COUNS 5670 Development Processes
Based upon the example above, how would an individual in Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior? Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught. Selena didn't take the candy because stealing is a violation of the moral rules of justice and fairness Selena didn't take the candy because it is not good for society when people steal from others
Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else
Selena and her friends are walking home after school. They approach a grocery store with bags of candy and other snacks stacked on open shelves right outside the front door. A young clerk sits outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, Selena notices that the clerk goes inside the store. Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy from the shelf and run away, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior? Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else Selena didn't take the candy because stealing is a violation of the moral rules of justice and fairness Selena didn't take the candy because it is not good for society when people steal from others
Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught
The _____ system aspect of the biopsychosocial model of development considers various factors such as socioeconomic status, family structure, and religion, as they contribute to healthy or unhealthy development. social system psychological pathophysiological biological
Social System
Which of the following terms refers to the ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then use those cues to guide one's behavior? Discipline Social referencing Self-regulation Temperament
Social referencing
Evan is 22 years old. Recently, he has been discussing differing religious experiences with a co-worker in an attempt to "evangelize". Evan appreciates his coworkers' religious commitment, but holds tightly to his beliefs and what his religious leaders have told him. Evan feels threatened when his co-worker challenges his faith because if Evan changed his beliefs, he would no longer feel connected to his religious community. According to Fowler's stages of faith development, what stage is Evan in? Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional Stage 4: Individuative-reflective Stage 5: Conjunctive Stage 6: Universalizing
Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional
Katrina is a middle age woman who is having conflict with her husband who has a very conservative religious view of holding to what religious leaders have always told him. In contrast, Katrina is reflecting on their religion and after rationale analysis no longer believes some of the strict teachings. She is not ready to discuss this with others because she is struggling with the great complexities of religion. According to Fowler, what stage is Katrina in? Stage 4 Individuative Stage 3 Synthetic Stage 2 Mythic Stage 5 Conjuctive
Stage 4 Individuative
_____ is positively associated with the personality characteristic of _____, indicating high levels of worry. Stagnation, extraversion Social acceptance, neuroticism Stagnation, neuroticism Extraversion, self-control
Stagnation, neuroticism
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been resolved successfully and completely. Successful progression through the stages of development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster rate than other people.
Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
When working with clients who experienced grief, counselors should first help clients mourn the loss and then address ambivalent feelings. When working with clients who experienced trauma, counselors should first help clients develop coping skills before helping them retell their trauma story. True False
True
The word Trauma is based on a Greek word that means ________ treason wound tragedy weakness
Wound
Testosterone production in men begins to decline about _____% a year during middle adulthood, and sperm count usually shows a decline 8 3 10 1
1
Recent research estimates that the percentage of people who are gay or lesbian is up to _____% of the population. 10% 15% 2% 20%
10%
By the time they are _____ months old, infants lose the ability to discriminate the sounds in different languages. 12 8 4 24
12
At the _____ week of prenatal development, the baby is about the size of a cucumber, the lungs are beginning to form, and the baby can open and close his or her eyes. 40th 32nd 24th 28th
28th
It has been reported that LGBT youth are ______ ______than their heterosexual counterparts to attempt suicide. 3x more likely just as likely 5x more likely 2x more likely
5x more likely
When infants are first born, they are able to see up to the distance of about _____ inches in front of their face. 16 8 24 12
8
It is expected that during an infant's fine motor development, he or she will begin to pull up to stand alone and walk with some help and support by _____ months. 16 to 18 4 to 8 13 to 15 8 to 12
8 to 12
Which of the following is true for therapists working with LGBT clients? They should include questions about sexual orientation, behavior, or attraction during the assessment All the answers They should address concerns such as mental health issues, substance use, and high risk sexual behaviors with their clients They should be aware of special issues faced by their clients
All the answers
Wellness can be defined as: a. the process and state for maximum human functioning that involves body, mind, and spirit b. the presence of positive characteristics such as positive emotions, positive social interactions, and positive functioning c. Neither of the above d. Both a & b
BOTH
Which of the following is included under the term transgender: Both transsexuals and those who identify themselves as being attracted to both male and female genders Only people who cross-dress. Both transsexuals and individuals who cross-dress Only individuals who identify as transsexual
Both transsexuals and individuals who cross-dress
_____ has proven to be the therapy of choice for treating bulimia in adults while _____ has been shown to be effective for treating adolescents with bulimia and anorexia. Reality therapy, family therapy Cognitive therapy, Adlerian therapy REBT, CBT CBT, family therapy
CBT, family therapy
Life maturation processes and _____ shape the individual's life at any stage of human development. addiction psychotherapy language culture
Culture
Juanita is an 8 year old girl whose her mother died of breast cancer. Juanita has refused to go to school for the past month. She keeps waking up in the middle of the night due to nightmares about her mother calling her name. Juanita refuses to talk about her mother. Juanita would be considered to have uncomplicated bereavement. True False
False
The most recent definition clearly states that child abuse is only physical or sexual but NOT psychological. True False
False
Which of the following was NOT biased or inappropriate behavior for a counselor? Attributing all of the client's problem to sexual orientation Attempting to have clients renounce or change their sexual orientation Focusing on sexual orientation only when it is relevant Transferring clients to another counselor because it is against the first counselor's religious beliefs.
