ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources.

Remunerative power

Compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss cased by an offender in the form of either payment of money to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims, as stipulated by the court.

Restitution

Money paid to the victim by the offender.

Restitution

Used alone or in conjunction with probation or intensive supervision and requires regular payments to crime victims or to the courts.

Restitution and fines

Facility where probationers who fall behind in restitution are sent to make payments on their debt.

Restitution center

Punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act.

Restoration

Punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed the rights of others and so deserves to be penalized. The severity of the sanction should be fit in the seriousness of the crime.

Retribution

Purpose for community service

Retribution, deterrence

Purpose for fine

Retribution, deterrence

Purpose for determinate sentence

Retribution, incapacitation

Purpose for boot camp/shock probation