Counseling and Helping Relationships

269. In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______, and the meat was the _______.

(CS; UCS) conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus

252. Common archetypes include

-the Persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self. -Animus, anima, self. -Shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.

215. In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy...

-utilizes fewer sessions per week. -does not utilize the couch. -is performed face to face.

270. The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US is

.5 or ½ of a second

288. _______ is a biofeedback device

A bathroom scale

213. When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

transference

242. _______ emphasized the drive for superiority

Adler

258. Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by

Adler

259. A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely an

Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

238. Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

Alfred Adler's individual psychology

243. The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes

Alfred Adler's theory

201. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

294. A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize

a temperature trainer

297. A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

EEG feedback

295. A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

EMG feedback

261. B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on

Edward Thorndike's law of effect

291. The ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client is called

Empathy

256. The word eclectic is most closely associated with

Frederick C. Thorne

284. A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

Freud's topographic hypothesis

211. All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement

Freud, Jung, Adler

262. Classical conditioning relates to the work of

Ivan Pavlov.

245. The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with

Jung

246. The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of

Jung.

214. Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

Little Albert

276. John B. Watson's name is associated with

Little Albert

240. C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.

Logos; Eros

285. When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

a treatment model

280. The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by

Neal Miller

203. In transactional analysis, the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _______.

Parent; superego

230. _______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

Projection

206. Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by

Thanatos.

287. A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using

a directive

296. According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

a lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior

281. The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that

a phobia could be a learned behavior

250. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.

anima; animus

251. Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

archetypes

257. A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

countertransference

260. Existentialism is to logotherapy as _______ is to behaviorism

associationism

223. Suppression differs from repression in that repression is

automatic or involuntary

216. Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

catharsis and/or abreaction

279. A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished by

charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

232. Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

compensation

253. A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as

confrontation.

298. A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as

continuous reinforcement.

282. John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to

cure.

268. Punishment _______ the probability that a behavior will occur.

decreases

229. A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by

denial

226. A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of

displacement.

255. An _____ counselor attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation

eclectic

209. A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing

free association

221. Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

ego defense mechanisms

208. If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

ego.

249. Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.

274. The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case

experimental neurosis set in

275. In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as

extinction, and the salivation will disappear

277. During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing

extinction.

247. One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs was the first to discuss the use of

group therapy in private practice.

293. After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called

higher order conditioning

290. Genuineness, or congruence, is really the counselor's ability to be

himself or herself.

202. Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes

id, ego, and superego

233. Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in

identification

204. Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

266. All reinforcers tend to _____ the probability that a behavior will occur.

increase

239. When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

insight

278. In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______, while behavior therapy emphasizes _______.

instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles

264. Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as

instrumental learning

234. A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of

introjection

254. During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor

is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

241. Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them

mandalas.

212. Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work. Dreams have________ and _______ content.

manifest; latent

271. Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat) before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in

no conditioning

210. The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _______, rather than _______ like the id.

perfection; pleasure

207. The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

pleasure principle

289. Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he fi nishes his homework. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

292. When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _______, and when something is taken away it is called a _____.

positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

220. In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the

preconscious mind

267. Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and is not the same thing as

punishment

299. The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ________, based on the number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed.

ratio; interval

231. Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

reaction formation

265. Respondent behavior refers to

reflexes

222. Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identifi cation, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is

repression.

235. The client's tendency to inhibit or fi ght against the therapeutic process is known as

resistance

248. Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

social connectedness

244. In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

social factors

227. A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates

sour grapes rationalization

273. The department chairman found the poodle's response (see question 272) to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating

stimulus discrimination

283. In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate

stimulus generalization

272. Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?

stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.

224. An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying

sublimation

225. An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of

subliminal activity

228. A master's level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her offi ce is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

sweet lemon rationalization

236. Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that many aspects of his theory are difficult to

test from a scientific standpoint

218. The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is

the Oedipus complex

205. Freudians refer to the ego as

the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

263. An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called

unconditioned.

219.Hypnosis, slips of the tongue and humor, and dreams are evidence for the

unconscious mind

237. The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to make the clients aware of their

unconscious processes

217. Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory.

unconscious, preconscious, conscious

286. A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifi cally what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is

using concreteness

300. The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

variable ratio.