Focusing on sexual orientation only when it is relevant
_____'s maturationist theory emphasized the importance of genetics and evolution and was based on the premise that growing children would recapitulate evolutionary stages of species development as they grew up. Hawthorne Bandura Freud Hall
Hall
_____ is the first sense that develops in a baby and is controlled by the part of the brain known as the _____. Touch, medulla Hearing, temporal lobe Vision, occipital lobe Smell, frontal lobe
Hearing, temporal lobe
Sean is a 19 year old college drop-out. He states that he never learned to set goals and he believes his actions have no purpose. Stephanie, his counselor, believes he did not resolve his psychosocial stage of: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Identity vs. Role Confusion Industry vs. Inferiority
Initiative vs. Guilt
Which of the psychosocial stages of development involves a positive outcome of wisdom and a negative outcome of disdain? identity vs. role confusion integrity vs. despair generativity vs. stagnation trust vs. mistrust
Integrity vs. despair
Your client is in the process of coming out as gay. In your sessions, you find that he has an embedded belief that same-sex attraction is abnormal/wrong and that it is better to be heterosexual. As a result, he displays masochistic attitudes and behaviors. It is likely your client is experiencing: Internalized heterosexism Internalized transexualism Internalized homophobia and heterosexism Internalized homophobia
Internalized homophobia and heterosexism
Angela is a 17 year old African American young lady who lives in a neighborhood of financial poverty. Although she works diligently to earn B's in her class, she does not believe she will go to college because she feels inferior to "the smart, rich white girls" in her school. Angela's school counselor reviewed Erikson's stages and accurately believes these inferiority feelings are from: Internalized racism that bases her worth on color and economic status Her parents who did not constantly praise her for the B's she earned. Her overactive Superego that demands "A's" Lack of intimacy that results in isolation
Internalized racism that bases her worth on color and economic status
_____ studied the cognitive development of children as they think about the physical world. Lawrence Kohlberg Jean Piaget Carol Gilligan George Engel
Jean Piaget
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey? Joey may have low-birth-weight but show few, if any, long term negative effects from his prenatal deprivation. Joey will probably experience serious long-term cognitive deficits. Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing, lifelong health problems Joey will probably experience serious long-term emotional deficits, but not cognitive problems.
Joey may have low-birth-weight but show few, if any, long term negative effects from his prenatal deprivation.
PFLAG is an organization that represents which of the following Pastors Fighting Lies of All Gays Partners Focusing on Loving All Gays Partners Focusing on Loving All Gays Parents, Family and Friends of Lesbians and Gays People Fighting to Liberate All Gays
Parents, Family and Friends of Lesbians and Gays
Natalie, a 24 year old college graduate, has difficulty dating men longer than 3 months because none of the men tend to measure up to her standard, which is her father. Psychoanalysts would say Natalie is fixed in which psychosexual stage? Latency Oral Phallic Anal
Phallic
_____'s theory of _____ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally. Piaget, cognitive Freud, psychosexual Watson, behavioral Vygotsky, sociocultural
Piaget, cognitive
From a psychoanalytic Freudian view, human behavior is fueled by what? Pleasure and relationship dynamics Anger at mother or father Genetics Social acceptance
Pleasure and relationship dynamics
Which is typically NOT experienced during the coming out process? Overwhelming sense of isolation for the individual For those who are emotionally and financially dependent on the family, less access to appropriate role models in the LGBT community. Relationships with family and friends remain the same. Feelings of anger, rejection, and grief.
