CP - CH 1 - Major Themes of Anatomy

Negative feedback

A mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set-point by reversing the initial stimulus.

The term "PET" scan refers to a Positron Emission Tomography scan. This is an example of anatomical terminology described as an _______.

Acronym

Features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures and enable the organism to cope with challenges posed by its environment are called ________.

Adaptations

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes ______ the noun.

After

______ is the study of body structures.

Anatomy

By definition, a ______ is the smallest particle of matter with unique chemical properties.

Atom

Place the structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity from least complex to most complex:

Atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as ________.

Auscultation

A receptor that detects pressure changes is called a _______.

Baroreceptor

What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called?

Bipedalism

What is the term for a dead human body used for dissection?

Cadaver

A ______ is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all of the function of life.

Cell

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all of the functions of life?

Cell

A surgeon learning a procedure before practicing on humans or medical trials using animal research are examples of _______.

Comparative physiology

________ is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function.

Differentiation

Which forces can act as selective pressure?

Disease, climate, and predators.

The internal state of the body is best described as a _______ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

The internal state of the body is best described as a ________ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

________ equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic

A ______ is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus.

Effector

According the section of chapter one that covers analyzing terms, the "duct of Santorini" is an example of a ________.

Eponym

Terms that identify the discoverer of a structurer are called ______.

Eponyms

______ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

Evolution

The general process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body is called

Excretion

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _______ group contains the variable being tested.

Experimental

Which statement best describes a theory?

Explanatory statement that concisely summarize the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.

_______ surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.

Exploratory

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is a _______.

Fact

True or False: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not their internal components.

False- The study of ultrastructure focuses on structures within cells. The study of cells is cytology.

True or False: A negative feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a stimulus?

False: A negative feedback mechanism is a self-corrective mechanism in which a bodily change is detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal bodily function. It is a positive feedback mechanism that strengthens or reinforces a stimulus.

True or False: A tissue is more complex than an organ

False: Organs are composed of tissues, and thus more complex.

True or False: The scientific method is an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proved false by experimentation or data collection.

False: The statement is false. The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to a hypothesis.

Examples of a positive feedback mechanism?

Formation of a blood clot: Once a few platelets attach to a torn blood vessel, they release compounds that attract more platelets, which also attach. Contractions during childbirth: The more pressure the fetus puts on the cervix, the more oxytocin is released from the pituitary. Oxytocin causes stronger uterine contractions, pushing harder on the cervix, triggering the release of more oxytocin etc.

Which physician to the Roman gladiators wrote on the anatomy of humans based on his dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other animals?

Galen

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a _______.

Gradient

What languages are most medical terms derived from?

Greek and Latin

The field that focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification is called _______ anatomy.

Gross Anatomy

Which of the following best describes Aristotle?

He was a philosopher who believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well.

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of _______ concentration to a region of _______

Higher; lower

Who was the Greek physician that established a code of ethics and urged physicians to seek natural causes for disease?

Hippocrates

Which branch of medicine deals with the study of tissues in diseases?

Histopathology

A good _______ is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known.

Hypothesis

An educated guess that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection is known as a ______.

Hypothesis

Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be _______.

Independently verified

The ______ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation.

Inductive

The _______ method, as prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Inductive

The ______ center of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action.

Integrating

What are the benefits of a large sample size?

It controls for chance events, it controls for individual variation, and it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

It is consistent with what is already known & it is testable and falsifiable.

A verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon or of the relationship between variables is called a _______.

Law of nature

What is the generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave called?

Law of nature

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or triglyceride is called a ________.

Macromolecule

Examples of a negative feedback mechanism?

Maintenance of normal body temperature - regulated by negative feedback. Maintenance of normal blood pressure.

Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?

Molecule

Blood pressure is controlled by a _______ feedback system.

Negative

When bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This occurs during ______ feedback.

Negative

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on _______.

Observation

Which adaptation of primates allowed them to hold and manipulate small objects in their hands?

Opposable thumbs

A _______ is any anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it.

Organ

A _____ _______ is a group of organs.

Organ system

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions is knows as _______.

Organelle

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a ________.

Organism

The term that indicates a single complete individual is ______.

Organism

Fill in the correct term for the following sequence: atom, molecule, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, ______, organ system, and organism.

Organs

Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of _______.

Palpation

A ______ review is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field.

Peer

The act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds emitted is known as ________.

Percussion

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication can result from failure to consider _______.

Physiological variation

______ is the study of the function of a biological organism.

Physiology

Endocrinology

Physiology of hormones.

Neurophysiology

Physiology of the nervous system

A ________ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.

Placebo

Which structure encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

Plasma membrane

A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction is known as _______ feedback.

Positive

Statistical tests are designed to do what?

Provide a statement of probability

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as ________ effects.

Psychosomatic

_______ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.

Radiology

The name for a cell or organ that is specialized to detect stimulus, such as taste cell or a rod or cone for the eye, is a _______.

Receptor

Name the theory that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts?

Reductionism

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat?

Rich supply of leaves and fruit, relatively less competition, relative safety from predators.

The number of animals (or people) used in an experiment study is called the ______ ______.

Sample size

The ______ _____ is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation.

Scientific method

A ______ test provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to random variation.

Statistical

Organisms respond to ________, or changes in their environment.

Stimuli

Pathophysiology

Study of disease mechanisms.

Comparative physiology

Study of how biological processes vary in different animal species.

Experimenter bias is defined as which of the following?

The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data.

Which of the following describes how anatomical terms are frequently constructed? Consider the examples, "foramen magnum" and "stratum lucidum."

The noun is located before the adjective.

Dissection

The process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships.

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a _______.

Tissue

True or False: As much as 30% of the human population can have variations in their anatomy?

True