Relationships with family and friends remain the same.
Erik Erikson believed that the psychosocial demands in our development are embedded in what? Relationships with significant others Unconscious Society Superego
Relationships with significant others
Your client, 50 year old Miquel, justifies extra-marital affairs by reasoning that it is culturally accepted and he does not need to commit to his wife's view of marriage because she is from a different culture. Perry's model of Intellectual Development Stages would see your client as in which stage: Relativism because he believes affairs are relative to culture and that he is the authority who gets to decide for them both. Dualism because he thinks he thinks men are always right and women are always wrong no matter what the culture. Multiplicity because he thinks everyone has an opinion and his is always more equal than hers since he is a man. Commitment because despite the context he is committed to his choice.
Relativism because he believes affairs are relative to culture and that he is the authority who gets to decide for them both.
Multiculturally competent counselors consider religion and spirituality of their clients because Religion and spirituality contribute positively to mental health Sharing the counselors' religious beliefs may help the client find the right way The majority of Americans do not have a religious identity and this may help their development All of the above
Religion and spirituality contribute positively to mental health
How would Gilligan's theory explain why Selena, if she were an adult, might choose not to steal? Selena has reached a high stage of moral development, given her gender Selena identifies with her mother, who taught her that stealing is wrong Selena conforms to authority because she has not yet developed ethical explanations for why she should not steal Selena would not steal because stealing is wrong and because it would cause harm to the shop owner
Selena conforms to authority because she has not yet developed ethical explanations for why she should not steal
Schaie and Willis's Stage Theory of Cognition places individuals in early adulthood in the stages of _____ and _____. responsible, reorganizational achieving, legacy creating achieving, responsible executive, acquisitive
achieving, responsible
Which of the following is the leading cause of severe cognitive deficits in babies? alcohol consumption by the expectant mother domestic abuse cocaine use by the father coinciding with the time of conception smoking by the expectant mother
alcohol consumption by the expectant mother
Individuals who suffer from compassion fatigue struggle with: a. disconnection and anxiety b. depression and being judgmental of others c. psychological disruptions d. ineffectiveness and incompetence e. all of the above
all of the above
Wellness can include a number of different dimensions including: a. leisure time, stress management, family life, relationships b. psychological and spiritual wellness, physical fitness, job satisfaction c. intellectual, emotional, physical, social, occupational and spiritual wellness d. all of the above
all of the above
Children who are identified as _____ are fearful to explore the environment, which may lead to _____. avoidantly attached, social struggles anxious-resistant, feelings of incompetence securely attached, limited exploration of the environment disorganized-disoriented, suppression of emotion
anxious-resistant, feelings of incompetence
Which of the following is NOT an area of competence in 8- to 13-year-olds, as identified by Harter? likeability by peers athletic competence physical appearance attachment to family
attachment to family
Brown eye-color alleles are dominant over blue eye-color alleles, which are recessive. Jenna has brown eyes. Her husband, Bill, has blue eyes. Jenna and Bill are the biological parents of James, who has blue eyes. Jenna would be described as ____________ of the allele for blue eyes. having the genotype being a carrier having the phenotype Dominant
being a carrier
Spirituality and religiosity both create a social identity and positive mental health are both the same thing are concerned with a personal search for the sacred true God Both involve an affiliation with an organized faith community
both create a social identity and positive mental health are both the same thing
Which part of the brain controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone? telencephalon prefrontal cortex cerebellum diencephalon
cerebellum
The two most common substances that are abused during early adulthood are _____ and _____. caffeine, amphetamines cigarettes, alcohol alcohol, marijuana marijuana, cocaine
cigarettes, alcohol
Responding sensitively to infant _____ such as _____ leads to increased language and cognitive development. requests, seeking a pacifier tantrums, refusal to cooperate cues, crying and cooing reflexes, grasping
cues, crying and cooing
Which of the following is more likely to occur in adolescents as a result of experiencing early puberty? fear of intimacy social isolation prolonged attachment to parents or guardians developing dependence on alcohol
developing dependence on alcohol
Which of the following are the best predictors of a positive transition from a high school to the college setting? strong peer relationships and high academic ethic strong family support and IQ high academic ethic and achievement high socioeconomic level and IQ
high academic ethic and achievement
Which of the following is NOT typical (expected) of breast-fed babies? fewer infections and diseases fewer incidences of sudden infant death syndrome in the first year of life higher obesity rates less diarrhea
higher obesity rates
Adolescents experiencing _____ have committed to an identity without exploring themselves, often because the identity has been forced upon them by an authority such as a parent or religious institution. identity moratorium identity closure identity confusion identity foreclosure
identity foreclosure
Parents are advised to search for daycare settings that encourage _____, because this enhances social, emotional, physical, and cognitive development in children. nap time with music discipline imaginative play early literacy
imaginative play
According to the psychosocial theory of development, during this stage the positive outcomes foster purpose and direction while negative outcomes encourage inhibition. intimacy vs. isolation industry vs. inferiority initiative vs. guilt autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
Which of the following has NOT been found to be an effective sleep management technique? immediate responding the Ferber method unmodified extinction
unmodified extinction
Piaget's concept of _____ acknowledges that the world sometimes lacks pure right and wrong solutions so individuals must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems. postformal thought crystallization assimilation formal operational thought
postformal thought
As the brain matures, the neural connections between the _____ and the _____ begin to disappear allowing the individual to reduce the influence of peers. prefrontal cortex, limbic system cerebellum, limbic system parietal lobe, adrenal glands cerebral cortex, endocrine system
prefrontal cortex, limbic system
Which of the following is one of the CDC's main categories of youth risk behaviors? prescription drug use underage drinking risky sexual behaviors homicide
risky sexual behaviors
Which of the following is a key feature that characterizes emerging adulthood? pessimism about the future stability struggle for autonomy self-focus
self-focus
Around the _____ month of prenatal development, the unborn baby can share the mother's _____. sixth, emotions fifth, teratogens fourth, emotions fourth, minerals
sixth, emotions
The process of myelination is not completed until the end of infancy around age 5 or 6 well into adulthood middle childhood
well into adulthood
Counselors do not struggle with third party reimbursement sources as counselors eschew the illness orientation and use diagnosis as a major method of treatment. True False
False
Eliminating negative emotions produces high levels of positive emotions. True False
False
In order for someone to be accurately diagnosed with PTSD they must be experiencing clinically significant distress for at least 3 months. True False
False
_____ is a major concern for individuals in their twenties to mid-thirties, with most people being diagnosed with it during this time of life. Anxiety Diabetes Depression Hypertension
Depression
_____ is defined as the orderly and sequential changes that occur in an organism over time, from the beginning until the end of life. Regulation Stress Evolution Development
Development
Awareness of the sexual orientation of gay males and lesbian females tends to occur in: Early teens Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood
Early teens
Which of the following has not been proposed as a reason why people seek meaning in their lives? Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people Establishing meaning helps people feel like they have control Establishing meaning helps people define their values, morals, and ethics Establishing meaning helps people feel self-worth
Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people
According to recent research , domestic violence entails only physical and/or sexual abuse but not verbal or financial abuse. True False
False
Claudia the counselor had a client who found her husband after his suicide of a gunshot to the head. The client said it did not bother her and she did not want to talk about it. Claudia decided her client did not have PTSD symptoms. If you believe Claudia is correct, select true. If you believe Claudia is incorrect, select false. True False
False
Compassion fatigue is associated more with men than it is with women. True False
False
Counselors are generally immune to most of the major effects of distress because of the nature of the work they do. Because counselors care for others they know how to take care of themselves. True False
False
Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would someone using a stage theory of development be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems? Keisha's has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits, and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations. Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication. Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount. Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism.
Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount.
_____ believed the skill of _____ requires role-taking important for both moral and psychological growth between the counselor and the client. Piaget, confrontation Ainsworth, reflection of meaning Kohlberg, listening Engel, empathy
Kohlberg, listening
The _____ period of development involves adjusting to post work identity and the challenges of changing health. early adulthood late adulthood elderhood middle adulthood
Late adulthood
The understanding of both _____ and _____ challenges that can be experienced during development are essential to counseling practice. professional, philosophical cultural, systemic normative, exceptional research, theoretical
Normative and Exceptional
Sylvia and Joanne are both members of a support group for new widows. Sylvia has been deeply religious for most of her adult life. She prays daily and attends weekly services. Joanne is not religious but has a deep spiritual belief in the circle of life. Both women seem equally devastated by the unexpected deaths of their husbands. On the basis of what you know of the women, what can you predict about how they will recover from their losses? Sylvia and Joanne will both eventually recover from the loss of their husbands with the help of their belief systems Sylvia will recover more happiness more quickly than Joanne will. Joanne will recover more happiness more quickly than Sylvia will. Religiosity has no bearing on recovery from loss
Sylvia and Joanne will both eventually recover from the loss of their husbands with the help of their belief systems
_____ are overproduced in the _____ and then pruned based on the infant's experiences. Synapses, parietal lobe Synapses, cerebral cortex Reflexes, medulla Convolutions, cerebellum
Synapses, cerebral cortex
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised. There are no lasting effects on the body - when the stress ends all physical systems return to normal. There are no effects on the cardiovascular system, but long term effects on the skeletal muscles. There are no effects on the immune system, and only short term effects on the cardiovascular system.
The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? Fetal brain development is almost totally dependent upon the fetus' genetic inheritance because it has no environmental experience in the womb. The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound Mothers can advance the fetus' intelligence significantly by speaking out loud in foreign languages during pregnancy The development of the lower, primitive areas of the brain depend upon nature but the higher levels depend upon nurture
The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound
uan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? Juan's cultural and economic background. State legislation regarding licensing of day care providers The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care. Juan's genetic inheritance.
The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care.
A suicide risk assessment includes asking clients if they are thinking of harming or killing themselves, their plan, their method, if they have access to True False
True
Counselors, over their lifetime, tend to have a diminished capacity to engage in the caring cycle of therapeutic relationships. True False
True
Molly the overwhelmed mother of 4 children who are all under the age of 5 leaves her children with a grandparent who has dementia (memory loss) and is prone to wandering away while Molly is at work. According to the Texas Family code, this meets the definition of child neglect. True False
True
One of the major differences between psychology and counseling is that counseling rejects the medical model and focuses on wellness/prevention instead. True False
True
Research findings indicate that children raised by LGBT couples are as mentally healthy as children with heterosexual parents. True False
True
Training counselors to treat clients' trauma helps alleviate their own compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. True False
True
Two of the main components of crisis intervention is to provide safety and stabilize effect. True False
True
The anxieties of middle adulthood result largely from _____. perception of physical appearance difficulties in balancing multiple roles weight gain reduced interest in sexual activity
difficulties in balancing multiple roles
Perry's Theory of epistemic cognition states that individuals move from _____ to _____ thinking as they mature. deductive, inductive dualistic, deductive dualistic, relativistic relativistic, dualistic
dualistic, relativistic
Manual agility and coordination, and sensory capacities such as vision and hearing, peak during _____. early adulthood middle adulthood early adolescence late adolescence
early adulthood
In addition to negative mood, factors such as _____ and _____ have been shown to have an effect on eating behaviors with adolescents. family, media obesity, early puberty intelligence, temperament early puberty, academic failure
family, media
Differences in sexual activity are most often related to _____ and _____. gender, sexual values socioeconomic level, academic performance academic performance, drug use gender, ethnicity
gender, sexual values
According to the psychosexual theory of development, during the _____ stage children develop social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. phallic latent genital anal
latent
Jacques suggested that _____ is driven by fear of impending death. adult depressive disorder female neurosis midlife crisis substance abuse
midlife crisis
